STEEL

Submitted To: L. J. SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE Submitted By: IshanSir Bhushan AHMEDABAD Harshil J, Munjal

CONTENT

Definition

Brief History

Types of Steel

Making of Steel

Strength

Weakness

Usage

Steel is an alloy of iron and other

elements, primarily carbon, that is

widely used in construction and other

applications because of its high tensile

strength and low cost.

Definition

Today, steel is one of the most common materials in the

world, with more than 1.3 billion tons produced

annually. It is a major component in buildings,

infrastructure, tools, ships, automobiles, machines,

appliances, and weapons. Modern steel is generally

identified by various grades defined by

assorted standards organizations.

History

Iron age (12th century BC) (mostly wrought iron) – weapons made with inefficient smelting methods. The best weapons? When iron combined with carbon!Became more common after more efficient production methods were devised in the 17th century.With invention of the Bessemer process in the mid-19th century, steel became relatively inexpensive, easily mass-produced and high quality.Blast Furnace then Bessemer Furnace326 B.C.E. In the epic battle between Alexander and King Porus, Porus’s much smaller force holds out against Alexander’s massive army and creates a legend of courage equal to the Spartans. When Porus surrenders he hands Alexander a sword made of the finest steel known to man. This sword can slice cleanly through a falling handkerchief, is self-sharpening, and at the same time sharper and more bendable that any steel for the next 2000 years. Wootz steel (from the Tamil ukku/urukku) was used to make the legendary Damascus steel blades. These blades were more highly prized than wealth and gemstones across the world, and the steel was only manufactured in India.

Types of Steel

•Different types of steel are produced according to the mechanical and

physical properties required for their application.

•Various grading systems are used to distinguish steels based on these

properties.

•According to the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), steels can

be broadly categorized into four groups based on their chemical

compositions:

•Carbon Steels (Wrought Iron)

•Alloy Steels (Cast Iron)

•Tool Steels (Mild Steel)

•Stainless Steels

Steel sections available in market.

Steel works

Fabrication Frame work

Types of Steel can also be classified by a variety of different factors:•Composition: Carbon range, Alloy, Stainless.•The production method: Continuous cast, Electric furnace, Etc.•Finishing method used: Cold Rolled, Hot Rolled, Cold Drawn (Cold Finished), Etc.•Form or shape: Bar, Rod, Tube, Pipe, Plate, Sheet, Structural, Etc.•De-oxidation process (oxygen removed from steelmaking process): Killed & Semi-Killed Steel, Etc.•Microstructure: Ferritic, Pearlitic, Martensitic, Etc.•Physical Strength (Per ASTM Standards).•Heat Treatment: Annealed, Quenched & Tempered, Etc.•Quality Nomenclature: Commercial Quality, Drawing Quality, Pressure Vessel Quality, Etc.

Making of Steel

Iron ore: Iron ore is the most important and basic raw material of the iron and steel industry. It takes about 1.5 tonnes of iron ore to make a ton of pig-iron.

Fuels: The most important fuels are coal and coke. Modern blast-furnace use coke. To produce one ton of raw-iron, around 450 tonnes of coke is used. Many iron and steel plants even to-day charcoal.

•Water: Water is an important raw material for iron and steel industry. It is mainly used to quench coke, to cool blast furnaces, make steam to coal furnace doors, to operate hydraulic and to have sewage disposal.

•Air: Air is an important raw material for iron and steel industry. Near about 4 tones of air are required to make a ton of steel.

•Flux (Limestone and dolomite): Flux is used in the blast-furnace to draw impurities out of the melting ore. Limestone and dolomite combine with the extracted impurities to form slag.

•Refractoriness: Both blast and steel furnaces are lined with refractoriness. Refractoriness are used for lining furnaces for smelting iron ore. It is also used for lining of the furnaces of locomotives, boilers and making fire bricks.

•Silica or Sand is used for moulding. •Ferro-alloys: For the production of steel of different grades various non-ferrous metal aluminium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, tin, tungsten, zinc, vanadium, etc. Ferro-alloys are used. Among all these Ferro-alloys, manganese is used widely in this industry.

•Electricity: Electricity is required for the production of iron and steel industry. So Hydro-electricity or Thermal power or Atomic power is required.

•Scrap: Iron scraps derived from dismantled structures of factories, plants, machineries, old vehicles, etc. are recycled and widely used this industry.

