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Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10

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Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10

PR10–5184

© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2010.

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Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 5

Contents Acronyms 6 Fishery acronyms 6 Introduction 7

Stock status process 7 Stock status assessment 2009–10 8 Stocks with no assessment made 16 Stock background and status determination 17 Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) EC 18 Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) GOC 19 Bream–yellowfin (Acanthopagrus australis) EC 20 Bugs–Balmain (Ibacus chacei and I. brucei) EC 21 Bugs–Moreton Bay (Thenus australiensis & T. parindicus) EC 22 Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) EC 23 Coral trout (Plectropomus spp. and Variola spp.) EC 24 Crab–blue swimmer (Portunus pelagius) EC 25 Crab–mud (Scylla spp.) EC 26 Crab–mud (Scylla spp.) GOC 27 Crab–spanner (Ranina ranina) EC 28 Eel (Anguilla australis and A. Reinhardtii) EC 29 Emperor–red (Lutjanus sebae) EC 30 Emperor–red (Lutjanus sebae) GOC 31 Emperor–redthroat (Lethrinus miniatus) EC 32 Flathead–dusky (Platycephalus fuscus) EC 33 Javelin (Pomadasys spp.) EC 34 Mackerel–grey (Scomberomorus semifasciatus) EC 35 Mackerel–grey (Scomberomorus semifasciatus) GOC 36 Mackerel–school (Scomberomorus queenslandicus) EC 37 Mackerel–Spanish (Scomberomorus commerson) EC 38 Mackerel–Spanish (Scomberomorus commerson) GOC 39 Mackerel–spotted (Scomberomorus munroi) EC 40 Pearl perch (Glaucosoma scapulare) EC 41 Prawn–banana (Fenneropenaeus merguiensis) EC 42 Prawn–endeavour (Metapenaeus endeavouri and M. ensis) EC 43 Prawn–redspot and blue leg king (Melicertus longistylus and M.latisulcatus) EC 44 Rockcod–bar (Epinephelus ergastularius and E. septemfasciatus) EC 45 Sea mullet (Mugil cephalus) EC 46 Snapper (Pagrus auratus) EC 47 Snapper–crimson (Lutjanus erythropterus) EC 48 Snapper–crimson (Lutjanus erythropterus) GOC 49 Snapper–goldband (Pristipomoides multidens) EC 50 Snapper–hussar (Lutjanus adetii and L. vitta) EC 51 Snapper–rosy (Pristipomoides filamentosus) EC 52 Snapper–saddletail (Lutjanus malabaricus) EC 53 Snapper–saddletail (Lutjanus malabaricus) GOC 54 Snapper–stripey (Lutjanus carponotatus) EC 55 Squid (Uroteuthis (Photololigo) spp., Sepioteuthis spp. and Nototodarus spp.) EC 56 Tailor (Pomatomus saltatrix) EC 57 Teraglin (Atractoscion aequidens) EC 58 Threadfin–blue (Eleutheronema tetradactylum) EC 59 Threadfin–blue (Eleutheronema tetradactylum) GOC 60 Threadfin–king (Polydactylus macrochir) EC 61 Threadfin–king (Polydactylus macrochir) GOC 62 Whiting–sand (Sillago ciliata) EC 63 Whiting–stout (Sillago robusta) EC 64


Acronyms ASR–annual status report CPUE–catch per unit effort EC–east coast ERA–ecological risk assessment FRDC–Fisheries Research and Development Corporation GBRMP–Great Barrier Reef Marine Park GOC–Gulf of Carpentaria MLS–minimum legal size MSY–maximum sustainable yield OS–‘other species’ quota PMS–performance measurement system TAC–total allowable catch

Fishery acronyms BSCF–Blue Swimmer Crab Fishery CRFFF–Coral Reef Fin Fish Fishery DWFFF–Deep Water Fin Fish Fishery ECIFFF–East Coast Inshore Fin Fish Fishery ECOTF–East Coast Otter Trawl Fishery ECSMF–East Coast Spanish Mackerel Fishery FTF–Fin Fish (Stout Whiting) Trawl Fishery GOCDFFTF–Gulf of Carpentaria Developmental Fin Fish Trawl Fishery GOCIFFF–Gulf of Carpentaria Inshore Fin Fish Fishery GOCLF–Gulf of Carpentaria Line Fishery MCF–Mud Crab Fishery QEF–Queensland Eel Fishery Rec–recreationally targeted species RIBTF–River and Inshore Beam Trawl Fishery RRFFF–Rocky Reef Fin Fish Fishery SCF–Spanner Crab Fishery


stocks.

Introduction In November 2009, Fisheries Queensland (part of the Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation) embarked on a process to assess the exploitation status (stock status) of Queensland’s key fish stocks1. Aimed at addressing increasing levels of stakeholder interest in the sustainability of Queensland fisheries, the process provides, for the first time, a transparent assessment of the status of our key

To facilitate the process, Fisheries Queensland developed a Stock Status Assessment Framework. The framework documents the transparent and consistent process used to determine a concise and agreed statement of the status of key fish stocks in Queensland waters. The process builds on a comprehensive range of assessment tools already used by Fisheries Queensland in reviewing the sustainability of fishing activities on fish stocks and the broader ecosystem.

Fisheries Queensland completed the first round of stock status assessments in 2009–10.

Stock status process

The first round of stock status workshops considered a total of 62 stocks. The stocks chosen for assessment represented key commercial target and by-product species and those considered important recreationally (e.g. based on catches in voluntary fisher diaries). As this is an adaptive process, there is scope for additional stocks to be included in subsequent assessments should they become increasingly important to a particular fishery.

The stock status process assessed background biological information for stocks from a range of sources. These included biological monitoring data, commercial catch and effort from logbooks, recreational catch diaries, at-sea observer data, stock assessment, research data, ecological risk assessments and performance indicator results.

In a workshop, an expert panel of Departmental scientists and managers assigned an appropriate exploitation category for a given species based on available biological and fishery information, guided by a set of exploitation criteria (refer to Stock Status Assessment Framework for detailed explanation of exploitation criteria). The classification of the status of each stock also considered a wider range of factors including market drivers, fisher behaviour and weather effects. Workshop participants determined an exploitation status for each stock based on a weight-of-evidence approach2. Table 1 summarises the exploitation categories.

Table 1. Description of exploitation categories used in the Queensland stock status assessment process

Category Definition

Overfished

Harvest levels may be exceeding sustainable levels and/or yields may be higher in the long term if the effort levels are reduced. The stock may still be recovering from previous excessive fishing pressure. Recovery strategies will be developed for all overfished stocks to reduce fishing pressure within prescribed timeframes.

Sustainably fished Harvest levels are at, or close to, optimum sustainable levels. Current fishing pressure is considered sustainable.

Not fully utilised Resource is underutilised and has the potential to sustain harvest levels higher than those currently being taken.

Uncertain A limited amount of information has been collected; or, in cases where a significant amount of information has been collected and considered, there are inconsistent or contradictory signals in the data that preclude determination of exploitation status.

No assessment made There is limited quantitative or qualitative information and no reasonable assessment can be made.

1 Throughout this document the term ‘stock’ can represent a single species, a separate genetic or geographical stock or a group of species used for fisheries management purposes. 2 A ‘weight-of-evidence’ approach assesses a species based on the evidence considered and meeting agreed criteria, decided by workshop participants with expertise in biology and/or the fishery for the species.

http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/28_18106.htm

http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/documents/Fisheries_SustainableFishing/Framework-Defining-Stock-Status.pdf


Stock status assessment 2009–10 Fisheries Queensland conducted four workshops in 2009–10 to determine the status of key stocks harvested in line, pot, net and trawl fisheries. A total of 62 stocks (49 east coast and 13 Gulf of Carpentaria stocks) were considered in this first round. Of these, one stock was determined to have an overfished status, 18 stocks were sustainably fished, three were not fully utilised and 25 were uncertain. No assessment was made for 15 stocks.

The uncertain status of more than one-third of stocks was due to limited or inadequate information being available for assessments. Most commonly, this was for lower-value or by-product species. It is important to note that an ‘uncertain’ status does not necessarily mean that the stock is at risk from fishing activities. Rather it highlights where information is required to reduce uncertainty. Fisheries Queensland can now confidently prioritise future data collection activities to reduce uncertainty and ensure that fishery resources are harvested sustainably (now and in the future).

A recurring issue identified in the first round of stock status assessment was the lack of recent statewide recreational fishing data as the last estimates were undertaken in 2005. This information gap will be addressed in the Statewide Recreational Fishing Survey 2010. This survey will provide reliable catch estimates at a state and regional level for fish species commonly caught by Queensland’s recreational anglers.

Table 2 summarises the outcomes of the first round of stock status workshops, including the stock status assigned and the justification for this stock status decision. More information regarding how the stock status exploitation status was determined for each stock is detailed in the next section.

Table 2. Fisheries Queensland stock status summary 2009–10

Species Stock Principal fishery/s

Exploitation status

Justification

Barramundi (Lates calcarifer)

East coast

ECIFFF/ Rec

Sustainably Fished

Commercial catches are stable and within historical levels. There is a good range of fish lengths and ages in several years of sampled populations. Studies of barramundi in the Fitzroy catchment indicate harvest levels are below sustainable yield estimates.

Barramundi (Lates calcarifer)

GOC GOCIFFF Sustainably Fished

Commercial catches are within historical levels and catch rates have been steadily increasing since 1981. There is a good range of ranges of fish lengths and ages in several years of sampled populations.

Bream–yellowfin (Acanthopagrus australis)

East coast

ECIFFF/ Rec

Sustainably Fished

Commercial catches and catch rates are stable. Good representation of ranges of fish lengths and ages in the sampled populations over time. Total mortality estimates are below upper limits. Precautionary management arrangements introduced on 1 March 2010 increase the proportion of female fish that are likely to have spawned before recruiting to the fishery.

Bugs–Balmain (Ibacus chacei and I. brucei)

East coast

ECOTF Uncertain Two species were considered in the assessment but landings are dominated (80%) by I. chacei. Conservative minimum legal sizes allow spawning to occur before capture; however there is insufficient biological information to classify the sustainability status of Balmain bugs.



Exploitation status

Justification

Bugs–Moreton Bay (Thenus australiensis and T. parindicus)

East coast

ECOTF Uncertain Two species were considered in this assessment. GBRMP closures act to protect Moreton Bay bug biomass. Introduction of MLSs based on yield-per-recruit modelling and the use of square-mesh cod-ends has reduced the risk of overfishing small bugs. More information is available about Moreton Bay bugs than Balmain bugs; however their status is considered ‘uncertain’ due to the lack of a time series of recent length frequency data and the recent removal of the ban on harvesting berried females.

Cobia (Rachycentron canadum)

East coast

RRFFF/ Rec Uncertain Historical catch rates are variable. Length data is available and a more informed assessment will be made at the next workshop as the analysis of the cobia age structure is currently underway.

