Steps AheadA Guide to Loudspeaker Paging and Telephone Systems Interface

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Contents

Step 1 SelecttheCorrectSystem...............................................................................................................................3 24vdcSelfAmplifiedSystem 70vCentralAmplifiedSystem 25vAnd100vCentralAmplifiedSystems

Step 2 SystemDesignandLayout..............................................................................................................................5 Spl&Db—HowLoud? CeilingSpeakers •SpeakerSpacing •HowManySpeakers? •WheelockSpeakerSystemCalculator •HowMuchPower? •PatternOfTheLayout WallMountSpeakers Horns

Step 3 SelecttheCorrectAmountofPower...............................................................................................................14 PowerSuppliesForSelf-Amplified(24v)Systems AmplifiersForCentralAmplified(70v)Systems ProperWireSize

Step 4 OtherConsiderations......................................................................................................................................18 TelephoneSystemInterface •TelephoneSystems •UnusedCoPortsAndTalkBattery ZonePaging/ZoneControls TalkbackPaging Accessories

ANYMATERIALEXTRAPOLATEDFROMTHISDOCUMENTORFROMMANUALSOROTHERDOCUMENTSDESCRIBINGTHEPRODUCTFORUSEINPROMOTIONALORADVERTISINGCLAIMS,ORFORANYOTHERUSE,INCLUDINGDESCRIPTIONOFTHEPRODUCT’SAPPLICATION,OPERATION,INSTALLATIONANDTESTINGISUSEDATTHESOLERISKOFTHEUSERANDWHEELOCKWILLNOTHAVEANYLIABILITYFORSUCHUSE.

Duetocontinuousdevelopmentofourproducts,specificationsandofferingsaresubjecttochangewithoutnoticeinaccordancewithWheelock,Inc.,standardtermsandconditions.

Copyright2008CooperNotification.AllRightsReserved.

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Step 1 - Select the Correct System 24voltselfamplifiedor70voltcentralamplified.Whichisbest?Theansweristhateithersystemisrightforcertainapplications.Hereareafewguidelines:Forsmallsystemsinvolving6-8speakers,24VDCselfamplifiedsystemsoffertheadvantagesoflowcost,easyinstallationusingtelephone(quad)wire,individualvolumecontrolandbuilt-inredundancy(ifonefails,therestkeepworking).Selfamplifiedspeakersarespeakerswiththeirownamplifierattached.Theyusea4-wireconnection—a2-wireconnectionforthe24VDCthatpowerstheamplifierandanother2-wirefortheaudio.70voltdistributedsystemsaregenerallypreferablewithlargersystemsbecauseonecentralamplifiercanpoweragreatmanyspeakersthatcostmuchlessthanselfamplifiedspeakers.Thepricebreakoccursatabout6-8speakers,wherethecostofacentralamplifierandlowercostspeakerswillbegintooffsetthecostofselfamplifiedspeakersand24voltpowersupplies.Thewiringissimpler:Asinglepairofwires.70voltsystemsarethebetterchoicewhengoodsoundingbackgroundmusicisarequirement.Thespeakersandampli-fiersgenerallyhavemuchbetterfrequencyresponsethantheselfamplifiedsystems,whicharedesignedbasicallyforgoodspeechreproduction,butnotforgoodmusicreproduction.Additionally,70voltamplifiersprovideselectiveinputsandmixingcapabilityforFMtuners,CDplayers,etc.

Wiring/Code Issues for Audio SystemsInthepast,therehasbeenmuchdebateontheissueofwiringrequirementsforspeakersystems,especially70voltaudio.Table11,chapternineoftheNationalElectricCode(NEC)1999version,establishesClass3circuitratingfor70Vaudioaswellasfor24voltsDCsignalingcircuits.Thismeansthat70volt(centralamp)or24volt(self-amplified)speakersystemsmayuseClass 3 wiring methods,forexamplethecommonpracticeofloosecablingdrapedacrossceilingtiles.Further,accordingtotheNational Electric Code Handbook (McGraw-Hill,1999edition)page1183:“….Amplifieroutputcircuitsratednotover70V,withopen-circuitvoltage(thismeansnospeakersconnected)notover100V,mayuseClass 3wiringassetforthinCodesection725-41(a)ofArticle725”.Unlesslocalcodesorlocalauthoritiesspecifyotherwise(yes,alwayscheckifindoubt),thisrulingbasicallysaysthatyoudon’thavetorunconduit(atypicalClass1wiringmethod)forspeakercabling.Actually,UL(Underwriter’sLaboratories)hasgreatlysimplifiedthematterbyrequiringamplifiermanufacturerstosilkscreentheirspeakeroutputsectionterminalswiththespecificclassofwiringmethodrequired,amuchsimplerapproachthatmakesiteasyforanyonetounderstand.For70voltspeakerlines,Class3wiringisspecified.For100Voltorgreaterspeakerlines,Class1wiringisspecified.A word about 100 volt systems:100voltaudiosimplymeansthattheamplifierdevelopsfulloutputpower,inwatts,with100voltsofpotentialacrossitsspeakeroutputterminals.Thisisahighertransmissionvoltagethan70Vor25V,andtherearecertainadvantagestothis.Technically,thehigherthetransmissionvoltage,themoreefficientthesystembecomes.ConsidertherelationshipP=VA,whereP=powerinwatts,V=voltageandA=currentinamperes.ThisisavariationofOhm’sLawwhichsaysthatforagivenamountofpower(inwatts)thehigherthevoltage thelowertheamperage.Thechoiceofwiresizeandlengthofrunisdirectlyrelatedtotheamountofcurrent(amperage)thatthewirehastocarry.Inhighvoltage,lowamperagesystems,wirerunscanbelongerandsmallerinsizethanthewirerunsusedinlowervoltagesystems.100voltsystemsaremoreefficientthan70voltsystems,whichinturnaremoreefficientthan25voltsystems.AccordingtotheNEC,25and70voltcentralamplifiedsystemscanbewiredusingclass3methods,forexample,thecommonpracticeofloosecablingdrapedacrossceilingtilesorothermethodsusingexposedcabling.Bystrictdefinition,100voltaudiowouldhavetobewiredaccordingtoclass1wiringmethods,whichusuallymeansconduitincommercial/industrialinstallations.However,ifthebuilder/installerisalreadycommittedtoconduitforthespeakerwiring(almostagivenforhospitals,factories,governmentbuildings)100voltaudioforthespeakerwiringbecomestheclearchoicebecauseofthepowertransmissionefficiencyandlowerwiringcost.100voltaudioisnotnew:Itiswidelyusedaroundtheworld,especiallyinEurope.Highpowerstadiumapplicationsinthiscountryhavetraditionallyusedevenhighervoltages,suchas140voltand200volt,becauseofthelengthofrunsandthepowerinvolved.ThemajorityofapplicationsintheUSare70volt.25voltisalsocommonlyused,mostlyinschools.However,inordertomakeourdiscussioneasier,theterm70voltaudiowillbeusedthroughoutthisbooktodescribeallcentralamplifiertypesystems.

