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Stereoscopic Imaging Systems
Three-Dimensional Television
F. Chen, H. Azari
University of AlbertaDepartment of Computing Science
January 2008
Outline
Human Depth Perception Factors Some Considerations in 3DTV Three Dimensional Presentation Techniques Distortions In 3D Presentation Multiview Image Sequences Coding and Signal Processing Technology How Viewing Zone Is Formed in 3DTV? Applications and Conclusion Remarks
Section Outline
Human Depth Perception Factors Why We Can See Three Dimensional? Why We Can See Stereo TV Which One Is Better For Us, 2D Or 3D?
Some Considerations in 3DTV Three Dimensional Presentation Techniques Distortions In 3D Presentation Multiview Image Sequences Coding and Signal Processing Technology How Viewing Zone Is Formed in 3DTV? Applications and Conclusion Remarks
Why We Can See Three-Dimensional
Binocular (Stereoscopic) Vision Binocular (Stereoscopic) Vision Binocular parallaxBinocular parallax ConvergenceConvergence
Monocular VisionMonocular Vision AccommodationAccommodation Motion ParallaxMotion Parallax OcclusionOcclusion Relative sizeRelative size Light and ShadeLight and Shade Horizon lineHorizon line Aerial perspectiveAerial perspective Linear perspectiveLinear perspective Texture gradientTexture gradient
Which One Is Better, 2D or 3D? Comparison of psychological effects between 2-D and 3-D images
Sensation of Power
Total picture quality
Which One Is Better, 2D or 3D?
Objective evaluation of Psychological Effect The body sway of the viewer is tracked, measured
and analyzed.
Which One Is Better, 2D or 3D?
Eye Fatigue
Geometry, luminance and chrominance differences between the right and left images
Parallax that is very large or that rapidly changes spatially or temporally
Inconsistency between accommodation and convergence
Which One Is Better, 2D or 3D?
Inconsistency between accommodation and convergence
2D 3DThe focal point and the convergence point fall on the point of fixation.
1. A change in the amount of parallax causes the apparent image to move away from or come closer to the screen
2. The viewer follow and converge on the movement.
3. An accommodation comes subsequently.
Section Outline
Human Depth Perception Factors Some Considerations in 3DTV
Aspect ratio Bandwidth Cross-Talk Level Geometry Distortions and Signal Differences Number of viewing points Suitable Scanning Method
Three Dimensional Presentation Techniques Distortions In 3D Presentation Multiview Image Sequences Coding and Signal Processing Technology How Viewing Zone Is Formed in 3DTV? Applications and Conclusion Remarks
Some Considerations in 3DTV
Acceptable Tolerance Geometrical Distortions and Signal Differences Caused by insufficient positioning of two cameras
and/or different focal distance of them Acceptable tolerance:
Geometry distortion: camera rotation error of 0.5deg, lens focal distance of 1%
Contrast differences: signal-level differences of 1.5dB(white level) and 0.1dB(black level)
Some Considerations in 3DTV
Number of View points
Flipping
60 viewing points are needed.
If the image is not very large, nine viewing points are considered adequate.
Section Outline
Human Depth Perception Factors Some Considerations in 3DTV Three Dimensional Presentation Techniques
Stereoscopic vs. Non-Stereoscopic Methods Projection-Type vs. Display-Type Parallax Barrier and Lenticular Displays Comparison Between Different Techniques
Distortions In 3D Presentation Multiview Image Sequences Coding and Signal Processing Technology How Viewing Zone Is Formed in 3DTV? Applications and Conclusion Remarks
Non-Stereoscopic MethodsNon-Stereoscopic Methods
HolographyHolography Volumetric (3D Pixels)Volumetric (3D Pixels) Laser-Beam ScanningLaser-Beam Scanning PsychologicalPsychological
Stereoscopic MethodsStereoscopic Methods
Eye-Glasses StereoscopicEye-Glasses Stereoscopic Color filters Polarizing filters shutter glasses
3D-Image Presentation Methods
Autostereoscopic Autostereoscopic
Display-Type Lenticular Parallax Barrier Integral Photography (IP) Grating Array Plates
Projection-Type Fresnel Lenz Holographic Screen Spherical Mirror
Eye-Glasses Stereoscopic
Left: polarizing glasses Center: red-blue anaglyph Right: PC shutter-glasses
Comparison Between 3D-Methods
Eye-Glasses
Multi-viewHolo-graphy
VolumetricLaser-Beam
Psycho-logical
Natural Depth
Viewing Comfort
Group Viewing Compatibility: 2D/3D No Degrade Picture Min Modification of Video Standard
Moderate Price
Possible Some Cases Possible Impossible
Characteristics of the Optical Plates
TypeVariable Size
Method of Production
Image Display
Surface
Lenticular Several m2 Mechanical Optical
Direct
ProjectionDiscrete
Integral Photography
Several 100 cm2
Mechanical Optical
Direct Discrete