Coral trout (Plectropomus and Variola spp.)

East coast

CRFFF/ Rec Sustainably Fished

Catch has increased to 94% of the TAC in 2008–09. Commercial catch and catch rate has increased gradually since 2004 following the introduction of quota. No stock assessment has been completed and quota limit originally based on 1996 (pre-investment warning) harvest level. The TAC will be reviewed using resource assessment outcomes when available.

Crab–blue swimmer (Portunus pelagicus)

East coast

BSCF/ Rec Sustainably Fished

Relatively stable recent commercial catch levels (by region and for the whole fishery). Size frequency distribution for seven years show a consistent distribution of individuals across size classes. A more reliable index of commercial effort would result in a more confident catch rate estimate. Improved estimates of recreational catch, including at a regional level would also provide more confidence in total harvest estimates and the stock status.

Crab–mud (Scylla spp.)

East coast

MCF/ Rec Uncertain Historical commercial catch is stable over the long term, whilst catch per unit effort has increased slightly. Size frequency graphs are stable–but show a smaller number of males present in the larger size classes. A more reliable index of commercial effort would result in a more confident catch rate estimate and strengthen identified trends in the data. Improved recreational catch estimates would also provide more confidence in total harvest estimates. A credible indicator of abundance would reduce uncertainty in the assessment.

Crab–mud (Scylla spp.)

GOC MCF Sustainably Fished

Historical commercial catch levels and catch rates are variable–and currently less than historically sustained levels. Size frequency graphs show no significant change in distribution of individuals across size classes–data shows a high representation of large males. Improved recreational catch estimates, including at a regional level–allowing discrimination between the Gulf of Carpentaria and the east coast–would also provide more confidence in total harvest estimates and the stock status.



Exploitation status

Justification

Crab–spanner (Ranina ranina)

East coast

SCF Not Fully Utilised

Current commercial catch levels are significantly less than historically sustained levels–with recent market fluctuations believed to have imposed daily catch limits on fishers. Size frequency graphs show a healthy distribution of individuals across size classes. Total allowable catch is currently underutilised and has not been reached at any time during the past decade.

Eel (Anguilla australis and A. reinhardtii)

East coast

QEF Sustainably Fished

Historical commercial catch and catch rate data are variable and heavily dependant on environmental factors. Length frequency graphs show healthy distribution of individuals in length classes, for nine years. Current fishing pressure is considered sustainable under the current management regime–due particularly to strict conditions related to permitted fishing areas.

Emperor–red (Lutjanus sebae)

East coast

CRFFF

Uncertain Commercial catch increasing to levels reported prior to introduction of quota in 2003–04. Catch rates have remained relatively stable over past decade. More recent biological information on length structure and abundance and increased species level reporting in commercial logbooks would aid in reducing stock status uncertainty.

Emperor–red (Lutjanus sebae)

GOC GOCDFFTF/ GOCLF

Uncertain Commercial catches and catch rates have increased since 2007. There is limited data available on the distribution and abundance of red emperor in the Gulf of Carpentaria. Queensland fishers in the Gulf of Carpentaria take a small proportion of a stock shared by WA and NT. Red emperor status is ‘uncertain’ until information on the level of exploitation by these jurisdictions is gathered. Red emperor will be reassessed in late 2010.

Emperor–redthroat (Lethrinus miniatus)

East coast

CRFFF/ DWFFF

Not Fully Utilised

Only 39% of TAC landed in 2008–09. A stock assessment conducted in 2006 estimated the population biomass to be around 70% of unfished biomass and indicated that the commercial TAC is set at an appropriate level. Information on recruitment and movement patterns of this species would be valuable to support stock status.

Flathead–dusky (Platycephalus fuscus)

East coast

ECIFFF/ Rec

Sustainably Fished

Commercial catches and catch rates are stable. Fishery predominantly harvests female fish. Nearly all male and large fecund female fish are protected by minimum and maximum size limits. Conservative bag limits are also in place. Age and length information indicate healthy stocks.

Javelin (Pomadasys spp.)

East coast

ECIFFF/ Rec

Uncertain Grunter is a complex of important recreational species, especially in North Queensland. Although commercial catches and catch rates are steady, the magnitude of the recreational catch on a regional basis is not known at this stage. The stock status is ‘uncertain’ until an updated recreational harvest estimate is available.



Exploitation status

Justification

Mackerel–grey (Scomberomorus semifasciatus)

East coast

ECIFFF Uncertain There is uncertainty in the assessment of current catch trends and stock status given the commercial fishery fundamentally changed with the introduction of new conservative quota management arrangements on 1 July 2009. Only two years of routine biological data (length of fish caught in the fishery) were available which is insufficient to assess trends.

Mackerel–grey (Scomberomorus semifasciatus)

GOC GOCIFFF Uncertain Commercial catches and catch rates are variable. Recent research indicates the possible existence of multiple localised adult sub-stocks of grey mackerel (meta populations) within the Gulf of Carpentaria. The Gulf of Carpentaria stock is managed as a whole and shared with Northern Territory. Sustainability reference points in the PMS are not monitored at a regional/local spatial level so it is not possible at this time to determine regional catch trends and overall stock status.

Mackerel–school (Scomberomorus queenslandicus)

East coast

ECIFFF/ Rec

Uncertain While it is likely that the school mackerel harvest is sustainable, there are contradictory signals in the commercial catch rates for the net and line sectors. The status of school mackerel is ‘uncertain’ until there is greater confidence in the commercial catch rate data and better quantification of the recreational harvest.

Mackerel–Spanish (Scomberomorus commerson)

East coast

ECSMF/ Rec

Sustainably Fished

At current fishing levels the fishery is considered sustainably fished. A new stock assessment is currently being completed, with outcomes expected to be publically available in late 2010. Preliminary results support the outcomes of the previous 2008 assessment.

Mackerel–Spanish (Scomberomorus commerson)

GOC GOCLF Uncertain Catch has declined but remains within historical harvest levels. Catch rates have increased slightly. A lack of data demonstrating temporal trends in length or age frequencies led the workshop expert panel to determine an 'uncertain' status. This species will be reviewed again in late 2010.

Mackerel–spotted (Scomberomorus munroi)

East coast

ECIFFF/ Rec

Sustainably Fished

Predominantly a line fished species since 2004. Age, length, sex structure and mortality estimates are available. Species-specific recreational estimate also available. Total mortality rate estimate indicates fishing is occurring at upper levels.

Pearl perch (Glaucosoma scapulare)

East coast

RRFFF/ Rec Uncertain Currently not enough historical commercial catch data (non-specific recording until 2004) and highly variable catch rates. Length structure stable but age data would need to be analysed before a more informed decision can be made. Currently being assessed as part of an FRDC project on the fishery.

Prawn–banana (Fenneropenaeus merguiensis)

East coast

RIBTF Sustainably Fished

An assessment of the east coast banana prawn stock indicated that in 2004 biomass was well above the level required for maximum sustainable yield. Evidence indicates that banana prawn stock biomass below this level has occurred in the past without effect. Fishery scale analysis indicates that the 2009 commercial harvest is less than the 2004 commercial harvest level, although recreational landings appear to be increasing. Finer scale analysis may be needed to rule out the possibility of depletion in some regions.



Exploitation status

Justification

Prawn–endeavour (Metapenaeus endeavouri and M. ensis)

East coast

ECOTF Not Fully Utilised

Two species were considered in this assessment but landings are dominated (~80%) by blue endeavour prawns (Metapenaeus endeavouri). Current harvest levels are significantly lower than historical levels and there is no evidence that endeavour prawn stocks were being overfished at historically high levels. It is highly likely that this stock is currently under utilised.

Prawn–redspot and blue leg king (Melicertus longistylus and M. latisulatus)

East coast

ECOTF Uncertain

The two main king prawn species that occur north of about 21ºS were considered in this assessment. Landings are dominated (~70%) by red spot king prawns (M. longistylus). Aggregated reporting of three king prawn species in the logbook makes it difficult to attribute landings to individual king prawn species prior to 2003. The current data is not a long enough time series to identify trends in the species specific landings and effort targeting each of the northern king prawn species. Future assessment of northern king prawn species will analyse spatially defined landings and effort data for each of these species based on recently developed criteria.

Rockcod–bar (Epinephelus ergastularius and E. septemfasciatus)

East coast

DWFFF/ CRFFF

Uncertain Reported commercial catch increased from <1 t per year since 2004–05 to >32 t in 2007–08. Recreational catch estimates not available for these species. There are some concerns regarding commercial L1 fishers targeting the deeper waters with mechanical reels to catch large cods. Require a time-series of age and length data to move from ‘uncertain’. This species complex is currently monitored as a key ‘other species’ (OS) through the PMS.

Sea mullet (Mugil cephalus)

East coast

ECIFFF/ Rec

Sustainably Fished

Stock is shared with New South Wales. Queensland’s catches are stable and within historical levels. Sea mullet was recently assessed by New South Wales as ‘fully fished’ due to a long history of stable landings and catch rates for estuary and ocean fisheries in both jurisdictions.

Snapper (Pagrus auratus)

East coast

RRFFF/ Rec Overfished The snapper stock is shared with New South Wales and is considered 'overfished'. Stock assessment results indicate a high level of fishing pressure. Fisheries Queensland is working with key stakeholders to develop options for new management arrangements that will rebuild the snapper stock.

Snapper–crimson (Lutjanus erythropterus)

East coast

CRFFF/ Rec Uncertain Lower landings reported since introduction of OS quota. Increased landings identified in 2008–09 are due to improved resolution of commercial logbooks and increased catch. Catch efficiency may be increasing with increasing availability of technology (sounders, GPS). Recreational catch estimates would be valuable. High discard mortality (60%) for these relatively long lived species.



Exploitation status

Justification

Snapper–crimson (Lutjanus erythropterus)

GOC GOCDFFTF/ GOCLF

Uncertain Catches and catch rates have increased since 2001 however the total catch remains below the allocated commercial quota and well below the estimated sustainable yield estimates established in 1994 for red snappers in the Gulf of Carpentaria. The sustainable yield estimates are being revised and new monitoring and reference points are expected to be developed for crimson snapper in 2010. While the stock status for crimson snapper is likely to be sustainable at current harvest levels, it is defined as ‘uncertain’ until the species can be reassessed against new sustainable reference levels once established. There were no changes to the ecological risk ranking of crimson snapper following a review in early 2010.

Snapper–goldband (Pristipomoides multidens)

East coast

CRFFF/ DWFFF

Uncertain Commercial harvest historically between 30–60 t per year. No recreational estimate is available for this species. It is unknown if there is a single stock or separate stocks on the east coast. Some otoliths have been collected but have not been aged. This species is currently monitored as a key ‘OS’ species through the PMS.

Snapper–hussar (Lutjanus adetii and L. vitta)

East coast

CRFFF

Uncertain Commercial catches currently well below the long term average for this species group. Recreational catches currently estimated to be substantial and needs to be better quantified to determine stock status.