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Amplified Paging Speakers and HornsSA-SeriesAmplifiedSpeakersandHornsTheSA-SeriesAmplifiedSpeakerHorns provide clear, audible, output for voice paging,background music, and tone alerting. The two models offered are 5 watt and 15 wattweatherproofhorns.Eachmodelfeaturesabuilt-inamplifierandindividualtamperresistantvolumecontrol.Thehornsareprovidedwithaconduitinterfaceadapterandaclearplasticshield.Auniversalmountingbaseisadjustableinbothverticalandhorizontalplanesandhasbandingslotsforbeamandpillarmounting.

Paging Speakers and Horns with 25V/70V/100V TransformerSeriesST-B4,ST-C8andST-C8VSpeakersandSeriesST-H15andST-H30HornsTheSTSeriesSpeakersandHornsprovideclear,audible,outputforvoicepaging,backgroundmusic,andtonealerting.Fivemodelsareoffered:an8”withwhitetexturedplasticgrillewithorwithoutvolumecontrolforflushceilingmount;a4”withivorycoloredplastichousingforsurfacewallmountand twometalweatherproofhorns. Allareequippedwithalinematchingtransformer,formatchingthespeakerorhornpower requirements to the25Vor70Vconstant voltageoutputofanamplifier.Thehornscanadditionallybepoweredfroma100Vline.Thespeakertransformerhascolorcodedpowertapsandthehornshaveapowerselectorswitch.Thehornsareprovidedwithaconduitinterfaceadapterandclearplasticshield.Auniversalmountingbaseisadjustableinbothhorizontalandverticalplanesandhasbandingslotsforbeamandpillarmounting.

NOTE:Soundoutput(dBA@1meter)measuredat1WforST-B4,ST-C8andST-C8V.ST-H15andST-H30aremeasuredatfullratedpower.

D

4

Model No. Power Output

Input Impedance Audio Input Operating

VoltageNominal Current

dBA @ 1 Meter Frequency

SA-H5B 5Watts 600Ohms -15dBMto+10dBM

24VDC 325mA 118 275Hzto10KHz

SA-H15B 15Watts 600Ohms 24VDC 900mA 122

Item Model No. dBA@ 1 Meter

Frequency Response

Max. Wattage Selection

Wattage Tap Selections

A ST-B4 93 200Hzto10KHz

4Watts1/8W,1/4W,

1/2W,1W,2W,4WB ST-C8 95

80Hzto14KHz

ST-C8V

C ST-H15B 122 275Hzto10KHz

15Watts 1.0,2.0,3.8,7.5,15.0

D ST-H30 125 30Watts 2.0,3.8,7.5,15.0,30.0

C

BA

Step 2 - System Design and Layout It’seasierthanitmayfirstappear,andonceyoumastersomebasics,itwillbecomeroutine.Armedwiththesebasicsandagooddoseofcommonsense,youcandesignasystemthatwillworkwell,every time.

Creating a uniform sound fieldInordertobeeffectivelyheard,apagingsystemsimplyhastobeloud enoughtobeheardabovethenoiseleveloftheenvironment,andintelligible,whichmeansthesystemshouldproduceclear,audiblesoundwithoutbeingmuffledordistorted.“Sounds”simple,right?Nowlet’slookalittlecloser.

An important point to remember is that effective coverage in a room depends more upon speaker placement and spacing than upon volume of the speaker themselves.

Forexample,agardenhosehasacertainspraypattern.Increasingthewaterpressurewillnotgiveyoumuchgreatercoverageforyourgardenbutaddinganothernozzlecertainlywill.Inasimilarfashion,multiplepagingspeakers“spray”soundevenlytoallareasandcreateauniform sound field.Achievingsufficientloudnessandintelligibilityisnotsimplyamatterofturningupthevolume.Manypoorpagingsystemsaretheresultoftryingtocompensateforaninsufficientamountofspeakerswithtoomuchvolume.Atoneendoftheroompeopleareasking“Whatdidhesay?”...whilethepeoplenearthespeakeraregetting“knockedoutoftheirsocks”.

SPL & dB — WHAAAA???Herecometwomoreintimidatingterms.But,onceyoumastertheirmeaningandapplication,theywillbecometwoofthebesttoolsyoucouldpossiblyhave.Yourcustomerswillalsobeimpressedwithyourexpertise,whichwillenhanceyourimageasaknowledgableinstaller.Weshouldfirstdiscuss“soundpressurelevel”(SPL)whichyourearsinterpretas“loudness”or“volume”.SPLisexpressedindecibels,abbreviateddB.dB’saretossedaroundalot,withoutmuchunderstanding.WhenyoutalkdB’s,youarealwaystalkingthedifferencebetweentwosoundlevels.Forexample,“100dBSPL”meansasoundpressurelevel100dBaboveazeropointsetatthelowestsoundpressureleveldiscerniblebytheaveragehumanear.

Youarealsotalkingdifferenceswhenyousayonesoundis3dBlouderthananothersound.A3dBdifferencecanbeheardbymostpeople,butitcertainlywon’t“knockyoursocksoff”.Ittakessomethinglikea10dBdifferenceinaverageSPLtobeperceivedasadoublingofloudness.Asweshallseeinthenextsection,doublingamplifierpowergivesonlya3dBincreaseinaspeaker’soutput.Thesameresult,orbetter,canbeobtainedbyusingamoreefficientspeaker.Forexample,aceilingspeakermightspecify92dBSPL@1meterdistancefromthespeakerwith1wattofappliedpower.Yet,adifferentspeakermayyield95dBSPL@1meter@1watt.That’s3“free”dB,orabout30%morevolume,becauseofthedifferenceinspeakerefficiency.

