AP Human Geography Unit 3a: Language Guided Reading Mr. Stepek

Directions: This guided reading covers Chapter 5 (Rubenstein) and Chapter 6 (de Blij). Follow the page guidance in order to complete this organizer. The manner in which the material below is organized does not necessarily match the order that it is presented in the chapter.

Rubenstein p 134 – 137 (Introduction)1. What is a language?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________a. What term refers to a “system of written communication”? ____________________________________________b. How are official languages used (also see de Blij p 194 – 195)? __________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

c. With what PROCESS (which we have already studied) is the spread of language closely related ? ______________2. According to Ethnologue, how many languages are spoken in the world (round to the nearest thousand)?

__________a. What 11 languages (2011) are spoken by more than 100 mil. people? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Rubenstein p 137 – 143 (Origin and Diffusion of English)3. Through what process and to what areas did English diffuse?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Complete the timeline below to detail how English became the predominant language of the British Isles When? Contributing group(s) Impact on England/Dev. of English

2000 BCoriginal language overtaken by Romans and later Germanic invasions in AD 450To where were they pushed?

A.D. 450 Why did English diverge from other Germanic languages?

9th century

A.D. 1066

What was the official language? For how long? Who spoke it?

Who spoke English?What did this result in? How is this reflected in the words we use?

5. (de Blij p 180) What criterion have linguists rejected to differentiate between a language and a dialect? _______________________________ Why is this a problem? ________________________________________________________________________________________________ What are some examples of this problem? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. What is a dialect (Rubenstein p. 139 – 141, de Blij 180 – 181)? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

a. How do linguists view the distribution of dialects across space? Describe. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. What do geographers call a word usage boundary? ___________________________________________________

7. What is considered the standard dialect of the English-speaking world? _____________________________________a. With what group of people is this most associated? ___________________________________________________b. What caused the differences in American and British English? ___________________________________________c. In what three ways do American and British English differ? _____________________________________________

8. What are the three original Eastern dialects spoken in the American colonies? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________a. Which of these contained the most geographic and ethnic diversity? _____________________________________b. Which of these three became the standard pronunciation throughout the American West? ___________________

9. Indo-European Branches (from reading Rubenstein p 143 – 148 AND using the language tree on p 154 - 155) Language Family Language Branch

(de Blij = “subfamilies”)Language Group Languages

when did they separate?

Indo

-Eur

opea

n

Indo-Iranian

Indic (Eastern) “Indo-Aryan” (list the 5 Indo-Aryan lang. spoken by > 50 million) (see 154 – 155)

Iranian (Western)

Germanic

Usi

ng fi

gure

6.2

(de

Blij)

col

or c

ode

the

map

of E

urop

e (n

ext p

age)

show

ing

the

dist

ributi

on o

f la

ngua

ge b

ranc

hes w

ithin

Eur

ope

(als

o in

clud

e th

e lo

catio

n of

thes

e ex

cepti

ons t

o In

do-E

urop

ean

dom

inan

ce in

Eur

ope

: the

Ura

lic a

nd A

ltaic

/Tur

kic

fam

ilies

and

the

“Oth

er L

angu

ages

” (B

asqu

e) .

West Germanic

North Germanic

Balto

-Sla

vic

Baltic (p 221 top paragraph)

East Slavic

West Slavic

South Slavic Serbo-Croatian

Romance

Evolved from what ancient language? _____________What dialect in particular?______________________

Celtic (p 157 – 159)

Goidelic

Brythonic

Other

See map on page 144. What languages are Indo-European but have not been classified above?

de Blij (Language Formation p 184 – 189)10. According to de Blij, the process by which new languages are formed because spatial interaction between speakers

has broken down is called what (p 185)? _____________________________________________________________a. What is the first step or process that happens in language divergence (de Blij p 184)? _______________________b. What technique is used to trace the above changes back to an extinct common ancestral language (de Blij p 185)?

____________________________________________________________________________________________c. What term refers to the general process in which two languages combine to form a new language (de Blij p 185)?

____________________________________________________________________________________________i. What is a pidgin language (de Blij p 193)? ____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ii. What is a creole language (de Blij p 194, DO NOT USE the Rubenstein, it is wrong!)? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

11. What is Proto-Indo-European (de Blij p 184 - 185)? _____________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________a. Some linguistics have hypothesized that there is an even older common root for many different language families

including Indo-European, Uralic-Altaic, Dravidian and Afro-Asiatic. This is called what? ______________________Rubenstein p 149 – 151 (The Origin and Diffusion of the Indo-European Language Family) 12. Based on linguistic analysis, what is assumed about the geographic hearth of the Indo-European language family? Why?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________13. Complete chart comparing the theories regarding the origin and diffusion of the Indo-European language family.Theory on the origin of

Indo-EuropeanNomadic Warrior Thesis

(de Blij calls this the ____________ Theory)Sedentary Farmer Thesis

de Blij = “agriculture theory”Proposed byHearth

Dates of migration

Path of migration

Result of migration

How it became the dominant language? (de Blij p 187 – 188)

(lecture) We will discuss how this relates to the dispersal theory (de Blij p 187).