Snapper–rosy (Pristipomoides filamentosus)

East coast

CRFFF/ DWFFF

Uncertain Since quota was introduced in 2004 catch has declined significantly (60 t to <5 t). Recreational catch estimates for this species is not available (recorded as ‘jobfish unspecified’). Limited biological information is available. This species is currently monitored as a key ‘OS’ species through the PMS.

Snapper–saddletail (Lutjanus malabaricus)

East coast

CRFFF/ DWFFF/ Rec

Uncertain Since quota was introduced in 2004 catch has declined significantly (150 t to 50 t). Species specific recreational catch estimates would be valuable. Limited biological information available. This species is currently monitored as a key ‘OS’ species through the PMS.

Snapper–saddletail (Lutjanus malabaricus)

GOC GOCDFFTF/ GOCLF

Uncertain Catches have generally increased while catch rates have varied since 2005. The total catch however remains below the allocated commercial quota and well below the estimated sustainable yield estimates established in 1994 for red snappers in the Gulf of Carpentaria. The sustainable yield estimates are being revised and new monitoring and reference points are expected to be developed for saddletail snapper in 2010. While the stock status for saddletail snapper is likely to be sustainable at current harvest levels, it is defined as ‘uncertain’ until the species can be reassessed against new sustainable reference levels once established. There were no changes to the ecological risk ranking of saddletail snapper following a review in early 2010.



Exploitation status

Justification

Snapper–stripey (Lutjanus carponotatus)

East coast

CRFFF Sustainably Fished

Recent increase in reported commercial catch may be due to increased species resolution reporting in logbooks, increased fishing for OS quota or as a by-product of increased landings of coral trout. Available age structures from a research project on lutjanids in the Great Barrier Reef revealed that stripey populations display broad ranges of age classes. This suggests the existing population structure may rely on broad representation of age classes for population stability.

Squid Uroteuthis (Photololigo) spp., Sepioteuthis spp. and Nototodarus spp.)

East coast

ECOTF Uncertain Considered as a species complex in this assessment. Trawled squid make up 90% of the commercial squid harvest and are predominantly pencil squid (Uroteuthis spp.), while inshore net caught and recreational squid landings are tiger squid (Sepioteuthis lessionana). Recreational landings may be increasing. Queensland and northern New South Wales fisheries catch the same Uroteuthis (Photololigo) species. Separate analysis of the inshore and offshore pencil squid harvest and a better estimate of the largely recreational tiger squid catch is needed before a more definitive classification of Queensland squid stocks can be made.

Tailor (Pomatomus saltatrix)

East coast

ECIFFF/ Rec

Sustainably Fished

The tailor stock is shared with New South Wales and is considered ‘sustainably fished’. Preliminary results of a recent stock assessment (2009) indicate that the combined Queensland–New South Wales total harvest of tailor is below the estimated MSY and above 50% of virgin biomass.

Teraglin (Atractoscion aequidens)

East coast

RRFFF Uncertain There is concern over lack of older fish in the population based on independent fishery data. Teraglin is subject to high discard mortality. Age data to be analysed by Fisheries Queensland in 2010. Species is consistently target in the charter fishery. Reliable estimates of recreational catch data may reduce the uncertainty associated with the stock status.

Threadfin–blue (Eleutheronema tetradactylum)

East coast

ECIFFF Sustainably Fished

Commercial catches and catch rates are stable since 2002. Life history characteristics are resilient to fishing pressure. There are no indications of stock declines.

Threadfin–blue (Eleutheronema tetradactylum)

GOC GOCIFFF Sustainably Fished

Commercial catches and catch rates are stable. Life history characteristics are resilient to fishing pressure. There are no indications of stock declines.

Threadfin–king (Polydactylus macrochir)

East coast

ECIFFF Uncertain No trend in commercial catches and catch rates. Highest catches occur in the Capricorn region. Recent research suggests king threadfin may have highly localised populations and may be under high fishing pressure in some areas. Sustainability reference points in the PMS are not monitored at a regional level so it is not possible to determine overall catch trends or stock status at this time.



Exploitation status

Justification

Threadfin–king (Polydactylus macrochir)

GOC GOCIFFF Uncertain Commercial catches and catch rates appear stable. However recent research suggests king threadfin may have highly localised populations and may be under high fishing pressure in some areas. Sustainability reference points in the PMS are not monitored at this spatial level so it is not possible to determine localised/regional catch trends or stock status at this time.

Whiting–sand (Sillago ciliata)

East coast

ECIFFF/ Rec

Sustainably Fished

Commercial catches and catch rates appear stable. Comprehensive span of ages and lengths in the sampled population and it is evident that reasonable recruitment is occurring. The minimum size limit is set at size-at-first maturity which increases the opportunity for fish to spawn before recruiting to the fishery. Bag limits introduced on 1 March 2009.

Whiting–stout (Sillago robusta)

East coast

FTF Sustainably Fished

A single species stock shared with New South Wales. The Queensland fishery takes the majority of the landings. New South Wales stock considered to be ‘fully fished’. A common bycatch species in the eastern king prawn fishery. The annual TAC for stout whiting in Queensland is set using formal decision rules, harvest levels, and fishing and natural mortality estimates. Inclusion of stout whiting mortality in the eastern king prawn fishery and increased fishing power associated with the recent adoption of Danish seine gear need to be considered in future assessments of the stock. Since 2005, total Queensland stout whiting landings have been substantially less than the predicted sustainable level upon which the TAC is based. This is due to economic drivers (i.e. low market demand and reduced effort in the fishery). Biological monitoring data and commercial landings data for the stock are relatively stable, indicating that overfishing is unlikely.


Stocks with no assessment made The expert panel decided that no assessment could be made for stocks of certain species at the time of each workshop. The reasons varied and these are outlined in the comments for each species (Table 3). The status classification identifies that there is either limited take, or limited information on which to make an appropriate assessment of that stock at this stage, or that the status assessment needs to incorporate outcomes of other sustainability assessment processes (for example, the Fisheries Queensland Shark Working Group which is assessing Queensland shark fisheries resources in detail). It should be noted that this is an ongoing process. The determination of status will be revisited for these stocks in the future (e.g. when a performance indicator related to increases in total catch is triggered or when the necessary information becomes available for incorporation into assessment processes).

Table 3. Stocks for which no assessment was made

Species Stock Principal fishery

Exploitation status

Justification

Bonito (Sarda spp.)

East coast

ECIFFF No assessment made

South East Queensland is the northern extent of the species range. Require a better understanding of recreational catch component for this species.

Bream–other (Acanthopagrus spp. and Rhabdosargus sarba)

East coast

ECIFFF/ Rec

No assessment made

The Queensland commercial fishery mainly harvests yellowfin bream although pikey bream (A. berda) is a major component of the recreational catches in north Queensland. Should commercial or recreational interest in other bream species increase significantly, these may be considered in future assessments of stock status.

Cobia (Rachycentron canadum)

GOC GOCLF No assessment made

Catch negligible in the Gulf of Carpentaria (less than 200 kg in 2007).

Coral trout (Plectropomus and Variola spp.)

GOC GOCLF No assessment made

By-product species in the Gulf of Carpentaria with minimal catches (between 1 and 6 t since 2000). Currently considered low sustainability risk in the ERA.

Dart (Trachinotus spp.)

East coast

ECIFFF/ Rec

No assessment made

Reported commercial catches are low, however the recreational fishing survey indicted 120 t of dart were harvested in 2005. Catches of dart will be monitored and a threshold harvest level be developed for inclusion in the PMS for the East Coast Inshore Fin Fish Fishery.

Emperor–redthroat (Lethrinus miniatus)

GOC GOCLF

No assessment made

Not a major commercial or recreational species in the Gulf of Carpentaria. Assessment not required at this stage due to low catches of redthroat emperor in the Gulf of Carpentaria.

Flathead–other (Platycephalus spp.)

East coast

ECIFFF/ Rec

No assessment made

The commercial fishery mainly harvests dusky flathead. Should commercial or recreational interest in other flathead species increase significantly, these may be considered in future assessments of stock status.

Garfish (Hemiramphidae)

East coast

ECIFFF/ Rec

No assessment made

The complex comprises five distinct species across a number of different habitats. No reasonable assessment of stock status could be made for the complex given this diversity. Attempts will be made to separate the commercial and recreational reporting of these species with a view to assessing individual species in subsequent stock status workshops.


Species

Mackerel–shark East ECIFFF No assessment Commercial catch around 36 t in 2008–09. Shark (Grammatorcynus coast made mackerel reported in the recreational surveys was bicarinatus) allocated on a proportional basis from the

unspecified mackerels; therefore there is not a lot of confidence in recreational harvest estimates. No biological information available.

Rockcod–goldspotted East Rec No assessment Predominantly a recreational species. No (Estuary rockcod) coast made reasonable assessment of stock status could be (Epinephelus coioides) made as recreational catch estimates are not

directly attributable to this species (only recorded as ‘cod’).

Shark–blacktip complex Common blacktip shark (Carcharhinus limbatus) and Australian blacktip shark (Carcharhinus tilstoni) Shark–spot-tail shark (Carcharinus sorrah)

East coast and GOC

ECIFFF No assessment made

Assessment of blacktip sharks and spot tail whalers is being undertaken by the Fisheries Queensland Shark Working Group that has been established to provide advice to fisheries managers. An assessment of the commercial harvest of sharks is planned at the end of 2010.

Snapper–moses East Rec No assessment Limited commercial catches. Predominantly a (Moses perch) coast made recreational species and would require an (Lutjanus russelli) improved recreational estimate of harvest to

determine stock status. Trevally East ECIFFF/ No assessment The commercial time series data includes many (Carangidae) coast RRFFF/ Rec

made species with different life history characteristics; a

meaningful stock status assessment is not possible given the heterogeneity in this group. Better species resolution through commercial logbooks or recreational diaries would not be achievable; information collected through the Fishery Observer Program will be investigated over time to determine whether stock or risk assessments can be made in the future.

Whiting–other (Sillago spp. other than S. robusta and S. ciliata)

East coast

ECIFFF/ Rec

No assessment made

The commercial fishery mainly harvests sand whiting. Should commercial or recreational interest in other whiting species increase significantly, these may be considered in future assessments of stock status.

Stock Principal fishery

Exploitation status

Justification

Stock background and status determination The following one page summaries for each stock below outline the following:

Information sources used – documents the information/data used by the workshop panel to determine status.

Comments on stock status – outcomes of the workshop and provides justification for the stock status classification.

Future assessment needs – details future information inputs which would support current or future stock status assessments. Fisheries Queensland would need to consider the priority, costs and benefits of collecting additional information in the context of reducing uncertainty and demonstrating the sustainable management of fishery resources.

Management response – for stocks that are considered overfished or issues that have been identified, a management response to address this will be provided. Fisheries Queensland plans to review and report on the status of Queensland’s key fish stocks on an annual basis.

Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) EC


Exploitation Status Sustainably Fished Stock East coast

Commercial catches are stable and within historical levels. There is a good range of fish lengths and ages in several years of sampled populations. Studies of barramundi in the Fitzroy catchment indicate harvest levels are below sustainable yield estimates.

Information sources considered

• Commercial logbook catch and effort

• Recreational catch estimates

• Charter logbook catch and effort

• Performance Measurement System (PMS) indicators

• Fishery dependent length and age information

• Published local biological information

Comments on stock status

Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) was the fourth most harvested species in the East Coast Inshore Fin Fish Fishery (ECIFFF) with approximately 280 t landed in 2009. Commercial catches are steady and catch rates have been rising over the last eight years.

Genetic research suggests that there are likely to be multiple stocks of barramundi associated with the major river catchments throughout the fishery. Fisheries management arrangements do not focus on these areas, preferring to apply holistic precautionary limits on minimum and maximum legal sizes, gear restrictions and recreational catch. The effectiveness of these arrangements at a regional level are supported by studies of the Fitzroy River that indicate barramundi harvest levels are sustainable at current effort levels.

Future assessment needs

The PMS for the ECIFFF may be refined to monitor barramundi harvest at spatial scales more appropriate to the catchment related distribution of barramundi on the east coast. The Long Term Monitoring Program routinely collects this information however it has yet to be analysed. This information is important in the development of new performance measures.

A stock assessment is scheduled for 2011/12.

More accurate, regionally separated estimates of recreational harvest of barramundi are required. The next statewide recreational fishing survey is scheduled to begin in 2010 with results available in 2011.

For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for the ECIFFF.

Further reading

Campbell, AB, O’Neill, MF and Officer, R 2008, Assessment of the barramundi fishery in Queensland, 1989–2007, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Brisbane.



Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) GOC

Exploitation Status Sustainably Fished Stock Gulf of Carpentaria

Commercial catches are within historical levels and catch rates have been steadily increasing since 1981. There is a good range of ranges of fish lengths and ages in several years of sampled populations.








Current information suggests that barramundi stocks in the Gulf of Carpentaria are healthy. Commercial harvest of barramundi in the Gulf of Carpentaria Inshore Fin Fish Fishery (GOCIFFF) reached a ten year high in 2009 with 757 t landed. Catch rates have been steadily rising since 2003.

Similar to the ECIFFF, there are likely to be multiple stocks of barramundi associated with the major river catchments throughout the Gulf of Carpentaria fishery. There is no evidence to suggest that an unsustainable level of fishing pressure is being placed on these areas and their fish stocks. The total barramundi fishery will continue to be monitored using a standardised catch rate indicator within the PMS, however it is likely that further measures will be developed to monitor the sustainable harvest of potential meta-populations.


A stock assessment is scheduled for 2011/12.

More accurate, regionally separated estimates of recreational harvest of barramundi are required. The next statewide recreational fishing survey is scheduled to begin in 2010 with results available in 2011.

For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for the GOCIFFF.

Further reading

Campbell, AB, O’Neill, MF and Officer, R 2008, Assessment of the barramundi fishery in Queensland, 1989–2007, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Brisbane.

Roelofs, AJ 2003, Ecological Assessment of the Gulf of Carpentaria Inshore Finfish Fishery - A report to Environment Australia on the sustainable management of a multi-species tropical gillnet fishery, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Brisbane.




Bream–yellowfin (Acanthopagrus australis) EC









Yellowfin bream is considered a secondary commercial species in the East Coast Inshore Fin Fish Fishery (ECIFFF) however it is a very popular recreational species. The majority of commercial and recreational harvest of yellowfin bream occurs south of Baffle Creek near Bundaberg.

Female yellowfin bream reach maturity at 24 cm while males mature at a slightly smaller size. The recent increase (1 March 2010) to the minimum legal size to 25 cm improves the chances of fish reproducing before they are legally allowed to be retained.


Current commercial fisher logbooks do not separate yellowfin bream from other bream. An estimate of the proportion of retained yellowfin bream would assist future assessments.


Further reading

Kerby, BM and Brown, IW 1994, Bream, Whiting and Flathead in south east Queensland: a review of the literature, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Information Series QI94028, Brisbane, 29pp.

Exploitation Status Sustainably fished Stock East coast

Commercial catches and catch rates are stable. Good representation of ranges of fish lengths and ages in the sampled populations over time. Total mortality estimates are below upper limits. Precautionary management arrangements introduced on 1 March 2010 increase the proportion of female fish that are likely to have spawned before recruiting to the fishery.



Bugs–Balmain (Ibacus chacei and I. brucei) EC

Exploitation Status Uncertain Stock East coast

Two species were considered in the assessment but landings are dominated (80%) by I. chacei. Conservative minimum legal sizes allow spawning to occur before capture; however there is insufficient biological information to classify the sustainability status of Balmain bugs.

Species Complex Smooth bug (Ibacus chacei) Shovel-nosed bug (Ibacus brucei)








Balmain bugs are taken by commercial fisheries in Queensland and New South Wales. Landings of Balmain bugs are variable. Since 2001 Queensland landings have ranged from 63–140 t. Almost all Balmain bugs landed in Queensland are taken in the ECOTF which harvested 130 t of Balmain bugs in 2009. Negligible quantities (<0.5 t per year) are also landed from the Stout Whiting Fishery.

Currently there is insufficient biological information to classify the sustainability status of Balmain bugs as other than ‘uncertain’.


Collection and analysis of length-frequency data and catch and effort data from high catching areas is required to effectively assess the sustainability status of Balmain bugs.

For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for the ECOTF.

Further reading

Scandol, J, Rowling, K. and Graham, K (Eds) 2008, Bugs (Ibacus spp), pp 55-58. In ‘Status of Fisheries Resources in NSW 2006/07’, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Cronulla.

Haddy, JA, Courtney, AJ and Roy, DP 2005, Aspects of the reproductive biology and growth of Balmain bugs (Ibacus spp.) (Scyllaridae). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 25(2), pp. 263–273.




Bugs–Moreton Bay (Thenus australiensis & T. parindicus) EC


Two species were considered in this assessment. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) closures act to protect Moreton Bay bug biomass. Introduction of minimum legal sizes (MLSs) based on yield-per-recruit modelling and the use of square-mesh cod-ends has reduced the risk of overfishing small bugs. More information is available about Moreton Bay bugs than Balmain bugs; however their status is considered ‘uncertain’ due to the lack of a time series of recent length frequency data and the recent removal of the ban on harvesting berried females.

Species Complex Reef bug (Thenus australiensis) Mud bug (Thenus parindicus)





• Great Barrier Reef Seabed Biodiversity biomass estimates




Almost all of the Queensland Moreton bay bug harvest is taken in the East Coast Otter Trawl Fishery (ECOTF). Negligible quantities (<0.5 t per year) are taken in other east coast fisheries. Landings are historically variable since 2000, ranging from 317–486 t. In 2009, 402 t of Moreton Bay bugs were harvested.

Since 2004, permanent closures to trawling in the GBRMP have protected a significant proportion of the Moreton Bay bug biomass. Introduction of a 7.5 cm carapace width MLS based on yield-per-recruit modelling and use of square-mesh cod-ends have reduced the risk of overfishing small bugs. More information is available about Moreton Bay bugs than Balmain bugs; however their status is considered ‘uncertain’ due to the lack of information

about trends in size at capture and the recent removal of the ban on harvesting berried females.


Length frequency data collection and analysis is required to assess the effect of recent management changes on the stock. Analysis of catch and effort data from historically high Moreton Bay bug catching areas off Gladstone and Townsville is required to ensure that catch rate is representative of relative abundance for the main part of the fishable stock.


Further reading

Courtney, AJ 2002, The status of Queensland’s Moreton Bay bug (Thenus spp.) and Balmain bug (Ibacus spp.) stocks. Agency for Food and Fibre Sciences, Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Government.

Jones, C 1988, The biology and behaviour of Bay Lobsters, Thenus spp. (Decapoda: Scyllaridae), in Northern Queensland, Australia. Department of Zoology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. PhD Thesis.




Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) EC


Historical catch rates are variable. Length data is available and a more informed assessment will be made at the next workshop as the analysis of the cobia age structure is currently underway.





• Fishery dependent length information



Commercial cobia catch has increased from 14 t in 2004 to 35 t in 2008. Charter catch is around 12 t. The harvest estimate for recreationally caught cobia from the last survey was approximately 283 t, using an average weight of 9.15kg per fish, based on 2007 unvalidated sixe structure estimates from Fisheries Queensland fishery dependent sampling. The MLS for cobia is 75cm. Cobia attracts a beach price of around $6/kg.

Analysis of fishery dependent length information did not indicate any issues with size classes in the commercial, recreational or charter sectors.


Fisheries Queensland needs to complete ageing of the otoliths collected for cobia, which is currently planned for 2010–11. This will allow a more informed decision to be made about the stock status of the species on the east coast.

For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for the Rock Reef Fin Fish Fishery.




Coral trout (Plectropomus spp. and Variola spp.) EC


Catch has increased to 94% of the total allowable catch (TAC) in 2008–09. Commercial catch and catch rate has increased gradually since 2004 following the introduction of quota. No stock assessment has been completed and the quota limit was originally based on 1996 (pre-investment warning) harvest level. The TAC will be reviewed using resource assessment outcomes when available.

Species Complex Common coral trout (Plectropomus leopardus), barcheek coral trout (Plectropomus maculatus), bluespotted coral trout (Plectropomus laevis), passionfruit coral trout (Plectropomus areolatus), yellowedge coronation trout (Variola louti), white-edge coronation trout (Variola albimarginata).



• Coral trout quota usage



• Fishery independent length and abundance information




Since 2004–05 the annual catch and catch rates of coral trout have increased gradually with live fish export continuing to dominate the fishery. In 2008–09, 94% of the TAC was utilised.

The coral trout stock is considered to be sustainably fished based on the results of monitoring activities undertaken by Fisheries Queensland. Performance measures relating to total mortality rate (Z) relative to natural mortality rate for coral trout did not trigger in 2008–09. Workshop participants also examined population size structure data and abundance calculations, which all reflected good stock conditions.


The estimates of natural mortality (M) for coral trout are based on the estimate used by Little et al. (2008) from age-based catch curves. Refinement of this

estimate from cohort-specific age-based catch curves is expected in future.

It is proposed that a stock assessment module for the common coral trout (P. leopardus) will be developed and run on the simulated populations produced by Management Strategy Evaluation (MSE) software ELFSim (Effects of Line Fishing Simulation), with the outcomes used to enhance management of the fishery and tailor the collection of fishery independent data in order for stock assessments to be conducted in the future. The enhancement of ELFSim will be trialled in lieu of a traditional stock assessment, which do not tend to suit spatially complex species like coral trout, to potentially provide a greater certainty in the sustainability of the fishery. Funding for the development of the stock assessment module is currently being sought.