Power and distanceOkay,nowthatit’ssafetotalkaboutdB’sandSPL,let’scontinue—Apagingspeaker’sloudness(SPL)isaffectedbytwounchanginglawsofphysics:Thepower(inwatts)appliedtothespeakerandthedistancebetweenthelistenerandthespeakeritself.

Power and the 3dB ruleAspreviouslystated,if you double the power to a speaker, you gain 3 dB. Cut the power in half and you lose 3 dB.Forexample,ifyouhaveanappliancethatproduces90dBatadistanceof64feetusingthe3.8watttap,thendoublingthepowerbyusingthe7.5watttapwillgiveyou93dB.Amodestgainatbest,andsomethingtoreallyconsidersincedoublingthepowercanmeandoubletheamplifiercost.Amoreefficientspeakerormoreeffectiveplacementcouldgiveyouthatextra3dBwithouthavingtodoubletheamplifierpower.HMM...seemslikewe’vementionedthisbefore,butlet’sgoon.

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Distance and the 6 dB ruleSimplyput,doubling the distance from the speaker means you lose 6 dB SPL, cut the distance in half, and you gain 6 dB.Thismeansthateach timeyoudoubleorhalfthedistanceyouloseorgain6dB.Intheaboveexample,anappliancedelivers90dB@64feetwith3.8wattsofappliedpower.Double the distanceto128feetandtheSPLdrops6dBto84dB.Doublingonceagainto256feetmeans78dB,andsoforth.Ofcourse,thereverseisalsotrue:Cutting the distances in half yieldsgainsof6dBeachtimeyoudoit.Thedistancefactorbecomesespeciallyimportantwhenlayingoutasystemusinghorns.Ceilingspeakerstypicallyhavetoprojectsoundonlyafewfeettothelistener’sears,butahornmayhavetoprojectsound30,60,100feetormore.Soit’simportanttounderstandhowahorn’soutputisaffectedbydistanceandappliedpower.A cost effective, well designed system balances amplifier power, speaker placement and speaker efficiency.

How loud?OK,here’sthepointoftheentirelastsection:The paging volume should be at least 6dB over the background (am-bient) noise level. Thismakessense.Thepageleveliscompetingwiththebackgroundnoiselevelandifthepageisn’tloudenough,noonecanhearit!Howdoweknowwhatthebackgroundnoiselevelis?Mostoffices,lobbies,departmentstores,banksandrestaurantsarefairlyquiet(55-70dB)andcanbepredictablydealtwithusingceilingorwallspeakerstappedorsetat1wattorless.Thisisusuallymorethanenoughpowertogeneratesufficientvolume.Noisierenvironmentsaregenerallyindustrialareasorlargeexpansiveareassuchaswarehouses.Thespeakersusuallychosenfortheseareasarehornsbecausetheyaremoreefficient(louder)thanatypicalconeceilingspeaker.Thewiseinstallerwillwanttoknowprecisebackgroundnoiselevelsinordertoproperlydesignthepagingsystemtoovercomethesenoiselevels.Inthesesituations,thefirststepistomeasuretheambient,orbackgroundnoise.Don’t guess — use a sound level meter! Youcanpurchaseaninexpensive,yeteffectivesoundlevelmeteranditismoneywellspentifyouwanttodesignapagingsystemthatworks.Byeliminatingtheguesswork,youwillbe“righton”withyourlevelsandsubsequentselectionofequipment.Forbestresults,takeSPLreadingsduringpeaknoisehourssothesystemcanbedesignedfor“worstcase”conditions.Here are some examples of the most commonly encountered commercial background noise levels:

Once again, this gives us a starting point for our “6 dB over ambient” paging system goal.

Typical Noise Levels

Location dB

MachineShop 90

Manufacturing(Noisy) 80

PrintingShop 80

AssemblyLine 75

Supermarket 75

TransportationWaitingRoom 75

Office(Noisy) 70

Shipping/Warehouse 70

Restaurant 70

DepartmentStore 65

Bank(PublicArea) 65

Office(Quiet) 55

Office/DoctorsWaitingRoom 55

HotelLobby 55

DoctorsExamRoom 55

Ceiling Mount Speakers

Speaker spacingForceilingmountinstallationinmostoffices,stores,schools,etc.,recessedceilingmountspeakerscanbeused.Space the speakers at twice the ceiling height. Iftheceilingis12feethigh,spacethespeakers24feetapart.Thiswillprovideuniformcoverage.

CeilingSpeakerSpacingandCoverage

How many speakers?First,findthecoveragegivenbyonespeakerinsquarefeet.Thecoverageofonespeakeristhespacingtimesitself.Inotherwords,ifthespeakersarespaced20feetapart(becauseof10feetceilings)then20feetX20feet=400sqfeet.Next,dividethesquarefootageoftheroombythesquarefootcoverageofonespeaker.Forexample,ifaroommeasures60feetX100feet(6000sqfeet)divide6000sqfeet(thesquarefootageoftheroom)by400sqfeet(thesquarefootcoverageofonespeaker)andyouwillget15(thetotalnumberofspeakersrequiredforthatroom).Here’sahandychartforspacingandcoverage:

Ceiling SpeakersThe 2 times rule

(2 times ceiling height = speaker spacing)Coverage = Spacing

Ceiling Height Spacing

20ft 40ft

12ft 24ft

10ft 20ft

8ft 16ft

Ceiling Speaker Spacing and Coverage

Ceiling Height Speaker Spacing (Feet) Coverage per Speaker (Sq Feet)

8 16 256

9 18 324

10 20 400

11 22 484

12 24 576

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Wheelock Speaker System CalculatorMuchoftheinformationcontainedinthisbookhasbeencondensedintoasimpleandeasytousesliderulecalculatoravailablefromyourlocalWheelocksalesrepresentative.Thispowerfultoolcalculatestherequirednumberofceilingspeakersorhorns,powerrequirements,wiresize,etc.,foragivensizearea,ceilingheightandbackgroundnoiselevel.Thecalculatorisdesignedforbothselfamplified(24VDC)andcentralamplified(25/70/100volt)systems.

How much power?Alwaysdesignthesystemformaximum“headroom”...whichmeansplentyofreservepowertoallowforfutureexpansionorunusualvolumerequirements.Forexample,forofficeenvironments,trytodesignforatleast1 watt of power foreacheightinch(centralamplified)speakerand/orfull power foreachselfamplifiedspeaker.Whatthismeansintermsofhardwareiscorrectamplifierpowersupplysizeandproperwiresize(moreaboutthislater).

