Stereotypes & Prejudice; Aggression:Lecture #8 topics
Stereotypes formation, perpetuation, & Amadou Diallo
Prejudice intergroup conflict; social identity theory
Aggression gender, origins (nature vs. nurture), situational factors
Formal course evaluations
Stereotypes
“41 SHOTS”41 shots cut through the nightYou’re kneeling over his body in a vestibulePraying for his life.
Is it a gun, is it a knifeIs it a wallet, this is your lifeIt ain’t no secret, no secret my friendYou can get killed for living in your American skin.
—Bruce Springsteen
Stereotypes
Amadou Diallo
Stereotypes
stereotypes:beliefs that associate an entire group of people with certain traits
athletes are stupid librarians are quiet Italians are emotional White men can’t jump Koreans own convenience stores/ drycleaners
Stereotypes
STEREOTYPE FORMATION
Stereotypes
social categorization:
classifying individuals into groups based on _______ _______
Stereotypes
Benefits lets us form inferences
about people efficiently
Drawbacks _______ of _______
differences; _______ of _______ differences
failure to perceive _______ - _______ information
belief that intergroup differences are more _______ than they really are
Stereotypes
when we distinguish in-groups vs. out-groups:
_______ of intergroup differences may have had adaptive significance over evolution
outgroup _______ effect assumption that there is more _______ among out-
group members than among in-group members _______ leads to perception that out-group members
all look the same (e.g., East Asians)
Stereotypes
www.alllooksame.com:
my score: 8/ 18“needs a lotmore work”
Stereotypes
what accounts for out-group homogeneity?
_______ _______ with out-groups in-group members are seen as _______; out-group
members are seen more _______
_______ samples of out-groups obnoxious U of T students at football game do NOT
represent ALL U of T students
Stereotypes
fundamental attribution error:overestimation of personal & underestimation of situational factors when explaining other people’s behaviour
e.g., _______ _______ : we don’t take into account that underperformance is due to _______, not personal ability; thus, our stereotypes get confirmed
Stereotypes
Billie Jean King &Bobby Riggs
stereotype-disconfirming acts are explained by _______ situational factors & _______ personalfactors
e.g., Billie Jean won because of luck, not skill
Stereotypes
confirmation bias:
tendency to interpret & seek information that confirms our expectations
we interpret _______ behaviours to be _______ with stereotypes
e.g., an ambiguously aggressive behaviour will be seen as more threatening when actor is Black rather than White
Stereotypes
Stone (1997):HIGH
LOWPlayer is White Player is Black
Rat
ings
of p
laye
r
Court smartsAthletic ability
Stereotypes
self-fulfilling prophesies:
when our expectations about someone cause him/ her to act in ways that confirm our expectations
e.g., Word (1974): White interviewers’ demeanour elicited _______ performance from Black applicants, which confirmed stereotypes
Stereotypes
Payne (2001):
TASK:Is object a weapon?
_______ _______
_______ ______________ _______
Stereotypes
Correll (2002):
_______
GUN:“SHOOT”
CELL PHONE:“DON’T SHOOT”
_______
GUN:“SHOOT”
CELL PHONE:“DON’T SHOOT”
Stereotypes
RESULTS:
ARMED TARGET
_________________________
UNARMED TARGET
__________________________________________________
Prejudice
Sherif’s (1954) Robbers Cave study:
boys formed in-groups
groups went to war
groups made peace
Prejudice
Tajfel’s (1971) minimal groups paradigm:
participants divided into “_______” & “_______” created _______ _______: categorizing people into
groups according to _______ similarities
participants awarded more points to people in their own groups than to people in the other group in-group bias: favouring your _______ over
_______
Prejudice
social identity theory (Tajfel, 1982; Turner, 1987):
we’re motivated to enhance self-esteem, which consists of: _______ self-esteem: based on personal identity _______ self-esteem: based on social identity
we enhance self-esteem by: _______ achievements, or connecting ourselves with _______ groups
Prejudice
basic predictions:
if our self-esteem is _______ , in-group favouritism will _______
when we _______ our in-groups, our self-esteem will _______
Prejudice
Fein & Spencer (1997):HIGH
LOWItalian applicant Jewish applicant
Rat
ings
of a
pplic
ants
Positive feedbackNegative feedback
Prejudice
Fein & Spencer (1997):HIGH
LOWItalian applicant Jewish applicant
Incr
ease
in s
elf-e
stee
m
Positive feedbackNegative feedback
Aggression
hitting others while enraged
hiring someone to break someone’s kneecaps
murdering for $$
deliberately failing to stop harm
insulting someone
swinging a stick at someone but missing
biting someone on the neck
working hard to make a sale
accidentally hurting someone
AGGRESSIVE?BEHAVIOUR
Aggression
aggression:behaviours intended to harm another individual
In the U.S. in 2002, there was, on average:
One MURDER …every 32 minutesOne RAPE …every 6 minutesOne AGGRAVATED ASSAULT …every 35 secondsOne VIOLENT CRIME …every 22 seconds
Aggression
ORIGINS OF AGGRESSIONinstinct theories:
Freud: aggression = _______ of life over death instinct
Lorenz: aggression enhances _______ survival
evolutionary perspectives: aggression enhances _______ survival adaptive to not aggress against _______ _______ adaptive for males to aggress to ensure _______ adaptive for females to aggress to _______ _______
Aggression
biological perspectives: role of testosterone:
_______ transsexuals experience _______ aggression
_______ transsexuals experience _______ aggression
role of serotonin (5-HT): helps decrease _______ low 5-HT related to higher aggression; drugs (SSRIs)
that _______ 5-HT activity related to _______ aggression
Aggression
learning perspectives:
aggression is _______ reinforcing a child who hits to get a toy will be more likely to hit
again
aggression is _______ reinforcing a child who shoves to stop teasing will be more likely
to shove again
Aggression
using punishment to stop aggression can backfire:
spanking gives kids a role model to imitate – can encourage aggression
corporal punishment is related to childhood & adult aggression & to adult criminal behaviour
Aggression
social learning theory (Bandura, 1977): we learn from _______’ examples & from
_______ experience with rewards & punishment _______ influence whether we help or harm
the Bobo doll study (1961) watching an _______ model led kids to _______ they _______ their aggression to the model (they
punched when she punched & kicked when she kicked)
Aggression
SITUATIONAL INFLUENCES
frustration-aggression hypothesis (Dollard, 1939):
_______ progress toward a goal causes _______, eliciting motivation to aggress
all aggression is caused by _______
Aggression
we _______ our aggression when we can’t aggress against source of frustration we deflect it from real target onto a substitute
aggression is _______ motivation to aggress drops when we imagine,
observe, or act out aggression this reduces physiological arousal, which decreases
anger & likelihood of aggressing
Aggression
evidence does not support aggression as cathartic:
imagining/ seeing aggressive models _______ arousal
if aggression feels _______ because it decreases arousal, chances of future aggression increase
anger may _______ if we blow off steam
Aggression
SITUATIONAL INFLUENCES
heat:
higher incidence of violent crimes during summer during hotter years in hotter cities
Aggression
ML pitchers more likely to hit batters when it’s hot:HIGH
LOW<21°C 21-26°C 27-32°C 33+°C
HB
Ps p
er g
ame