Future monitoring strategies will be developed after considering the outcomes of the ELFsim modelling.

For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for the Coral Reef Fin Fish Fishery.

Further reading

Little, LR, Begg, GA, Goldman, B, Ellis, N, Mapstone. BD, Punt, AE, Jones, A, Sutton, S, Williams, A 2008, Modelling multi-species targeting of fishing effort in the Queensland Coral Reef Fin Fish Fishery. Fishing and Fisheries Research Centre Technical Report No 2. Fishing and Fisheries Research Centre, James Cook University, Townsville.




Crab–blue swimmer (Portunus pelagius) EC


Relatively stable recent commercial catch levels (by region and for the whole fishery). Size frequency distribution for seven years shows a consistent distribution of individuals across size class. A more reliable index of commercial effort would result in a more confident catch rate estimate. Improved estimates of recreational catch, including at a regional level would also provide more confidence in total harvest estimates and the stock status.




• Charter catch estimates

• Fishery independent data




Commercial catches of blue swimmer crabs have been relatively stable in recent times. Regional breakdown of logbook data identifies two high catch and effort regions; Sunshine Coast to Fraser and Moreton Bay. Fishery independent monitoring data indicates stable size structures (carapace classes), particularly within the Moreton Bay region. Regional breakdown also confirms the migration of larger crabs offshore to Hervey Bay.

The PMS has detected changes in catch and catch rates associated with the Gulf of Carpentaria, North Queensland, Capricorn, Sunshine Coast to Fraser and Moreton Bay regions. The majority of triggered measures were due to the inclusion of heightened historical catch data. There is currently no evidence to suggest any chronic or incremental changes occurring in the Blue Swimmer Crab Fishery (BSCF), which reinforces the current sustainability status.


As for many fisheries the recreational catch estimates at a finer regional/spatial scale would be valuable to determine the overall removals of the blue swimmer crab resource.

An improved index of effort is required to strengthen the reliability of catch rate and existing trends illustrated in the BSCF. However, as this is linked to logbook reporting, Fisheries Queensland would need to investigate the cost-effectiveness of undertaking this initiative. Subsequent stock status assessments will pay particular attention to the harvest of blue swimmer crabs by trawl fisheries; since the management change in 2008 modified the in-possession limit for waters outside of Moreton Bay.

A credible survey index or index of abundance would further strengthen the status of the resource. Analysis of Fisheries Queensland juvenile blue swimmer crab recruitment data in Moreton Bay during 2010–11 is expected to partially provide this information.

For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for the BSCF.




Crab–mud (Scylla spp.) EC



Historical commercial catch is stable over the long term, while catch per unit effort has increased slightly. Size frequency graphs are stable—but show a smaller number of males present in the larger size classes. A more reliable index of commercial effort would result in a more confident catch rate estimate and strengthen identified trends in the data. Improved recreational catch estimates would also provide more confidence in total harvest estimates. A credible indicator of abundance would reduce uncertainty in the assessment.

Species Complex Mud crab (Scylla serrata) Orange mud crab (Scylla olivacea)









Commercial catches of mud crabs have been stable over the long term, suggesting that recruitment is being sustained. Catch rates have followed the same trend, with recent years showing a steady increase. The east coast continues to sustain a greater amount of fishing pressure–in comparison to the Gulf of Carpentaria–with more than 80% of the Queensland catch harvested from this location. Regional breakdown of logbook data identifies Capricorn as the highest east coast catch and effort region in the Mud Crab Fishery (MCF).

Fishery independent monitoring data indicates stable size structures carapace classes)– South East Queensland in particular recorded a higher proportion of crabs in the larger size classes. Analysis has indicated a significant loss of male mud crabs in older size classes, although there are still a high proportion of recruits entering the fishery.

The PMS has detected a change in the catch rates associated with the Northern Wet region. The triggered measure resulted from a higher than historical catch rate; indicating that this region had a higher than average yield. There is currently no evidence to suggest any chronic or incremental changes occurring in the fishery.


Improved recreational catch estimates would add value by determining the overall removals of the mud crab resource. An improved index of effort is required to strengthen the reliability of catch rate–the analysis needs to incorporate the concept of effort creep–and existing trends in the MCF. This quantification of effort is increasingly important on the east coast due to the high number of operators. However, as this is linked to logbook reporting, Fisheries Queensland would need to investigate the costs to determine whether this process would be a cost-effective initiative.

A credible indicator of abundance would minimise contradictory signals in fishery dependant and independent data, and confirm the status of mud crabs stocks in areas of high commercial and recreational fishing pressure.

For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for the MCF.



Crab–mud (Scylla spp.) GOC


Historical commercial catch levels and catch rates are variable–and currently less than historically sustained levels. Size frequency graphs show no significant change in distribution of individuals across size classes–data shows a high representation of large males. Improved recreational catch estimates, including at a regional level–allowing discrimination between the Gulf of Carpentaria and the east coast–would also provide more confidence in total harvest estimates and the stock status.

Species Complex Mud crab (Scylla serrata) Orange mud crab (Scylla olivacea)









Commercial catch and catch rate of mud crabs have been variable over the long term but are currently less than historically recorded levels. Mud crab catch in the Gulf of Carpentaria typically contributes less than 20% to the total Queensland catch; principally as a result of less than one fifth of the active licences operating within this area. Regional breakdown of the Gulf of Carpentaria logbook data identifies the Southern Gulf as a high catch region–yielding double the number of crabs per day than the Northern Gulf region–in the Mud Crab Fishery (MCF).

Fishery independent monitoring data indicates that there has been no significant change in the distribution of size structures (carapace classes) over time. The proportion of undersized males and females in the smaller size classes is higher in the Gulf of Carpentaria than on the east coast.

Conversely the Gulf of Carpentaria shows a distinct overrepresentation of males in the larger spectrum of size classes. Fishery independent catch rate has been variable over time–more representative of river flow effects and recreational effort preventing sampling in high effort areas.

No performance measures have triggered in association with the Gulf of Carpentaria. There is currently no evidence to suggest any chronic or incremental changes occurring in the MCF, reinforcing the sustainability of the stock.


Improved recreational catch estimates, including at a regional level would add value by determining the overall removals of the mud crab resource. This breakdown is needed to make comparisons between the high population centres along the east coast and effort pulses associated with remote regional areas in the Gulf of Carpentaria.

If an improved index of effort is introduced into the MCF–via the east coast stock–this will certainly benefit the analysis of the Gulf of Carpentaria stock.

For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for the MCF.




Crab–spanner (Ranina ranina) EC




• Quota usage

• Stock indicators and TAC review reports






Commercial catch of spanner crabs has been steadily decreasing over time–the TAC has not been reached at any time during the past decade, with the most recent total landings constituting 76% of the TAC. Recent decreases are believed to be associated with a decrease in market demand, which has placed restrictions on the daily catch limit and saleable quantities of spanner crabs by the fleet. Regional breakdown of logbook data identifies the area surrounding Tin Can Bay as the highest catch and effort location in the Spanner Crab Fishery (SCF).

Fisheries Queensland has confidence in the commercial and fishery independent survey index–calculated as an adjusted mean (modelled) catch rate–as a credible index of abundance. The most recent analysis of the fishery stock indicators in the

TAC review document indicated that there has been a 23% increase in catch rate above the base (historical) levels.

At present, the recreational catch estimate is assumed to relate specifically to the east coast as there is no evidence to suggest that spanner crabs occur in the Gulf of Carpentaria.

Fishery independent monitoring data indicates stable size structures (carapace classes). Recent decline in the number of crabs caught and catch rate is attributed partly to an expected downturn in the crabs’ natural abundance cycle and affects associated with an infestation of toadfish.

Performance measures were triggered as a result of the decrease in commercial catch in the whole fishery and in Managed Area A. The triggered measures resulted from a significant (>35%) decrease in commercial catch from the previous calendar year figures. There is currently no evidence to suggest any chronic or incremental changes occurring in the SCF.

For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for the SCF.

Exploitation Status Not Fully Utilised Stock East coast

Current commercial catch levels are significantly less than historically sustained levels–with recent market fluctuations believed to have imposed daily catch limits on fishers. Size frequency graphs show a healthy distribution of individuals across size classes. Total allowable catch (TAC) is currently underutilised and has not been reached at any time during the past decade.



Eel (Anguilla australis and A. Reinhardtii) EC


Historical commercial catch and catch rate data are variable and heavily dependant on environmental factors. Length frequency graphs show healthy distribution of individuals in length classes for nine years. Current fishing pressure is considered sustainable under the current management regime, due particularly to strict conditions related to permitted fishing areas.

Species Complex Longfin eel (Anguilla reinhardtii) Southern shortfin eel (Anguilla australis)





• Published local and non-local biological information


The freshwater eel stock is unique in that both adult and juvenile lifecycle stages are harvested. The adult and juvenile eel fisheries data has been combined for the purpose of assigning a stock status. Both southern shortfin and longfin eel species are believed to belong to a single panmictic genetic stock; this recognises that the stock-recruitment relationship is likely to be weak and that recruitment of juveniles into individual river systems is highly variable and random.

Commercial catch of juvenile and adult eels have fluctuated over times and current levels are considered acceptable against long-term historical catch levels. Inter-annual variability in catch and effort trends is a result of multiple factors external to fishing pressure such as natural fluctuations in populations and recruitment and environmental factors such as drought. Regional breakdown of logbook data identifies the Fraser/Burnett and Moreton regions as the high harvest areas for both fisheries, yielding a higher catch rate.

Fishery independent monitoring data indicates stable length structures. All available years showed no significant decline in eel abundance between years over this time period but a highly significant difference between rivers. On the basis of the analysis of eight years of fishery independent data, there is no current evidence of declining adult eel abundance in any Queensland river sampled.

The adult eel fishery PMS did not detect any changes in catch in effort during the current assessment. The juvenile eel fishery PMS detected changes in effort–namely a higher total proportion of rivers being fished and rivers recording declines in the number of day fished. Fisheries Queensland considered the factors contributing to the effort changes and believes that the Queensland Eel Fishery (QEF) continues to pose a low risk to the target species populations and remains ecologically sustainable.

For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for the Queensland Eel Fishery.




Emperor–red (Lutjanus sebae) EC

Exploitation Status Uncertain Stock East Coast

Commercial catch increasing to levels reported prior to introduction of quota in 2003–04. Catch rates have remained relatively stable over past decade. More recent biological information on length structure and abundance and increased species level reporting in commercial logbooks would aid in reducing stock status uncertainty.



• Other species ‘OS’ quota usage






In 2004 a quota system was introduced for ‘other’ coral reef fin fish (OS quota), which includes red emperor. This quota is shared among commercial fishers through individual transferable quotas. Red emperor consistently makes up around 10% of the OS component in the Coral Reef Fin Fish Fishery (CRFFF). Red emperor attracts a beach price of between $8–10/kg. Recreational catches have declined from 393 t in 2002 to 232 t in 2005 (east coast and Gulf of Carpentaria combined). Charter catch has also remained historically stable at around 18 t.


