STEREOTYPED EXPRESSIONS IN THE RAMAYANA Stere otype d expressions form an import ant element in the language o f the Rzrnsyana, since about one third of all Bloka sta nza s contain some stere otype d material. The psda- length phrases comprising a personal name and standard epithet are the most frequent but have a definite narrative function. Standardisation is also common among the purely formal phrases used before and af ter speeches. Among other groups of stere otyped phrases, some are simply structural aids, while others are strongly emphatic. Another feature is the repetition o f a phrase within a short space of its first occurrence, while a similar, but less common, device is parallelism o f const ruction within a stanza; refrains occur infre- quent ly. Ther e i s a considerable body o f proverbia l mater ial, found especially in the nor th- ern recension. These features, shared in large measure with the Mahsbhsrata, illustrate th e richnes s o f t he epic trad iti on, bu t direct borrowings also occur. T IS VERY NOTICEABLE th at a great many o f the However, their use in the Rgmayana is clearly of epithets and stock phrases which occur in the help in setting the mood of particu lar scenes an d, Riimfiyana just fill a pada or else leave room for a in th e case o f persona l e pithet s, emphasi sing th e word o f two or three syllables; indeed, there may aspec t o f the pe r~ on's character relevant to the be variants allowing all three possibilities, for occasion. example idam vacanam abravtt, vacanam abravtt Although such forms of repetition are a feature an d id am abravX t/v dkya m abr avxt. This is of ob - common to many, i f not all, epic traditi ons, there vious practical importance in a poem with any is a tenden cy towar ds great er frequen cy o f stock traditio n o f or al reci tation behind it, since it padas in the later p arts o f t he Riimii yana and allows the poet or reciter to fill out a line without equal ly of the Mah6b h&rata .2 Probably this effort, for it is quite probable tha t many addit ions exaggerated use o f s tock padas in the lat er parts were made in the course of narration by reciters accounts, at least to some extent, for the steady with th e help o f fo rmulae and by memory o f oth er increa se in the proportion of stereotyped padas passages. Thus formulae are to be found prepon- from the Ayodhya to the Kiglundha kiinda; derantly in the second and fourth padas, the only more than 1 in 30 padas in the hyodhyiikanda major exception being the formulae used after the (3.4 ) are stereotyped, about 1 in 2 1 p5idas in end o f a speech. Formulaic phrases do no t neces- the Aranyakanda (4.9 ) and over 1 in 16 in the sarily conform to exactly the same wording on Kiskindhakanda (6.3 ).3 The average propor- every occasion but the variations are all obvi- ously linked- variations on a theme. Another scriptive and introductory formulae were often unalter- not uncommon occurrence is for a phrase to be ably repeated, and this repetition apparently was much repeated a short space of its first appear- appreciated. A successful phrase of wording released ance and then not to be found again; perhaps posterity from the necessity to create a 'mould of fcrm' themselves.,, E, Hopkins3 statement o n this feature in both pa rt o f the poet, who, havin g gon e to the trouble epics is: ~ 0 t h ave many chapters ~ ~ h i c h eem ~ ith of thinking out the phrase or con structing the long verbal or who le psda-iter ata, the later the more. See compound, is determined t o make good use o f it.' The pic of India p O. This study is based primarily on the Ayodhyil, Aranya and Kigkindhs klndas, with supplementary Jan Gonda, in Stylistic Repetition in the Veda p. 4'2, material draan from the other books. All references in has expressed this point more generally: in the ancient numerals only refer to the Rsmsyana, unless context literatures the same turns and locutions, the same de- clearly indicates otherwise, and, unless another edition
Stere otype d expressions form an imp ort ant element in the language of t he Rzrnsyana,since about one thir d of all Bloka sta nza s contai n some stere otype d materi al. Th e psda -length phrases comprising a personal name and standard epithet are the most frequentbut have a definite narrative function. Standardisation is also common among the purelyforma l phrases used before and af ter speeches. Among othe r groups of stere otyp ed phrases,some are simply structural aids, while others are strongly emphatic. Another feature isthe repetition of a phrase within a short space of its first occurrence, while a simi lar, butless common, device is parallelism of const ructi on withi n a sta nza ; refrains occur infre-quent ly. Ther e is a considerable body of proverbia l mater ial, found especially in the nor th-ern recension. These features, shared in large measure with the Mahsbh srata , illustrateth e richness of t he epic trad iti on, bu t dire ct borrowings also occur.
T IS VERY NOTICEABLE th at a great many of the However, their use in the Rgmayana is clearly ofepithets and stock phrases which occur in the help in setting the mood of particular scenes and,Riimfiyana just fill a pada or else leave room for a in th e case of personal epithets, emphasising theword of two or three syllables; indeed, there may aspect of the pe r~on 's character relevant to thebe variants allowing all three possibilities, for occasion.example idam vacanam abravtt, vacanam abravtt Although such forms of repetition are a featureand idam abravXt/vdkyam abravxt. This is of ob- common to many, if not all, epic traditions, therevious practical importance in a poem with any is a tendency towards greater frequency of stocktradition of oral recitation behind it, since it padas in the later parts of the Riimiiyana andallows the poet or reciter to fill out a line without equally of the Mah6bh&rata .2 Probably thiseffort, for it is quite probable that many additions exaggerated use of stock padas in the later partswere made in the course of narration by reciters accounts, at least to some extent, for the steady
with the help of formulae and by memory of otherincrease in the proportion of stereotyped padas
passages. Thus formulae are to be found prepon- from the Ayodhya to the Kiglundha kiinda;derantly in the second and fourth padas, the only more than 1 in 30 padas in the hyodhyiikandamajor exception being the formulae used after the (3.4 ) are stereotyped, about 1 in 2 1 p5idas inend of a speech. Formulaic phrases do not neces- the Aranyakanda (4.9 ) and over 1 in 16 in thesarily conform to exactly the same wording on Kiskindhakanda ( 6 . 3 ) . 3 The average propor-every occasion but the variations are all obvi-ously linked- variations on a theme. Another scriptive and introductory formulae were often unalter-
not uncommon occurrence is for a phrase to be ably repeated, and this repetition apparently was much
repeated a short space of its first appear- appreciated. A successful phrase of wording released
ance and then not to be found again; perhaps posterity fr om the necessity to create a 'mould of fcrm'themselves.,,
this may be explained as economy of effort on the E , Hopkins3 statement on this feature in both
part of the poet, who, having gone to the trouble epic s i s: ~ 0 t h a ve m an y c ha pt er s ~ ~ h i c h eem ~ i t hof thinking out the phrase or constructing the long verbal or whole psda-iter ata, the later the more. See
compound, is determined t o make good use of it.' The pic of Ind ia p O.
This study is based primarily on the Ayodhyil,Aranya and Kigkindhs klndas, with supplementary
Jan Gonda, in S t y l i s t i c R e p e t i t i o n i n the Ve d a p. 4'2, material draan from the other books. All references inhas expressed this point more generally: in t he ancient numerals only refer to t he Rsms yana, unless contextliteratures the same turns and locutions, the same de- clearly indicates otherwise, and, unless another edition
211ROCKINGTON:tereotyped Expressions n the Rdm dyag a
tion over all three kBndas is about 1 in 22 or4.5 , which means tha t one in eleven lines or onein five or six stanzas in fact contain a full piidafound in identical wording elsewhere. Bu t if allinstances where the verbal similarity is less exactand where the resemblance extends over less thana p da are included, then between 30 and 40of all gloka stanzas contain some stereotypedmaterial.
Within this trend to greater frequency in theIGgkindhiikiinda, however, there are variationsbetween books with regard to different types ofstereotyped phrases. Refrains are commoner inthe AyodhyiikSinda than elsewhere, personalepithets and miscellaneous stock piidas are mostfrequent in the Aranyakiinda, and repeated padas
and p da-length long compounds are commonestin th e KigkindhBkiinda. Instances of as many asthree stock pBdas in a single stanza are not un-common, occurring for instance at 3.37.8, 43.19and 46.19 within a space of ten sargas. Anotherpoint that may be noted is the very large propor-tion of stereotyped phrases in the Bombay Yud-dhakiinda which can be paralleled in the 14ahil-bhiirata.
PERSONAL EPITHETS
Personal names are regularly qualified by an
adjective which occupies the remainder of thep da; uch phrases show much the same tendencyto stylisation and also to word play as do the otherstereotyped phrases. Although particular epithetstend to apply only to certain people, apart fromthe obvious cases such as lakgmaw-nuja andkaikay iputra, this is by no means invariably trueand, for example, the various dharma- compoundswhich are most frequently applied to Riima arenot exclusively used of him: in th e first fifteensargas of the Ayodhyfikfinda, dharmdtman isused thrice of RBma, once of Dagaratha and onceof Bharata, dharmajf ia is used t\vice of RBma andonce of Dagaratha, and dhdrmika is used onceeach of Riima and Dagaratha. However, the al-
is specified all references to th e Rgmayana and Maha-bhzrata are t the Critical Edition s published a t B arodaand Poona respectively. The sign [I.v.] is used to dis-ting uish verse s in longer metres from t he Bloka passages.
most invariable use of rdghava to refer to RBmais very striking, with the slight extension of theuse of the dual for RBma and Lakgmana; the termis applied to Bharata at 2.63.5d, 65.23d and 73.4bwithin the context of his being summoned fromRBjagrha to accept the throne. The degree of itsapplication to Riima is exemplified by the phraselakgmavo rdghavdnujah at 2.14.22b and 3.11.lb(cf. lakgmanah sahardghavah at 5.61.24b).
One point that should be stressed about the useof attributive epithets is th at in general they arerelevant to the situation in which they occur andthe purely ornamental epithet is not common,though this is not to say that they are vital to thenarrative. Their use is to point a contrast orheighten an effect. A few examples will illustrate
this: the words which introduce the speech inwhich Riima reaffirms his acceptance of banish-ment to Kaikeyi are rdmah paramadharmajrioma-taram vdkyam abravit at 2.34.29cd, when Lakg-mana comforts Rama griefstricken at the loss ofSit5 he is characterised as lakgmanah priyabdn-dhavah at 3.59.28b, and Bharata is bharatah pdrthi-vdtmajah at 2.64.1213 in the situation already men-tioned. In consequence of this, a survey of th eepithets found in these pBda-length phrases servesalso to outline the character of each personality
s depicted in the Rfimiiyana.
DaSaratha is rdjd daiaratha h far more frequentlythan anything else, and indeed r@d alone is regu-larly used to refer to him even in contexts, such
s those where Guha appears, where the termmight have been ambiguous had it not become soidentified with Dagaratha; in particular we findrdjd ddarathas tadd at 2.4.3b, 9.12b and 11.4b.Another pSida-length phrase is u r d d h a m d d a -r a th a m n r p a m found four times in the Ayodhyil-k Q ~ d a , ~ which a shorter form occurs in tadafd d a r a t h am n r p a m at 2.3.813 and rdmarp ddar a thonrpah at 2.4.913. The following phrases referringto Dagaratha also come near to being stereotyped:gate ddarathe svargam 2.82.19c, svargam ddaratho
One of these occurrences is in fact in th e nominative.Here after no account will be taken of alter nati on be-tween n ominative vocative and accusative or genitivedative ablative and locative and the case most com-monly occurring will be quoted as the type example.
