Dr James Tate, Institute for Transport Studies

BACKGROUNDEmission Factor Estimates (2010)

Carslaw, D., Beevers, S., Tate, J., Westmoreland, E., Williams, M. 2011. Recent evidence concerning higher NOx emissions from passenger cars and light duty vehicles. Atmospheric Environment, 45, December 2011, pg 7053-7063, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.09.063

BACKGROUNDInfluence of Vehicle Specific Power (2013)

Carslaw, D., Williams, M., Tate, J., Beevers, S. 2013. The importance of high vehicle power for passenger car emissions. Atmospheric Environment, 68, April 2013, pp 8-16, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.11.033

PETROL DIESEL

OVERVIEWThe Real fleet & their Real Driving Emissions

Remote Sensing▶ Method▶ Results

ABERDEEN Spring 2015 Real Fleet Real Emissions

ZURICH Spring 2015 Laboratory testing Euro 6 / VI

▶ Transport for London Analysing Laboratory + Remote Sensing

measurements Outlook

Camera(Number plate)

Vehicle Detector(Speed andAcceleration)

Source/Detector

Mirror Box

Source

Detector

Emissions Analyser(Common

Configurations)

Camera(Number plate)

Vehicle Detector(Speed andAcceleration)

Source/Detector

Mirror Box

Source

Detector

Emissions Analyser(Common

Configurations)

ESP RSD-4600 instrument (www.esp-global.com)

UV IR

REMOTE SENSINGMethod

ABERDEENPassenger car results Particulate Matter

Die

sel_

E0

Die

sel_

E1

Die

sel_

E2

Die

sel_

E3

Die

sel_

E4

Die

sel_

E5

Die

sel_

E6

Pet

rol_

E0

Pet

rol_

E1

Pet

rol_

E2

Pet

rol_

E3

Pet

rol_

E4

Pet

rol_

E5

Pet

rol_

E6

q

H

ybrid

_E4

q

H

ybrid

_E5

q

H

ybrid

_E6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

PM

(ind

ex.k

m 1

)

CO2

PM10

NOX

ABERDEENPassenger car results NOX

Die

sel_

E0

Die

sel_

E1

Die

sel_

E2

Die

sel_

E3

Die

sel_

E4

Die

sel_

E5

Die

sel_

E6

Pet

rol_

E0

Pet

rol_

E1

Pet

rol_

E2

Pet

rol_

E3

Pet

rol_

E4

Pet

rol_

E5

Pet

rol_

E6

q

H

ybrid

_E4

q

H

ybrid

_E5

q

H

ybrid

_E6

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

NO

X (

gram

s.km

1 )

CO2

PM10

NOX

#DIESELGATENOX emissions of 2.0 litre diesels by marque & Year registrationSurveys 2015: Aberdeen & Leeds

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Year of registration

NO

X (g

ram

s.km

1)

Euro III Euro IV Euro V Euro VI

Emission standard

October 2015

#DIESELGATENOX emissions of common marques & models

Euro Standard

NO

X (g

ram

s.km

1)

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5AUDI

Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5

BMW FORD

Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5

LANDROVER MERCEDES

Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5

PEUGEOT SKODA

Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5

VAUXHALL VOLKSWAGEN

Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5VOLVO

October 2015

12th M

ay

2016

ABERDEENHGV results NOX

Arti

c_E

2

Arti

c_E

3

Arti

c_E

4

Arti

c_E

5

Arti

c_E

6

Rig

id_E

2

Rig

id_E

3

Rig

id_E

4

Rig

id_E

5

Rig

id_E

6

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

NO

X /

CO

2 r

atio

* 1

0000

Laboratory test so direct comparisons between vehicles can be made

Transport for London (TfL) testing over a ‘REAL’ London Drive Cycle developed from a sample of vehicle tracking data Time periods: AM peak, Inter-peak, Free-flow Road types: urban, suburban, motorway (urban)

