M-1 Parasymp receptor(G-protein class, major function) M-2 Parasymp(G-protein class, major function) M-3 parasymp(G-protein class, major function) What receptor is responsbile for mydriasis? Dopamine D-1 receptor(G-protein class, major function) Dopamine D-2 receptor(G-protein class, major function) DAG causes activation of what? IP3 causes increase in what? What does protein kinase A do? What are the two classes of cholinomimetics? Bethanechol(mechanism,use,toxicity) Carbachol(mechanism,use,toxicity) Pilocarpine(mechanism,use,toxicity) methacholine(mechanism,use,toxicity) Neostigmine(mechanism,use,toxicity) pyridostigmine(mechanism,use,toxicity) edrophonium(mechanism,use,toxicity) Physostigmine(mechanism,use,toxicity) Donepezil(mechanism,use,toxicity) Alpha-1 sympathetic receptor (G-protein class, major function) Alpha-2 sympathetic receptor(G-protein class, major Beta-1 sympathetic receptor(G-protein class, major Beta-2 sympathetic receptor(G-protein class, major function) What receptor is responsible for miosis and Histamine H-1 receptor(G-protein class, major histamine H-2 receptor(G-protein class, major vasopression V-1 receptor(G-protein class, major vasopression V-2 receptor(G-protein class, major Which receptors work via Gq -> Phospholipase C ->Pip2- Which receptors work via Gi->Adenyly cyclase ->cAMP - >Protein Kinase A? Which receptors work via Gs->adenylyate cyclase - >cAMP->Protein Kinase A?
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Alpha-1 sympathetic receptor (G-protein class, major function)
Alpha-2 sympathetic receptor(G-protein class, major function)Beta-1 sympathetic receptor(G-protein class, major function)Beta-2 sympathetic receptor(G-protein class, major function)
M-1 Parasymp receptor(G-protein class, major function)M-2 Parasymp(G-protein class, major function)M-3 parasymp(G-protein class, major function)
What receptor is responsible for miosis and accomadation?What receptor is responsbile for mydriasis?Dopamine D-1 receptor(G-protein class, major function)Dopamine D-2 receptor(G-protein class, major function)Histamine H-1 receptor(G-protein class, major function)histamine H-2 receptor(G-protein class, major function)vasopression V-1 receptor(G-protein class, major function)vasopression V-2 receptor(G-protein class, major function)Which receptors work via Gq -> Phospholipase C ->Pip2->DAG + IP3?DAG causes activation of what?IP3 causes increase in what?
What does protein kinase A do?What are the two classes of cholinomimetics?Bethanechol(mechanism,use,toxicity)
give general toxicites of b-blockersWhat are the B1 selective b-blockers? When are they useful?What are the nonselective ( b1 = b2) b-blockers?what are the nonselective a and b-antagonists?What are the partial B-agonists?
Nitrates (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Adverse effects of statinsNiacin (mechanism, use, toxicity)
What drugs can stimulate prolactin secretion?What is a difference in the mechanism of PTU and methimazole?Can sulfonylureas be used in type 1 DM?What drugs can be used to treat type 1 AND 2 DM?
Rasburicase (mechanism, use)
Difference in competitive vs noncompetitve inhibitors?What is Km?What is Vmax?What is bioavailability?Time to steady state depends on?What is rate of elimination in zero order kinetics?Give three drugs that are zero order eliminated.What is the rate of elimination for first order kinetics?How does ionization relate to urine pH?How do you treat overdose of weak acid? Give drug examples.How do you treat overdose of weak base? Give drug examples.
Which drug used for hyperthyroidism decreases peripheral T3->T3 conversion?
What is phase I drug metabolism? What pt. population loses this?What is phase II metaboloism? What population depend on this?
What is efficacy?What is potency?
What is therapetuic index?What is a therapeutic window?
What drugs inhibit dihydrofolate reductase?
What keeps heparin from crossing the placental barrier?
Cimetidine and ranitidine (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Ondansetron (mechanism, use, toxicity)Metoclopramide (mechanism, use, toxicity)Why is Lactulose fed to people with hepatic encephalopathy?
Can atropine be used to block gastric secretions? why or why not?Colchine stops what specific cell to decrease gout symptoms?Orlistat(mechanism, use)giving what drug 30 minutes before Niacin can help reduce flushing?
Can be used to prevent mast cell degranulationTreatment of lead poisoningHeparin (mechanism, use, toxicity)
What happends to efficacy when a partial agonist and full agonist are mixed?
What are the two types of Nicotonic receptors? What kind of messenger do they use?
What can be given to those suffering from hyperammonia caused by a metabolic derangement?
Ondansetron acts on 5HT3 receptors in what location, in order to decrease nausea?
What opioid effect is most resistant to tolerance?Memantine(mechanism, use, toxicity)What vitamin is used in alzheimer's treatment?In gas anesthesias, what is the lipid solubility and the blood solubility?
Ropinirole, Pramipexole (mechanism, use)what are the uses of amantidine for parkinsons?
What defines induction and potency in gas anesthetics?Latanoprost (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Butorphanol (mechanism, use, toxicity)Tramadol (mechanism, use, toxicity)First-line therapy for simple partial seizuresFirst-line therapy for complex partial seizuresFirst-line therapies for tonic-clonic seizures (3)First-line therapy for absence seizures
Why is it required to wait 14 days after stoping a MAO-i before starting an SSRI?
How do atypical antipsychotics avoid causing parkinson's symptoms and tardive dyskinesia?
Triazolam, oxazepam, midazolam (mechanism, use, toxicity)Barbituates vs. benzodiazepines (mechanism)Zolpidem, zaleplon, eszopiclone (mechanism, use, toxicity)Ketamine (mechanism, use, toxicity)Order of sensory loss when using local anestheticsSuccinylcholine (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Give treatment for acetaminophen overdose.Give treatment for salicylates overdose.give treatment for amphetamines overdoseGive treatment for antimuscarinic and anticholinergic overdose.Give treatment for b-blocker overdose
Give treatment for digitalis overdosegive treatment for iron overdose.give treatment for lead overdosegive treatment for mercury, arsenix, gold overdosegive treatment for copper, arsenic, gold overdosegive treatment for cyanidegive methemoglobin treatmentGive Carbon monocide treatmentgive treatment for methanol, ethylene glycol overdosegive treatment for opiods overdosegive treatment for benzodiazepine overdosegive treatment for TCA overdosegive treatment for heparin overdosegive treatment for warfarin overdosegive treatment for tPA, Streptokinase, urokinase overdosegive treatment for theophylline overdosegive treatment for acetylcholinesterase inhibitorslist signs of ammonia overdoseWhat is a sensitive indicator of alcohol abuse?What is the treatment for delirium tremens?