212 Jou rn al of the Am eri can Oriental Soc iety,90.2 (1970)
gatah 2.86.24d and 104.6d, and cliuam claiarathogatah 2.97.21d.
Dasaratha's wives do not have any epithet con-sistently applied to them, apart from the brieftitle devi. There is, however, one stereotypedlinkage of a p&da length : kausalyd ca sumitrd cafound seven times in the AyodhyskBnda, alsokausalyarp ad sunzitrdm vd at 2.10.37a. The slaveblantharii is called manthard papadariinZ at 2.7.9b, 9.4b and 8b ; it is interesting to note th at in anoblique case this becomes kubjayd pdpadariinydat 2.7.12~.
Riima is naturally distinguished by the greatestvariety of ep ithets an d many of them stress hisvirtue. The phrase dharmab hrtdt?~ arah is exclu-sive to RBma and rdmo dharmabhrtdm uarah occurs
thrice each in the Ayodhya and Aranya kBndasand a t 4.38.1b7 as well as yuktam clharmabhrtdmvaram at 2.2.10b. The similar phrase rumahiastrabhytdm uarah is found at 2.92.10d and3.3.14d; Hopkins has an interesting comment onth e usage of this latt er phrase in the 1\Iahiibhiirata:
In 6.34(BG.10),31, Nilakantha (cf. R.2.99.13)explains Ramall iastrabhrtdm aham as DBBarathi,bu t in the 1I bh . the best (by implication) ofweapon-bearers is Bh Br ga ~a , ~ ut there is atleast one exception to his statement in the RBmo-pakhyiina, where ramaqz Sastrabh~tdmvaram is
used of RBma DBBarathi at XIbh.3.275.49b. Thecommonest phrase applied only to RBma in theAyodhyBkiinda is rdmah sa tyapardk~amahwhichoccurs six times, but it occurs only once in theAranya and Sundara kiindas and not at all in theIGekindhCikBnda, although it occurs eight timesin the Bombay Yuddhakanda (cf. however rhmo
satyapardkramah a t 3.35.13ab and ram0 rlrdha-par6kramalz at 5.24.17b). The commonest piidadescribing Riima in the hranyakanda is ram0daiarathdtmaja[l occurring six times, but this isnot found in the Ayodhyiikiinda and occurs onlyonce in the KigltindhBkBnda, although it is foundfourteen times in the Bombay yuddhakiinda.Another regular phrase is ra?nasy6klistakarma&r/ranze?zhkligtakar~izaqa which occurs thrice in the
Allus ions to the RrTma-St01.y 112 the .lIahdbhdrataJ A O S 50 pp 85-103.
Ayodhyiikiinda, twice each in the Aranya andIGskindhB kBndas, four times in t he SundarakBndaand thirteen times in the Bombay Yuddhakiinda;it occurs in the accusative once only at 5.28.41a,since the variant adopted in the accusative isrdmanz ak l i~ takdr iqamfound at 2.1.4b ( r amamcciO),21.11d, 4.25.2b, 5.56.2613 ( rdmam cd0) andBombay 6.102.2813.
Less common p8da-length phrases referring toRBma consist of: ramah parapuram~ayah 2.2.9dand thrice in the Bombay YuddhakBnds, rdmahparanzaclharmajiio 2.34.29c, rdmah satyatmand?i/uarah 2.101.1b , rhrnaqz jvalitatejasam 3.5.ld (cf.rdmev&nzitate;lasd thrice in the Bombay Yuddhu-kfinda and raghauasyanzitaujasah, 5.48.16b), rdyha-vasya nzahdtmanah 3.15.1b, hrice in the Ki ~k in dh a-
kiinda, twice in the Sundarakiinda and ninetimes in the Bombay YuddhakBnda, ranzasya uzdzt-dtnzanah twice in the Xranyakiinda, eight time>in the Sundaraksnda and at Bombay 6.33.8b,rdmasya mahciratkasga 3.27.30a [I.v.], rayhavoclharnzavatsalah 3.29.1b, bhrdtaram diptatejasam3.59.21d and 65.8d (at 3.4.lf this phrase refers toLak~mapa) , ranzo rajiualocanah 1.18.17d, 19.2b,3.59.27b and Bombay 6.4.92b (also AIbh.13.83.31b) and ram0 raktantalocana z 3.19.121, 3.24.31band Bombay 6.21.13b, rc~ghavah parav%)ahrj4.23.8b, rdyhavam ca mahdbalam 4.37.2d, rdmanz
parabalarclanam 4.39.1d, and also rdmalz Satrunz-barhanah 1.4.22d, 3.27.18b, Bombay 6.1.19b and103.23b. He is described as z1igudlizi;ndm ku le pi tahonce each in the Biila, Aranya and I(isBindh5kiindas and this p5da is also once used of DaAa-ratha in the Biilakgnda.
PBda-length phrases linlcing Riima nith hiscompanions are: sabhdrya l sahalak+n zanah whichis found four times in the Ayodhyiikiinda but onl)once in the Aranyakiinda, where however theadjective sahalakgmana is found thrice in another.stock pada rcc^ghavah sahalakgrnanail (also irikakutsthah saizalak+~nagah .7.17b and sitayd salr a-lakgmagalr 3. 11. 16b) and a similar phrase sdr?uja rsaha fitayd i\ found thrice; ruyhauah sahalakg-nzanah also occurs once in the Iii>kindhBk%n$aand four time5 each in the Sundara and BombayYuddha kiindas. Other similar pllrntet are: sas%tahsahalakgmanah 2.40.16b (cf. sasttah sahasaumitrih
213ROCKINGTON:tereotyped Expression s n the Ramayana
Bombay 6.125.23c), sabhdryam saha ca bhratrd2.45.30c, sitayfi saha rdghavau 3.6.3d, sitayd sahardghavah 3.7.9d and 10.34d, rdghavah saha sitayd3.7.2b and 10.26b, and rdmah saumitripd sahaonce each in the BBla, Kivkindhs and SundarakBndas and thrice each in th e Aranya and BombayYuddha ksndas (cf. ramas tu sahasaumitr ih3.7.la and raghavah sahasaumitrih 5.33.41~). Thedvandva r d m a l a k ~ m a p a us of frequent occurrence,especially in the p da bhrdtarau rdmalakgmanauonce in the BBlakSnda, thrice in the Ayodhyii-ksnda, twice each in the Ara~ya, Kiskindhs andSundara En das and fifteen times in the BombayYuddhaksnda; but tav ubhau ramalakgmapau isnot uncommon, since it occurs once each in theAyodhys and Aranya ksndas (also ubhau tau
r d m a l a k ~ m a p a uat 3.7.19d), twice in the Sundara-ksnda and four times in the Bombay Yuddha-kgnda. The following collocations occur: vaidehimlaksma?am rhmam at 3.1.13a, rdmah sit0 calaksmanah at 3.4.22b, and vaidehi r dmalaksm anauat 3.7.3b.
Mention of RBma's exile is regularly made inone of three stock phrases: r d m d c a r a n y a mdiritah with its variants ma yi cdranyam di r it e andso forth is thrice as frequent, with nine occur-rences, as the other phrase nith ddri ta (ra ma i cavanam diritatl 2.55.19b and 70.5d, and vi janam
vanam di r i t ah 2.52.5d) no doubt for reasons ofeuphony, just as vana occurs with pravrrsjita fivetimes, in rdmah pravrdjito vanam and the like.
Si ts plays very little part in the action of theAyodhyBkiinda and only three stock padas oc-curring once each are found, but in the subsequentbooks, especially the Aranyaksnda, quite a num-ber of stock pBdas are found. Very common arethe two pfidas built from family names: maithi l ijanakdtmajd once each in the Bala and AyodhyBkandas, five times in the Aranyakgnda, twice eachin the IGskindhB and Sundara kBndas and thricein the Bombay Yuddhakgnda, and vaidehi janak-atmajd once each in the AyodhyB and BombayYuddha ksndas (also sitdm ca janakhtmajdnz at3.11.14d). The other common pads is sita surasu-topamd which occurs once each in the BBla,AyodhyB, Ki~lundhB and Bombay Yuddhak ndas, twice in the Aranyakgnda and four times
in the SundarakBgda (cf. also sftdmarasutopamCiat Bombay 6.5.2013). SitS's commonest name inthe Aranyakanda is Vaidehi, which figures promi-nently in the stock phrases; thus, for instance,vaidehi ca mahabhagd occurs thrice there andvaidehi tanumadhyamd twice, both of which seemto be confined to the Aranyakgnda. But with thesecond of these go the following phrases: sit6madhye sumadhyama at 3.10.lb, tayor madhyesumadhyamd at 3.15.13d, sitd sum adh yamd at3.35.19d, vaidehi sumadhyamd at 3.41.33cd,and s'itd sd tanumadhyamd at 5.32.2513, in whichthe tendency toward both punning and allitera-tion is noticeable. Another common epithet ofSit5 is yd a s v in i , which occurs in the followingpsda-length phrases vaidehi ca yabasvini 3.1.10d
and Bombay 6.125.39d, rdmapatn im ya iasv in im3.44.10d, 4.42.15d, 5.11.52b and 55.34b, anddharmapatni yaiasvini 3.48.5b (cf. dharmapatn imy d a s v i n i m used of Draupadi at Mbh.3.13.58d and46.20d). Less frequent pBdas are: rajaputr imaninditdm four times in the Sundarakznda,rdmapatnim a?zindithm 5.56.53b and Bombay6.113.45d, rdmapatni sumadhyamd 5.11.16b, vai-dehi iubhalocand 3.40.27d, sit6 sarvdrigaiobhand5.40.8b, and sit6 Baiinibhcinand Bombay 6.113.1413.The follo\ving group of padas should also be noted:si tdyd hriyamdndydh3.5 0.2 4~ nd 352, hriyamdndtu vaidehi 3.50.36a and 52.la, and vaidehyamhr iyamdndyf im3.52.9~.
