By: Rahul Malik December,2015

Sterilization

Sterilization

STERILAZATION EQUIPMENTS

1. PHYSICAL METHODS: Dry Heat sterilization Moist Heat sterilization Sterilization by Radiation2. CHEMICAL METHODS: Gaseous sterilization Sterilization with Disinfectants3. MECHANICAL METHODS: Sterilization BY Filtration

PHYSICAL METHODS A. Dry Heat sterilization

Hot Air Oven:Materials which are stable at 150OC temperature can be sterilized. For Injectables, needles, syringes.Glass apparatus- flask, pipettes, bottles, beakers.Metallic instruments- scalples, scissors, spatula, blades.

-150-160 OC temperature gives satisfactory results.-250O C temp can destroy all microbes

B.Moist Heat sterilization:

•Autoclaving•Heating with bactericide•Electric boiling water sterilizer•Heating with boiling water•Tyndallization•Pasteurization

Autoclave Temp- 115OC-116O C for 30 min.Penetration power of steam is more than dry heat. Glass apparatus, plastic screw caps, rubber gloves, closures can be sterilized. Injectables solutions(non oily), suspensions and surgical dressings.

Heating with BactericideFor heat sensitive substances which are stable at 100O C temp,Chlorocresol (0.2%) and Phenylmercuric nitrate (0.002%) are used.Heating at 98O -100OC for 30 mini. Apparatus:1.Covered beaker- covered to maintain steam around the container.2. Steamers- Cylindrical vessels having basket inside as autoclave.

Electric Boiling Water Sterilizers low temp, Inexpensive, as compare to autoclave. For large batches of injections. For thermolabile medicaments.

Heating with boiling water vegetative micro organism can kill in 2-3 min.For various instruments- scissors, scalpels, needles, syringes, forceps etc.

TyndallizationOld method.Heating of material at 80OC -100OC for 60-20 minis for 3 days.For culture media of sugar and gelatin.

PasteurizationDeveloped by ‘Pasteur’ Mainly used for milk sterilization.Two methods- Holder method:- 62.8OC for 30 minis and quickly cooled. - HTST(high temp short time):- k/as Flash method. 71.6OC for 15 sec.

C. STERILZATION BY RADIATION

Electromagnetic waves

I.R(infra red) Gama Rays U.V Light•180OCfor 20 mins -radiation by Cobalt & -low energy.•Micorbes kill by heat caesium. -sterilization by production inside of -great penetration. excitation of atom material. -for rubber catheters,needles, to high energy state•Energy concert into plastic films,plastic syringes. -direct sunlight canheat energy. kill microbes,

having uv light. -for incoming & internal air of sterile area.

Catheters

CHEMICAL METHODSA. Gaseous Sterilization• Old method.• Ethylene oxide, Formaldehyde, Propylene and Methyl bromide

are used for sterilization.

- ETHYLENE OXIDE: CH2 CH2

O• Flammable and colourless gas.• Diluted with CO2 or Freon to make non-flammable.• Highly difffusible in nature and can penetrate areas which are not

accessible to liquids or steam.• For blankets, needles, plastic syringes.• For powders and rubbers.

Air in let

Bacteria retentivefilter

Steam supply toHeat loads

Temp control Vacuum pumpGas cylinder

Gas sterilizer

Conc. In mg/lit Exposure time at 45OC Exposure time at 25OC

90 5hr 10hr 450 2hr 4hr 900 1hr 2hr

MECHANICAL METHODS

A. Sterilization by Filtration• Old method.• Used for injectable preparation.• All living and dead bacteria removed by this method.• Various filter media used which include:- - Sintered ceramics - Fibrous pad - Sintered glass - Microporous plastic• Filters functions by pores, formed by fusion porcelain, sintered

glass, metal, cellulosic or plastic polymer matrix.

-Sintered ceramics:-

• Consist of bacteria proof candles made of Unglazed porcelain or Kieselguhr.• For thermolabile medicaments.

Kieseleguhr

-Fibrous pad:-•Thickness is 3mm.•Made up of asbestos blended with wood cellulose.•One filter is used for one time.•No risk of contamination. •Used for viscous solution.•High pressure should be avoided to prevent the breakage of wet pad.

Buchner funnel

Assembly of sterilization by Filtration

-Sintered glass filter:-•Made up of high grade of borosilicate glass and sintering appropriate sizes into disc in moulds usually Buchner type.•After using the filters are immediately soaked in water and then hot conc. Sulphuric acid is drawn through the filter. Finally water is passed until it is free from acid.•Unsuitable for large volume Filtration.

-Microporous Plastics:-•k/as membrane filters or Millipore filters.•Made up of cellulose, polyvinyl chloride, nylon etc.•Fixed in funnel of desired size and shape and supported with wire gauze. •Pore size 0.005µ- 1µ.•Rate of filtration is high.

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