What is neuroleptic malignant syndrome? What is the treatment?
What is tardive dyskinesa? Is it reversible?What is serotonin syndrome? what is the treatment?
What class of drug can precipitate mania in those with bipolar disorder?
causes diabetes insipiduscauses fanconi's syndomecauses hemorrhagic cystitscauses interstital nephritiscauses SIADHcauses cinchonismcauses parkinson-like syndomecauses seizurescauses tardive dyskinesiaacts like an anti-muscariniccan cause a disulfiram like reactioncan cause nephro/ototoxicitylist p450 inducers
list p450 inhibitors
lists the sulfa drugs
cause direct toxicity to nervescause restrictive lung diseaseWhat are the teratogenic effects of ACE inhibitors?What are the teratogenic effects of alkylating agents?What are the teratogenic effects of aminoglycosides?What are the teratogenic effects of carbamazepine?What are the teratogenic effects of diethylstilbestrol?What are the teratogenic effects of folate antagonists?What are the teratogenic effects of lithium?What are the teratogenic effects of phenytoin?What are the teratogenic effects of tetracyclinesWhat are the teratogenic effects of thalidomideWhat are the teratogenic effects of valproate?What are the teratogenic effects of warfarin?At what time period is a fetus most susceptable to teratogens?What are the teratogenic effects of vitamin a?What are the teratogenic effects of cocaine?What are the teratogenic effects of smoking?What drug is the leading cause of birth defects and mental retardation?
What are the toxicities of Loop diuretics?What are the toxicites of HCTZ?
What is tyramine crisis caused by?What causes nitroprusside toxicity? What is the antidote?
By what mechanisms do thiazides and loop diutetics cause metabolic alkalosis?
What compound can cause sickling of sickle cell trait RBC's?Mannitol (mechanism, use, toxicity)Acetazolamide (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Contrast urine Ca with loop diuretics and thiazidesWhat can long term Phenactin use cause?Is an increase in serum creatinine normal after starting ACE inhibitors?
What is the treatment for sleep enuresis?In general, what is the best drug to use for edema of any kind?
What is the first line drug used to treat hypertension in pregnancy?Rhogam(mechanism, use)
What is the drug used for Pre-eclampsi and ecplamsia?Leuprolide (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Direct Cholinomimetic. Identical to Ach. Glaucoma, pupillary contraction, relief of IOP. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers.
Direct Cholinomimetic. Stimulates tears, salvia, sweat. Open and closed-angle glaucoma.COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers.
Indirect cholinomimetic agonist. NO cns penetration. Postop and neurogenic ileus, myasthenia gravis, reversal of NMJ block. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers.
Irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor, ACH overdose. Tx: atropine + pralidoxime.
Muscarinic antagonist. Motion sickness. causes hot as a hare, dry as a cone, red as a beet, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter.
Muscarinic antagonist. COPD, Asthma. Causes hot as a hare, dry as a bone, red as a beet, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter.
muscarinic antagonist, causes gardner's pupil (mydriasis).Direct Sympathomemetic. A1,A2,B1,B2. Anaphylaxis, open angle glaucoma, asthma, hypotension.direct sympathomemetic. A1,A2, some B1. used in hypotension but it decrease renal perfusion.
Direct sympathomimetic. A1, A2. Used in hypotension, to cause mydriasis, and rhinitis (decongestant).
Direct sympathomimetic. B2 only. Used to reduce premature uterine contractions.indirect sympathomimetic. Releases stored catecholamines. Used for narcolepsy, obesity, ADD.
direct sympathomimetic. Reuptake inhibitor. Causes vasoconstriction and local anesthesia.mixing them can lead to unopposed A1 activation and extreme hypertenion.stimulates A1>B2. Causes increased vasoconstrciton -> increased BP. This causes reflex bradycardia and slowing of HR.
Stimulates B2>A1. This cause vasodilation and dropping of BP. B1 is stimulated and causes tachycardia.
REVERSBILE nonselective alpha blocker. give to patients on MAOI who each tyramine contraining foods.Alpha-1 blocker. Used in hypertension, urinary rentention in BPH. tox:orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, headache.
Alpha-2 blocker. Used in depression. tox: sedation, hypercholesterolemia, increased apetite.
Muscarinic antagonist. produces mydriasis and cycloplegia. (Atropine also used for bradycardia). Causes hot as a hare, dry as bone, red as beet, blind as bat, mad as a hatter.
Muscarinic antagoist. Parkinsons disease (park my benz). Can be used in haloperiodal O.D, whihc causes torticolliosis. Causes hot as a hare, dry as bone, red as a beet, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter.
Muscarinic anatagonist. IP: given in preop to reduce airway secretions. oral:reduce drooling, peptic ulcer. Can cause hot as a hare, dry as a bone red as a beet, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter.
Direct sympathomemetic. B1, B2. Used in Torsade de pointe and bradyarryhmia. Can cause tachycardia and worsen cardiac ischemia.
Direct sympathomimetics. Receptors depend on dose. low = D1, med = D1,B2,B1, high = A1,A2,B1,B2,D1. Used in shock and heart failure (ionotropic and chronotropic).
Direct sympathomimetic. Mostly B1, little a1,a2,b2. Used in heart failure and cardiac stresstest (ionotrpic and chronotropic)
Direct sympathomimetic. Mostly B2, some b1. Sal = long term ashtma or copd. Albuterol for short term asthma. Terbutaline for to reduce premture uterine contractions.
indirect sympathomimetic. Releases stored catecholamines. Used for nasal decongestion, urinary incontience, hypotension.
Centrally acting alpha-2 agonists, this causes LESS peripheral sympathetic release.Used in hypertension, especially renal disease due to no increase in renal blood flow!
IRREVERSIBLE nonslective alpha blocker. Used in pheochromosytoma BEFORE surgery! toxic: orhtostatic hypotension, reflec tachycardia.