Laksma~a's ame offers a natural opportunityfor word play of the type which is also found inthe RlahZbhBrata, for example bhimo bhimapa-rdkramah at RIbh.1.2.184b et passim. Such p dasare laksmano laksmivardhanah 1.17.15d, 3.10.75d,11.19d and Bombay 6.101.24d, 1ak;manah dubha-lak;aaah twice each in the Ayodhyii and Aranyakandas, once in the KiskindhiikBnda and sixtimes in the Bombay Yuddhakgnda, l aksmanampunya1ak;anarn 2.41.16d and Bombay 6.15.7b,l ak gmasd ca su l aksana ? ~ 5.33.67d, laksmanolaksmisampannah 1.17.17a and Bombay 6.41.10c,and laksm%vcin l laksmanah Bombay 6.90.69a.6However, the largest group of epithets attached
214 Jour nal of the Am eric an O riental Society,90.2 (1970)
to Lakgmana s name are those with maha- as theinitial member, as is the case with Bharata andothers, the explanation being that these namesoccur frequently with the copula or in obliquecases and that the various mahd- compoundssupply the necessary four-syllable filler; piidasfound are: lakgmand ca mahdbalah thrice each inthe Ayodhyii and Kiskindhii Endas, twice in theSundarakiinda and four times in the BombayYuddhaksnda (also lakgmanam vd mahdbalam2.92.4b), lakgmand ca mahdrathah twice each inthe Ayodhyii and Bombay Yuddha kiindas, thricein the Aranyakiinda and once in the Sundara-E n d a , 1akgmal;ld ca mahdbdhuh once each in theAyodhyii and Aranya kiindas (also hd lakgmanamahdbdho 3.58.32a), lakgmanaS ca ma ydah
once each in the Aranya and Sundara kiindas,lakgma?;lai ca mahdtejcih once each in the Aranya( t u for c a ) , Sundara and Bombay Yuddha kiindas;laksmanmya mahdtnzanah thrice in the Ayodhyii-kiinda (also lakgmane vd ma hdtm ani 2.64.6d) andonce each in the Kigkindhii, Sundara and BombayYuddha kiindas, and lakgmanena mahaujasdBombay 6.37.35b. Another instance of liitiinupriisais found in saumitr i r mitranandanah once each inthe Ayodhyii, Kiqkindhii and Sundara kiindasand twice in the Bombay Yuddhakiinda, also insaumitrir mitravatsalah twice in the Bombay
Yuddhakiinda.Psda-length phrases other than those already
mentioned are: lakgmanam d'iptatejasam 3.14.ldand 19.3d, lakgmavah parav'irahd 3.14.20b,4.24.1213, 30.9d, 5.61.11d and five times in theBombay Yuddhakiinda, lakgmano n dm a viryavdn3.17.3d, 32.12d and 45.1613, lakgmanam satya-vddinam 3.43.19d, lakgmana?r, purugargabh,am3.60.1813, lakgmavasya ca dh'imatah 3.70.6d,4.39.1513 and 5.14.413, lakgmana?r, satyavikram am3.71.25d, lakg ma vasy a ca zYlrmyaBombay 6.25.7c,lakgmanam ca mahdv'iryam Bombay 6.29.1c, andlakgmane bhratyvatsale Bombay 6.84.113.
Bharata is regularly given his metronymic as an
There also occur rlighavah paravirahli 4.25.8b and5.62.40b l aks man am parav irahl i Bombay 6.101.46b andSatrughnah paravirahl i Bombay 6.127.5d; compare alsopd avah paravirahli Mbh.2.21.22b and 8.37.21b andplimjavah paraviraghnah Mbh.2.28.12a.
epithet: bharatah kekayfsutah occurs thrice in theAyodhyiikiinda, bharatah kaikayfsutah twice inthe Ayodhyiikiinda and once in the BombayYuddhakiinda, bharatam kekay'iputram once in theAyodhyiiksnda and bharatah kaikay'iputrah twicethere. The other common p5da in the nominativeis bharato bhrdtyvatsalah thrice in the Ayodhyii-kiinda and twice in the Sundarakiinda, and therealso occurs bharato dharmavatsalah at 2.105.8d and4.18.10b. The piida bharatah satyavikramah occursfour times in the Bombay Yuddhakiinda only,while bharatah pdrthivdtmajah is found only at2.64.1213. By far the most frequent epithet forBhar ata in the Ayodhyiikiinda is mahdtman, withwhich however his name is linked only in obliquecases, apart from two instances of the nominative
in longer verses at 2.64.24a and 67.15a, andbharatasya mahcitmanah occurs nine times in theAyodhyiikiinda and once in the Aranyakiinda;there is also found bharatd ca mahcibdhur a t2.32.8a, but no others of the mahd- compoundsfound with Lakgmana occur with Bharata. Thefollowing three piidas may also be noticed:bharakiydnuydyinah at 2.64.19d and bharata-sydnuydyinz at 2.77.18d and 105.20d.
Riivana s name is again one of those found withpunning epithets: rdvano lokardvagah occurs onceeach in the Aranya and Sundara kiindas and six
times in the Bombay Yuddhakiinda and rdvanahhatrurdvaaah occurs once each in the Aranya andBombay Yuddha kiindas and thrice in theSundarakiinda (cf dziganah hatrudziganah at3.25.4b). But the commonest stock pfida with hisname is rdvano rdkgasddhipah which occurs once inthe Biilakiinda, six times in the Aranyakiinda,seven times in the Sundarakfinda and seventeentimes in the Bombay Yuddhakiinda, while thevariant rdvaw rcikgaseivarah occurs twice in theSundarakiinda and eighteen times in the BombayYuddhakiinda. In the Biilakiinda r d v a w n i i m ardkgasah is found twice. He is also referred to asddagvivah pratdpavdn at 3.46.2d and 47. l b (cf.rdkgasasendrah pratdpavdn 3.52.17b, 5.16.413 andMbh.6.96.25b). His name is also combined withthe various adjectives applied to the riibasas ona few occasions and so there occur: rdva?;lena du r-citmam- 3.44.31b, rdvavo ghoradarianah 3.54.26b,
Just s RSivana does not appear till the Aranya-kiinda, apart from a single occurrence of a stockpiida in the BBlakiinda, but is then frequently re-ferred to in these stock piidas, so Hanumiin doesnot appear till the Kiskindhiikfinda but fromthen on has many regular epithets attached tohim. The most frequent is hanum dn marutdtmajahwhich occurs four times in the Kiskindhiikiinda,twenty-four times in the Sundarakiinda andfourteen times in the Bombay Yuddhakfinda.Other phrases are: hanamdn plavagargabhah4.4.3b and 5.2.7d (also JIbh.3.149.17b), hanamcin
plavagottamah and hanamantam plavaqgamamboth twice in the Bombay Yuddhakiinda, hana-man tam mahdkap im5.42.6b, Bombay 6.59.12413and 101.29b and hanGmdqS ca mahdk apih5.59.1d,hanG mantam mahcibalamfour times in the BombayYuddhakiinda, and hanamantaq ca vdnaram5.62.36d and Bombay 6.93.36d. Sugriva also ap-pears quite frequently from the Kiskindhiikiindaonwards; the piidas found regularly are: sugrivahplavagtdvarah four times in the Kigkindhiikiindaand twice in the Bombay Yuddhakgnda, sugfivahplavagddhipah once each in the Kiskindhii andSundara kiindas, sugf ivo vcinarargabhahonce eachin the Aranya and Sundara kiindas, thrice in theKiskindh&kiinda and twice in the BombayYuddhakiinda, sugrivo vdnarebvarahthrice each inthe Kigkindhii and Bombay Yuddha kgndas andonce in the Sundarakiinda, sugrivo vdnarcidhipahonce each in the Aranya and Sundara kzndas andthrice in the Bombay Yuddhakiinda, sugrivovipulagrivahonce each in the Kiakindhii, Sundaraand Bombay Yuddha Endas (cf. sugrivahsarphatagrivah at 4.13.3c), sugr'ivo vahini pati honcein the Kiskindhiikiinda and twice in the BombayYuddhakiinda, sugrxvo hemapingalahonce in theBElakiiqda and twice in the Kiskindhiikiinda,sugrzvasya mahcitmanahsix, four and five timesrespectively in the Kigkindhs, Sundara andBombay Yuddha kiindas, sugrivd ca mahdbalahonce in the Kiskindhgkiiqda and twice in theBombay Yuddhakiinda, sugrivaS ca mahdtejcih
twice in the Bombay Yuddhaknda, and sugr%vdca h a d v a r a h once in the Sundarakiinda and twicein the Bombay Yuddhakiinda.
The minor characters are most commonlyqualified in stock piidas by the various mahd-compounds but these are not used indiscrimi-nately. The various sages are described as mahdt-man, mahdtapas, mahdtejasor ma&muni , exceptfor ViBviimitra who in the BBlakBnda is also re-ferred to s mahdbala four times and once each s
mahcimati, mahEyaSasand mahavlrya. A piida re-ferring to sages generally is ~ 8 i w - qa ma hd tm a nd mfound at 3.4.3513, 18.3b, 30.6b, Bombay 6.37.2913and 90.75b. A highly specific instance is mah&-bhdga applied twice to Bhagiratha in the Biila-k i i ~ da ut not used otherwise. Mahd- compounds
used of kings are mahdtman, mahdbala andmahatejas, whereas mahdratha is used only ofLaksmana (apart from one instance with Riima ina longer verse).
Other stock padas used of minor characters areas follows: atrughna is regularly Satrughnolalcgmancinujah in the Ayodhyiikgnda, where thispiida appears thrice, and occurs once in a punningpiida, Satrughnah Satrutdpanah at 2.72.15b. Su-mantra appears twice in the AyodhyZkSinda assumantrarp mantrakovidam.There is another in-stance of liitiinupriisa in angadam kanakdnyadam
at 4.18.46d, Bombay 6.41.75d and 66.28b;Aligada is also referred to as an ga dd ca baleSvarahat 5.61.18b and 62.3213. In the KiakindhiikiindaViilin occurs thrice as v&linam hemam& linamandtwice as v f l i p a r a m a ro g a ~ a .ndrajit occurs fourtimes in the Bombay Yuddhaknda as indraji tsamitillzjayab. Guha appears as nigddadhipatirguhah four times in the Ayodhyiikiinda and atBombay 6.125.6d (cf. also tat0 nigcidahipatir guho
2.46.64cd and tvcZq nigddadhipo guhah2.78.12b), while the alliterative guho gahanago-carah occurs twice in the Ayodhyiikiinda. S a m u -drah saritcim patih occurs at 1.1.65b, 16.14d,2.18.24d, 31.31d, 4.11.8d, Bombay 6.102.40d andMbh.9.49.15b. Alliteration is also seen in the firstpiida of a grouping of names which has becomestandardized: gajo gavdkgo gavayah Sarabhogandham-danah / ma indd ca dv iv idd ca ivaat4.25.32abc, 49.5~-6a, 64.2abc, of which the first
216 Jout+nalo the Ame rica n Oriental Society,90.2 (1970)
pgda occurs also at 4. 40 .3 ~ nd Bombay 6.27.46c,the first and second at Bombay 6.30.26cd and42.31ab, and the third at 4.40.4a. Janaka is re-ferred to four times in the BRlakBnda as vaiclehomi th i l d h ipa h . Agastya appears as agastyo muni-sattamah tmice in the AranyakBnda and once inthe Bombay Uttaraknda and as agastyam~ ~ i s a t t a m a n znce each in the BBla and KiskindhBkgndas and tui ce in the Bombay UttarakBnda.
