Date post: | 07-May-2015 |
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Stem Cell PowerDr. Danny Kainer
& Anitha Iyer
What are stem cells and why are they important? Stem cells have the potential to develop into
many different cell types in the body during early life and growth.
in many tissues they serve as a sort of internal repair system
What is a stem cell?
Identical stem cells
Stem cell
SELF-RENEWAL(copying)
Stem cell
Specialized cells
DIFFERENTIATION(specializing)
Properties of stem cellsthey are capable of dividing and renewing
themselves for long periods
they are unspecialized
they can give rise to specialized cell types.
Where are stem cells found?
embryonic stem cells
blastocyst - a very early embryo
adult stem cellsfetus, baby and throughout life
A few terms……
Potency: A measure of how many types of specialized cells a stem cell can make
Totipotent: Each cell can develop into a new individual
Ex. Cells from early (1-3 days) embryos
Pluripotent: Can make all types of specialized cells in the body.
Ex. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent
Multipotent: Can make multiple types of specialized cells, but not all types
Ex. Adult stem cells are multipotent
Embryonic stem (ES) cells:Where we find them
blastocyst
outer layer of cells= ‘trophectoderm’
cells inside = ‘inner cell mass’
embryonic stem cells taken fromthe inner cell mass
culture in the labto grow more cells
fluid with nutrients
Embryonic stem (ES) cells:What they can do
embryonic stem cells
PLURIPOTENT
all possible types of specialized cells
differentiation
neurons
grow under conditions B
Embryonic stem (ES) cells:Challenges
embryonic stem cells
skin
grow under conditions A
blood
grow under conditions C
liver
grow under conditions D?
Adult stem cells:Where we find them
muscles
skin
surface of the eye brain
breast
intestines (gut)testicles
bone marrow
Tissue stem cells:What they can do
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)
cell from the body
‘genetic reprogramming’= add certain genes to the cell
induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell
behaves like an embryonic stem cell
Advantage: no need for embryos! all possible types ofspecialized cells
culture iPS cells in the lab
differentiation
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)
cell from the body (skin)
genetic reprogramingpluripotent stem cell
(iPS)
differentiation
Potential uses of human stem cellshttp://video.pbs.org/video/1754537562/
Experimental model systemHeart muscle cells beating in a petri dish!http://www.exploratorium.edu/tv/index.php?project=70&program=7461:37 – 2:43
Videos by the Exploratorium
Bone marrow transplant:Example of adult stem cell-based therapy
Human trials: The FDA approved the first clinical trial involving
human embryonic stem cells on January 23, 2009. Geron Corporation - spinal cord injuries
In 2010Stargardt’s Macular Dystrophy and Dry Age-
Related Macular Degeneration
In 2013Severe myopia
Stem cells & Parkinson’s
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1yCgLythe00
Stem cells and ALSAstrocytes in the spinal cord. Year 3 toward
human trialhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tplx_ftKdYc
Stem cells and Arthritis
http://www.ted.com/talks/kevin_stone_the_bio_future_of_joint_replacement