Whatdoesthiskindofreservepoweractuallymean?70voltspeakersandhornstypicallyincorporateanumberofdifferentpowersettingsorwattage“taps”.Thesetapsdeterminetheamountofpowerthatthespeakerwilldrawfromtheamplifier.AWheelockST-C8ceilingspeakerwithonewattappliedwilltypicallygenerateabout95dB@1meter,whichisjustaboutthedistancetosomeone’searsiftheywerestandingunderthespeaker,and95dBisoverkilltosaytheleast,ina60dBofficeenvironment!However,inorderforthespeaker,tappedat1watt,toactuallyreceive that1watt,theamplifiermustbeatfull power.That’sright:Pedaltothemetal,volumecontroltothemax.Althoughmostmodernamplifierscanoperateinthismanner,it’smoreidealtooperateanyamplifierwiththevolumecontrolsatorneartheirmidwayposition.Thisgivestheusersomeflexibilityandoverallsystemcontrol.

Considerthis:Withtheamplifierat50%power(approx1/2volume)thespeaker,tappedat1watt,willactuallypull1/2wattfromthespeakerline.With1/2wattofappliedpowerthespeakerwillstilldeliver92dB!Rememberpowerandthe3dBrule?Cuttingthepowerfrom1wattto1/2wattresultsina3dBdropinvolume.Aspeakertappedatonly1/8wattwouldstilldeliverbetterthan80dB,assumingtheamplifieristurneduptomaxpower.At1/2volumethissamespeaker,tappedat1/8watt,wouldstilldeliverbetterthan75dB.Thus,inaquietofficeenvironmentasingle100wattcentralamplifiercouldpoweralargenumberofceilingspeakerstappedat1/2,1/4or1/8wattwithsufficientvolumefor6dB-overtheambientnoise.

ThiscalculatorisalsoavailableanddowloadableonCooperNotification’swebsiteatwww.coopernotification.com

Thechoiceofwattagetapinthissituationcansimplydependonthenumberofspeakersrequired.Inotherwords,morespeakerstappedat1/4wattcouldbeputonthelinethanspeakerstappedat1/2watt.It’sjustthatyouhavetocrankuptheamplifieralittlemoreandsacrificesomeheadroom.Inanycase,aswewillalsoseeabitlater,the amplifier size is determined by the sum total of the wattage taps, not the number of speakers.

What about the pattern of the layout?The“squarepattern”layoutusesall12speakersandisusedbecauseoflayoutsimplicity.The“staggerpattern”,becauseitresultsinatighteredge-to-edgepattern,givessomewhatbettercoverageandactuallyuseslessspeakers.Inthisexample,11speakersareused.

Square Pattern Stagger Pattern

Wall Mount SpeakersIftheceilingistoohighornotaccessible,thenwallmountspeakerscanbeused.

CoverageThesespeakerswillproject30 feetintotheroom,sothesquarefootcoverageis20feetx30feet=600sqfeet. Power settings foreitherawallmountedcentralamplifiedspeakerorawallmountedselfamplifiedspeakershouldbesimilartothatoftheceilingmountspeakerspreviouslydescribed. Designfor1watt(70voltsystem)or105mA(selfamplified)perspeaker;use initial settingsof1/2wattor1/2powerforbestsystemflexibilityandheadroom.

How many speakers?Onceagain,dividethesquarefootageoftheroombythesquarefootcoverageofonespeaker.Iftheroomiswiderthan30feet,asecondrowofspeakerscanbeused.Thepreferredmethodisshownbelow,whereallspeakersareaimedinthesamedirection.Thisrequirestheroomtohavepillarsorpoststowhichthesecondrowofspeakerscanbemounted.Wherepossible,astaggerpatternispreferred.Themorecommonarrangement(duetolackofpillarsorpostsinmostlocations),ishavingthesecondrowofspeakersmountedontheopposingwall.(Asshown)astaggerpatternmust be used.

Because of a phenomenon called phase cancellation, NEVER have speakers pointing directly at each other because the result will be poor sound reproduction.

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Wall Speaker Layout Speakers Mounted on One Wall and Pillars

Wall Speaker LayoutSpeakers Mounted on Opposing Wall

HornsHornsareusedinlarge,openareasorveryhighnoiseareasmainlybecauseoftheirefficiency.Theyputoutalotofsound!Typicalapplicationsarefactories,warehouses,loadingdocks,schoolyards,militaryapplications,parkinglots,etc.

Typical Horn Installation

Spacing and forward projection

Experiencehasshownthatthemosteffectivesidetosidespacingofatypicalhornisabout40feet.Thisisdeterminedbytheflarerateanddispersionpattern,whicharefixedandconstant.

Thefront-to-rearspacingrequiresalittlemorethought,becauseweareactuallydealingwiththeforwardprojectionofthehorn.Thisprojectionisdeterminedbytwovariables:

•TheSPL(soundpressurelevel)thatthehorniscapableofataspecifiedwattage

•TheambientnoisethatthisSPLhastocompetewithinorderfortheaudiotobeheard

Remember,a page has to be at least 6 dB above the ambient noise level inordertobeheardeffectively.Generally,forhornssuchasWheelock’sSA-H5,SA-H15(self-amplified)orST-H15B,ST-H30(70volt)tobeeffective,front-to-rearspacingshouldbeasfollows:

•128feetforquiettomoderatelocations(50-74dBambient)

•64feetfornoisylocations(75-85dBambient)

•32feetforverynoisylocations(86-96dBambient)

Thefollowingdiscussionshouldmakethisclear.Let’ssayyouarebiddingajobandthisparticularsituationcallsforpaginginanoisyproductionarea.YoutakeoutyourtrustySPLmeterandgetreadingsof85dBthroughoutthearea.Now,weknowthatforthepagetobeheard,weneedatleast6dBmorethanambient,or91dB.Youhavealreadydecidedupona70voltsystem,andyouwillbeusingWheelock’sST-H15Bhorn.Wheelockprovidesthefollowingper-formancedataforthehorn:

ST-H15B Performance

Feet on Axis

Sound Pressure Level (dB @ 1K Hz)

Full Power (15W)

1/2 Power (7.5W)

1/4 Power (3.8W)

4 120 117 114

8 114 111 108

16 108 105 102

32 102 99 96

64 96 93 90

128 90 87 84

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Remember,weneed91dBforaneffectivepage.Fromthetable,wecanseethatat64feettheselectionofwattagetapsgivesustheSPLrangeweneed.Atthe7.5wattsettingthehornwillgive93dBwhichiscertainlyadequate.Notethatat128feetthereisarangeof84dBto90dB(notquitegoodenough)andthatat32feettherangeis90dBto102dB—probablytoomuch,andspacingthehornsat32feetinsteadof64feetmeanstwicethequantityofhornsandtwicethemoney.So,thebestchoiceforfront-to-rearspacingis64feet.