Before blockade: Both epi and phen RAISES BP. After alpha blockade: only epi raises, no change in phenyl. Why: Epi has B binding, phenyl does NOT.
impotence, asthma exacerbation, bradycardia, seizures, sedation, hides hypoglycemia.A BEAM. acebutolol, betaxolol, Esmolol, Atenolol, Metoprolol. Useful in comorbid pum. disease.Please Try Not Being Picky. Propranolol, Timolol, Nadolol, Pindolol. B = B-blocker.Carvedilol, labetalol.Pindolol, Acebutolol.it has a MUCH longer half life, plus it is irrversible while phentolamine is reversible
Cause NO release -> vasodilation (veins >>> arteries); used in angina; fast tolerance, hypotension, flushing, headache
Hepatoxicity and muscle breakdownInhibits lipolysis and reduces VLDL secretion, lowering LDL and raising HDL; hyperlipidemia; flushing and hyperuricemia
Prevents cholesterol reabsorption -> lower LDLUpregulates LPL -> lower triglycerides, slightly inc. HDL and slightly dec. LDL; myositis and hepatoxicity
Lidocaine, mexiletine, and tocainide; dec. AP duration especially in depolarized/ischemia tissue; best following MI
Flecainide, propafenone; no effect on AP, used in ventricular tachycardias; do not use post-MI due to risk for arrhythmias
Blocks Na channels, decreasing the slope of phase 0 depolarization; toxicity exacerbated by hyperkalemia
Amiodarone, ibutilide, dofetilide, sotalol; K channel blockers; inc. AP duration and QT intervalPulmonary fibrosis, hepatotoxicity, thyroid dysfunction
Used in torsades de pointes and digoxin toxicitydigoxin causes hyperkalemia. HOWEVER, a HYPOkalemic state increses patient susceptibility to digoxin toxicity.
On first dose, patient gets severe hypotension. Correct this by starting with a small dose.
Prevent growth of intima by inhibiting cellular growth = no restenosisBromocriptine or cabergoline (dopamine agonists)
Angina - decreases HR and contractility, decreasing oxygen use. MI - decrease mortality. SVT - decrease AV duction. Hypertension - decrease CO and renin secretion. CHF - slows progression. Glaucoma - decrease secretion of aqueous humor.
Inhibits reabsorption of bile acids -> lower LDL with slight increase in HDL; unpigmented gallbladder stones and malabsorption
Inhibits Na/K ATPase -> indirectly inhibits Na/Ca exchanger -> inc. calcium levels -> inc. contractility; stimulates the vagus; causes cholinergic symptoms and hyperkalemia
Quinidine, procainamide, and disopyramide; inc. AP duration and QT interval; can cause torsades de pointes, cinchonism (qunidine), procainamide (drug-induced lupus)
Beta-blockers; reduces cAMP, slowing SA and AV node activity, increases PR interval; adverse effects include impotence, asthma exacerbation, sedation
Ca channel blockers; verapamil and diltiazem; dec. conduction velocity and inc. PR interval; cause constipation, flushing, and edema
Inc. K efflux, hyperpolarizing the cell; used in supraventricular tachycardias; can cause flushing, hypotension, and chest pain
Isosorbide mononitrate can be swallowed. It has an almost 100% biavailability that way. Others cannot due to first pass metabolism.
Spironolactone (or other AT2 antagonist)Octreotide (somatostatin analogues)Lispro, aspart, and glulisineRegularNPHGlargine and detemir
Blocks thyroid peroxidase; used to treat hyperthyrodism; teratogenicThyroid hormone analogs; causes thyrotoxicosisUsed to control uterine hemhorrageADH antagonist used to treat SIADH; can cause photosensitivty and bone/teeth abnormalities
OCP and dopemaine antagonists (antipsychotics)PTU disables peroxidase AND 5'-deiodinase. Methimazole only inhibits peroxidase.NO, they require some islet function to release insulin. type 1 - those cells are dead.Insulins, amylin analongs(pramlintide).PTU does. Methimazole does NOT.
Recombinat version of Urate oxidase, breaks uric acid down into allantoin; use in tumor lysis syndrome and gout
competitive = decrease potency, noncompetitive = decrease efficacy.Inverse relation of affinity of enzyme for its substrate.Direct proportion to enzyme concentrationFraction of administered drug that reaches systemic circulation unchanged.depends on half-life. Does not depend on frequency or size of dose.constant amount eliminated per time.PEA - phenytoin, Ethanol, Aspirin.A constant FRACTION is eliminted, variable by concentration!Ionzied species are trapped in urine and not resorbed. Neutral can be resorbed.Treat with Bicarb to make neutral. Exp: phenobarbital, methotrexate, aspirin.Treat with ammonium chloride. exp: amphetamines.
Biguanide; unknown mechanism; increases insulin sensitivity and glycolysis and decreases gluconeogenesis; can cause lactic acidosis (don't use in renal failure patients)
First-generation sulfonylureas; close beta-cell K channels, causing depolarization and increased insulin release; causes disulfuram-like effects
Second-generation sulfonylureas; close beta-cell K channels, causing depolarization and increased insulin release; causes hypoglycemia
Thiazolidinediones; activates PPAR-gamma, increasing insulin sensitivity and adiponectin levels; causes weight gain, hepatotoxicity, and heart failure
Blocks thyroid peroxidase and 5'-deiodinase; used to treat hyperthyroidism; causes agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, hepatotoxicity
Inhibits phospholipase A2 activity and expression of COX-2; used for immune suppression; can cause Cushing's syndrome, adrenal insufficiency (if withdrawn quickly)
Reduction, Oxidation, hydrolysis with CYP450. Often gives neutral products. Geriatrics lose this phase.
maximal effect a drug can produce.amount of drug needed for the same effect.DECREASED efficacy. fight for same binding site, full agonist cant exert full effect.
LD50/ED50. Median lethal dose divded by median effective dose. Safer drugs have a higher TI.Minimum effective dose to minimum toxic dose. Think of it as range of use.
trimethoprim, methotrexate, pyrimethamine.Benzoate or Phenylbutyrate will bind amino acids and lead to excretion.
Coats ulcer base and protects underlying tissuePGE1 analog that decreases acid production and increases bicarb production; used to prevent NSAID ulcers; abortifacient
Somatostatin analog; used to treat VIPoma and carcinoid syndromeHypokalemiaAnti-TNF; used to treat IBD and RA; can cause activation of latent microbes
5-HT3 antagonist; used as an antiemeticD2 antagonist; used to increase gut muscle activity and as an antiemetic; causes parkinson signs
chemoreceptor trigger zone (area postrema), the solitary nucleus, and in the presynpatic vagus nerve.
NO. G cells are under vagal influence but they do not use ACh as a neurotransmitter. Instead, they use GRP.Stops chemotaxis of neutrophilsInhibits intestinal lipase, decreasing fat absorption; used to treat obesityaspirin. Niacin increases prostaglandin D2. release. asprin blocks this release = lower flushing
Cromolyn sodiumDimercaprol and EDTA, succimer in kids
Conjugation (Glucuronidation, Acetylation, and Sulfation.) Gives charged products. Geriatrics depend on this, old people have GAS.
