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Stem Cell Concept
Pg. 721
Signal Transduction Pathways and Cell Differentiation
Specialized cell type(neuron, skin cell, red blood cell, etc.)
Stem Cell
Blood Cell Formation
Erythropoietin (Epo)
(Epo)
Red Blood Cell Development
EPO
Synthesis of proteins that stimulate Red Blood Cell development andprevent apoptosis
Negative Regulation of JAK/STAT Pathway
Mutant EPO Receptor
PP
Signal toActivate
Seven-Pass ReceptorsAdrenalineGlucogonTSH, LH
Cell TypesHeart muscleSkeletal muscleThyroidOvaryKidneyIntestinal epithelia
ContractionGlycogen breakdownHormone secretionWater retentionIon transportPg. 546
Activation of Galpha Subunit
Synthesis of cyclic AMP
ATP
cyclic AMP
Adenylyl Cyclase
Pg. 550
Protein Kinase A (PKA)CFTROther Proteins
TargetsTranscription FactorsEnzymes
Actin Microtubules Intermediatefilaments
Cytoskeletal Structures
Chapter 17
Microtubules
Vesicle Transport
Chromosome segregation(mitotic spindle)
Cilia/Flagella
Tubulin Dimer
GTP
GTP
GFP-Tagged Centrosomes
Centrosome Structure
TaxolColchicine
Pacific YewAutumn crocus
Microtubule “Poisons”
Tau Protein Stabilizes Microtubules in Neurons
Tau Protein
Tau “tangles”
Regulation of Microtubule Stability by Tau
Alzheimer’s Brain
Alzheimer’s Brain
Tau Protein
Microtubule “Motor” Proteins
Microtubule “Motor” Proteins
GFP-Tagged Centrosomes
Centrosome Duplication Cycle
Ciliated Cells
Actin Filaments
Actin Monomer
Arp2/3 (Actin Related Proteins)
Arp2
Arp3
Gelsolin Protein
New minus end
New plus end
Acton Poisons
Myosin-II
Muscle Cell
Sarcomere
Contraction of a Sarcomere
Resting Muscle
Rigor position
Contraction of a Sarcomere
Tropomyosin blocksaccess to actin filament
Ca2+
Binds Troponin C
Muscle Cell
Muscle Relaxants
Pancuronium Baclofen
Ligand for Seven-pass receptorInhibits Ligand-gated ion channels
Muscle Cell
Muscle Cell
Pancuronium
Muscle cell membrane can not be de-polarized
Baclofin
Muscle CellMembrane
Muscle CellMembrane
Muscle cell membrane can not be de-polarized
Muscular Dystrophy
Dystrophin gene (2.4 million bp, 78 exons)
X-linked Recessive
Progressive muscle weakness/loss of skeletal muscle
Pg. 574
Pg. 576
Pg. 577
Pg. 575
Keratin Filaments
Desmosome
Pg. 715
Pg. 577
Epidermolysis Bullosa(Keratin mutations)
Pg. 577
Epidermolysis Bullosa(Keratin mutations)
Mitotic Cell Cycle
DNAReplication
G1 S G2
G1
M-Phase
(G1 Phase)
(G2 Phase)
Semi-Conservative DNA Replication
Binding site forOrigin Recognition Complex (ORC)
(ORC)
Completing Synthesis of the Lagging Strand
(5’ to 3” exonuclease)*
*
Thymine Tautomers
Pairs with Adenine Pairs with Guanine
(common form) (rare form)
DNA Polymerase “proof reading”
End Replication Problem
Final RNA primers removed
Second round ofDNA replication
First round ofDNA replication
*
*
*
*
A
Telomere Synthesis
Telomerase RNA
156 nucleotides
Telomere Synthesis
Normal Cell Telomeres
Short Telomeres
Apoptosis
Chromosome Instabilty/DNA Damage
Telomerase Inhibitor
Apoptosis
Telomostatin
~ 90 of all cancers haveRe-activated telomerase
Mitotic Cell Cycle
DNAReplication
G1 S G2
G1
M-Phase
Cohesion of Sister Chromatids
Cohesin “ring”
Nuclear Lamina
Fig. 19-18 (replacement)
Interphase and M-Phase Chromosomes
Condensation of Chromatids
Microtubules
Centrosome Duplication Cycle
Mitotic Spindle
Pg. 641
Metaphase Anaphase
Pg. 257
Ubiquitin-dependent Protein Degradation
Proteasome
Amino acids + Ub
Protein Ub-Ub-Ub
Protein + Ub
APC (Ubiquitin Ligase)
Start of Anaphase
P
Anaphase “A” and “B”
Cytokinesis
Myosin II - GFP
Interphase Telophase Cytokinesis
CytokinesisCytokinesis G1
“Contractile Unit” in Cytokinesis
Fig. 17-41
Plasma Membrane
Cytosol
Septin“ring”