Red emperor is a key species that requires more biological data to be collected on the abundance and length structure in regions within which the fishery operates. This information will be collected through the structured line surveys conducted by Fisheries Queensland biennially.

The Fisheries Observer Program will be monitoring the line fisheries again in 2011, which will aid in the validation of commercial fisher logbooks.

For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for the CRFFF.




Emperor–red (Lutjanus sebae) GOC










There is currently no restriction on the take of red emperor in the Gulf of Carpentaria. Red emperor commercial harvest levels attributed to 3.6 t of catch in the Gulf of Carpentaria Line Fishery (GOCLF) and 3.2 t in the Developmental Fin Fish Trawl Fishery (GOCDFFTF) in 2007 respectively. Red emperor attracts a beach price of between $8–10/kg. Recreational catches have declined from 654 t in 2002 to 386 t in 2005 (east coast and Gulf of Carpentaria combined). Charter catch was 7 t in 2007.


Red emperors are part of a shared stock that may be heavily utilised by Western Australia and the Northern Territory (risk assessment from 2006). Red emperor is a key species that requires more biological data to be collected on the abundance and length structure in regions within which the fishery operates.

Fisheries Queensland commenced the one year Fisheries Research and Development Corporation project 2009/037 'Sustaining productivity of tropical red snapper using new monitoring and reference points' in late 2009. The project is reviewing and developing methods and data tools required for monitoring and managing fishing activity according to the biological and economic conditions of the red snapper (i.e. crimson snapper, saddletail snapper and red emperor) fisheries. The project outputs will be incorporated in a Harvest Strategy Framework for red snapper species across northern Australia.

For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for the GOCLF and GOCDFFTF.

Exploitation Status Uncertain Stock Gulf of Carpentaria

Commercial catches and catch rates have increased since 2007. There is limited data available on the distribution and abundance of red emperor in the Gulf of Carpentaria. Queensland fishers in the Gulf of Carpentaria take a small proportion of a stock shared by Western Australia and Northern Territory. Red emperor status is ‘uncertain’ until information on the level of exploitation by these jurisdictions is gathered. Red emperor will be reassessed in late 2010.



Emperor–redthroat (Lethrinus miniatus) EC

Exploitation Status Not Fully Utilised Stock East Coast

Only 39% of the total allowable catch (TAC) landed in 2008–09. A stock assessment conducted in 2006 estimated the population biomass to be around 70% of unfished biomass and indicated that the commercial TAC is set at an appropriate level. Information on recruitment and movement patterns of this species would be valuable to support stock status.


• Stock assessment


• Redthroat emperor quota usage



• Fishery dependent age, length, growth curve and abundance information




Since the introduction of quota in 2004, the catch and catch per unit effort (CPUE) has remained stable. In 2008–09, only 39% of the redthroat emperor east coast quota (RTE quota) was caught. Redthroat emperor attracts a beach price of between $8–10/kg. Recreational catches have declined from 155 t in 2002 to 89 t in 2005. Charter catch has remained historically stable at around 60 t.


Fisheries Queensland has collected fishery independent data on Coral Reef Fin Fish Fishery (CRFFF) resources using structured line fishing surveys since 2005–06 based on the methods developed by the Effects of Line Fishing Program (1995–2005).

The objectives of the monitoring program are to determine the annual trends in abundance, mortality, length or age structure of common coral trout, redthroat emperor and the abundance and length structure of other species in regions within which the fishery operates. This data helps assess the status of the stocks and report against the performance measures contained in the fishery PMS.

Estimated rates of total mortality (Z) of redthroat emperor and diversity indices are calculated from fishery-independent data to assess performance measures, which did not trigger in 2008–09. Assessing age data can identify changing patterns in population structure such as follow a peak in recruitment of 3 year old redthroat emperor in 2006–07 through to 5 years of age in 2008–09.

The Fisheries Observer Program will be monitoring the line fisheries again in 2011, which will aid in the validation of commercial fisher logbooks. Fisheries Queensland will be conducting the next stock assessment on redthroat emperor in 2012.





Flathead–dusky (Platycephalus fuscus) EC

Exploitation Status Sustainably fished Stock East Coast

Commercial catches and catch rates are stable. Fishery predominantly harvests female fish. Nearly all male and large fecund female fish are protected by minimum and maximum size limits. Conservative bag limits are also in place. Age and length information indicate healthy stocks.







Dusky flathead is both recreationally and commercially important, especially in South East Queensland where the majority of commercial harvest occurs.

Commercial harvest indicators for this species have been stable since 2004. The current minimum legal size (40 cm) protects most male fish while the maximum legal size (75 cm) protects large fecund female fish. Combined with an in-possession limit of five, dusky flathead are afforded a high level of precautionary management.


Current commercial fisher logbooks do not separate dusky flathead from other flathead. An estimate of the proportion of retained dusky flathead would assist future assessments.

For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for the East Coast Inshore Fin Fish Fishery.

Further reading





Javelin (Pomadasys spp.) EC



Javelins (or grunter) are a complex of important recreational species, especially in North Queensland. Although commercial catches and catch rates are steady, the magnitude of the recreational catch on a regional basis is not known at this stage. The stock status is ‘uncertain’ until an updated recreational harvest estimate is available.

Species Complex Barred javelin (spotted grunter)–Pomadasys kaakan Silver javelin (small spotted grunter)–Pomadasys argenteus






Although the commercial catches and catch rates of javelin appear stable, this is likely to be more important as a recreational rather than a commercial species. Credible estimates of recreational harvest which differentiate between Gulf of Carpentaria and east coast catches are not yet available. There is also anecdotal evidence of increased pressure on this popular species from interstate visitors.


More accurate, regionally separated, estimates of recreational harvest of javelin are required. The next statewide recreational fishing survey began in July 2010 with results available in 2011.




Mackerel–grey (Scomberomorus semifasciatus) EC


There is uncertainty in the assessment of current catch trends and stock status given that the commercial fishery fundamentally changed with the introduction of new conservative quota management arrangements on 1 July 2009. Only two years of routine biological data (length of fish caught in the fishery) were available which is insufficient to assess trends.







The introduction of a conservative commercial total allowable catch (TAC) for this species that commenced on 1 July 2009 has meant that it is difficult to interpret the recent catch history for grey mackerel with certainty. Adding to the assessment complexity, results of recent stock discrimination research have suggested that there are two stocks of grey mackerel along the east coast with the split occurring somewhere between Townsville and Mackay (Welch et al. 2009). The status of grey mackerel will remain ‘uncertain’ until a longer time series of commercial catch history and fishery dependent monitoring data (stratified for the two stocks) are available for assessment.


A longer time series of commercial logbook information and fishery dependent monitoring of grey mackerel stocks post quota implementation on 1 July 2009 would improve the certainty of stock status for grey mackerel.


Further reading

Welch, D, Buckworth, R, Ovenden, J, Newman, S, Broderick, D, Lester, R, Ballagh, A, Stapley, J, Charters, R and Gribble, N 2009, Determination of management units for grey mackerel fisheries in northern Australia. FRDC Project No 2005/010. Fishing and Fisheries Research Centre Technical Report No. 4, Fishing and Fisheries Research Centre, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.




Mackerel–grey (Scomberomorus semifasciatus) GOC


Commercial catches and catch rates are variable. Recent research indicates the possible existence of multiple localised adult sub-stocks of grey mackerel (meta populations) within the Gulf of Carpentaria. The Gulf of Carpentaria stock is managed as a whole and shared with Northern Territory. Sustainability reference points in the Performance Measurement System (PMS) are not monitored at a regional/local spatial level so it is not possible at this time to determine regional catch trends and overall stock status.







• Ecological risk assessment (2004)



Apart for a peak in annual commercial catches in 2008, harvest of grey mackerel in the Gulf of Carpentaria has been reasonably stable.

The review of the 2004 ERA (Zeller and Snape 2006) downgraded grey mackerel from high to a moderate risk due to the outcomes of research on the stock differentiation across northern Australia (Welch et al. 2009). This research found some evidence, although inconclusive, that multiple localised adult sub-stocks of grey mackerel (meta populations) may exist within the Gulf of Carpentaria. Anecdotally there is evidence of local seasonal declines in grey mackerel elsewhere in the Gulf of Carpentaria supporting the potential for meta populations. This information contradicts the stable catch trends reported through commercial fisher logbooks and requires further investigation.


A longer time series of long term, fishery dependent monitoring of grey mackerel stocks stratified at appropriate spatial scales are needed to provide information towards understanding the status of grey mackerel stock(s) in the Gulf of Carpentaria.

For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for the Gulf of Carpentaria Inshore Fin Fish Fishery and Gulf of Carpentaria Line Fishery.

Further reading

Welch, D, Buckworth, R, Ovenden, J, Newman, S, Broderick, D, Lester, R, Ballagh, A, Stapley, J, Charters, R and Gribble, N 2009, Determination of management units for grey mackerel fisheries in northern Australia. FRDC Project No 2005/010. Fishing and Fisheries Research Centre Technical Report No. 4, Fishing and Fisheries Research Centre, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.




Mackerel–school (Scomberomorus queenslandicus) EC


While it is likely that the school mackerel harvest is sustainable, there are contradictory signals in the commercial catch rates for the net and line sectors. The status of school mackerel is ‘uncertain’ until there is greater confidence in commercial catch rate data and better quantification of the recreational harvest.









While there are no concerns for sustainability, there are contradictory signals in the commercial catch history for school mackerel. It appears that the commercial catch rates for the net sector are rising while the line sector suggests catch rates are declining. There is also some uncertainty over the magnitude of the recreational harvest for school mackerel. This may be an underestimate that is likely due to misidentification of the species. The status of school mackerel will remain ‘uncertain’ until these issues are resolved.


More accurate estimates of recreational harvest of school mackerel are required. The next statewide recreational fishing survey is designed to reduce the potential for misidentification. The survey is scheduled to begin in 2010 with results available in 2011.


Further reading

Cameron, D and Begg, G 2002, Fisheries biology and interaction in the northern Australian small mackerel fishery. Final report to Fisheries Research and Development Corporation, Projects 92/144 and 92/144.02, Department of Primary Industries, Queensland.




Mackerel–Spanish (Scomberomorus commerson) EC

.

Exploitation Status Sustainably Fished Stock East Coast

At current fishing levels the fishery is considered sustainably fished. A new stock assessment is currently being completed, with outcomes expected to be publically available in late 2010. Preliminary results support the outcomes of the previous 2008 assessment.