The rgksasas a re regularly referred to th rough-out the RBmByana in a few pgda-length stockphrases: r8ksascih piiitciiandh once in the BBla-kBnda, six times in the AranyakBnda and twice inthe Sundarakgnda, r3ksascih kcimaruzpinah (also inoblique cases both singular and plural and in thefeminine) four times in the Aranya and Bombay
Pu dd ha kgndas, tmice in the BBla and KiykindhBkandas and thrice in the SundarakBqda (also atAIbh.2.17.lb et passim; cf. raksas6m kicmaril-p87]c2m at 5.40.8c), rakgascim bh;makarma?liim sixtimes in the AranyakBqda, once in the Sundara-kBnda and thrice in the Bombay Yuddhakanda(also LIbh.3.12.4d), raksasa bhimauikramcih t n iceeach in the Aranya a nd Sundara kandas a nd eighttimes in the Bombay YuddhakBnda (also raksobhirbhirnavzkramait~ twice in the Sundarakgnda),rdkgashh kriirakarmcinah once each in the Aranya,Sundara and Yuddha kiintlas, and rakgaslr
vikytbnar~dhfive times in the Sundarakgnda andonce in the Bombay YuddhakBncla.
Stock padas of this type are found less fre-quer~tly nit11 the vgnaras but do occur in fairnumbers: vbnar(1h kbmaru pina h four times in theIG indh kBnda and twice in the BombayYuddhakanda, kapayah k&narGpi?~ah ~l-ice eachin the ICiskindhSi and Bombay Yuddha kBndas,and harayall khmarapinah twice in the BombayYuddhakgnda. Other groups are referred to in thepgdas: br&hn~anbh edaphragdh at 1.8.l5b, fourtimes in the hyodhyfikfin(ja and lIbh.3.3.2a ,munayah samiitavrakih a t 1.233.b, 4.13.17b andIIbh.l3.6.4lb, and anye ca bahavah iGrd ~ a t3.34.312, Bombay 6.72.5a and hIbh.6.23.9a.
It is obvious from the above survey that, al-though some epithets have a restricted range,many a re freely adaptable and may be used in anyappropriate situation. Indeed, some epithets have
a very wide range: dtptatejas, besides being usedwith R ma and Laksmana a s noted above, alsooccurs in rdvana?p dZptatejasam 3.30.4b, munincidiptatejasci 3.10.64b and kapZncim dZptatejasdm4.34.22f for example. But a good many of themare used pregnantly, for instance the -vatsala com-pounds with Bharata (with which may be com-pared kausalya putravatsald at 2.21.15d) andabove all the dharma compounds applied mainlyto RBma. Many of t hem can be paralleled fromthe AlahBbhBrata, of which some instances havebeen cited, although close study ~ o u l d o doubtreveal some differences in use, despite the certainexistence of a large stock of these piida-fillingepithets in common; for instance, ak l y t aka r m an(or -kcirin) is confined to RBma in the RBmEyana,
whereas in the IlahBbhBrata we find k r s n a makl ig takbr i~arnRlbh.2.22.55d, etc., partham akli-stakcirinam LIbh.3.42.35b etc., pdrther@kligtakar-mand JIbh. 2.64.1313, etc., and pcirthasydkli-g t a k a w n a ~ a hAIbh.3.39.lb and 40.7b, though it isinteresting to note tha t in the illah bh rata lso-karin occurs for the accusative and -karman forother oblique cases.
ISTRODUCTIONS TO SPEECHES S D
SILIILAR PHRASES
Formulaic expression is very marked in the
pBdas used to introduce or to conclude speeches;for instance, it may be noted t ha t ou t of 182 oc-currences of abravit or abruvan in the AyodhyB-kgnda no less than 89 are in one of the fourformulae iclam vacanam abrawit, vacanam abravzt,vdkyam abrawit and id a m abravTt. The phrase i d a mvacanam abrazjTt occurs eleven, eight and six timesrespectively in the AyodhyB, Aranya and Kiskin-dhB KZndas (also AIbh.3.38.ld etc.), and vacanamcedam abravit is found four times in the AyodhyB-kgnda and once in the Aranyakanda (alsolIbh.1.174.3d); vacananz iclam abrav%t does notoccur, being metrically unacceptable for reasonscommented on below in dealing with the alterna-tion between id am abravit and vcikya?n abrawit. Theshorter form of this, vacanam abravxt, occursseventeen times in the ,4yodhyBkBnda and twicein the Aranya kg~da, ignificantly ~ 6 t h he speakeror the person addressed normally filling out the
217R O C K I N G T O N :tereotyped Expressions n the Rdm dyaq a
pgda (as in 12 out of the 17 occurrences in th eAyodhyBkSinda, for example rdm o vaca?m m abravit2.4.6b, 16.10d, 103.22b and 104.15b and r a m a mvacanam abravxt 2.21.24d and 98.3d). With thesemay be compared the reversed order of abruvanvacanam sarve at 3.10.13a and abrawid vacanamviro at 3.11.19c, caused by their occurrence in thefirst and thi rd piidas instead of the second orfourth.
The alternation bet\$-een x x x id am abravi t andx x x vakyam abravit is mainly conditioned bymetre, since x x x idam abravit seems to be usedwherever it may be without contravening certainwell-defined conditions; x x x id am abravi t occursfor instance 33 times in the Ayodhyiikiinda and14 times in the Aranyakiinda, being considerably
commoner than x x x vdk yam abravit which occurs24 and 8 times respectively. Obviously, i d a mabrav tcannot stand after a simple vowel and theother restriction is where th e scansion of the firstpart of the pEda would otherwise be r
Hopkins lists the possibilities for the first foot ofthe second and fourth pZdas and of this form,listed seventh, he says The seventh form isavoided because it is th e jagati measure. * Hence,in these circumstances, vdk yam abravltmust beusedinstead, and in fact is employed almost exclu-sively in these condition^ ^ In the Aranyakgnda
especially, a variant of this is found in the thirdpads with different word-order: abrafit r
v a k y a m occurring there nine times,1° with which
T h e G r ea t E p i c o f I n d i a , p. 239.In the Ayodhyst and Aranya kqdas, for instance,
only ka ike yfm vdkyam abravi t 2.16.45d, pitarau . .
58.40d, vas i s tham . 62.4b (where however v a s i ~ t h o. . occurs in d) and 105.9d, and kabandho . . 3.66.1dand 68.713 are not for metrical reasons. In this sectionfigures are given normally for t he Ayodhyst and Ar anyakiindas alone, since they provide ample material foranalysing such frequently occurring pstdas. Details
about their occurrence in other books can be extractedfrom G. H. Bhatt 's Pdda Ind ex of the RdmZyana (Gaek-wad's Oriental Series, 129 and 153), which is howeverbased on th e Bombay text.
o These occurrences include: abravtt parusam vdkyamfour times (also four times in the Bombay Yuddha-kstnda), abravtt priiiijalir vdkyam twice (also once, thriceand four times respectively in the Bstla, Kiskindhl andBombay Yuddha kndas) and abravzt pradritam vdkyam
may be contrasted on this point of word-ordervdky am lakgmanam abravi t at 3.10.44d and 23.2d.But forms like rdmo laksmanam abrawit, wheresubject and person addressed can be fitted intothe same pads, are also very common (for exam-ple, ram0 lakgma?jam abravZt occurs at 3.4.11b,59.20b, 63.2d and lob).
There also occur adaptations of these formulaeto accommodate names of four syllables, for ex-ample bharadvdjo 'bmvid vdkyam2.45.18c, bharad-vcijo 'bmv id id am 48.34b and surariijo 'bmwid vacah68.18d. Similarly the use of a longer verse necessi-tates such a re-casting, for example . bharato'bravid vacah at 2.84.22b. Another variant iscaused by th e introduction of punar, as in punarevabravid idam 2.7.28d, punar evdbravld vacah
2.68.1d and 3.4.29d, and punar evdbravid vnkyam2.79.11~. Traces of a tendency toward formulaicexpression with the present participle may be seenin the two following series: i t i tasyam bruvanayfim3.18.17a and i t i tasya bruvdnasya 3.21.13a and66.9a, and i t i bruvannm vaidehim 3.43.9b) i t ib r u v d n a m k a i k e y ~ m.45.9a and i t i bruv(znam tamr d m a m 3.71.93, (out of a total of 13 occurrences ofbruvdna in the Aranyakiinda).
Formulaic expression with the perfects uvdcaand pratyuvaca is not so \$*ell defined; this is per-haps connected with the greater mobility of the
perfect forms, 1-hich occur as often in the first andthird piidas as in the second and fourth, unlikeabrawit, 1-hich in formulae is entirely confined tothe second and fourth padas and preponderantlyoccurs there when standing alone. However, x x x xuvdca ha occurs four times in the Ayodhyiikiindaand tmice in the Aranyakiinda, uvdca r v d k y a mor uvdca = vacah occur five times in th e Ayodh-ygkiinda and twice in the Ara~y akEnda comparealso athov6ca punar vdkyam 3.3.la and i ty uvacapunar vdkyam 3.71.25c), uvdca vacanam x x occursfour times and once respectively, and x x x xuvdcedam six times and once respectively; in theAranyakiinda, there also occur three instances oftam uvdca tatah at 3.3.2a, 43.5a ( tam uvacatatas tatra-an obviously padded piida) and
once (also four times i n the Kiskindhstkanda a nd onceeach in the Bstla, Sundara and Bom bay Yuddha klnd as) .
21s Journ al of the Am eri can Oriental Society,90.2 (1970)
70.7a. Bu t none of these can be said to be reallyfrequent in a form like uvdca which occurs in vari-ous persons 109 times in the Ayodhyiikiinda and45 times in th e Aranyakgnda. The situation withpmtyuvcica, which occurs in all 29 and 12 timesrespectively in the Ayodhyii and Aranya kii~das,is very similar: x x x pratyuvdcedam occurs fivetimes in the Ayodhyiikiinda and t~v ice n t heAranyakiinda, x x x pratyuvaca ha occurs ten timesin the Ayodhyiikiinda but not a t all in the Aranya-kiinda, and pratyuv8ca tatah occurs thrice inboth the Ayodhyii and Aranya ktindas.
There are two well used types of s tock phrasewith Brutvd used after a speech, both normally pre-ceded by the genitive of the speaker and differingonly in the length of the word which they will
allow to precede them; x x x vaca?lam Srutvh occurstwenty times in the Ayodhyiikiinda and eighttimes in the Aranyakiinda, of which five and th reerespectively are tasya/tasy&s/tegrim tad vacanamirutva (also twelve, nine and seventeen times inthe Kiskindhii, Sundara and Bombay Yuddhakgndas respectively and RIbh.2.39.9a et passim),and x x x x vaca? Srutva occurs fourteen and ninetimes respectively.12 In th e second of these thespeaker's name, instead of being in the genitive, isquite often compounded with vacah, as in sardvagavaca Srutva at 3.40.12a. The following are
some instances where these stereotyped phrasesmight have been employed but the language ormore precigely the word order has been varied:tac chrutvc vacana?p tasya 3.6.1Sa, tac chrutvdlakgmano cdkya~p .66.3a, va ky am etat tatat Srutvci3.19.5a) and etac chrutva vacas tasya 4.3.23a.
The past participle passive and gerund ofl vac are extremely common, of course, but of tooslight emphasis to have any very pronouncedturns of phrase. Bu t some may perhaps be seen ine va m u k t a s / u k t & / u k t a u ux x x occurring 19 times
l more general series is: uvdc a vyak tayd vdcd3.20.lcuva.cdvyaktay8 vcicci4.48.11c dbh asy a vyak tayc i vcicci4.22.2cand mun m avyaktayd vacd 2.58.9a.