Thesameprinciplesapplytotheself-amplifiedSA-H15horn.Insteadofwattagetaps,however,thereissimplyavolumecontrol.Full volume means full power or 15 watts; half volume means half power or 7.5 watts. TheSPLanddBperformanceisverysimilartothe70voltST-H15B.

Howmuchareawillthiscover?Multiplytheside-to-sidespacing(40feet)bythefront-to-rearspacing(64feet)—40feetx64feet=2560sqfeet.Areaofcoverageisusefulbecauseyoucangetaquickestimateoftheactualnumberofhornsyouneed.Let’ssayyouhavea100,000squarefootareatocover.Youknowfromtakingreadingsthatyouwillbespacingthehornsat64feetforacoverageof2560sqfeet.Youdivide100,000by2560andget39—thenumberofhornsthatyouneedforthejob.

The Nuts and Bolts of an Actual Installation

Thisapplicationofpaginghorns inanoisy(75-85dB)warehouseandproduction facility,asshown in the followingillustration,putsitalltogether:Inthe23,040sqfootproductionareawehave...

•Dividedby2560sqfeetperhorntoget9horns

•Appliedthestaggerpatternwhichusedonly8horns

•Appliedthe40footside-to-sidespacing

•Appliedthe64footfront-to-rearspacing

•Rememberedtofaceallhornsinthesamedirection(Don’tforgetphasecancellation)

Inwarehouses,wecommonlyencountertallstoragerackscreatingaisles.Theserackseffectivelyblockthe“clearshot”weneedforthehorns.Thesolutionistotreateachaisleasalongnarrowroom.Ourexampleillustratesfouraisles.Thehornscanbemountedonoverheadgirders,ductsoronthesidesofthestorageracks.Thehornsarearrangedback-to-back,andwehaveagainappliedthe64footforwardcoverage.

Ifthewarehousewasquiettomoderate(50-74dB),a“throw”of128feetperhornwouldgeneratesufficientSPLoverambientnoiseand...

•Only4hornswouldbeneeded •Eachwithaforwardprojectionof128feet

Thatmeanstherecouldbeonehorn...

•Locatedatthebeginningofeachaisle

•Eachhornwouldcoverthefulllengthofitsaisles

Application of Horns in a Noisy Production and Warehouse Facility

40’ 40’

120’

240’

64’

64’192’

64’

64’

64’

128’

PRODUCTION AREA (23,040 SQUARE FEET TOTAL

WAREHOUSE WITH STORAGE RACKS

EACH AILSLE TREATED AS A SEPERATE LONG NARROW ROOM

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Hereisahandychartthatpullstogetherhornselectionalongwithdistanceandpowersettingsintypicalcommercialapplications:

Step 3 Select the Correct Amount Of PowerInthissectionwewillseehowtoselecttheappropriatesizepowersupply(selfamplified24voltsystem)oramplifier(centralamplified70voltsystem).

Self amplified

Central AmplifierFor central amplifier 70 volt systems, the sum of the selected speaker wattage taps will determine the size of the amplifier — in other words, add up the wattage taps. Fortyspeakerstappedat1wattrepresentatotalwattagedemandof40watts.Then,sizetheamplifiersothatthesumofthewattagetapsdoesnotexceed85%oftheamplifier’sratedpower.Thiswillensureheadroomandreservepower.

Horn Loudspeaker Selection Guide

Noise Level

Typical AreaWheelock Self Amplified Horn

Effective Forward Coverage

Wheelock Central Amplified 25/70/100 Volt Horn

Wattage Tap/Effective Forward Coverage

QuiettoModerate50-75dB

ShippingWarehouse SA-H5 128feet ST-H15B 3.8watts/128feet

Noisy75-85dB

PrintShop,Factory

SA-H5SA-H15

64feet96feet

ST-H15B 7.5watts/64feet15.0watts/96feet

VeryNoisy86-96dB

MachineShop,Factory

SA-H15 32feet ST-H15BST-H30

15.0watts/32feet30.0watts/48feet

Selfamplified(24VDC)systemsare4-wiresystems.ApairofwiresfortheaudioandapairfortheDCvoltagenecessarytopowereachspeaker’samplifier.A very important consideration then is the maximum total current draw, in milliamps of all speakers to be connected on the same power supply. ThusasingleWheelockRPS-2406powersupply,whichprovides600mA,maybesufficient topowermultiple speakers. Actually thisapproach is somewhatconservative;itisseldomnecessarytooperatethesespeakersatfullvolumeandpower.Athalfvolumeselfamplifiedspeakersdrawconsiderablylesscurrentandstilldeliverplentyofsoundformostenvironments.Powersuppliescanberunintandem...thatis,paralleledwithpositivepolesandnegativepolesconnectedtogetherto yield double the available current. Forexample,apairof600mARPS-2406powersuppliescanbetiedtogethertoyield1200mA(1.2amps).Formorepower,Wheelockalsoprovidesthe4ampRPS-244024VDCpowersupply,andthe8-output,20.8ampPSC-2420-B24VDCpowersupply.ThePSC-2420-Bfeaturesabatterychargingcircuitwithautomaticswitchovertobackupbatteries.Checkthespecificationsofthepowersupplytobeusedinordertostaywithinitsoperatingrange.Usingself-amplifiedspeakersandother24VDCproductswithapowersupplywithbatterybackupwillallowacompletelybatterybackedtelephonepagingsystem.

Power SuppliesRPS-2406:FullyRegulatedandFiltered,24VDC,600mA.Currentlimited,shortcircuitandoverloadprotectedwithautoshutdownandreset.Wallmountingwith6ft.ACpowercord.