It's high water solubility. Things with a high lipid solubility (unconjugated bilirubin) tend to cross the placenta while things with high water solubility(conjugated bilirubin) tend to not. binds albumin = probably lipid soluble
H2 antagonists; used to treat hyperchloridia; cimeditine is a P-450 inhibitor and has antiandrogenic effects, both reduce creatinine secretion
Irreversibly inhibit the H/K pump; used to treat hyperchloridia; increased risk of C. difficile infection and hypomagnesemia
Combination of sulfapyridine (antibacterial) and 5-aminosalicylic acid (anti-inflammatory); used to treat IBD; causes oligospermia
It is broken down in the gut into an acid. This acid acts as both as osmotic (draws out some ascites) and also it gets rid of excess ammonia, which is causing the encephalopathy.
Activates antithrombin, which inactivates thrombin and Xa; used for immediate coagulation and in pregnant women; some patients develop antibodies to platelet factor 4 (HIT)
Converts plasminogen to plasmin; used as a thrombolytic
GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors, preventing platelet aggregation; bleeding, thrombocytopeniaInhibits dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting DNA synthesis; myelosuppression, macrovesicular fatty change in liver
Pyrimidine analog that inhibits DNA polymerase; leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, megaloblastic anemia
DNA intercalator; used for childhood tumors; myelosuppression
Generates free radicals that cause DNA strand breaks; pulmonary fibrosis with minimal myelosuppressionCrosslinks DNA (must be activated by liver); myelosuppression, hemhorragic cystitis (can be minimized with mesna)
Used to treat CNS tumors
Alkylates DNA; pulmonary fibrosis, hyperpigmentationBlock microtubule polymerization; vincristine causes neurotoxicity, vinblastine causes bone marro suppressionBlocks microtubule breakdown; myelosuppressionCrosslinks DNA; nephrotoxicity (minimize with chloride diuresis, amifostine), acoustic n. damageInhibits topoisomerase II; myelosuppression, GI upset, alopeciaInhibits ribonucleotide reductase and increases HbF; used in cancers and HbSS disease; bone marrow suppression
Unknown but may trigger apoptosis in dividing cells; Cushingoid symptoms
Antibody against HER-2 receptor; cardiotoxicityAntibody against bcr-abl tyrosine kinaseAntibody against CD20; used to treat non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and rheumatoid arthritisB-raf kinase inhibitor (V600 mutation); used in metastatic melanomaAntibody against VEGFthis is vitamin K, used in warfarin overdosefolinic acid, it is a metabolite of folic acid; given with methotrexate to replish the body's folate stores.
Same actions as heparin, but has a longer half-life, does not have to be monitored as closely, and has a reduced risk of HIT
Inactivated gamma-carboxylation of factors II, VII, IX, X, C, and S; used for long-term and non-immediate anticoagulation; can cause tissue necrosis, teratogenic
Irreversibly inhibits COX-1 and COX-2; anti-platelet and anti-inflammatory; gastric ulcers, tinnitus, Reye's syndrome in childhood viral infections
Irreversibly blocks ADP receptors on platelets, preventing degranulation; used for acure coronary syndrome; ticlodipine causes neutropenia
Pyrimidine analog that is activated and inhibits thymidylate synthase, inhibiting DNA synthesis; myelosuppression, photosensitivity
Purine analogs that are activated by HGPRT and inhibit purine synthesis; toxicity is increased with allopurinol, causes bone marrow, GI, and liver toxicity
Generates free radicals that cause DNA strand breaks; dilated cardiomyopathy(Dexrazoxone, an iron chelator, prevents this), myelosuppression, alopecia
Prevents estrogen receptor binding; used in breast cancer and prevention of osteoporosis; tamoxifen increases the risk of endometrial cancer due to agonist effects. Raloxifene = no increase in endometrial cancer.
antidote to heparin overdose. Protamine is a postive ion that binds to negative heparin, inactivating it.Complement inhibitor, used in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria.adenosine analog, used in treatment of hairy cell leukemiaUsed in treating the M3, promyelocytic subtype of AML.IL 2; used in RCC, metastaic melanomaerythropoietin; anemias, especially in renal failureFil = GC-SF, Sar = GM-CSF; both used in recovery of bone marrow, aplastic anemiahepatitis B and C, Kaposi sarcoma, Leukemias, Malignany MelanomaMultiple sclerosisChronic Granulamatous diseaseIL-11; thrombocytopeniathrombocytopeniaantibody to CD3; used in acute transplant rejectionantibody to digoxin; used as antidote to digoxin intoxication
a retinoid that has immunomodulatory effects, binds nuclear receptors; psorisias and acne; severe teratogenvitamin D analog; used in topical psoariasis treatment
from leeches, inhibit thrombin; used as an alternative to heparin in HIT.Celecoxib. It only impairs COX2. COX1 is predominate in platlets.
G = IV and IM. V = oral.
amOxicllin has better Oral bioavilability.B-lactamse inhibitor
(CAST) Clavulanic Acid, Sulbactam,Tazobactem.
1st generation cephalosporins. PEcK. Proteus, E.coli,Klebsiella. Cefazolin used preop to prevent A.aureus infections.
2nd generation cephalosporins. HEN PEcKs. H.ib, Enterbacter, Neisseria, Proteus, E.coli,Klebsiella, Serratia.3rd gen. cephalosporins. Serious gram - infections. Ceftriaxone = meningitis and gonorrhea. Ceftazidime = pseudomonas.
monoclonal anitbody that binds to RANKL and prevents its interaction with RANK, inhibiting osteoclasts; decreases bone loss in bone mets
Used in transplant anti-rejected, treatment of graft-vs-host disease, and psoriasis; binds calineurin on T cells, stopping IL2 from being expressed, lowering T cell response; nephtrotox and lymphomma risk
Protease inhibitor, proteases are overactive in some cancers and can destroy pro-apototic proteins; used in multiple myeloma; peripheral neuropathy
Bind penicillin-binding proteins(transpeptidases), block cross linking of peptidoglycans;most effective on G+, also N. Meningitidis, Treponema;hypersensitivy reaction, hemolytic anema.
bind transpeptidases, penicillanse resistant due to bukly r-group blocking B-Lactamse; S. Aureus, except MRSA; hypersensitivity and interstitial nephritis.
