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Medical Fluorescence Imaging
Tutorial
Stefan AnderssonEngels stefan.andersson[email protected]
BRIGHTER Berlin, 26 June 2009
http://www.atomic.physics.lu.se/biophotonics
Aim with the presentation
Motivate – the use of in vivo fluorescence imaging for:
• Early cancer diagnostics • Identification of tumour boundaries • Assessment of blood vessels • Visualisation of lymph vessels • Treatment response assessments
– the use of laser parameters necessary: • Average power required • Pulsed mode • Robustness, compactness and user friendlyness
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Clinical use of fluorescence imaging
Whitelight image (A1) 5ALAinduced PPIX fluorescence image (A2)
of a patient with squamous cell carcinoma.
Hautmann et al. Respir. Res., 8 (2007)
Fluorescence angiography
Fluorescein angiographic features before and after PDT for choroidal neovascularization (CNV) Hikichi et al., RETINA 21 (2001)
Invivo kinetics of inhaled ALAInduced PpIX fluorescence in bronchial tissue
Stummer et al. Lancet Oncol. (2006)
Fluorescenceguided resection of malignant gliomas
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Fluorescence detection of malignancies in the urinary bladder
The Storz DLight system M. Kriegmair et al. Munich
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Fibre endoscope
Coherent fibre bundle
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Crosssection of the distal end
Guided light fibre bundle
Biopsy channel
Guided light fibre bundle
Air/fluid channel
Image channel
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Endoscopical PDT – in combination with fluorescence detection
Vocal fold carcinoma in situ
ENTDepartment with Dr. Roland Rydell Lund University Hospital
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The diagnosis
Whitelight mode Fluorescence video mode
Imaging using the Storz Dlight system for larynx diagnostics
Rydell et al. Head & Neck (2008), Rydell et al (unpublished)
Important developments: Multispectral analysis Simultaneous white light and fluorescence
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Typical fluorescence spectra
500 600
Intensity
400 700nm
Normal Malignant
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Multivariate analysis
X = t 1 t 2
p 1 p 2 E + +
Model
Principal components Residual
Decomposition:
Partial Least Squares (PLS): Principal components chosen for best correlation with yvariable (histopathology)
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Diagnostic potential
Hyperplasia & Metaplasia Low grade dysplasia & High grade dysplasia
Predicted y value
True pos. (25)
True neg. (19) False neg. (3)
False pos. (4)
• 89% sens., 83% spec.
To be useful for diagnostic purpose separation is often required on individual point basis
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Biological applications of in vivo fluorescence imaging
• Animal models widely used in biomedical research • More than 90% of animals used are mice • Noninvasive imaging studies very valuable tool • Allow noninvasive longitudinal and dynamic studies
GFP Mouse
Hoffman and Yang Nature Protocols (2006)
Sharma et al. Am. J. Physiol. (2007)
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Osamu Shimomura Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL), MA and Boston University Medical School, MA
Martin Chalfie Columbia University, N.Y.
Roger Y. Tsien UCSD, La Jolla, CA Japanese citizen, born 1928 in Kyoto,
Japan. Ph.D. in organic chemistry 1960, from Nagoya University, Japan. Professor emeritus at Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL), Woods Hole, MA, USA a nd Boston University Medical School, MA, USA.
US citizen, born 1947, grew up in Chicago, IL, USA. Ph.D. 1977 in neurobiology from Harvard University. William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor of Biological Sciences at Columbia University, New York, NY, USA, since 1982.
US citizen, born 1952 in New York, NY, USA. Ph.D. in physiology 1977 from Cambridge University, UK. Professor at University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA since, 1989.