RPS-2440-A:24VDC,dualoutput.Eithertwo2A,orone4A.Fullyregulatedandfiltered.EachoutputwithindependentpoweronLED,currentlimitingoverloadandshortcircuitprotection,autoshutdownandreset.ACcircuitbreakerforinputprotection. B

A

Item Model Number Output Voltage

Output Current

Regulations Ripple Voltage

A RPS-2406 24VDC 600mA ±5% 10mVRMS

B RPS-2440 24VDC 4A ±5% 10mVRMS

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Correct Wire Size for Central Amplified System Speaker Lines andAmplified Speaker System 24 VDC Power Lines

Inanyelectricalinstallation,soundorotherwise,properwiresizeisimportantifyouwantmaximumefficiencyfromthesystem,nottomentionsafetyandreliability.

Wireconductstheaudioandelectricalsignalsinyoursystem.Likearteriesandveinsinthehumanbody,goodunobstructedflowisvital.Wirethatissizedtoosmallactslikearesistorinthecircuitandcanrestricttheflow.Ifthewireistoosmall(ortheruntoolong)forthespeakerload,alotofamplifierpowerwillneverreachthespeaker.Thiselectricalenergysimplybecomesheatinthewires,andwillresultinvolumeloss.

So,bigger is better.Thelessrestrictioninthewire,thebetterthepathforyouraudioandelectricalsignals.It’slikethedifferencebetweensendingyoursignaldownadirtroadortheinterstate.However,ifyouhavemorewiresizethanyouneedyou’rewastingmoney.So,it’simportanttoknowwhatsizewiretouseforagivenpowerloadandhowfaryoucanrunthisparticularsizewirewiththispowerload.

Cable lengths for 70 volt speaker linesTable#1shouldproveusefulfor100volt,70volt,25voltorlowimpedance(8ohm)speakerlines.Asanexample,let’ssayyourinstallationcallsfora60wattloadandyouhavetorunthecableabout900feet.Lookingatthechart,thecorrectwiresizeis#14.Or,let’ssayit’sanolderinstallationandyouwanttousetheexistingwire—600feetof#22.Again,lookingatthechart,youmustlimittheconnectedloadto15watts,whichcouldbe15speakerstappedat1watt,30speakerstappedat1/2wattorasinglehorntappedat15watts.Thesefiguresaremeanttobeguidelines.Itisnotthatthesystemwouldnotworkatallifyouusedsmallerwireorlongerrunsthanspecified,itisjustthatthevolumelosswouldbegreater,andtheefficiencyofthesystemreduced.

Table #12 WIRE COPPER CABLE LENGTHS FOR SPEAKER LINES AT 0.5 dB

LOSS IN SPL (12.5% POWER LOSS IN WATTS)

Cable Lengths for 24 VDC Power LinesWiringforselfamplifiedsystems,orsystemsusinglowvoltageDCtopowerselfcontainedamplifiedspeakers,canpresentadifferentproblem,andthatisvoltagedrop.With70voltspeakersystems,theaudiosignalisdistributedatahighervoltageandthensteppeddownateachspeakerviaatransformermuchthesamewayutilitycompaniesbringpowertoyourhome—highvoltagetransmissionthatissteppeddownateachlocation.ThisisaveryefficientmethodthatworksbecauseofthenatureofACvoltages(audioisanACvoltage)andtransformers(voltagescanbesteppedupordown).DCvoltagecannotbesteppedupordownwithtransformers,sothevoltagethatisavailablefromthesource(thepowersupply)isthesamevoltagethatthedevicereceives.Ifthedevicethatmustbepoweredbythisvoltageissomedistanceaway,carefulattentionmustbepaidtocurrentdraw,lengthofrunandwiresize.

AWG Max Low Impedance 70 Volt Speaker Line AWG Size Power Speaker Line Nominal Power in the Load Length in Feet Size AWG 8 Ohms 10W 15W 20W 40W 60W 100W 125W 200W 250W 400W 500W 10 PerNEC 240 15,0009,900 7,500 3,750 2,500 1,500 1,180 730 590 370 290 10 12 PerNEC 150 9,100 6,200 4,680 2,340 1,560 940 730 460 370 230 180 12 14 1,060W 95 5,600 3,800 2,880 1,440 960 600 450 280 220 140 110 14 16 420W 60 3,600 2,400 1,870 930 620 370 290 180 140 90 — 16 18 210W 40 2,300 1,500 1,150 570 380 230 180 110 — — — 18 20 70W 25 1,400 960 730 360 240 — — — — — — 20 22 35W 15 900 600 460 — — — — — — — — 22

NOTE: 1.For25Vlinedivideall70.7lengthsby8.2.For100Vlinemultiplyall70.7lengthsby2.0.3.Toallowforfutureexpansionanddistributioncablelineloss,itisrecommendedthatthetotalsystemwattageshouldnotexceed85%oftheamplifier’sratedoutput.4.Thetotalsystemwattagerequirementisthesummationofthewattagetapselectionsofallsystemspeakersandhorns.

Inselfamplifiedspeakers,thesmallamplifiersbehindeachspeakerarepoweredwith24VDC,andtheseamplifiershaveadefinitecurrentdraw,whichmeansthataspecificlengthofrunandwiresize(whichinturncreateacertainresistance)willhaveanimpactontheamountofcurrent,measuredinamperes,ormilliamps,thattheamplifierswillactuallyreceive.Byimposingalargercurrentdrawthanthewiringcanhandle,thesystemwill“see”adropinvoltageandcurrentflow.Mostdevicesspecifyaminimumoperatingvoltageandcurrentrequirement.

AlloftheseconsiderationsarebasicallygyrationsofOhm’sLaw.And,unlessthewireissizedcorrectlyforthecurrentdrawandlengthofrun,strangethingsmayhappenwhenyoufireupthesystem.Volumewillbelowerthanexpected,soundmaydropinandout,or,inextremecases,itmaynotworkatall!

Table#2,ataglance,giveswiresize,lengthofrunsandcurrentdrawfora10%dropinvoltagefor24VDCsystems.Avoltagedropof10%represents21.6VDC,wellwithintheoperationalrangeofWheelock’s24VDCpoweredproducts.Asanexample,let’ssayyourinstallationcallsforten8”selfamplifiedceilingspeakers.Thedistancebetweenthepowersupplyandthelastspeakeronthelineisabout170feet.Forsimplicityandevengreater“headroom”,let’sassumean“endoftheline”situation—thatis,viewthesituationasifall10speakeramplifiersweresittingoutthereattheendofa170footrunofwire.