bind transpeptidases, wide spectrum and more penicillinase sensitive. combo with claculanic acid to protect from B-lactams;kills enterococci(HELPSS)H.iB, E.coli,Listera,Proteus,Salmonella,Shigella,enterococci;hypersensitivity reaction,rash,pseudomemrane colitis.
transpeptidase inhibitor but extended spectrum;pseduomonas and g- rods, use with claculanic acid due to B-lactamse suspectibilty; hypersensitivity reaction.
inhibit cell wall synthesis but are less susceptible to B-lactamases, are bactericidal;use depends on generation, there are four;hypersensitivty reactions, vitamin K defiency, increased nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides.
increased activity against pseudomonas and G+ bugs.
aztreonam.
slow infusion and rate and antihistamines.amino acid change of D-ala D-ala to D-ala D-lac.AT 30, CCEL at 50. 30S = Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines. 50S = Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin, Erythromycin, Linezolid.
transferase enzymes that inactivate the drug by acetylation, phosphorylation, or adenylation.
decrease uptake into cells or increased efflux by pumps.
methylation of 23s rRNA binding site.
use of chloramphenicol in premature infants, they lack UDO-glucuronyl-transferase.plasmid-encoded acetyltransferase.
altered bacterial dihydropteroate or increased PABA synthesis.
mutation in DNA gyrase or efflux pumps.older than 60 or taking prednisone
a monobactem resistant to B-lactamases, prevents binding to PBP3 and is synergistic with aminoglycosides;gram - rods only;very nontoxic, some GI upset.
broad spectrum, B-lactamase resistent but imipenem needs cilastatin to inhibit renal dehydropeptidase. later carbepenems do not;G+ cocci,G- rods, anerobes. used only in life threating events;skin rash, CNS toxicity, seizures.
inhibits cell wall binding peptidoglycan formation by binding D-ala percursors, is bacterialcidal; G+ only, especially for multidrug resistant onces;NOT - nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, thrombophlebitis, red man syndrome.
aminoglycosides, bacterialcidal, block translocation but require oxygen for uptake;ineffective in anaerobes,use in gram - rod infections and before bowel surgery; nephrotoxicty, NMJ block, ototoxicity, teratogen.
bacteriostatic, prevents aminoacyl-tRNA binds;Borrela, M. Pneuomo, Rickettsia, Chlamysia; can't take with milk, antacids, iron because ions bind it, GI distress, discoloration of teeth, inhibition of bone growth, contraindication in pregnancy.
Bacterialstatic, blocks peptidlytransferase; Meningitis in adults, used in power countries due to being cheap; dose dependent anemia, dose independent aplastic anemia, gray baby syndrome.
Bacteriostatic. Blocks peptide transfer; anaerobic infections in lung infections and oral anerobes; C. Diff infection, fever, diarrhea.
Bacteriostatic, PABA metabolites inhibit dihydropteroate synthase; Gram +, G-, Nocardia, Chlamydia, UTI; hypersensitivty, hemolysis in G6PD, nephrotoxic, kernicterus, displaces other drugs from albumin.
Bacteriostatic, inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase, blocks folate synthesis; used in UTI, PCP (prophylacis and treatment), shigella, salmonella; megaloblastic anemia, leukopenia, granulocytopenia.
bactericidal, inhibits DNA gyrase(topo II and IV);G- rods of urinary and GI tracts, Neisseria, some G+;( lones hurt the bones) tenonitis and tendon rupture, superinfections, don't give to kids or pregnant women due to cartilage damage.
bacterialcidal, forms free radical toxic metabolites that damge bacterial DNA damage; (GET GAP) Giardia, Entamoeba, trichomonas, Gardnerella, Anaerobes, Pylori; causes disulfiram like reaction, headache, metallic taste.
unknown; TB; hyperuricemia, hepatotoxic.
inhibits fungal squalene epoxidase; treat dermatophytes - toe nail infection especially;abnormal LFT, visual disturbances.
lifethreatening malariap. falciparum killinginihibits influenza neuraminidase, stops progeny release; treamt of influenze a and b
used in herpes zoster active infectionsmutated viral thymidine kinase
mutated CMV DNA polymerase or lack of viral kinase
mutated DNA polymerase
decrease synthesis of mycolic acids, bacterial catalase peroxidase(KatG) must activate INH; TB drug, only one used as prophylaxis and in latent TB; peripheral neuropathy, hepatoxic, lupis like drug interaction, pyridoxine antagonist.
inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase; TB, Leprosy, prophylaxis in meningococcus and Hib type B; hepatotox, p450 inducer, orange body fluids.
decreased carbohydrate polymerization of TB cell wall, blocks arabinosyltransferase; TB; optic neuropathy(red-green color blindness_
binds fungal ergosterol, causes holes in membranes; use in systemtic and CNS mycoses infections; fever/chills, hypotension, arrythmias, nephrotoxic, IV phlebitis, must supplement K and MG.
binds fungal ergosterol;topical only due to high toxicity, used for oral thrush and topical diaper rash or vaginal candidiasis.
inhibits fungal ergosterol synthesis by binding p450;Fluconazole for suppression of cryptococcus in AIDs patients, itraconazle for blasto, coccio, histo.
inhibits fungal DNA and RNA synthesis by conversion to 5FU; used in systemic fungal infections, especially cryptococcus; bone marrow suppression.
inhibits fungal cell wall synthesis by inhibiting B-glucan synthesis; invasive aspergillosis, candida; flushing via histamine releae.
interferes with microtubules, stops mitosis in fungi;deposits in keratin so used in superficial infections, stops dermatophytes; teratogenic, carcinogenic, confusion, p450 inducer.
blocks formation of heme into hemozoin. Heme accumulates and is toxic to plasmodia;used on all species but falciparum(too much resitance); retinopathy
inhibits sythesis of guanine nucleotides by competitvely inhibiting IMP dehydrogenase; RSV, chronic hep C; hemolytic anemia, severe teratogen
Guanosine analog, inhibits viral DNA polymerase; monophosphorylated by thymidine kinase in HSV/VZV so active in lesions and encephalitis, good for prophylaxis,
guanosine analog, 5'-monophosphate formed by CMV viral kinase, inhibits viral DNA polymerase;CMV infections;leukopenia,neutopenia,thrombocytopenia,renal toxicity
viral DNA polymerase inhibitor, binds to pyrofosphate binding site, doesn't need viral kinase activation;CMV retinitis when ganciclovir fails and acyclovir restitant HSV; nephrotoxic
[2 NRTI] +[1 NNRTI OR 1 protease inhibitor OR 1 integrase inhibitor]all end in -NAVIR! stops HIV mRNA cleavage into functional parts; hyperglycemia, GI upset, lipodystrophy.inhibits cytochrome p-450, boosting concentration of other drugs.