• Stock assessment


• Spanish mackerel ‘SM’ quota usage



• Fishery dependent biological length and age information




The commercial catch per unit effort (CPUE) of Spanish mackerel has historically exhibited a stable trend, despite inter-annual variability in total catch. In 2008–09 the catch increased for the first time since quota was introduced in 2004–05, from 209 t in 2007–08, to 308 t. In 2008–09, the number of vessels accessing the fishery increased from 161 to 173. The CPUE (kg/day) also increased from 61 kg/day to 67 kg/day. In 2008–09, only 49% of the quota was utilised. The status of the stock will be reviewed on completion of the 2010 stock assessment.

As Spanish mackerel is a schooling species and known to aggregate for spawning, there is potential for catch rates to be hyperstable (i.e. declines in stock size without apparent changes in reported CPUE). The stock assessments for east coast Spanish mackerel undertaken by Fisheries Queensland uses an age-structured model developed from biological sampling combined with logbook reported CPUE to account for this potential.

Annual reported charter catches of Spanish mackerel on the east coast have decreased from 30 t in 2007–08 to approximately 27 t in 2008–09. The CPUE has also increased slightly from 17.9 kg/day in 2007–08 to 18.1 kg/day in 2008–09.

Recreational catch conversions for Spanish mackerel were amended in 2008 from 12.2kg to 9.2kg/fish. Total harvest increased from 347 t in 2002 to 415 t in 2005 (east coast and Gulf of Carpentaria combined).


Fisheries Queensland will continue to collect fishery dependent information on the age and length of Spanish mackerel on the east coast to inform the PMS and future stock assessments.

For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for the East Coast Spanish Mackerel Fishery.




Mackerel–Spanish (Scomberomorus commerson) GOC

Exploitation Status

Uncertain Stock Gulf of Carpentaria

Catch has declined but remains within historical harvest levels. Catch rates have increased slightly. A lack of data demonstrating temporal trends in length or age frequencies led the workshop expert panel to determine an 'uncertain' status. This species will be reviewed again in late 2010.



• Spanish mackerel quota usage



• Fishery dependent biological length data




In 2009, the total catch of line-caught Spanish mackerel was 185 t, which was a 35% decrease in catch from the previous year. Charter operator numbers in the Gulf of Carpentaria decreased again from 20 in 2008 to 16 in 2009 with a corresponding decrease in days fished of 27% to 443 days. Retained catch decreased with 7.4 t of fish and an estimated 26.6 t released in 2009.

Recreational catch conversions for Spanish mackerel were amended in 2008 from 12.2kg to 9.2kg/fish. Total harvest increased from 347 t in 2002 to 415 t in 2005 (east coast and Gulf of Carpentaria combined).

In 2009, fish sampled from the commercial sector ranged from 77 cm to 156 cm in total length with a peak at around 110 to 114 cm. There were a greater proportion of fish in larger size classes in 2009 compared to 2008, shifting the distribution to the right. However, the sample size in 2009 was lower than in 2008.

Spanish mackerel sampled from the recreational sector in 2009 (n=160) ranged from 78 cm to 148 cm in total length.


Longer time-series length and age data is required to monitor the Spanish mackerel population structure in the Gulf of Carpentaria (currently two years out of data) in order to determine stock status.

The age structure of Spanish mackerel sampled in the Gulf of Carpentaria will be calculated during 2010 and data incorporated into future stock status workshops.

For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for the Gulf of Carpentaria Line Fishery.




Mackerel–spotted (Scomberomorus munroi) EC



Predominantly a line fished species since 2004. Age, length, sex structure and mortality estimates are available. Species-specific recreational estimate also available. Total mortality rate estimate indicates fishing is occurring at upper levels.



• Competitive total allowable catch (TAC) quota usage



• Fishery dependent biological length data




The commercial catch of spotted mackerel has remained stable between 55–58 t in the last three years (TAC is 140 t). Recreational estimates of 305 t from the 2005 survey were calculated based on the 2005–06 Fisheries Queensland Long Term Monitoring Program estimates of 2.7 kg/fish. New South Wales’ commercial catch is approximately 40–50 t.

The annual age structures of the spotted mackerel catch for each sector are similar. The relatively small differences that occur are most likely a result of differences in the locations fished by each sector. Assuming that the combined commercial and recreational catch is indicative of the spotted mackerel population, the population appears to be predominantly comprised of young fish, mainly within the one to four year old age groups.

Fisheries Queensland is taking into consideration that the majority of commercial fishery age estimates are coming from Hervey Bay data (where smaller individuals are caught) and therefore this brings the average down. Recreational fishers appear to catch older fish.

At the time of the workshop (September 2009), the species-specific performance indicators developed in June 2009 had not been measured. A review of the current PMS for the East Coast Inshore Fin Fish Fishery (ECIFFF) will be undertaken in 2011.

Spotted mackerel minimum legal size changed from 50 to 60 cm in 2002 which was introduced the same time as the TAC was introduced.

Currently the total mortality estimates indicate that the stock is fished at upper levels of sustainable harvest.


The next statewide recreational fishing survey is scheduled for 2010–11 which will provide an updated recreational catch estimate for spotted mackerel. This is valuable information given the greater historical recreational catch compared to commercial catch for this species. Fisheries Queensland will monitor total catch and catch rates through the PMS as they have been variable in the last five to ten years.

Fisheries Queensland continues to monitor age and length through fishery dependent data collection and are considering the potential to undertake a stock assessment for this species.




Pearl perch (Glaucosoma scapulare) EC


Currently not enough historical commercial catch data (non-specific recording until 2004) and highly variable catch rates. Length structure stable but age data would need to be analysed before a more informed decision can be made. Currently being assessed as part of an FRDC project on the fishery.









Since quota was introduced in 2004 for reef fish species, the catch of pearl perch increased dramatically from <10 t to up to 97 t in 2005. The commercial catch has now stabilized to around 40–50 t over the past two years. Recreational catch appears to have increased from around 50 t in 2002 to around 123 t in the 2005 survey. Pearl perch attracts a beach price of around $6/kg. Based on the limited history (poor recording of pearl perch until 2004) and highly variable catch rates, the stock status for this species is considered ‘uncertain’.


The size structure is stable based on fishery dependent length data but age structure information may assist in clarifying the current exploitation status. Age information will also allow calculation of total mortality estimate in the PMS. The current performance measure relating to catch rate for pearl perch was not triggered in 2009.

For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for the Rocky Reef Fin Fish Fishery.




Prawn–banana (Fenneropenaeus merguiensis) EC


Exploitation Status Sustainably fished Stock East coast

An assessment of the east coast banana prawn stock indicated that in 2004 biomass was well above the level required for maximum sustainable yield. Evidence indicates that banana prawn stock biomass below this level has occurred in the past without effect. Fishery scale analysis indicates that the 2009 commercial harvest is less than the 2004 commercial harvest level, although recreational landings appear to be increasing. Finer scale analysis may be needed to rule out the possibility of depletion in some regions.





• Regional monthly age-structured model outputs




Approximately 80% of commercial banana prawn landings are taken by otter trawl and 20% are taken by beam trawling. Landings in both the otter trawl and beam trawl fisheries are variable, totalled 913 t in 2009. Negligible commercial quantities (<o.5%) are taken in stripe nets. Recreational landings by fishers using cast nets are significant (200 t in 2005) and may be increasing. Based on limited catch data landings in the indigenous sector are uncertain but are likely to be minor. Landings in the charter sector are negligible (in the range of 0–15 kg/year).

An assessment of the east coast banana prawn stock indicated that in 2004 biomass was well above the level required for maximum sustainable yield. Evidence indicates that banana prawn stock biomass below this level has occurred in the past without effect. Fishery scale analysis indicates that the 2009 commercial harvest is less than the 2004 commercial harvest level, although recreational landings appear to be increasing.


Catch rate standardisation was carried out on 1988–2004 trawl landings and effort data in the most recent stock assessment. It took into account likely differences between boats catching banana prawns and other prawn species but not the possibility that the fishing power of individual boats could be increasing through time (as demonstrated for other east coast trawl fishery sectors). This could affect banana prawn catchability and potentially gear selectivity. Determination of changes in fishing power in the fleet and standardisation of catch rate at a regional scale is needed for years subsequent to 2004 for accurate interpretation of recent trends in commercial catch rate. It will also validate catch rate as a consistently reliable indicator of relative abundance of sub-stocks and as a predictor of overfishing.

For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for the East Coast Otter Trawl Fishery and River and Inshore Beam Trawl Fishery.

Further reading

O'Neill, MF and Leigh GM 2007, Fishing power increases continue in Queensland's east coast trawl fishery, Australia, Fisheries Research, 85, pp 84-92.

Tanimoto, M, Courtney, AJ, O’Neill, MF and Leigh, GM 2006, Stock Assessment of the Queensland (Australia) east coast banana prawn (Penaeus merguiensis), Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Brisbane, Australia.



Prawn–endeavour (Metapenaeus endeavouri and M. ensis) EC

Exploitation Status Not fully utilised Stock East coast

Two species were considered in this assessment but landings are dominated (~80%) by blue endeavour prawns (Metapenaeus endeavouri). Current harvest levels are significantly lower than historical levels and there is no evidence that endeavour prawn stocks were being overfished at historically high levels. It is highly likely that this stock is currently under utilised.

Species Complex Blue endeavour prawn (Metapenaeus endeavouri) Red endeavour prawn (Metapenaeus ensis)




• Charter logbook catch

• Fishery independent abundance information




Commercial effort directed at endeavour prawns stabilized after a series of effort declines from 1997. Landings declined from 2000 to 2007 before stabilizing in 2008. While catch rate is increasing, returns on sale of endeavour prawns are not high enough to encourage fishers to increase targeting them in preference to more economically valuable species e.g. tiger prawns.

In 2008 and 2009, catch rate was at high levels for most of the season. In considering this and the ‘sustainably fished’ status of the stock when landings were historically much higher (Turnbull and Gribble 2004), it was determined that the stock is currently not fully utilised.


Uncertainty exists regarding endeavour prawn species composition in the East Coast Otter Trawl Fishery (ECOTF) where the majority of landings are taken. Preliminary data from fishery independent monitoring indicates that blue endeavour prawns are

more abundant offshore and in more northerly waters (Cape Flattery to Torres Strait) while red endeavour prawns are more abundant in shallower more southerly waters (Cairns to Cape Bowling Green).

There are also a limited but uncertain proportion of the total endeavour prawn landings taken in the River and Inshore (Beam) Trawl Fishery and the shallow water eastern king prawn sector of the ECOTF. Further biological data collection is required to assess the relative contribution of these fisheries to the total Queensland endeavour prawn catch and to interpret with greater certainty the composition of endeavour prawn species harvested at different locations and times.


Further reading

Gribble, NA, Wassenberg, TJ and Burridge, C 2007, Factors affecting the distribution of commercially exploited penaeid prawns (shrimp) (Decapod: Penaeidae) across the northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia, Fisheries Research, 85, pp 174-185.

Turnbull, CT, and Gribble, NA 2004, Assessment of the northern Queensland Tiger and Endeavour prawn stocks: 2004 update, The State of Queensland, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Brisbane.




