STEM CELL &

CLONINGBy: Palwinder Kaur

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HISTORY OF STEM CELL RESEARCH

TYPES OF STEM CELLS

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Type of stem cell

What it can be

Examples

Totipotent cells

Each cell can develop into a new individual

Cells of embryo of 1-3 days

Pluripotent cells

Each cell can form any cell type (over 200)

Cells of blastocyst 5-14 days

Multipotent cells

Cells differentiate and can form a number of tissue types.

Fetal tissue, cord blood, adult cells

WHERE DO THEY COME FROM ??

•Embryos: Embryonic stem (ES) cells are stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage embryo.

•Adults: Adult stem cells, also called somatic stem cells, are stem cells which maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found.

•Umbilical cord: Blood cells from the post-delivery umbilical cord contain undifferentiated cells.

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WHY STEM CELLS ??

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CLONING

•Cloning in general refer to as reproduction without mating.

•Cloning is a scientific process that allows scientists to copy the genetic traits of a plant or animal to create one or more living replicas.

• The baby that develops will have the identical genetic traits as the animal that provided the nucleus used to fertilize the host’s egg.

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MILESTONES IN HISTORY OF CLONING• In 1996 - Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell cloned the first animal from

adult cells. Dolly the sheep, born on July 5, 1996, was created using the so-called Roslin Technique.

• In 1997, Infigen Inc., a biotechnology company, created the first cloned calf named Gene in the world. It was cloned from a non-embryonic cell.

• In 1998 - Ryuzo Yanagimachi, Toni Perry and Teruhiko Wakayama of the University of Hawaii reported cloning fifty mice from adult mouse cells.

• In 2001 - Scientists at Advanced Cell Technology, Inc. announced the birth of a cloned baby bull gaur (a large wild ox) named Noah. Noah was the first endangered animal to be cloned. 9

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DOLLY GENE MAGIC & STEM

NOAH

“THE CLONES”

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RECIPE OF CLONING

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TYPES OF CLONING

• Therapeutic cloning : It involves the use of (stem) cells for medicinal or research purposes.

•Reproductive cloning: It involve the use (stem) cells to create cloned humans or animals.

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WHY CLONING ??

• Substitute for Natural Reproduction•Obtain Specific Traits in Organisms• Cloning animals for excellent traits• Possibility of repopulating the endangered species

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ISSUES RELATED TO STEM CELL RESEARCH & CLONING

RELIGIOUS ISSUES

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MEDICAL ISSUES

•Possible miscarriage•Unforeseen deaths in later life of the clone •Health risks from mutated genes•Developmental delays•Neurological disorders•Unstable immune system

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CONTROVERSIAL ASPECTS

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• EMBRYONIC STEM CELL RESEARCH • REPRODUCTIVE CLONING•

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CURRENT LAWS • In 2001 Bush announced federal funds can only

be used to study embryonic cells that already exist, all other will be done by using private funding.

• United Kingdom made it legal to clone human embryos for medical research.

• South Korea, Sweden & Singapore allow therapeutic cloning.

• Australia did banned cloning in 2006 but now therapeutic cloning is legal

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FUTURE ASPECT & CONCLUSION • Stem cells pose a bright future for the therapeutic world by

promising treatment options for the diseases which are considered as non-curable now a days.

• Although there has been limited success in cloning some animals, it's still seen as a viable technology.

• Ever since the announcement of the birth of Dolly, additional sheep, cows, goats, pigs, and mice have been cloned.

• Cloning is a big first step. Genetic manipulation of cloned animals is the future direction of the cloning frontier.

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REFERENCES

• http://www.faseb.org/portals/2/pdfs/opa/cloning.pdf• http://www.stemcellnetwork.ca/index.php?page=the-potential-of-stem-cel

l-research• http://www.eurostemcell.org/faq/what-are-potential-applications-stem-cell

-research• http://www.linacre.org/stemcell.html• http://

www.academia.edu/207072/BIOETHICS_OF_STEM_CELL_RESEARCH_AND_CLONING?

• http://www.bbc.com/future/tags/cloning• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell_therapy• http://www.eurostemcell.org/faq/what-are-potential-applications-stem-cell

-research• http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/18/health/stem-cells-cloning/

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REFERENCES• http://www.nature.com/news/human-stem-cells-created-by-cloning-1.12983• http://www.dw.de/stem-cell-cloning-remains-highly-controversial/a-16824112• http://www.genome.gov/10004765• http://www.livescience.com/32079-how-stem-cell-cloning-works-infographic.html• http://

www.nhmrc.gov.au/health-ethics/human-embryos-and-cloning/stem-cells-cloning-and-related-issues

• http://cbhd.org/stem-cell-research/overview• http://www.genome.gov/10004765• http://www.stemcellsaustralia.edu.au/About-Stem-Cells/FAQ/What-has-cloning-got-to-do-

with-stem-cell-research.aspx• https://www.google.ca/search?q=stem+cell+research+cloning&oq=STEM+CELL+&

aqs=chrome.0.69i59l3j69i57j0j69i59.5855j0j4&sourceid=chrome&espv=210&es_sm=122&ie=UTF-8• Stem Cells and Cloning (2nd Edition) Kelly M Hogan (Author), Michael A. Palladino (Author)