inhibits integrase, which stops HIV integration into host cells;HIV;hypercholesterolemia
isoniazid structurally similar to B6, which causes renal excretion of B6 and competes for B6 binding sites.antihistamines and antipyretics.
antibody against F protein, prevents pneumonia from RSV in infantsallopurinol stops urate crystal collection -> no gout.acute: NSAID, indomethicin. Chronic: allopurinol, febuxostat, probenacid, colchicine
used in chronic gout, inhibits xanthine oxidase.
monoclocal antibody that binds IL-12 and IL-12 thus inhibiting activation of Th1 cd4+ t cells; used in psoriasis
Reversible COX inhibitor; gastric ulcers, renal ischemia (due to constriction of afferent arteriole)
Reversible COX-2 inhibitor; anti-inflammatory without damage to gastric mucosa; sulfa allergy, thrombosis
COX inhibitor in the CNS (not anti-inflammatory); causes hepatic necrosis
inhibits DNA polymerase, doesn't require activiation by viral kinase; CMV retenitis, acyclovir resistant HSV; nephrotoxic(coadminister with probenacid and IV saline to reduce toxicity).
(NRTI)competitively blocks binding of nucleotide to reverse transcriptase, only tenofovir doesn't need to be activated;all NRTIs, zidovidine used in pregnancy to reduce fetal transmision; bone marrow suppression, lactic acidosis, peripheral neuropathy.
(NNRTI) bind at a site different from NRTIs, no don't require activation don't compete with nucleotides; bonow marrow suppression, peripheral neuropathy, lactic acidosis,
glycoproteins synthesized my virus infected cells, block RNA and DNA virus replication; INFa- chronic hep b and c, Kaposi sarcoma, IFN-b -MS, INF-gamma -NADPH oxidase defiency; neutropenia, myopathy.
SAFe Children Take Really Good Care. sulfonamides(kericterus), aminoglycosides(ototox), fluoroquinolones(cartilage damage), Clarithromycin(embryotoxic), Tetracycline(teeth,bone damage),Ribavarin(teratogenic),Griseofulvin(teratogenic),Chloramphenicol(grey baby)
binds to G- cell membrane phospoholipids, disrupting them; only works in g-; peripheral neuropathy, dizziness, nsytagmus, nephrotoxicity.
causes depolarization of cellular membrane; used in invasive MRSA; myopathy, raised CPK, inactivated by pulmonary surfactant
All S. Aureus has Beta-lactamases. Naficillin fights this. But MRSA has this AND altered penicillin binding proteins, which prevents Naficillin from working in MRSA.
used in chronic gout; inhibits reabsorption of uric acid in the proximal tubule; inhibits secretion of penicillin; do NOT use in renal dysfunction.
topical vitamin D analogs, activate nuclear receptors that inhibit keratinocyte proliferation and enhance keratinocyte differentiation; psoriasis
binds alpha-4 integrin, which blocks movement of WBC into orgrans;used in crohns and MS; can cause PML and hepatotoxicity.
Pyrophosphate analog that inhibits osteoclasts; used to treat osteoporosis, hypercalcemia, and Paget's disease; corrosive esophagitis
Xanthine oxidase inhibitor, reduces production of uric acid
They cause constriction of the spinchter of oddi -> increased billiary pressures -> billiary colic.
Inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase; used as an antidote to methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning.Inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, makes acetaldehyde accumulate leading to hanger; used in alcohol abuse.
Constipationblocks NMDA-type glutamate receptors; used in alzheimers; confusionVitamin E (generic name is alpha-tocopherol)Lipid solubility = potency (MAC). Blood solubility = speed of induction.
are D2 agonists that DON'T need to be activated like l-dopa does; used in parkinsons and restless leg syndromeindirect and direct D agonist, also some anticholingergic functions which reduces tremorsThey act on D4 instead of D2 receptors -> no risk of tardive dyskinesia or parkinson's like symptoms
induction = lower solubility in blood, quicker induction. potency = higher with higher lipid solubility =1/MAC.PGF2 analog that increases the outflow of aqueous humor; can cause darkening of the iris
Mu opioid partial agonist; used to treat severe pain; causes withdrawal if being treated with full agonistWeak opioid agonist that inhibits serotonin and NE reuptake; increases risk for seizuresCarbamazepineCarbamazepineCarbamazepine, phenytoin, valproateEthosuximide
partial agonist for nicotinic aCh channels in CNS. fights with ciggeratte nicotine for channel. reduces nicotine withdrawl cravings while attenuating the rewarding effects.