Rubenstein p 156 – 164 (Key Issue 4: Why do People Preserve Local Languages?)14. What is an extinct language?

_______________________________________________________________________ a. How many languages today are considered to be nearly extinct? _______________________________________b. Why is Hebrew an exception to a typical extinct language? ____________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

c. Describe some of the methods that have been used to preserve endangered languages (read the section on the Celtic languages and list some of the methods being used). ___________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

15. What is a monolingual state (de Blij p 194)? List some examples ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

16. What are multilingual states? ______________________________________________________________________

17. Provide details on Multilingual states in Western Europe

Countries Belgium Switzerland

Languages/regions

Future? (read de Blij p 172 – 176 for more on Belgium)

18. What is an isolated language? _____________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________a. What language spoken in SW Europe would be considered an isolated language? _________________________

19. What is lingua franca (use de Blij p 193)? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

20. What is a global language? _____________________________________________________________________________________________ What language serves as the closest thing to a global language today? _______________a. In what areas is English used as a way of cross-cultural communication? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

21. Distribution of Other Language Families (Use pages 151 – 156 including the “tree” chart on 154 – 155). Language Family Where found?

(based on map on page 153 and text

describe distribution)

% world pop.p 152

Major languages w/in family(use figure 5-17 and the Rubenstein p. 151 - 156)

I have incl. some that may be historically significant

Other facts(Answer or provide detail according to

Rubenstein p 151 – 156)

Indo-European (done for you)

Europe, South Asia, Americas, former colonies in Asia and Africa

46%sp

oken

>

140m

Hindi Bengali Single largest family, spread thru colonialization and migration. Includes European languages and those of Iran and South Asia. See #7-11 for more.

English Portuguese

Spanish Russian

Sino-TibetanChina, Taiwan, Burma

Most spoken native language in world?

Ideograms are:

Afro-Asiatic

? Hausa (in Nigeria)

Why are so many non-Arabic speakers familiar with Arabic?

Berber HebrewWhat book is in Hebrew?

AustronesianIncl > 20 mil. What is odd about this family’s distrib.?

Niger-Congo

Incl > 10 mil. What % of sub-Saharan Africans?What role does Swahili play (see pg. 162)?

What vocabulary term describes this?

DravidianIncl. > 50 million people Orig. to Indus Valley Civ. pushed S. by Aryans

(Indo-Europeans). Substrate = influences/lends many words to Indo-Euro spoken in N. India

Altaic Central Asian languages suffered under what process we previously learned about?Central Asia Languages

(Kazakh, Uzbek, etc.)

Japanese What culture has influenced both?What family might Korean be related toKorean

Austro-Asiatic Uses Roman alphabet brought by Catholic missionaries in 17th century (book error)

Uralic

Com

b. #

is le

ss

than

5%

of g

loba

l Magyar = Hungarian. What mountain range was hearth? Estonian

Nilo-SaharanKhoisan

Caucasian Georgian Chechen Mountains cause linguistic fragmentation

Tai-Kadai Thai Lao

p o pOther Examples:

22.Use

the powerpoint called “Language Families” to color code the map on the following page. PLEASE, PLEASE, PLEASE, DO NOT use the maps in the textbooks or online, they are overly complicated. You need to know about the distribution of language families at the level of specificity of the powerpoint. Don’t confuse yourself. Add any NEW details from the powerpoint to the graphic organizer on the previous page.

Rubenstein p 162 – 164 (Global dominance of English)23. Why do some governments and students believe learning English is important?

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________a. As evidence for above, What percentage of students in the EU learn English in middle or high school? _________

24. How has the diffusion of English changed in recent years since the end of the British Empire? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

25. What is Ebonics? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________a. Why is Ebonics considered controversial? Against: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________For: __________________________________________________________________________________________b. What other dialect has similar arguments being made for and against its use? ____________________________

26. What are three “pidgin” languages being created thru mixing with English? _________________________________a. Which has received the most official resistance? Why? _______________________________________________b. Which is especially widespread in popular culture? __________________________________________________

de Blij p 197 – 200 (What Role Does Language Play in Making Places?) 27. List the ten different types of toponymns?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

28. Complete the following chart detailing four common reasons why toponyms change.Reason Explanation (What is the goal of this toponym change?) Examples

Post-Colonial

Post-Revolution

Memorial

Commodification