1 I t may perhaps be remarked t hat in the Aranya-kiinda these two phrases though less frequent abso-lutel y are more frequent relatively to th e occurrence ofi r u t v a , which is found 93 times in the Ayodhyiikiindaand 39 times in the Aranyakgnda.
in the Ay odhy gkli~ da nd 14 times in the Aranya-kiinda, evam uktvd tux x x seven times and thricerespectively, i ty evam ukta ~ /uk tdx x x once andfour times respectively, and it y evam uktvg x x x
once and thrice respectively. Also of interes t, inview of th e type abravit vakyam, are thefolloming i ty uk tah parugam vdkyam 3.43.25a, i t yuktvd parugam vdkyam 3.54.23a, Bombay 6.17.laand 26.4c, evam uktv6 Subitam va'kyam3.49.28a)and i t y uk t ah p r d r i t a m v d k y a m4.18.la.
I n addition to the phrases incorporating somepart of & or d , here are a fern otherstock piidas used in connection with speeches.The commonest is akhyatum upacakrame at2.66.34b, 3.10.10d, 16.2d, 32.4d, 4.8.45d, 51.3d(also hIbh.18.5.6d) and its variants vydhartum
upacakrame (2.66.39d and Bombay 6.115.ld (andMbh. 12.337.15d), pravaktum upacakrame 2.1 10.ld(and hIbh.13.87.2d) and pragtum samupacakramethrice in the Ayodhygkiinda. A phrase which fromparallels in the A'Iahgbhiirata appears stereotypedis sa bdgp akalaya vaca a t 2.76.9a and ;\Ibh.4.19.27a,with which may be compared tatah sd bdgpakalayavacd . . . at llbh. 3.58.23ab and hargabdgpakalay6vacd AIbh.3.190.41 (prose); similar also is bagpa-gadgadayd gird at 5.23.2d and Bombay 6.113.16d.
OTHER STEREOTYPED PHRASES
As well as the phrases used a t the beginning andend of speeches, there are certain other well-marked groups of stereotyped phrases. These maybroadly be classified as: certain verbal formulaewhich express emotion or emphasis; various ad-jectival or nominal phrases, usually standard de-scriptions and often containing some element ofhyperbole; stock expressions for the events inbattles, which simply carry further the naturaltendency to stereotype battle scenes; and phrasesof time, place and number, in which, since they aremore specific than most, standard phrasing isalmost inevitable.13
Excitement, if not exactly emotion, is implicit in
I n this classification and in t he deta ils which followno reference is made to stereotyped similes or otherfigures of speech since these are bett er discussed n thecon tex t of a survey of t he alanpkaras.
220 Joz~r ttal f the Amer ica n Oriental Soczety, 90.2 (19 70)
Another symmetrical and in fact chiastic padais Subham vd yarli vd papam at 4.29.39a, AIbh.5.34.4a and 17.3.29a, together with the variantSubhat? ud yadi vZBubham at 2.57.4b. The forestis briefly characterised in r viciclha cl~umdhfive times in the hyodhy5kiinda and once each inthe Aranya, Rigliindhii, Sundara and BombayYuddha kiindas or vividhdn vrkshn a t 3.71.22c and Bombay 6.59.75~ and 74.53e, and insarvakamaphalair vrlcsai?~ a t 3.46.12c, 54.30a,4.32.5c, I %, 40. 32 ~ nd Bombay 6.27.36c, whichis amplified in 4.32.5d and 15d by pugpitairupaAobhit6nl.
Among the stock padas connected with battle,clevdsure gucldhe thrice each in the Ayodhyii
and Bombay 1-uddha kgndas (and at lIbh.6.95 .
2023 and 7.117.8~; cf. clevdsure ca sarngrdme a t2.99.4a and devdsuresu yud dhesu at Bombay 6.62.20c) is a specific reference to a past event, in-tegral to the story, and this is the reason for itsrepetition. All others, however, are general intheir application. TKO , s is natural in such a con-text, show marked hyperbole or boastfulness;these are ~ ~ a y d r n i , ' n e s y ~ r n iamasddariam at 3.21.4d, 5.56.1OXd, thrice in the Bombay Yuddha-kanda , and 3Ibh.2.68. lSd, 3.40.10d, 32d (alsonefds??zi ya?nasdclanam SIbh.2.68.34d, yarn% yd m iy a m a k ~ u y a m2.53.22d, 54.3d and Bombay 6.71.
54d, garnayisye ya?naksayam AIbh.3.1.5.12d; the reare many minor variants) and senclrair apisurcisurail~3.38.7d, 53.19d, four times in the Bom-bay Yuddhak%n~$a nd lIbh.6.93.35d (cf. saruairap i surdsurai l Bombay 6.23.3%f, 41.57d andhIbh.2.18.'3b, sendran api surdn sarvcims 4.12.8aand apt senclraih surasuraih 4.13.19d).1 thersta ndard formulae describe the sta rt of conflict,weapons and their employment, and the fall ofwarriors: abhgaclhavat susa?pkrudclhah thrice inthe Aranyakgnda and at Bombay G.81.23~ (cf.abliyadhavat susaqkrudclha?n 1.34.6a, abhyadha-tlata sa?pkruddha{l 4.47.17c, Bombay 6.67.144c,92 .4 2~ nd AIbh.1.141.17~, and arwadhcivata sam-
6 t 43.13d T 1 has sendrazr apL sr~rdsurazh or thereading in the text seBvarazh sdmarazr apt and othe r mss.have vv.11. s h o ~ i n g imilarity t o these phrases; simi-larly, for k r r ~ d d h a i r p z s r ~ r d s r ~ r a l h t 2.1.24~ D6 readssarvazr apz sr~rdsurazh.
kruddl~oMbh. 1.2.184c), ta tah sutum ulam yuddham4.12.17a and Mbh.3.271.21a (cf. tayoh sutumulamyuclclham lIbh.3.18.11a and bhavet sutumulamyuddham lIbh.3.46.11a, tes8m sgl um gJa ~ abdah3.23.21c, and babhava tumulah Sabcla[l Bombay6.58.17~ nd 11bh. 6.82.22~); ardh kdficanabh4-sandh thrice in the Aranyakiinda (cf. Saraihkanakabhasanaih Bombay 6.71.40b and PIIbh.6.6O.lld), sasar ja ni i i tdn bdndn 3.24. 15~ nd Bom-bay 6.88.17c, sasarja ?~iSitdn" aran thrice in t heBombay Yuddhakiinda, mumoca nzSi tan bdr~d?and mu?noca niiitam Saram each once there,vivydclha nihitaih Saraih 5.42.6d, Bombay 6.70.32d,lIbh.6.43.74d, 74f etc. (the shorter formsnii i faih Saraih and niSitair banaih occurfrequently, while similar in type is sdya-
kazh Sitaih at 3.25.13b and 26.9d, also finishingthe piida) papdta dhara?~%talehrice each in theAyodhyii and hranya kiindas, Albh.l.16l.ld and9.26.44b (also patito dharavitale 3.63.16d, l ~ i p e t u rdharav<tale 4.52.18d and four times in the Bom-bay YuddhakSinda, pat it an^ dharan%fale SIbh.7.3.44 etc.; similarly, ?zi;napata mah?tale Bombay6.67.23f and AIbh.3.39.l5b, etc.) and papatasahasa bhiimau 2.66. 15~ nd thrice in the BombayYuddhak6nda.17 The last t ~ ohrases are usedmainly in battle scenes but are found occasion-ally in other contexts. Commonest of all is
ra~am~rc lhan i -ca l led by Hopkins the well-beloved space-filler 18--six times in the Aranya-kiinda, eleven times in the Bombay Yuddha-kgnda, and lIbh.6.99.12d et passim.
Phrases of time may conveniently be dividedinto those concerned m-itl1 th e passage of one dayor night and those indicating longer or vaguerperiods. Two phrases in the first group in factindicate the passage of time indirectly by men-tioning the performance of morning or eveningrites, namely krtvd pauruahnikam karma at 3.16.2~(with slight variants, h.ytapaurvahnzkakriyaz~1.30.
2b, krtvd paurudhnzk'im kriydm 1.34.3b. k ~ t v dpaurvdh~l ikakr iydm ;\Ibh.3.164.2b , krtva pauru-ah[~ ika{ lcriyah l l b h . 3.'380.10d, and kr fasarvdh[~i -
l Interestingly, for papdta sahasd vdl i at 4.17.lc, avariant reading is p a p a ta s a h a sa b h a m a u .
l Para l l e l Fea tu res n the W S a n s k r i t E p i c s . A J
221ROCKINGTOX: tereotyped Expressions in the Rdmdyaqa
kakriydli -\Ibh.S.l.l3b) and updsya tu Bivdmsa?pdhyii?n at 2 .41 .11~ nd 43 .2 ~ sa for t u ) , simi-lar to anv hsy a p&cimh?p sam dh y67?2 a t 3 .6 .21~and updsya paScinah??z sanzdhyd?n at 3.10.67a,which, however, because they are in the priorpada of t he line, shon- a different word order fromsa??zdhydm anvhsya pd ci m 8m at 2.44.24b and47.lb. Others in the first group are: raja nf chbhya-vartata thrice in the AyodhyBkanda (also Barvarfsdtyavartata 2.45.23d 80.23d and sa rdtrirvyatyavartata 2.85.75d; this set of phrases seemsto be restricted to the AyodhyBkZnda); prabhd-fh yd m tu Barvaryhnz t n k e each in the BBla andAyodhyg kh~rda s and ?tIbh.3.2.la , tasydm rd-f r y h m v y a t f t 8 y 6 m 2.111.17a, 3.10.69a, 4.63.12aand Mbh.3.283.la , atha ratryanz vyatitdydm
1.57.9a, 73.la, 2.50.la and 59.la, andtato rdtryd?n vyatftdydm 1.6S.la;19 tatah prabha-fasamaye 2.71.4a and 73.la and tata ~ hyahnasa-m a y e 2.51.4a (cf, tatah prabhhte vimale thrice inthe BBlaltBnda and Jlbh.S.l.9a and 14.63.17~);and la?nbamdne divakare 1.30.l8b, 2.4S.8b and3.10.5b. The length of Rama's exile is frequentlyexpressed as nava varsdni pa6ca ca, at 2.9.23b,16.24d, 34.31b and 3.45.13b, as well as c a t u r d d ahi var,shni, at 2.23.22a) 35.11a, 46.47a, 69a and105 .10 ~. \lore general phrases are etasminn an-tare 1.14.16a, 2.90.2a, 3.25.11a, 29.33a, 4.12.