Once the steel is prepared then it is moulded and made according to different usage like Rods, Pipes, Wires, Sheets, Sections.These things are available in different sizes according to the need of construction they are being used.

Strength• Steel has a major ability to recycle it effectively without destroying or

losing any of its physical properties in the recycling process.• It is cost-effective and strength, is high so is used in engineering works and

infrastructure development.• Steel has highest weight to strength ratio of any building material• It is in organic• It will not rot split crack or creep• Reduces less scrap and wastage, slower aging process with less maintains• It exhibits desirable physical properties that makes it most versatile

structural material in use.• One of the best thing in steel is it can be added to any pre existing

structure.

Weakness

• Steel lose strength at high temperature and susceptible to fire.

• They are prone to corrosion in humid or marine environment.

• It does not react very well towards the buckling load

• If there are very large variation in tensile strength then this leads to

more tension due to which steel tensile properties graph falls down.

• Steel structure susceptible to corrosion when exposed to air, water,

and humidity.

• They must be painted periodically.

• Steel is incombustible material however its strength is reduced

tremendously at high temperature due to common fire.

Usage

•It’s a low cost material that gives us a great strength and hardness to anything so it is widely used all over the world.•Iron and steel are used widely in the construction of roads, railways, other infrastructure, appliances, and buildings. Most large modern structures, such as stadiums and skyscrapers, bridges, and airports, are supported by a steel skeleton. Even those with a concrete structure employ steel for reinforcing.

•Steel applications can be divided into five sectors:1. Construction2. Transport3. Energy4. Packaging5. Appliances and Industry

1. Construction:The majority of steel goes to the construction industry. Sustainable steel structures can be built quickly at a low price. Steel, in its various forms and alloys, can be designed to meet the requirements of unique projects, which allow it to be incorporated into infrastructure in all environments. Depending on the conditions that the structure is exposed to, steel can be alloyed or surface treated differently for protection.The development of efficient steel production techniques at the end of the 20th century contributed to the growth of railways around the world as well as the advent of the high-rise building. Many famous historical structures, such as Empire State Building, contain steel as a primary construction material.Steel can also be found in:low and high-rise buildings, education and hospital buildingssports stadiums, stations reinforced concrete, bridge deck platespiers and suspension cables, harbourcladding and roofingofficestunnelssecurity fencingcoastal and flood

2. Transport:Engineering steels are wrought steels that are designed to have certain specific levels of elasticity, strength, ductility and corrosion resistance. They are used in the general engineering and manufacturing sectors, but the bulk goes to transport vehicles.Steel accounts for over 50% the weight of an average car. Advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) are used in vehicles; it is a lightweight material that requires less energy to produce and reduces CO2 emissions.Different types of steel are used for the car body, doors, engine, gearbox, steering, suspension, wheel axles and interior.Besides the automotive market, steel is found in transport materials such as:truckstransmissionstrainsrailsshipsanchor chainsaircraft undercarriagesjet engines components

3. Energy:All segments of the energy sector, including nuclear, wind power, electric and natural gas, demand steel for infrastructure. Steel is also used for resource extraction, such as in offshore platforms, earth-moving and quarrying equipment, cranes and fork-lifts. Due to the demanding environments, carbon, micro-alloyed, high strength and stainless steels are all used in the production of offshore platforms and pipelines.In addition to these, many other energy projects rely on large amounts of steel:oil and gas wells and platformspipelineselectricity power turbine componentselectricity pylonswind turbinestransmission towerselectromagnetstransformer coreselectromagnetic shields

4. Packaging:Steel packaging protects goods from water, air and light exposure, and is fully recyclable. This method of storage has been around for over 200 years.Steel allows for high-speed filling and lightweight, easy to open packaging. Packaging steels are often made from low carbon cold-rolled steel strip and are surface finished. The steel is tin plated to prevent corrosion and then coated with polymer, lacquered and printed. The majority of steel packaging goes towards food and beverage container, followed by general line, aerosols, and closures (e.g. bottle caps).5. Appliances and Industry:About 75% of the weight of typical household appliances comes from steel. Steel is found in appliances like fridges, washing machines, ovens, microwaves, sinks, cutlery etc.Steel also accounts of many industry goods like farm vehicles and machinery, storage tanks, tools, structures, walkways, protective equipment.

Notable steel structure’s

Elli’s Bridge Walt Disney auditorium

Celico dome Howrah Bridge