2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery and development of the
green fluorescent protein, GFP
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Green Fluorescence Protein GFP
Aequorea victoria – a jellyfish in the Northern Pacific Ocean
What is GFP? A small naturally occuring protein which is highly fluorescent. GFP consists of 238 amino acids, linked together in a long chain. This chain folds up into the shape of a beer can. Inside the beer can structure the amino acids 65, 66 and 67 form the chemical group that absorbs UV and blue light, and fluoresces green.
http://www.conncoll.edu/ccacad/zimmer/GFPww/GFP1.htm
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Fluorescence protein labeling in biology
Baby mice fathered by mice receiving a donation of spermatogonial stem cells from mice expressing green fluorescent protein. Only half the baby mice show the green color. This is because each spermatogonial stem cell has only one copy of the gene for green fluorescent protein. When the spermatogonial cell divides, only half the cells that result from it have the gene for green fluorescent protein.
http://www.nichd.nih.gov/news/releases/green_brown_mice.cfm
http://www.atomic.physics.lu.se/biophotonics Fluorescence Proteins in all colours – Roger Y. Tsien
Agar Plate of Fluorescent Bacteria Colonies
Using DNA technology, various amino acids in different parts of GFP were exchanged
http://www.tsienlab.ucsd.edu
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What is fluorescence?
Molecular energy
Absorption of light
Fluorescence emission
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Fluorescence induced by exposure to ultraviolet light in vials containing various sized Cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots. This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence
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Fluorescent minerals. This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence
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Fluorescence
J. Johansson, Dissertation thesis, LTH (1993). af Klinteberg et al. (1999)
337 nm excitation
400 500 600 700
Carotene NADH Elastin
Collagen
Wavelength (nm)
Fluo
rescen
ce in
tens
ity [a
.u.]
Tissue autofluorescence
405 nm excitation
500 550 600 650 700 750 Wavelength (nm)
Protoporphyrin IX
Protoporphyrin IX
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ALA
Haem
Iron
Tumour
635 nm
Red laser
Fluorescence diagnostics of skin tumour following ALA administration
1. Administration of ALA
2. Production of PpIX
3. Diagnostics
4. Treatment
Blue laser Protoporfyrin IX
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Haematoporphyrin derivative (HpD), (Photofrin) 630 nm δaminolevulinic acid (ALA) 635 nm Mesotetrahydroxyphenychlorin (mTHPC), (Foscan) 652 nm Tin Etiopurpurin (Pyrlytin) 660 nm Benzoporphyrin, (Verteporfin) 690 nm
720 nm Phthalocyanins Lutetium texaphyrin (Lutrin) 732 nm Bacteriochlorophyll (Tookad) 760 nm
Tumour localising agents
RED Absorption
Peak
Photosensitisers (PDT) Fluorescent tumour markers (LIF)
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Background light interference
Without funnel With funnel
HajHossini et al. unpublished (2009)
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Skin measurements
Nontreated ALAtreated
HajHossini et al. unpublished (2009)
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Ambient light shielding
Rigid metal tube
Non transparent plastic funnel
HajHossini et al. unpublished (2009)
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Brain measurement
Healthy tissue GBM
Richter et al. Unpublished (2009)
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Astrocytoma PpIX fluorescence
5 mm
2000
1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
440 490 540 590 640 690
15 mm
0
20000
40000
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440 490 540 590 640 690
35 mm
0
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10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
440 490 540 590 640 690
5 mm
0
10000
20000
30000
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50000
60000
70000
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
15 mm
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
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120000
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
35 mm
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Autofluorescence
Pålsson et al. unpublished (2009)
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MR and fluorescence spectra
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5 x 10 5
40 mm Normal 35 mm Normal 30 mm Normal 25 mm Normal 20 mm Normal 15 mm Oedema 10 mm Glioblastoma IV 5 mm Glioblastoma IV Target Glioblastoma IV
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4 x 10 5
337 nm excitation
Wavelength (nm)
Wavelength (nm)
Fluorescence Intensity
Fluorescence Intensity
405 nm excitation
40 mm Normal 35 mm Normal 30 mm Normal 25 mm Normal 20 mm Normal 15 mm Oedema 10 mm Glioblastoma IV 5 mm Glioblastoma IV Target Glioblastoma IV
a. b.
c.