TOTAL = 140 kms

Time (seconds)

Spe

ed (k

m/h

)

020406080

100120

motorway

020406080100120

suburban

020406080

100120

0 500 1000 1500 2000

urban

LABORATORY TESTINGTaking the road into the Laboratory

12 PASSENGER CARS: tested over the entire LDC (140 kms)▶ Powertrains | petrol (2), diesel (9) and petrol-HEV (1);▶ Exhaust after-treatments | 3 way Cat, LNT and SCR;▶ Market segments | Compact, Supermini, Small family, Family/MPV,

SUV/4x4, Prestige/sports and Hybrid; and▶ Marques | BMW, Fiat, Lexus, Mercedes, Peugeot, Volvo and Volkswagen.

3 HEAVY-GOODS VEHICLES: tested over the suburban sub-cycles only

▶ Rigid HGV N2 7500kg▶ Rigid HGV N3 18000kg▶ Artic HGV N3 40000kg▶ LADEN and UN-LADEN

1 Millbrook Vehicle Emission testing laboratories that meet the requirements of Directive 2007/46 EC Article 41, Section 3 and have been designated as a Category A Technical Service for Individual Vehicle Approvals (IVA).

EURO 6 / VITaking the road into the Laboratory

100

120

140

160

180

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

Average CO2 (as % of type-approval [g/km])

Ave

rage

NO

X [g

/km

]

Euro 5b/b+ diesel limit

Euro 6b/c diesel limit

Petrol-HybridCompactPrestige/sports

Small familySmall family

Family/MPV

Family/MPV

Small familySUV/4x4

Supermini

Prestige/sports

Family/MPV

EURO 6 Passenger carsTaking the road into the Laboratory

Moody, A., Tate, J. 2016. In service CO2 and NOX emissions of Euro 6/VI cars, light- and heavy-duty goods vehicles in real London driving: Taking the road into the Laboratory. The 21st Transport and Air Pollution (TAP) Conference, Lyon, France, May 24-26, 2016.

15

EURO 6 Passenger carsTaking the road into the Laboratory

VSP (kW.ton 1)

NO

X *1

0000

/ C

O 2

0

5

10

15

0 10 20 30

DIESEL-LNT

0 10 20 30

DIESEL-SCR

16

EURO 6 Passenger carsLaboratory & Remote Sensing data

DIESEL PETROL Small family [LNT] Supermini [LNT] Supermini [TWC]

0 10 20 30

0

5

10

15

VSP (kW.t 1)

NO

X x

100

0 / C

O 2

0 10 20 30

0

5

10

15

VSP (kW.t 1)

NO

X *

100

0 / C

O 2

0 10 20 30

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

VSP (kW.t 1)

NO

X *

100

0 / C

O 2

17 a

N2

rigid

0%

load

a

N3

rigid

0%

load

b

N2

rigid

100

% lo

ad

b

N3

rigid

100

% lo

ad

c

R

SD

rigi

d

d

d

N3

artic

0%

load

d

N3

artic

100

% lo

ad

z

RS

D a

rtic

0

20

40

60

80

NO

X /

CO

2 r

atio

* 1

0000

https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/In-service%20emissions%20performance%20of%20Euro%206VI%20vehicles%20WEBSITE%20COPY.pdf

EURO 6 HGVsLaboratory & Remote Sensing comparison

Remote Sensing RDEOUTLOOK Euro 6c diesel analysis Continuous operation step change in sample size European Remote Sensing data sharing initiative

Compliment Laboratory & PEMS studies Apply BIG data analysis techniques e.g.

▶ Screen “polluting” marques & models for laboratory or PEMS testing▶ Impact of engine “down-” & “right-” sizing▶ Influence ambient TEMP & Relative Humidity (RH) In-service DETERIORATION diesel after-treatment systems

SCR performance with age Falling primary NO2 emission fraction

Dr James Tate, Institute for Transport Studies