If,atfullpower,atypicalselfamplifiedspeakerdrawsabout105mA,thefullconnectedloadwilldraw105mAx10speakers=1050milliamps,(1.05amps).Lookingatthechart,1100milliampscanbedrawnthrough170feetof#18gaugewire.Thecorrectwiresize,therefore,is#18AWG.

1.Doublingthecurrentdrawreducescablelength1/2.Halvingthecurrentdraw doublescablelength.

2. Doublingthevoltage(ie.48VDC)doublescablelength.Halvingthevoltage (ie.12VDC)reducescablelength1/2.

3. 1000milliamps—1.0amp.

Table #22 WIRE COPPER CABLE LENGTHS FOR 24 VDC POWER LINES

AT A 10% DROP IN VOLTAGE

AWG CURRENT DRAW (MILLIAMPS) AWG Size 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 Size 10 120006000 400030002400 2000 1720 1500 1335 1200 1090 1000 925 860 800 10 12 7500 3750 250018801500 1250 1070 940 835 750 680 625 570 535 500 12 14 4800 2400 16001200 960 800 690 600 535 480 435 400 370 345 320 14 16 3000 1500 1000 750 600 500 430 375 335 300 275 250 230 215 200 16 18 1880 940 630 470 380 310 270 235 210 190 170 155 145 135 125 18 20 1200 600 400 300 240 200 170 150 135 120 110 100 90 85 80 20 22 375 375 250 185 150 125 110 95 85 75 70 65 60 55 50 22 24 470 235 160 120 95 80 70 60 55 50 45 40 35 35 30 24 LENGTH IN FEET

NOTES:

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What about the audio pair?Asmentionedpreviously,self-amplifiedspeakersusea4-wirehook-up:Apairforthe24VDCpowerandapairforthepagingaudio.Whatabouttheaudiopair?Shouldn’tweworryaboutcorrectwiresizefortheaudiowiringaswell?Pre-amplifiedpagingaudioisaverylowpower,lowimpedance(usually600ohmsorless)electricalsignal.Forthisreason,smallgaugewireof#22-24AWGworkswell,evenforverylongcableruns.Toillustratethisfurther,considerthattelephonecompaniestypicallytransmitlowlevelvoiceaudiooverdistancesoftwomilesormoreon#24AWGwire.

Low power, low impedance pre-amp audio can generally be transmitted over considerable distances using small (#22-24) wire gauge.

Shielded vs unshielded wireAnentirebookcouldbewrittenonthissubject,solet’sboilitdowntoafewsimpleguidelines. Speaker lines from70voltcentralamplifierscangenerallybeunshielded cablewithlittleornochanceofnoisepick-up.Anexceptionwouldbeelevatorshaftswhereanaudiosignal’sworstnightmarecomestrue.Theseareelectricallyhighnoiseenvironmentsandshieldedwireorconduitshouldbeused. Audio lines (wirescarryinganylowpowerpre-amplifiersignal)shouldalwaysuseshielded cabletoavoidnoisepickup.Thisincludedmicrophonewiring,amp-to-ampconnectionbetween70voltamplifiers,andamplifierconnectionstoFMtuners,tapedecks,CDplayers,etc.

Self amplified speakers are often installed in telephonepaging systemswith acceptable results using unshieldedtelephonewire.Generally,thiscanbedonewithlittleornonoisepickupprovidedthatthewiringdoesn’tpassclosetoelectricmotors,transformers,orfluorescentlightingballasts.Ifindoubt,useshieldedcablefortheaudiopair.It’scheapinsurance.

Step 4 - Other Considerations

Telephone System InterfaceNowthatweknowthebasicsofdesigningapagingsystem,intermsofspeakerplacement,efficiencyandamplifierpower,let’sexplorehowtoconnectallofthishardwaretoatelephonesystem.

Upto thispoint,wehavebeendiscussingapagingsystemasa “standalone”system—as ifwehadallof thesecomponentsinplaceandweweregoingtouseasinglemicrophonetospeakthroughit.Thisisoftenthecaseinsmallretailstoresorperhapsabowlingalley,butinlargecomplexessuchasmanufacturingplants,hospitals,officebuildings,airports,etc.,itbecomesverydesirabletoaccessthepagingsystemviatheinhousetelephonesystemtherebyenablingmanyusersinmanylocationsaccesstothepagingsystemrightfromthenearesttelephone.Bytakingadvantageofalltheextensionswithinthephonesystem,it’slikehavingaPAsystemwith20,50or100microphonesconnectedtoit;allatdifferentpointsinthebuilding.

Telephone systemsMostcommercialtelephonesystemsinusetodayarebasicallyvariationsofseveraltypes,namelyelectronickeysystems(EKSU’s), PBX systems,hybridsystemsthataresortofamixtureofthetwo,andCentrex.First,let’slookatEKSU’sandPBXsystems,because in thefield, theyaresimilar froman interfacestandpoint. Centrexsystemsarea littledifferent,sowe’lllookatthemseparately.

Althoughtheydifferconsiderablyinswitchingfunction,mostEKSU’sandPBX systemshaveabuilt-inpageoutputrightonthemainunitwhichisaccessedbypressingadedicatedkey(EKSU)orasetofnumbersonthetouch-tone™pad(PBX).Ineithercase,thesystemhasnowconnectedyoutoalowpower(usually600ohm)audiomoduleinthemainunit.That’sright,anaudiooutputthatyoucannowbringrightovertothe600ohmoutputonyourpagingamplifierorself-amplifiedspeaker(s).

CentrexsystemsworkverymuchlikePBXsystemswithoneimportantdifference:Insteadofbeinglocatedonprem-ise,theswitchinggearislocatedatthetelephonecompany’scentraloffice(CO).TheextensionlinescomebackfromCOliketelephonelinescomingintoyourhome—with90-130voltringingvoltage.Centrex lines cannot be directly connected to amplifier inputs. Antelephonepaginginterfacemustbeusedtoconnectaringvoltagelinetoapagingsystem.Thetelephonepaginginterfaceanswersaregularringingvoltageline(suchasCentrex,stationlevelPBXorsinglelineresidentialtypephoneservice)andthenopensanaudiopathforconnectiontoadditionalequipmentsuchasaWheelockpagingsystem(MZC-144).™—AT&Tregisteredtrademark

Using Unused CO Ports

SomeEKSU’sandPBX’shavenobuilt-inpagingaccess.Insuchcases,anunusedCOlineportortrunkportcanbeused.However,talk battery (“A” battery)mustbeprovidedintheseapplications.