21a, 3S.8a, fifteen times in the Bombay Yuddha-Ii&nda, nineteen times in the Bombay Ut tar a-kiinda, and Mbh.7.16.7a et passim, with itsequivalent in the BBlakBnda etasmzrzr~eva kdle tu(five times there, also twice in the BombayUttarakBnda), and atha dfrghasya Icdlasya 1.37.19a, 4.9.17a, Bombay 7.59.10a, 99.14a andMbh.3.68.la (cf. adya dfrghasya kalasya 5.1.167a,sa tultato dfrghena kdlena hIbh.9.1.45a) 47a and35.10a) and tatah khlena mahatd thrice in the
l The re is also a stock of v aria nts on these phrases i nth e AyodhyHkLnda and th e MahLbhLrata (e.g. v y a t i -tdydna tu i a r v a r y d m 2 61.la, prabhdh?iydn ra janyam tu2 48 32a, r a j a n y d m s u p r a b h d t d y d r n 2.98.2a; vyatZtdyQmra,janydnz Iu hibhQ.T. la , vyug<rlydm cazva Barvarydmhfbh 15.16.27c, and v y u s i t d y c i m r a j a n y d m t u Mbh.15.17.l a ) , b u t n the Aranyakgnda, for instance, the nearestapproach to the first phrase i s . prabhatf iyhm Bar-t i a rydm a t 3.15 2ab, th e second phrase occurs onceand no variants are found.
B~ la kr tg ~j a) .erhaps with this group are to belinked certain expressions for speed of travel :Bfghram Bfghrajavair hayaih at 2.62.6b, datahB~ghrajavair hayaih a t 2.16.3613, 39b, ragghavahB~ghragairhayaih at 2.43.10b, gacchantu tzlaritairhayaih at 2.62.3b, and Alghram prajaz.itair dvaiha t hIbh.7.73.10a.
Certain place names readily form the nucleusof stock padas. Of th is type ar e: ayodhyam punaragatam thrice in the Ayodhyiikanda, Bombay6.127.55d and 7.102.13d, k i s k i n d h ~ m a li pd li th mfour times in the Ki~kindhdkZnda and Bombay6.123.23d (alternatively, kiskinclhaql vzlinah pu-r i m at 4.12.14b and 14.5d), and larikdm rdvana-phlitam at 5.1.36d and 2.14b or pur fm rdvana-pdlitiim a t 1.1.5Sb) 5.3.2d and five times in th eBombay Yuddhakiinda. Locations in the forestare rather perfunctorily indicated in padassuch as ranzan5ye vanoddeie at 2.50.9c,3. 4. 30 ~ and 10.40a (cf. sthalaprhye vanoddege3.10.37a, sa h i ranzyo vanodcleBah 3.10.41a and12.17c, etc.) and aBokava?zikhmadh e at 3.54.27aand five times in the SundarakBnda; other padasreferring to forest or mountain are: vane vanyena,ifvatah 2.33.213, 57.10b, 3.60.12b, Albh.12.13.10band 14.13.7b, vandny upavandni ca 3.33.22b,5.2.Sb and four times in the Bombay Yuddha-kznda, and giriprasravapdni ca 3.7.15b, 58.34b
and 4.48.13d (cf. nac?Zprasraval;ldni ca 5.33.45b,55b and Bombay 6.4.71b) and nadyah prasrava-n d n i c a llIbh.3.43.25b; similar also are girehprasravanasyeva 3.29.21c, gireh prasravano yathdBombay 6.58.55d, girih prasravanair ica Bombay6.67.89d and >Ibh.3.263.4f , girzh prasravapamyathd Bombay 6.67.121f, bh~g z/pra s rav a~ei rau1.37.5d, im am prasravanam gir im 3.60.14b, andtasmin prasravane girau 4.26.5d). certa in degreeof stereotyping is seen in r r claksinam digama t 1.13.36d, 56.13b, 3.65.4b, 5.1.Sd and 25.21dand dali+inhnz dii am dsthaya at 1 .59 .21~ nd 3.10.
39c, also in 1 cliio daSa at 1.21.7b, 2.9S.65d,3.40. b, 4.29.24b and Bombay 6.75.3Sd (alsoMbh.7.19.53d) and cliio daSa at 3.6S.6dand 5.56.34b.
I n addition to the ten directions just mentioned,the seven seas find occasional mention in varyingbut usually alliterative wording and the three
222 Journal of the American Oriental Society, 90.2 ( 1970
worlds are quite often referred to, particularly inthe piidas trayd?.?dm ap i lokd ndm , at l.lS.lOc,48.16c, 2.76.15c, 3.2S.3c, 22c and 53.25a, aridtrigu lokesu viSrutahlvikhydtah thrice each in theBiila and Aranya kiindas, with minor variants inaddit ion. A common expression of frequency isthe alliterative BataBo 'tha sahasrdah at 2.51.7b,3.24.l5d, 20f, five times in the Bombay Yuddha-kiinda, and AIbh.1.1.179b et passim (at leastthirty-two times in the first ten books), withwhich may be contrasted sahasrena Satena caat 4.33.2413, 28d and 31d. Other fairly standardpiidas incorporating numerals are Batayojanamicyatah at 3.33.28b, 4.39.49b and Albh.2.10.lb,ddayq j a n am dy a t ah at 5.1.144b, 145b and fur-ther piidas built on this pattern incorporating
other numerals in the Slokas following, rdksasdste ca turdda at 3.18.21b 19 .l lb , 16b and 20.7b,with which may be compared s a h a s r d ~ i a t u r d d aat 1.52.17d and 3.21.22b and caturdda sahasrhniat 3.21.8a, and caturbhih saha vdnaraih at 3.68.12d, 69.32b and 71.7d, with the similar caturbhihsaha rdkgasaih at Bombay 6.16.17d and 17.7b.
REPEATS, PARALLELISM A N D REFRAINS
I t is noteworthy how- often a phrase is re-peated within a short space of i ts first occurrence,and not infrequently a whole line is repeated
almost ~vithout alteration. Part of this is due toth e naive repetition of the exact original wordingwhen a message is relayed or a situation occurringin the main narrative is recounted to anothercharacter. Ja n Gonda20 has analysed the factorsleading to this ty pe of repetition and given ex-amples from the older language; it is also of coursevery much a fea ture of the epic language. Inthe AyodhyB, Aranya and KiskindhB kiindassuch repetition involves approximately 110, 140and 130 padas, and additionally in the Ayodhyii-kBnda the I bv ii ku genealogy at sarga 102 paral-lels th at a t 1.69.17-30 and 1274*.
I t will suffice here to give examples of the differ-ent types of such repetition. Kaikeyi s questionto Bharata at 2.66.5ab adya te katicid rdtrydcyutasydryakaveBmanah and his reply at 8ab adya
2 Sty l is t i c Repe t i t ion i n the Ve da especially pp 38-42.
me saptam r&triS cyutasyh~ya kavebm ana(iexem-plify very well the echoing in an answer of t hewording of the question. slightly more ex-tended example occurs in Riima s questionsabout th e signs of conflict and in particularapavidclhd ca bhagnd ca kasya shmgrdmikorathah at 3.60.32cd, reiterated in Laksmana radmission na tu jhnd mi kas yhya m bhagnahsd?pgr&miko rathah at 3.61.6ab and finally clari-fied by ayarn asy a r une r& ma bhagnah sdmgrcimzkorathah at 3.63.17cd, when Jatiiyu narrates hii:fight with Riivana. Two stanzas introducing jol-ful speeches, one by Sugriva to L ak ~m an a ndthe other by Laksmana to Sugriva, differ only inthe interchange of cases necessary: sa laksmanarnbhZmabala??z sarvavdnarasattamah / abrauit prdrl-
ta m vdky am suyr vah amprahargayan / / at 4.33.4and sa laksmano bhImabalam sarvavdnarasatta-m u m abrafi t pr dr i ta m vdky am sugrxvam salr l-prahargayan / / at 4.37.3a-d. In the next verse,4.35.5, Sugriva begins his expression of gratitudeto Laksmana with the words pranqtd 5riB cakirtig ca kapirdjyam ca Bdivatam / rdmaprasclrldtsaumitre punah prciptam idam mayd // ~i rh ic l~rthen repeats to Riima himself at 4.37.25, merelyadapting the third piida to tvatprasdddt mahabh ho.The most extensive repetition of several stanzasbetween sargas in the Ayodhyiikiinda is 45.2-15= 80.3-16 and 45.17-23 = 80.17-23, with minorvariants on ly; these passages consist of a con-versation between Lakgmana and Guha aridGuha s narration to Bharat a of what was said.
Similarity of s ituation can also lead to iden tityof wording, as in the line prabhagnadhanvd virathohataSvo hatascirathih used of Khara at 3.27.29aband, with sa for pra-, of Riivana at 3.49.13ab.Mention twice within a sho rt compass of somelocality or scene is often couched in identicalterms, as in sa tu rleko duranveso guhdqahanavdnm a h a n at 4.47.5ef and, with h i for t u , at 4.49.4ab.
But occasionally such repetition seema to bedue rather to textual corruption than to anoriginal primitive or popular style. To take as anexample the first instance noted in the AyodhyB-kiinda, where ICaikeyi makes a request of Man-tharii, 2.9.3-4 read i d a m tv i ddnxm sa mp dy akenopdyena manthare / bharatah prdpnuydd rdj-
223ROCKINGTON: tereotyped Expressions in the RdmGyana
yam na tu ramah kathamcana / / evam uktd tayddevyd manthard pdpadariinz / rdmdrtham upahims-anti kaikeyim idam abravit / / and after Man-thars's reply these two stanzas are repeated invirtually identical wording at 7-8; however, themanuscripts of the Northern recension have adifferent beginning to the sarga, including verses3-4, and it seems probable th at t he Southernrecension at some point elaborated its beginningout of t he verses following.
Parallelism within the stanza may in one sensebe regarded as the extreme form of the repeatedphrases discussed above, but unlike them itsfunction is emphatic. Examples of extensiveparallelism within the stanza are found in theAyodhy&k&nda a t 42.16, 46.41-2, 52.9, 56.12
and 17. In th e Aranyakgnda, the most extensiveinstance of parallelism of construction occursa t th e end of sarga 45, where icchasi preceded byan infinitive is found a t the end of most linesin stanzas 34-9 and yad antaram tad antaramoccurs repeatedly in stanzas 40-5. But this finalportion of sarga 45 has been much elaboratedlater and also contains the refrain noted below.
There are several passages in the Ayodhya-kanda where a recurrent refrain is found or anidentical opening employed. 2.25.6-14 show thefollowing padas at t he end of t he stanzas: 6 d .
duhkham ato vanam, 7d tasmdd duhkhataramvanam, 9d tat0 duhkhataram vanam, 10d and l l dato duhkhatara???, vanam, 12d duhkham atovanam, 13d tena duhkhataram vanam, and 14dbahudoyataram vanam (and the *passages furnishfurther examples); 2.36.2-5 show each stanzaending with kva nu gacchati; a t 2.38.11-15 eachstanza opens with kadci; in sarga 61 every stanzafrom 8 to 21 begins narcijake j a n ~ p a d e ; ~ ~ n sarga69 stanzas 14-23, 25 and 27-8 end yasyaryo'numate gatah and stanzas 24 and 26 end yatpdpam tat pdpam pratipadyatdm; in sarga 85stanzas 40-42 have an identical th ird p&da-dgur vimiatisd has~d~-and the fourth pada issimilar; in sarga 92 stanzas 4-7 (also 2125*)end nu me santir bhavyyati; finally, sarga 103shows ndtivarteh satdm gatim a t the end of 4-6,
2 See further below.
leading up to the same statement in a differentform at 7c dtmdnam nhtivartes tvam.