COMT blockers, which increase DOPA levels; Both stop peripheral methylation and only Tolcapone stops central methylation; tolcapone causes hepatotoxicity
MAO-inhbitors (phenelzine) inactive the MAO-I enzymes. It takes 2 weeks for them to get re-synthesized. If both SSRI and MAO-I are active at the same time, serotonin syndrome could occur
Mu opioid agonists that open K channels and close Ca channels, inhibting synaptic transmission; addiction, respiratory depression, constipation, miosis
Blocks Na channels; used for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures; Steven-Johnson syndrome
Increases GABA channel action; first-line for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures in children; P450 inducer
Blocks thalamic Ca channels; first-line for absence seizures; GI distress, Steven-Johnson syndrome
Inhibits GABA reuptake; used for simple and complex seizuresIrreversibly inhibits GABA transaminase, increasing GABA concentration; used for simple and complex seizuresUnknown mechanism; used for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures
Short-acting benzodiazepines; more addictive potentialIncrease duration vs. increase frequencyBZ1 subtype GABA channel agonists; used to treat insomniaBlocks NMDA receptor; used as an anesthetic; increases cardiac activity, hallucinations, bad dreamsPain -> temperature -> touch -> pressure
ACh antagonists; used as paralytics
ACh esterase inhibitors; used to treat Alzheimer's disease; cholinergic symptomsAgonist at 1B/1D serotonin receptors; used to treat acute migraines and cluster headaches; coronary vasospasm
N-Acetylcysteine (replenishes glutathione).NaHCO3 (alkalinize urine)NH4Cl (acidify urine)Phygostigmine and control the hyperhermia.Glucagon
Increases Na channel inactivation and inhibits glutamate release; used for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures and status epilecticus prophylaxis; nystagmus, gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism, megaloblastic anemia, teratogenic, drug-induced lupus, P450 inducer
Increases Na channel inactivation; first-line for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures and trigeminal neuralgia; agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, P450 inducer, SIADH, liver toxicity
Inhibits Ca channels; used for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures, migraine prophylaxis, peripheral neuropathy, bipolar disorder; ataxia
Blocks Na channels and increases GABA secretion; used for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures and migraine prevention; mental dulling, kidney stones, weight loss
Increases Na channel inactivation and increases GABA levels; first-line for tonic-clonic seizures, used for simplex, complex, tonic-clonic, and myoclonic seizures; hepatotoxicity, neural tube defects, weight gain, tremor
Increases frequency of GABA channel opening; first-line for status epilepticus (diazepam, lorazepam), used for eclampsia seizures (diazepam, lorazepam), anxiety, alcohol withdrawl, sleep walking, night terrors; sedation
Increase duration of GABA channel opening; induction of anesthesia, sedative; CNS depression, P450 inducer, contraindicated in patients with porphyrias
ACh receptor agonist, produces sustained depolarization and desensitization; used as a paralytic; hypercalcemia, hyperkalemia, malignant hyperthermia
Inhibits release of Ca from sarcoplasmic reticulum and skeletal muscle; used to treat malignant hyperthermia and neuroleptic-malignant syndrome
Converted to dopamine by dopa decarboxylase in CNS/inhibits peripheral dopa decarboxylase activity; used to treat parkinson symptoms; can cause arrhythmias and "on/off" phenomenon
MAO-B (prefers dopamine for breakdown) inhibitor, inhibits dopamine breakdown; used to treat parkinson symptoms; enhances adverse effects of levodopa
(KLAM) normalize K, Lidocaine, Anti-dig fab fragments, Mg2deFEroxamine, deFErasirox.CaEDTA, dimercaprol, succimer, penicillamineDimercaprol, succinerpenillaminenitrite + thiosulfate, hydroxocobalaminMethylene blue, vitamin c100% oxygen or hyperbaric oxygenFomepizole>Ethanol, dialysisnaloxone/naltrexoneflumazenilNaHCO3 (alkalinize plasma)protamineVitamin K, fresh frozen plasmaaminocaproic acidB-Blockersatropine + pralidoximeataxia, slurred speech, somnolence, vomitingSerum gamma-glutamyltransferase.benzodiazepenesThe naloxone is only active if inected, making it hard to abuse the combo.
sterotypical oral-facial movements, from long term antipsychotic use. often NOT reversible.
increase catecholamines at synaptic cleft, especially NE + dopamine; ADHD, nacrolepsy, appetite control
antidepressants
Anti-muscarinics (Benzotropine). Giving dopamine agonists would exacerbate psychosis.
Unknown mechanism; used for bipolar disorder and SIADH; tremor, sedation, edema, hypothyroidism, polyuria
rigidity, myoglobinuria, autonomic instability. seen with antipsychotics overdose. treatment: dantrolene and bromocriptine (d2 agonist)
occurs with any drug that increases serotonin (MAO inhibitor, SNRI, TCA) hyperthermia, confusion, myoclonus, cardio collapse, flushing. tx: cyproheptadine (5ht antagonist)
High potency antipsychotics that antagonize D2 receptors; used to treat schizoprehnia, psychosis, mania, and Tourette's; hyperprolactinemia, anti-cholinergic symptoms (dry mouth, constipation), extrapyramidal effects (dyskinesia), neuroleptic malignany syndrome, tardive dyskinesia (haloperidol)
Low potency antipsychotics that antagonize D2 receptors; used to treat schizophrenia, psychosis, mania, and Tourette's; corneal deposits (chlorpromazine), retinal desporits (thioridazine)
Atypical antipsychotics with unknown mechnism; used for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, OCD, and others; weight gain (olanzapine, clozapine), agranulocytosis (clozapine), seizures (clozapine), prolonged QT (ziprasidone)
Agonizes 1A serotonin receptors; used for generalized anxiety disorder; no side effects, but takes 1-2 weeks for improvement
Block reuptake of NE and serotonin from synaptic cleft; depression, diabetic neuropathy (duloxetine); hypertension
Increases NE and dopamine; used for smoking sensation, depression; seizures
Blocks NE reuptake; used for depression; sedation, hypotensionInhibits serotonin uptake; used for insomnia; pripismcocaine, sumatriptan, ergots(VANC) Vancomycin, Adenosine, Niacin, Ca blockerdoxorubicin, daunorubicinclass III (sotalol) and class Ia (quinidine)Clozapine, Carbamazepine, Colchine, Propylthiouracil, Methimazole, Dapsonechloramphenicol, benzene, NSAIDs, propylthiouracil, methimazolemethyldopa, penicillinchloramphenicol(hemolysis IS PAIN)isoniazid, sulfonamides, primaquine, aspirin, ibuprofen, nitrofurantoin(females with PMS are on full BLAST mode) Phenytoin, Methotrexate, Sulfa drugsOCPs like estrogenACE inhibitorsBleomycin, amiodarone, BusulfanerthryomycinHalothane, Amanita Phalloides, Valrpoic acid, Acetaminophenisoniazidclindamycin, ampicillinglucocorticoid withdrawl via HPA suppression`(Some drugs create awkward knockers) spironolactone, digitalis, cimetidine, chronic alcohol use, ketoconazoleestrogen, clomopheneniacin, tacrolimus, protease inhibitor, HCTZ, corticosteriodslithium, amiodarone, suldonamidesglucocoricoids, protease inhibitorsphenytoin, verpamilfurosemide, thiazides, niacin, cyclosporinefibrates, niacin, colchine, hydroxychloroquine, interferon-alpha, penicillamine, statins, glucocorticoidscorticosteroids, heparin(SAT for a PHOTO) Sulfonamides, amiodarone, tetracyclinepenicillin, ethosuximide, carbamazepine, sulfa drugs, lamotrigine, allopurinol, phenytoin, phenobarbitalHydralazine, isonizid, procainamine, phenytointetracyclinesfluoroquinolones
Block reuptake of serotonin from the synaptic cleft; depression and others; sexual dysfunction, sertonin syndrome (hyperthermia, myoclonus, flushing, diarrhea, seizures)
TCAs, block reuptake of NE and serotonin; depression, bewetting (imipramine), OCD (clomipramine); convulsions, coma, arrhythmias, sedation, hypotension, anti-cholinergic effects
Inhibit breakdown of NE, serotonin, and dopamine; used for atypical depression, anxiety, and hypochondriasis; hypertensive crisis (tyramine in wine/cheese), don't use with other serotonin agonists
Alpha-2 antagonist, increases NE and serotonin release, and serotonin receptor agonist; used for depression; sedation, increased appetite with weight gain;
lithium, demeclocyclineexpired tetracyclineCyclophosamide, ifosfamidemethicllin, NSAID, furosemidecarbamazepine, cyclophosamideQuinidine, qunineantipsychotics, resperine, metoclopramide(with seizures, I BITE My tongue) isoniazid, Buproprion, imipenem, Tramadol, Enflurane, MetoclopramideantipsychoticsAtropine, TCA, H1-blocker, neuolepticsmetronidazole, some cephalosporins, procarbazine, 1st gen sulphonoureasaminoglycosides, vancomycin, loop dieuetics, cisplatin
vincristine and paclitaxilbleomycin, busulfan, amiodarone, methotrexaterenal damageabsence of digits, toesCV VIII toxicityneural tube defects, craniofacial defectsvaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma, congenital mullerian anomaliesneural tube defectsebstein's anomaly -> atrialized right ventriclefetal hydantoin syndrome->microcephaly,dysmorphic facediscolored teethlimb defects like flipper armsinhibitor of maternal folate absorption ->neural tube defectsbone deformities, fetal hemorrhage, abortion3rd -8th week.extremely high risk for spontaneous abortionplacental abruption, developmental abnormalitiespreterm labor, placental problems, ADHDalcohol
When someone taking MAO inhibitors eats hard cheeses and drinks wine, causing a crisis.Nitroprusside degrades into cyanide. Give thiosulfide to inactivate.