Pålsson et al. unpublished (2009)
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Point monitoring: Whole spectrum in one small tissue site
Imaging: Less spectral information but in larger area
Fluorescence diagnostics
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400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
Fluorescence specrum
Fitted curve
PpIX peak
A Autofluorescence
B
Ratio = A
B
Wavelength (nm)
Intensity
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Dermatological Multicolour Fluorescence imaging
Intensified CCD camera
Whitelight CCD camera
G R
B
Beam splitter
Laser
Lens
Optical fiber
0
1
2
3
4
5
450 500 550 600 650 700 750
Fluorescence Intensity (a.u.)
Wavelength (nm)
D
A
8
0
4
1 2 3
5 6 7
TAE
TAE
nBCC
nBCC
sBCC
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White light image
Digitally processed image
Multicolour Fluorescence Imaging
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Spectraphos multispectral fluorescence imaging system
Svanberg et al. Acta Radiol (1998)
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Multicolour fluorescence imaging
470 nm 630 nm
600 nm Ratio
Rodent brain fluorescence following i.v. administration of ALA
AnderssonEngels et al. Bioimaging (1995) AnderssonEngels et al. Appl Opt (1992)
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Hyper Spectral Diagnostic Imager
Science & Technology Inc, USA
Combines: • video image • reflectance scan • fluorescence scan
Aim: • interactive diagnostics • integrated colposcope
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Halo naevus
16 year old male Located at left waist
520 nm
/ 500
nm
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Pigmentented BC or malignant melanoma
83 years old female located next to the eye went for surgery
470 nm
/ 570 nm
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XRay source
Image plate
Rotation
Object
Rotation
Object
Light source Detector
Detector
Detector
Detector
Linear image reconstruction Nonlinear image reconstruction
Diffuse Optical Tomography
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Absorption and scattering
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Absorption spectra of important tissue chromophores
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Rotation
Object
Light source Detector
Detector
Detector
Detector
Fluorescencemediated tomography
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Instrumentation from Lund Medical Laser Centre on its way to National Technical University in Athens
Collaboration with BioLitec, Bonn, Germany
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Joint WP6 campaign Instrumentation •405nm laser, developed at Risö •Additional LEDs •EMCCD camera •Liquid Crystal Tunable Filter
During the last period we have spent much effort in evaluating the fluorescence imaging data from the measurement campaign in Jena.
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Tomographic Reconstruction
Measure Excitation light, 652 nm Fluorescence light, 720 nm
Extinction coefficient Fluorescence Spectra
Svenmarker et al. unpublished (2009)
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Svenmarker et al. unpublished (2009)
In vivo noninvasive FosPeg Images
2D View 3D View
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Novel nanoparticles as fluorescence markers
Fluorescence imaging of a rat leg
Xu et al. Appl Phys Lett (2008) Xu et al. Appl Phys Lett (2009)
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IPDT during radiation
Soto Thompson et al. JEPTO (2006) Johansson et al. JBO (2007)
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Measurements of light fluence
Interactive dosimetry – eliminates treatment failure
Soto Thompson et al. JEPTO (2006) Johansson et al. JBO (2007)
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Measurements of Sensitizer concentration
Assess sensitizer level using fluorescence
635 705
Wavelength (nm)
Sensitizer fluorescence (a.u.)
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Fluorescence tomography of mTHPC concentration during prostate cancer PDT
Assessment of distribution of the photosensitiser mTHPC during photodynamic therapy of prostate cancer
Axelsson et al. Opt. Express (2007) Xu et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. (2008)
Svenmarker et al. (manuscript ) Axelsson et al. Opt Lett. (2009)
Monitoring of PDT progress – prostate cancer
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The Group The Group
Stefan AnderssonEngels Katarina Svanberg Sune Svanberg
Erik Alerstam Johan Axelsson Niels Bendsøe Dmitry Khoptyar
Haichun Liu Emilie Krite Svanberg Pontus Svenmarker Tomas Svensson
Haiyan Xie Can Xu Jonas Johansson Peter Andersen Jakob Thomsen
Visiting professors: Jonas Johansson – Pharmaceutic Optics Peter E. Andersen – Optical Coherence Tomography
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Acknowledgements of Support
This work was supported by:
EU Integrated Projects BRIGHTER, Molecular Imaging and the Swedish Research Council, the Wallenberg Foundation, as well as SpectraCure AB