There seem to be only two places in the Aran-yakand a where the last padas of successive stan-zas are identical. These instances are: ahamrdmam anuvratd a t 3.45.29-31 (and 891*) andkgipram rdmdya iamsadhvam sftam harati rdvanaha t 3.47.29-31 (and 933*). Further instances ofrefrains are found a t 5.10.19-22, Bombay 6.3.24-8, 28.33-7 and 94.13, 15-18. Thus, so far as thefigures go, refrains are commoner in the Ayodh-yzkdnda th an elsewhere, bu t the difficulty ofdrawing a definite line between this and othersorts of repeti tion is illustrated by the repetitionof pratijfidm a nu pd ay an a t 2.16.28d and 34d,which seems to contain this tendency in embryo
despite being repeated once only at some remove.Furth er, several of th e sargas containing refrainsare of less tha n certain au then tici ty and the phe-nomenon would be even less common if the in-stances at 2.25, 2.61, 2.85 and 3.45 were dis-regarded.
PROVERBS AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS
Proverbs seem to have been a feature of thenorthern recension more th an of the southern,and consequently many are to be found in *pas-sages. The proverbs occurring in the RgmByana
are quite often also found in the A tah&bharata,but some are found only in other works, such asRlanu, the Hitopadesa and the Paiicatantra.Hopkins noticed one of th e most revealing pointsabou t citations of proverbial ma tter in his state-ment on the position in the Mahabharata: "refer-ences to Manu's laws in the early books are sel-dom verifiable in our present code, while referencesin the didactic epic more often than not corre-spond to passages of th e extant text."" None ofthe parallels with Manu in the R%m&yanaz2 sin fact ascribed to Manu in the text in the waythat Hopkins describes for the later Mahabha-rata, the one exception that Hopkins cites, butconsiders late, occurring in the Critical Edition
he reat pic o India p. 19.Many of the instanceslisted in this and the next section were first noted byHopkins in Appendix A of th is work.
224 Jourrial o j the Am eric an Oriental Society, 90.2 1970)
at 4.397* 1.2 iri iya te manu nci gtt au Slokau c uritrya -vatsalau read b y th e Southern recension bef oreth e proverbial saying at 4 .18.30, quote bel ow.
T h e com mon est proverbial phrase is sa hidharmah sunatanah at 2.16.52d1 21.10d and27.30d 1 an d ega dharm ah satidtaizah at 1.24.1 6b13.3.24b1 5.1.100b1 3Ibh.1 .113.1 3d, 3.13.6d, 30 .50b1152.9b1 281.20d e t passim.
yuror apy avaliptasya kdryakuryam ajcinatah /utp ath am pratipa nnasy a Edrya??? havati Sdsanam / /at 2 .454* 11.3-4 is found also at l1bh. l App. I ..81 11.109-110 (n yd yy am for kciryan~ in d ) ,5.178.24 (c utpath apratip atinasy a), 12.57.7 (d
paritydgo vidhzyate) and 138.48 (dando fork dr ya m i n d )
2.26.19cd1 vigam ag ni m jala~?z vdham asthasye
nzytyuk&ra?ldt, is ve ry similar t o 1 Ibh.3. 53.4cd 1visam ag nim jalam ra jj um dsthdsye tava kdrancit,while the same general idea also occurs at 3.43.33-4 and l Ibh.2.43.27.
2.610*, sp ri an n iva gajo ha nt i jzqhra7i1z ivabhujamyamah / smayann iva nrpo han t i n~dna-y a m iva c lu rjanah / / , is vir tual ly ident ical ,apar t f r om ap i fo r iva , to Paf ica tan tra 3 .80 (ha-sann i n c) and Hito padeia 3.14 (c d: pci layann apzbhGp&la(t pra has ann . . .
2.34.25, nd ta nt A oadyate viva ?idcakro vartaterathah / napat ih sukh am edheta yd syad ap i
iatf itmajci , is identical i n sense t o Vikra maca ri taSR.30 .12 , which has however s l igh t ly d i ffe ren tword ing in c d : napa tik sukham upnot i n6r tbandhuia tai r ap i . T h e nex t verse , 2 .34 .26, readsmitam daddti hi pi ta mitam ~nci tan~ita? ?z utalz /am itas ya h i datciram bhartdram ka )?a pzijayet //,x-l li ch i s found a l so , wi th on ly minor va r ian t s , a tl Ibh.12.144.6, Paficatantra 3.156, Vikramacari taSR.30.9 and AIatsyapurFina 210.18; b ot h branch esof th e nor thern recension al so inser t i t in t o th eKiski ndhH kBnd a, at 4 App.I.ll 11.48-9 and App .1.12 11.67-8.
2.95.3 1cd1 yaclanna[l purugo bhavati tadanncistasya devatah, is similar to 31bh.13.65.59cd1yadanno hi naro rajams tadanncis tasya devatdh.
sarve kgay&nt& nic ayd h patandntdh samucchra-ydh / sumyoga viprayoydt~tci marancintam ca jIvi-ta m at 2 .98.16 is another m u c h favoured saying,found also at 3Ibh.11.2.3, 12.27.29, 317.20 and14.44.18, Gobh ilasm rt i 3 .43, Kathasari tsagara
51.2%-27b, and Divya vadi in n ed. Comell) p.2 7 ; i t r ec ur s i n t h e U t t a r a k an ( 1 n a t B o m b a ?7.52.11.
2.98.2 5, yatlid bdstha??z ca bdg(ha??z ca saf,zey /i-t d q mah8rnave / same tya ca vyapeyhth??l kala,nasdclya kam cana, is clearly based o n yatha lids-<ha m ca kdgtham ca sam eyatam mahodarlhausametya ca vyapeydtdm tadvarl bhdtasatrzdgamah atJ l b h . 12.28.36 (vyaj&yCitdm i n c ) and 168.15,and HitopadeSa 4.72.
T h e sp ur io us e t y m o l o g y i nI ) U ? I L I I ~ I ~ I ~ Oaralicidyasmcit pitara? ?~ rdyate sutah / t as m6 t p ut ra ~ t zproktah pitpit yat pdti v6 sutah at 2.99.12 occursin ident ical viording at 3Ibh. l . 68.38 and ; \lanu9.138, apart fr o m svayam eva svayambhuvd as th efou r th p6da in bo th , and m a y be compared wit11
yac ca putrah pu,zndma 7rarakam anekai atatara mtasm dt trdtttz putras tat putrasya p?rtratva??i a tGopa tha Br.1.1.2. T h e f ir st and las t p6das of th enest verce, 2.99.13, egtavyci bahavah putrd ~ /
apz kaiciicl yaycim vr aj ef , are sim ilar t o estavyabahavah putra yady eko 'pz gaydm vrajet a t 3 Ib h. 3.82.85ab and 13.88.14ab.
2.101. 9, k&nzavyttas tv aya qi lokah; k?.tstiahsamupavartate / yaclvrttdh santz raj dtla s tadvrttd ,santi hz p,,ajdh, and Bombay 7.43.19cd, yathakurute rfijd prajas t am anuvartate [sic], m a y b ecomp ared w it h ;\lanu 8.175, k&makrodhau tu
sam yam ya yo 'rth dn dharmega paiyatz / pral8sta m anuvartante sam udr am iva sinclhavah ileth e f inal pada o f th e ne xt verse, satye lol iahpratigthitah at 2.101.10d, i s close t o satye sarvampratigthitam at AIahanar6yana Cp.22.1.
2.109.23, t~agarasthovanastho vd pap0 vd qadivaiubhah / ydsunl str&?ldm priyo bhartd ta samlokd mahoday(ih, is ident ical t o H itopad eia 3.28,apart f ro m vd Sucih for vdiubhah i n b
aivcsm edhasa has~a m a sa tya m ca tulayii rlhrtanta t 2 Ap p.I. 18 1.15 occurs also at 1Ibh.1.6 9.22ab 112.156.26ab and 13.23.14ab ( c f. 318rk. P ur. 8.4'2and H i t . 4 .129) .
A passage at 2 App.I.29 11.1-5, identifjing aking with various gods, is c losely model led 011
M a nu 9.303a-305b, as Ho pki ns pointed out .23sulabh ah puru.:d riij an sata tam priyavSicliitah
3 P r ov e r bs a n d Ta l e s C o m m o n t o the Tw o S a n sk r z lE p i c s . A J Phil. 20 pp. 22 39.
225ROCKINGTON: tereotyped Expressions in the Rdmdyaqa
apriya sya ca paf hyasy a ca vaktd Broth ca durlabh al~occurs a t 3.35.2 and Bombay 6.61.21, as \+-ell asMbh. 5.37.14 ( t u for ca in c), Paficatantra 2.171,Siirrigadharapaddhati 1360, SubhBsitBvali 2838and sukasaptati 199.
3.38.12, pafica mzpdni rdjdno dhdrayanty ami-taujayah / agner indrasya somasya yamasya varu-vasya ca, is identical to NBradasmyti 17.26. Thefirst line is repeated at 4.404* 1 1 and similarphrasing occurs also at AIbh.12.68.41ab and137.99 and Alanu 7.4 and 7, while the theme isexpanded in XIanu 9.303a-305b and Rfim.2App.I.29 11.1-5, mentioned above.
rdjamtilo hi dharmaB ca j a y d ca jayatd m varaat 3.39.10ab is similar to rdjamzilo mahdr6jadharmo Eolcasya Eaksyate at Mbh.12.68.8ab.
Seeing golden trees as a sign of approachingdeath is referred to in 3.45.33ab, 51.17cd, 64.11cdand 4.824* 11.3-6, and also in SIbh.6.94.12,m u m z i ~ g u rh i na ra? ~ arvcin vrkscin p dy at i kdfi-candn / tathd tvam api gdndhdre vipari tdni p d y a s ithe second line of which is similar to 3.51.15cd,mrtyukdle yathd martyo viparitdni sevate,and alsoto so ' p a c i n an i p d y a t i at Mbh.2.72.8d and 5.34.78d.
The lokapravdda so called in 1.1) dipan i r-v a ~ a g a n d h a w c a s u h rd v 6 ky a m a r u n dh a ti m n ujighrati mum27rsur yo n u Bynoti n u pd y a t i at
3.1017* 11.34 appears in the HitopadeBa accord-ing to cf. KU 4.4.2 ekibhavati~ p k i n s ; ~ ~ n up d y a t i t y d h u h / ekibhavati n u jighratity dhu h /ekibhavat i na rasayat i ty dhul~/ ekibhavati navadatity &huh/ ekibhavat i na Brsot i ty dl~uh
kdlo h i dura t ik ramah occurs at 3.64.21d, 3App.I.10 1.5 (vd for h i ) , 5.14.3d, and SIbh.3.148.8d, 9.63.8d and 2 App.I.30 1.33.
4.18.30, rh jabhi r dhr tada&s tu k r tvc i pdpdnimdnavdh / nirmaldh svargam dydnti santah sukr-tino yathd, is identical to Manu 8.318, apartfrom krta- for dhyta- in a, wl~hile 4.398*, whichthe southern recension has as the next verse, isclosely similar in wording to Manu 8.316.