(Momma Barb Steals Phen-phen and Refuses Greasy Carbs Chronically)Modafinil, Barbiturates, St. John wart, phenytoin, rifampin, griseofulvin, carbamazepine, chronic alcohol use.
1. Volume contraction ->AT II increases ->increased bicarb absorbed in PT. 2. K loss leads to K leaving all cells and thus H entering all cells. 3. in a low K state, H is exchanged instead of K for Na in the CCT leading to paradoxical aciduria.
sodium metabisulite, found as a food additive and sanitizerOsmotic diuretic; used to treat drug overdose and increased ICP; pulmonary edema, CHF
Inhibits NKCC channel; used in patients with furosemide (sulfa) allergy; hyperuricemia
Block sodium channels in cortical collecting duct; hyperaldosteronism, CHF
loop diuretics: increased urine Ca via decreased reabsorption. thiazides: decreased urine Ca.Translitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
Desmopression (sleep enuresis = bed wetting)furosemide. TAL of Henlee absorbs the most NA here compared to where over diuretics work. will reduce edema quickly.
methlydopa
IV magnesium sulfate for seizures
5-alpha reductase inhibitor; used for BPH and male-pattern baldnessTestosterone receptor antagonist; used in prostate cancerInhibits 17,20-desmolase, stopping sex steroid synthesis; used to treat polycystic ovarian syndrome
Aromatase inhibitors; used in breast cancerProgesterone receptor antagonist, given with misoprostol for abortion; abortifacient; bleeding, abdominal painBeta-2 agonist, inhibits uterine contractionsAlpha-1 antagonist; used to treat BPH
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; used for glaucoma, metabolic alklalosis; hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, ammonia toxicity, sulfa allergy
Inhibits NKCC channel, preventing urine concentration; used in hypertension, CHF, hypercalcemia; ototoxicity, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, nephritis, gout, sulfa allergy
Inhibits NaCl reabsorption in DCT and increases Ca reabsorption; hypertension and hypercalcinuria; hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, hypercalcemia, sulfa allergy
ACE inhibitor, leads to reduced angiotensin II levels and decreases GFR; prevents heart remodeling, hypertension, CHF; cough, angioedema, transient creatinine increase, hyperkalemia
Angiotensin II receptor antagonists; similar to ACE inhibitors, but do not cause cough due to normal metabolism of bradykinin
Yes, they lower GFP by stopping efferent arteriole constrinction. Creatinine can increase up to 30% and should peak by 1 weak. This can be BAD in renal artery stenosis, where ACE II is what is keeping the kidney alive.
IgG anti-RH antibodies. given to mom at 28 weeks and also at birth, it sticks to the RH antigens in the MOM's blood, keeping her from developing antibodies.
GnRH analog that acts as an agonist in pulsatile doses and an antagonist in continuous doses; used as an agonist for infertility and an antagonist for prostate cancer, fibroids, and precocious puberty; antiandrogenic
Partial estrogen agonist in the hypothalamus, increases release of LH and FSH, stimulating ovulation; used for infertility and PCOS
Estrogen receptor antagonist at the breast; used for breast cancer; partial agonist at the uterus, can cause endometrial hyperplasia
Estrogen receptor agonist at bone, inhibits osteoclast activity and stimulates osteoblast activity; used to treat osteoporosis
Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors, causing inc. cGMP levels and smooth muscle relaxation; used in erectile dysfunction; impaired blue-green vision, contradindicated with nitrates
Methylene blue
H1 antagonists, 2nd gen; used in allergies; less fatigue than 1st gen antihistamines due to decreased CNS penetration
Short-acting beta-2 agonist; asthmaLong-acting beta-2 agonist; asthma; tremor, arrhythmiasPhosphodiesterase inhibitor, increases cAMP and causes bronchodilation; asthma; cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicityMuscarinic antagonist, prevents bronchoconstriction; asthma and COPDInhibit cytokine synthesis, reducing inflammation due to asthma; 1st line for chronic asthmaLeukotriene receptor antagonists; especially useful in aspirin-induced asthmaInhibits activity of 5-lipoxygenase, inhibiting leukotriene production; reduces inflammationAnti-IgE antibody; used in refractory allergic asthmaThins respiratory secretionsLoosens mucus plugs; used in CF patients and as an antidote to acetominaphen posioning
Antagonizes NMDA receptors, inhibiting coughing; produces opioid effects in large doses and carries mild abuse potential
Partial androgen receptor agonist; used to treat endometriosis and hereditary angioedema; weight gain, acne, hirsutism, low HDL, hepatoxicity
(First generation) H1 antagonists; used in allergies, motion sickness, insomnia; sedation, antiadrenergic, antiserotonergic, and antimuscarinic effects due to CNS penetration
Antagonizes endothelin-1 receptors, reducing vascular resistance in the pulmonary vessels; used in pulmonary hypertension
Alpha-1 agonists that reduce edema and nasal congestion; rhinitis; hypertension, quick tolerance (recurrence of symptoms despite continued treatment)
Muscarinic anatagonist. reduces urgency in mild cystitis and reduce bladder spasms. causes hot as a hare, dry as a bone, red as a beet, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter.