ParallaxSeveral 1000 cm2 Film Direct Discrete
Holographic Screen
Several m2 Optical ProjectionSmooth (analog)
Fresnel Lens Several m2 Mechanical Projection Discrete
GratingSeveral 100 cm2 Optical Direct Smooth
Section Outline
Human Depth Perception Factors Some Considerations in 3DTV Three Dimensional Presentation Techniques Distortions In 3D Presentation
Distortions Source Methods of Reducing Distortions
Multiview Image Sequences Coding and Signal Processing Technology How Viewing Zone Is Formed in 3DTV? Applications and Conclusion Remarks
Distortions in Perceived Stereoscopic Images
Distortion: Differences between the perceived 3D-image and the actual 3D-scene
Distortion Source: Differences between photographing and viewing conditions Geometrical: e.g. Keystone and Nonlinearity Psychophysical: e.g. Puppet-theater and Cardboard
Distortion Solutions
Using stereo camera having parallel configuration and stereo base equal to human eyes distance and preserving photographing and displaying condition the same
Ortho-stereoscopic Conditions
Section Outline
Human Depth Perception Factors Some Considerations in 3DTV Three Dimensional Presentation Techniques Distortions In 3D Presentation Multiview Image Sequences
Time Multiplexing Spatial Multiplexing
Coding and Signal Processing Technology How Viewing Zone Is Formed in 3DTV? Applications and Conclusion Remarks
Section Outline
Human Depth Perception Factors Some Considerations in 3DTV Three Dimensional Presentation Techniques Distortions In 3D Presentation Multiview Image Sequences Coding and Signal Processing Technology
Coding Technologies 3D Coding by MPEG Disparity Detection in 3D Pictures 2D to 3D Conversion
How Viewing Zone Is Formed in 3DTV? Applications and Conclusion Remarks
Coding and Signal Processing Technology
Coding Technology Low-level (mature)
Motion compensation + waveform coding + symbol coding
Middle-level (potential) Processing of areas, layers, surfaces, depths,
occlusions, and motions. High-level (hard to achieve)
Model-base coding
Coding and Signal Processing Technology
3-D coding by MPEG
Right and left channel individually coding Simple Symmetry
Utilization of right-left correlation for coding. Difficult Asymmetry (6Mbit/s, 3; 4.5, 4.5) More favorably picture quality Compatibility
Coding and Signal Processing Technology
2D – 3D Conversion
Insufficient stereoscopic programs For moving picture, motion vector. For still picture, area must be detected. Then combine the two type pictures together.
Section Outline
Human Depth Perception Factors Some Considerations in 3DTV Three Dimensional Presentation Techniques Distortions In 3D Presentation Multiview Image Sequences Coding and Signal Processing Technology How Viewing Zone Is Formed in 3DTV?
Geometry of Forming Viewing Zone Perceivable Depth PLS, Pinhole, and Microlens Arrays Forming Viewing Zone in Projection-Type Techniques
Applications and Conclusion Remarks
Forming Viewing Zone
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Section Outline
Human Depth Perception Factors Some Considerations in 3DTV Three Dimensional Presentation Techniques Distortions In 3D Presentation Multiview Image Sequences Coding and Signal Processing Technology How Viewing Zone Is Formed in 3DTV? Applications and Conclusion Remarks
MedicineMedicine Distance 3D consultations and
operations 3D observing diagnostics
Data visualizationData visualization CAD3/CAM4 design Chemical and genetic
molecular modeling EntertainmentEntertainment
3D movie, 3D games, and 3D imaging
3D-Image Presentation Applications
Cartography and Cartography and meteorologymeteorology Geographic information
systems Weather forecasting
Industry Industry 3D precise modeling of engine
details Space and aircraft design
simulations ArchitectureArchitecture
Interior and exterior design Structural analysis and
building modeling
References
1. Bahram Javidi, Fomio Okano [editors], “Three-Dimensional Television, Video, and Display Technologies”, Springer, 2002.
2. N. Holliman, “3D display systems”, Department of Computer Science, University of Durham, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE; Feb 2, 2005; http://www.dur.ac.uk/n.s.holliman/Presentations/3dv3-0.pdf
3. Zhivko Yordanov, “Optimal Sub-Pixel arrangements and coding for ultra-high resolution three-dimensional OLED displays”, doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering of the University Kassel, 2007
4. P. J. H. Seuntins, “Visual experience of 3D TV”, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, 2006, Proefschrift. http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/200610884.pdf
5. Anthony Vetro, Wojciech Matusik, Hanspeter Pfister, Jun Xin, “Coding approach for end-to-end 3D-TV systems”, Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Cambridge, MA.