4.29.40cd, tan mrta n ap i kravy&da?z krtaghndnnopabhuiijate, is similar to Mbh.12.166.23cd,kravyddd api rdjendra krtaghnam nopabhuiijate.
4.33.12, brahmaghne ca surdpe ca core bhag-
naorate tathd / niskrtir oihitd sadbhih krtaghnends t i n i skr f ih ,is identical to 31bh.12.166.24 (rc7janfor sadbhih in c) and Paficatantra 3.157.
5.14.26, bhartd n dm a param ndryd bhzigavambhiisandd api / es6 h i rahitd tena Sobhandrhd n aSobhate, is virtually identical to AIbh.3.65.18(bhziganair vind in b, vi- for h i in c, Bobhandpiin d).
5.40.9cd, ahir eoa aheh pdddn vijdndti na sam-Bayah, is fairly similar to r\Ibh.12.196.13ab, ahireva hy aheh pdddn pa ly af i t i n id arS an~ m. ~5
5.49.16, nu hi dharmaoit-udclhegu bahuapdyesuk a r m a s u / mdlaghiitisu sajjante buddhimanto bha-oadoidha ~,is almost identical to Xlbh.3.2.16 and240.3.
Of Bombay 6.81.28, nu hantavydh str iyai cet i
yad bravisi plavamgama/
pfdakaram amitrd?zd?pyac ca kartavyam eva tat, the first line is identicalto r\Ibh.7.975* and the second line to SIbh.7.118.48cd.
PARALLELS WITH THE M A ~ B ~ R A T A
I n addition to the common stock shared be-tween the two epics in the fields of proverbs, sim-iles, long compounds and the various types ofstereotyped phrase, there are a certain number ofparallels between the RBmByana and the MahB-bhiirata which can only be explained as the result
of direct borrowing from one to the other. Someof these borrowings are quite extensive, and inparticular th e RBmopBkhyBna Mbh.3.258-276).Sukthankar, in his paper on the subject,Z6 hasidentified virtually all the identical passages occur-ring in the RBmopEkhyBna and the RBmiiyanaand ably discussed them, clearly demonstratingthe dependence of the RSimopBkhyBna on theRiimiiyana. Accordingly further mention of bor-rowing between the Rfimiiyana and the Rfimopii-khyiina will be excluded in the ensuing discussion,although it may be noted in passing that a con-siderable number of these passages are removedfrom the Critical Edition of the Riimiiyana assecondary.
6 See J. Ph . Vogel: Indian Serpent-lore p. 13.s V S. Suktha nkar: Th e =ma Episode ( mop&-
khygna) and the m&yana, A Volume of Studies i n Zndo-logy presented to Prof. P. V . Kane pp. 472 87.
226 Journal of the American Oriental Society, 90.2 (1970)
2.30.10ab, adya nanam ddarathah sattvamdviSya bhdgate, seems to be recalled in adya nunamprthd devi satyam dviiya bhdsate at Mbh.6 App.1.41 11.20-21, the more interestingly as the sub-sti tute passages of the northern recension, 785*and 786*, emend the slight irregularity of dviiya.
Sarga 61 of the Ayodhyiikiinda, on the evilsof a kingless state, shows a large measure ofagreement with Mbh.12.67-8, which discuss theevils resulting if a king does not protect hispeople. Additionally, 2.61.22 and 23, ye hisambhinnamaryddd niistikdi chinnasamSaydh / te'pi bhiivSiya kalpante rdja da da ni pf di td hl / ahotama ivedam sydn nu prajiidyeta kimcana / rdjdcen n bhavel loke m3hajan sddhvasddhunZ //, areidentical to Mbh.12.15.33 and 32, except for
vedanindakdh and da&enopaniptditdh in b andd of 33. Both Jacobi and Hopkins discuss thisfeature, holding that in this instance the Maha-bhiirata probably borrowed from the RiimByanarather than vice versa.n
But th e story of Surabhi a t 2.68 is undoubtedlyborrowed from the M ahi ibGrata for the sake ofthe tale, though in fact the only really close paral-lel in language is between 2.1764* 11.2-3 andMbh.3.10.5, indicating the source of the corrup-tion as the southern recension.
At 2.84.10cd etad dcakgva me sarvam n hi me
Sudhyate manah is very similar to etad dcakgvame Sfghram nu hi me Sudhyate manah Mbh.3.138.5cd1 with the second part of which may alsobe compared na hi me 6udhyate bhdvah at Mbh.3.57.16e; perhaps, therefore, this is a stereotypedphrase either common to the two epics or moreprobably borrowed here by the Rftdyana.
On the kaccit sarga at 2.94, paralleled in Mbh.2.5, Hopkins' trenchant comments are: In bothepics the chapter is of course a late intrusionand The section was apparently inserted intothe great epic after it had found a place in theR&n-&ywa, to judge by the uniformity of theformer texts and dissimilarity of the latter. %
2 ee H. Jacobi: Das Rdnuiyapa p. 71, a n d E . W Hop-kins: The Original Rarmiyaga J.A.O.S. 46 p. 202-19.
28 Paral lel Features i n the w o S a n s k r i t E p i c s . A J
Phil. 19, pp. 138-51.
The phrase pdpim pdpau vinigpigya at 2 App.1.14 1.2 is also found at Mbh. 7.51.19a, fromwhich it has probably been taken. This passageis read by the southern recension.
Both 3.10.70 and Mbh.3.198.12 have as theirfirst pBda the hypermetric abhivddaye tvd bhaga-van, although the northern manuscripts of theRBmSiyana attempt to regularise the metre.
Th e account of creation at 3.13.17-33 is largelyparallel to Mbh.1.60.54-67; bu t an earlier stanzain this sarga, 3.13.7, is virtually identical to Mbh.12.321.34-kardamah prathamas tegdrp vikfitastadanantaram / Segd ca sadraya-5 caiva bahupu-t r d ca vlryavdn-differing only in having vikrtasin b, for which there are many variant readings.
At 3.58.17 d oka Sokdpanuda Sokopahatacetasam /
tvanndm-nam kuru kgipram priydsarpdarianenamdm is reminiscent of Damayanti 's words atMbh.3.61.99ab, viSokdm kuru rndm kgipramdoka priyadarSana, and 102c, satyandmd bhavd-Soka. This is confirmed by the parallelism be-tween vykgm-cchddya cdtm-nam kim mdm nupratibhdgase at 3.58.23cd and dvdya gulmairdtmdnam kim maw na pratibhcipme at Mbh.3.60 .8cd.
The phrase prahdrair jarjarikrtah at 4.12.22b isfound in the plural at Mbh.7.69.60b and is alsosimilar to prahdrair jarjaracchavih at Mbh.8.40 .
30b.paiica paiicanakhd bhakgyd brahmakgatrma
rdghava at 4.17.34ab is almost identical to paiicapaiicanakhd bhakgyd brahmakgatrasya vai dvija a tMbh.12.139.66ab. The first pads is cited byPataiijali at 1 1 thus: paiica paiicanakh&bhakgydh ity ukte gamyata etad ato anye 'bhakgyditi, on which the Tattvaloka commentary has:
paiica paficanakhd bhakgyci brahmakgatrmardghava / SaSakah Sallakii godhd kh&gZ k.iimzo 'thapaficamah / / iti smrter a d a m aha, giving the
version of the northern recension for the secondline. The general purport is also found in Manu5.18 Svdvidhaq Salyaka?p godhdm khegakt ir -mdddms tathd / bhakgydn paiicanakhqv dhurant&rd.llzS caikatodatah.
There is a general similarity between ydntirdjargayaS cdtra mygaydm dharmakoviddh at 4.
227ROCKINGTON:tereotyped Expressions in t h e R dmc i yaw
18.36ab and ato rdjargayah sarve mrgaydm ydntibhdrata at Mbh.13.117.19ab.
pQ&urevdtapatre?;la dhriyamdvena miirdhaniseems to be found only at 4.37.12ab in theFGmiiyaqa, presumably borrowed from theMahSibhSirata where it is a stock pSida, occurringfor example a t 3.42.14ab, 44.17a (first pSida only),4.59.3ab, 5.179.13cd, 13.14.91ab, 14.63.3ab, 74.7aband 15.30.8ab.
5.13.19, mandaprcakhydyamdnena riipeva ruci-raprubham / pinaddham dhtZmajdlena i ik hd m ivavibhdvasoh, is virtually identical to Mbh.3.65.7(%pe?j.dpratimena tam in b, prabhdm for bikhdmin d).
Sukthankar remarks in the critical notes toMbh.3.65: The soliloquy of Sudeva comprising
stanzas 7-25 is written in close imitation of t hesoliloquy of Hanumat in the Sundarakiinda (adhy.18, 19, 21) of the Ramdyana , and agrees pith itin part verbatim.
5.28.6-7, yathd tasydprameyasya sarvasattvada-yd va td sam&bvdsayitu?p bhdry dm patidarb-anakdrikgivim aham dbvasaydmy ena m pprva -candranibhdnaruim / adys@duhkhly, duhkhasya n
hy antam adhigacchat im // are identical, apartfrom minor var iants, to Mbh.3.65.24-5.
Bombay 6.88.6413, laghu citram ca sugthu ca,differs only in word order from citraw laghu casugthu ca at Mbh.7.120.71b and 163.5d1 but thisis perhaps merely a stereotyped phrase.
number of less exact correspondences couldbe found, for example pr th i s sasyamdl inf at3.15.5b and prthivi phalamdlini at Mbh.6.3.18b,but they do not provide such clear proof of bor-rowings between the epics as do the instancescited above.
Thus stereotyped expressions of all kinds arecommon and form a significant proportion of thetotal bulk of th e RlimSiyana, for some degree ofrepetition of material found elsewhere in the workor in the MahSibhSirata occurs in about one thirdof all Bloka stanzas. Personal epithets are th e mostfrequent but, despite their stereotyped nature, arequite frequently used pregnantly in accordancewith the dramatic necessities of the narrative.This is one of the respects in which the authorshows a controlled and skilful use of establishedconventions. For obvious reasons, the stereo-typed introductions to speeches are not shared toany great extent with the MahiibhSirata but thephrases following a speech do also occur with con-siderable frequency there; bo th types are basically
simple and unobtrusive. The same can be said ofsome of the other stereotyped phrases, whose use-fulness also lies in helping to build a frameworkfor the narrative, but others are integral to thestructure and it is the hyperbolic or emotive ele-ment in their expression which has led to theirstandardisation. Another feature is that a phraseis often repeated within a short space of its firstoccurrence, while refrains are found in a limitednumber of cases. similar, bu t less common,phenomenon is parallelism of construction withina stanza but this device is used with restraint in
the original RSimSiyaga. The parallels with theMahSibhSirata and th e considerable body of pro-verbial material demonstrate the extent of thecorpus of traditional material available to theauthor. However, it is clear from the style, andindeed the subject matter as well, that theRiimSiyana is the work of a conscious artist whonevertheless worked within the limits, and n thespirit , of a living epic tradition.