What is it?

Talkbatteryor“A”batteryistheDCvoltagesuppliedbythetelephonecompany(CO)centralofficeto: A) Operatethecarbontransmitterinthetelephonehandsetstoallowaudio (talking). B) Enableinitiationofcalls. C) AllowcommunicationthroughtheCOtrunkportsofatelephonesystem (PBX,key,hybrid)installedinacustomer’spremise.

Talkbattery(usually48VDC)isconstantlypresentontheTIP(green)andRING(red)wiresofeachtelephonecom-panyline.Notethattalk battery is not to be confused with ring voltage, whichisanACvoltageofabout105voltsandissuperimposedrightontopofthe48VDCtalkbattery,overthesamepairofwires,forthepurposeofringingatelephone.

How does it affect telephone paging applications?

Whenpagingisconnectedtoatelephonesystem’sunusedCOtrunkport,talkbatteryisnotavailableatthatport.Theoperativewordis“unused”.ThatmeanstheCOportisnotconnectedtoapublictelephone(CO)line.Ifthetelephonelineisnotconnectedtotheport,thenthetalkbatterythelinewouldotherwiseprovideissimplynotpresent.Neverthe-less,thetelephoneswithinthesystemneedtoaccessthatportforpaging,sotheportstillneedstalkbatteryforaudio(paging).Therefore,talkbatterymustbesuppliedbythepagingequipment.

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Single Zone CO Port Paging ApplicationsTalkbatterycanbeprovidedwithafilteredandregulated24VDCpowersupplyasillustratedbythefollowingdiagram

Note: This diagram shows the output of the telephone system feeding the input of a typical Wheelock ampli-fier for distribution on a 70 volt system. That same output could also directly feed self-amplified speakers or Wheelock talk back speakers in a similar manner.AccessoriesNowthatwehavebuiltapagingsystemandinterfaceditwithatelephonesystemlet’stakealookatsomedifferentaccessoriesthatcanbeutilized.

Common AudibleIfthetelephonesystemhasnonightringfeature,youcanactivateatonegeneratorbyusingacommon audible,suchasaWheelockCA-312-1orCA-622-1.ThesedevicesconnecttoalloftheCOlinesahead oftheEKSUorPBXmain-frameandthenputoutacommonringsignalwheneveracallcomesinonanyofthelines.Thiscommonoutputcanbeeitheradrycontactornetworkringingvoltage,eitherofwhichcanbeusedtoactivateatonegenerator—orothertypesofsignalsforthatmatter.

PRM-150 Pre-AmplifierBesidescorrectingforproperimpedancematchingandcompensatingforlongwireruns,thePRM-150functionsasamastervolumecontrolforagroupof600Ohm,SelfAmplifiedspeakers.ThePRM-150requires24VDC.

TELEPHONE SYSTEM UNUSED CO PORT

2 WIRE CABLE

2 WIRE CABLE

POWER SUPPLY

(+) (-) SPARE

TELEPHONEINPUT

CommonAudibleInterfaces

Wheelock’sSeriesCA-622-1CommonAudibleControlUnitcanmonitoruptosixtelephonelinestoprovide“AllCall”signalingor“Zone”signaling.Twoseparatezonescanbesignaledandtwoormorecontrolunitscanbegangedtomonitoradditionalinputlines.TheeconomicalCA-312-1modelmonitorsthreetipandringlines.TheseinterfaceproductsaredesignedforElectronicKeySystemsandPBXor1A2systems(withtouchtonestationsets)thatdonotofferacommonaudibleringcircuitordrycontactclosurefornightbellconnectionorzonedringing.

Bothmodelsprovideachoiceoftwooutputsforconnectionofalertsignals:standardringingvoltageoutputorcontactclosure.Awideselectionofaudibleandvisualalertsignalsisavailabletooperatedirectlyofftheringingvoltageoutput.Alternatively,Wheelock’sdrycontactinterfaceoreconomypowersupplycanbeconnectedtotheoptionalcontactclosureoutputtodrive24VDCalertsignals.

A B Front Cover

OUTPUT OPTIONS: 1 = RingingVoltage 2 = ContactClosure:(useWheelock’s DCI-24-24orEPS-2401todrive 24VDCalerts)

ORDERING INFORMATION

NOTES: 1.BothmodelsUL1459Listed,FCCRegistered.

Item Input Output Application Model No.

A50-130V,20-30Hz

RingingVoltageorContactClosure

Monitorupto3tip&ringlines(onezone)

CA-312-1

BMonitorupto6tip&ringlines(twozones)

CA-622-1

Paging Pre-AmplifierSeriesPRM-150Pre-AmplifierWheelock’sPRM-150LinePre-Amplifier boosts the lowaudio signal from600ohmCOandaudiopageportstoalevelcapableofdrivingupto150600Ohmselfamplifiedspeakers.Thepre-amplifierwillalsocompensateforaudiosignalloss(lowvolume)onlongcableruns.ThePRM-150alsofunctionsasaone-waypagingCOportinterface.WhenusedwithaWheelockRPS-2406powersupplytalkbattery issuppliedtotheCOport. Itcontainsavolumecontrolandisdesignedforconvenientwallmounting.

Item Model Number

Input Current @24 VDC

Input Impedance

Output Impedence

Input Level

Max Audio Output Level

A PRM-150 35mA 600Ohms 4Ohms -15dBMto+10dB

0.8VRMS

ConclusionHopefullyallofthishasbeenofsomehelp.There’snoreasontobetimidwhenfacedwithajobinvolvingapagingorsoundsystem.Ifyouhaveneverdonemuchpagingand/ortelephoneinterfacebefore,yourprocessmaybeslowatfirst,butafteryouhavehandledsomeofthemoreroutinephasesofinstallation,troubleshootingandmaintenance,youwillbesurprisedattheconfidenceyoudevelop.Confidence and experience; thesearethemostimportantbasickeystobecomingarealpaging“pro”!

Questions?/Assistance?

ContactCooperNotification’sTechnicalSupportEngineeringat1-800-631-2148or732-222-6880

8am-5pmEasternTime

Wearewaitingtoassistyouwithyourpaging/commercialsoundneeds!

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