Prawn–redspot and blue leg king (Melicertus longistylus and M.latisulcatus) EC


The two main king prawn species that occur north of about 21ºS were considered in this assessment. Landings are dominated (~70%) by redspot king prawns (M. longistylus). Aggregated reporting of three king prawn species in the logbook makes it difficult to attribute landings to individual king prawn species prior to 2003. The current data is not a long enough time-series to identify trends in the species landings and effort. Future assessment of northern king prawn species will analyse spatially defined landings and effort data for each of these species based on recently developed criteria.

Species complex Redspot prawn (Melicertus longistylus) Blue leg king prawn (Melicertus latisulcatus)





• Fishery independent abundance information




Northern king prawn landings (i.e. north of ~21ºS) are predominantly red spot king and blue-legged king prawns (M. latisulcatus). Northern king landings reported prior to 2003 included blue-legged king prawns, but have since been recorded separately in logbooks as red spot king prawns and blue-legged king prawns. Fishing effort for northern king prawns has been in decline for most years since 1996. Since 1990, landings have been variable for most of the time series until they declined from 2003–07 before stabilising in 2008 and 2009. Northern king prawn catch rate has increased every year since 2006—the first time that the catch rate has increased over three consecutive years since 1990. The current catch rate is in the upper range of historical catch rates.


Aggregated reporting of three king prawn species in the logbook made it difficult to attribute landings to

individual northern king prawn species prior to introduction of a new trawl logbook with individual red spot king and blue-legged king prawn catch recording categories in 2003. The six years of catch and effort data for individual king prawn species collected since, is too brief a time series to identify trends in the species specific landings and effort targeting each of the northern king prawn species. Future assessment of northern king prawn species will analyse spatially and temporally defined landings and effort data for each of these species based on recently developed criteria.

For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for the East Coast Otter Trawl Fishery.

Further reading

Gribble, NA, Wassenberg, TJ and Burridge, C 2007, Factors affecting the distribution of commercially exploited penaeid prawns (shrimp) (Decapod: Penaeidae) across the northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia, Fisheries Research, 85, pp 174-185.

O'Neill, MF and Leigh GM 2007, Fishing power increases continue in Queensland's east coast trawl fishery, Australia, Fisheries Research, 85, pp 84-92.

Dredge, MCL 1990, Movement, growth and natural mortality rate of the red spot king prawn, Penaeus longistylus Kubo, from the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon, Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 41, pp 399-410.




Rockcod–bar (Epinephelus ergastularius and E. septemfasciatus) EC

Pat Tully ©NSW DPI


Reported commercial catch increased from <1 t per year since 2004–05 to >32 t in 2007–08. Recreational catch estimates not available for these species. There are some concerns regarding commercial L1 fishers targeting the deeper waters with mechanical reels to catch large cods. A time-series of age and length data is required to change the ‘uncertain’ status. This species complex is currently monitored as a key ‘other species’ (OS) through the Performance Measurement System (PMS).

Species complex Banded rockcod (Epinephelus ergastularius) Convict grouper (Epinephelus septemfasciatus)









Bar rockcod are the dominant species caught by the New South Wales deep water line fishery and make up a significant proportion of the catch in the Queensland fishery. Bar rockcod commercial catch increased from <1 t per year since 2004–05 to >32 t in 2007–08. Recreational catch estimates are not available for the species, although likely to be low due to the depths that this species occurs. However new electric fishing reels are allowing recreational anglers to fish in deeper waters and the impact this may be having on bar rockcod will need to be considered in the future. There are some concerns regarding fishers with an L1 licence targeting the deeper waters with mechanical reels to catch large cods, which were recently attracting good prices at the fish markets.

Currently there is limited information on the biological characteristics of this species. Age and length data would provide a better understanding of the population characteristics; however this information is not currently collected routinely for this species. Such information would be of value in order to determine stock status in the future. This species will be assessed through an updated ecological risk assessment in 2011, and is already monitored through the PMS.

For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for the Deep Water Fin Fish Fishery.


The Fisheries Observer Program targeted L1 boats in 2009 to obtain better information on the catch of bar rockcod in the reef line fisheries. The line fisheries will again be focussed upon in 2011. Results will be incorporated into the stock status process in the future.

Opportunistic collection of frames and otoliths is underway in order to obtain an age profile for the fishery; however the species is currently not on the formal annual long term monitoring schedule.

Other monitoring will be conducted routinely through analysis of the commercial logbook data and the PMS.




Sea mullet (Mugil cephalus) EC


Stock is shared with New South Wales. Queensland’s catches are stable and within historical levels. Sea mullet was recently assessed by New South Wales as ‘fully fished’ due to a long history of stable landings and catch rates for estuary and ocean fisheries in both jurisdictions.









Sea mullet comprise the largest catch by weight of species harvested by commercial net fisheries in Queensland. The sea mullet stock is shared with New South Wales. Monitoring of length and age information from both stocks indicate no cause for concern. Catches and catch rates have been stable for many years.

Sea mullet was recently assessed by New South Wales as ‘fully fished’ due to a long history of stable landings and catch rates for estuary and ocean fisheries in both jurisdictions.


There is some conjecture over the appropriateness of the annual recommended targeted catch (Bell et al. 2004) which is based on a Virtual Population Analysis of the combined stock. There are no plans to review this recommended targeted catch, however both New South Wales and Queensland are continuing to collect biological information should the information be required for a future estimate.


Further reading

Bell, PA, O’Neill, MF, Leigh, GM, Courtney, AJ and Peel, SL 2004, Stock Assessment of the Queensland–New South Wales Sea Mullet Fishery (Mugil cephalus), Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Deception Bay, Australia.

Scandol, JP, Rowling, K, and Graham, K (Eds) 2008, Status of Fisheries Resources in NSW 2006/07, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Cronulla, 334 pp.




Snapper (Pagrus auratus) EC

Exploitation Status Overfished Stock East coast

The snapper stock is shared with New South Wales and is considered 'overfished'. Stock assessment results indicate a high level of fishing pressure. Fisheries Queensland is working with key stakeholders to develop options for new management arrangements that will rebuild the snapper stock.


• Stock assessment (2009)




• Fishery-dependent age and length information




This is a shared stock with New South Wales; South East Queensland is considered the most northern limit of the species major distribution. Commercial catch has halved in weight since 2005 but the recreational estimate almost doubled from the 2002 to 2005 survey (due to the average weight of fish being landed increasing from 0.9 kg in 2002 to 1.6 kg in 2005 from changes in minimum legal size limits). The stock assessment undertaken in 2009 indicated that the snapper exploitable biomass levels are approximately 35% of the virgin biomass and the stock requires rebuilding.


Monitoring programs to collect length and age information on snapper being harvested by all sectors (commercial, recreational and charter) are ongoing and supplemented by fishery-independent surveys for juvenile fish. These data are crucial for future stock assessments, and are used annually to monitor recruitment and estimate total mortality rate in the population.

Management response

The management arrangements for this stock are currently under review as part of the review of the Rocky Reef Fin Fish Fishery. The objective of the review is to rebuild the snapper stock to sustainable levels over a ten year period.





Snapper–crimson (Lutjanus erythropterus) EC


Lower landings reported since introduction of quota. Increased landings identified in 2008–09 are due to improved resolution of commercial logbooks and increased catch. Catch efficiency may be increasing with increasing availability of technology (sounders, GPS). Recreational data required. High discard mortality (60%) for these relatively long lived species.









In 2004 crimson snapper catch was included as part of the commercial other species (OS) quota. Catch of crimson snapper in the Coral Reef Fin Fish Fishery (CRFFF) has increased from 820 kg in 2005–06 to just under 20 t in 2008–09. Combined ‘nannygai-unspecified’ catches have been variable over the past five years in the Deep Water Fin Fish Fishery (less effort applied). Crimson snapper attracts a beach price of between $8–10/kg. Recreational catches for ‘nannygai (unspecified)’ show an increase in catch from 162 t in 2002 to 193 t in 2005 (east coast and Gulf of Carpentaria combined). Charter catch at 14 t in 2007 is the highest historically reported.


Currently there is limited biological information available relating to crimson snapper on the east coast. More independent information is required to validate logbooks, which will occur in 2011 when fishery observers will be focusing on the east coast line fisheries.





Snapper–crimson (Lutjanus erythropterus) GOC


Catches and catch rates have increased since 2001 however the total catch remains below the allocated commercial quota and well below the estimated sustainable yield estimates established in 1994 for red snappers in the Gulf of Carpentaria. The sustainable yield estimates are being revised and new monitoring and reference points are expected to be developed for crimson snapper in 2010. While the stock status for crimson snapper is likely to be sustainable at current harvest levels, it is defined as ‘uncertain’ until the species can be reassessed against new sustainable reference levels once established. There were no changes to the ecological risk ranking of crimson snapper following a review in early 2010.



• Quota usage







Crimson snapper continues to be the main ‘red snapper’ species harvested, comprising 43% of the total catch by weight (327 t) in the Gulf of Carpentaria Developmental Fin Fish Trawl Fishery (GOCDFFTF).


From 2004 to 2006, fisheries observers and the Long Term Monitoring Program (LTMP) collected age, reproductive status and size structure information for the major red snapper species in the GOCDFFTF. This information is being used for the new FRDC project 2009/037 “Sustaining productivity of tropical red snappers using new monitoring and reference points”. The project focuses on red snappers in northern Australian waters, and began in October 2009.

For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for the GOCDFFTF.




Snapper–goldband (Pristipomoides multidens) EC


Commercial harvest historically between 30–60 t per year. No recreational estimate is available for this species. It is unknown if there is a single stock or separate stocks on the east coast. Some otoliths have been collected but have not been aged. This species is currently monitored as a key ‘other species’ (OS) through the Performance Measurement System (PMS).



• Other species (OS) quota usage


• Performance Measurement System (PMS)


Goldband snapper is a deep water species; it is potentially slow growing but information on its biology was considered limited at the time of assessment. It is also unknown if the goldband snapper genetic stock is made up of a single stock or separate stocks. Recreational catch is unquantifiable as catch was reported as ‘tropical snappers–unspecified’ in the last survey (2005). There have been some concerns over the minimal charter catch reported as the species is thought to be popular in the charter fishery.

If the market develops and fishers decide to target this species then there would be a need to undertake further monitoring, but this is not foreseeable in the near future. Fisheries Queensland will continue to monitor this species through the PMS.


This species is unlikely to be a priority for specific monitoring at this stage, resulting in a likely ‘uncertain’ status for some time. There may be some potential for the collection of otoliths from the Fisheries Observer Program to analyse fish age data.

For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for the Coral Reef Fin Fish Fishery and Deep Water Fin Fish Fishery.




Snapper–hussar (Lutjanus adetii and L. vitta) EC



Commercial catches currently well below long term average for this species group. Recreational catch estimates for ‘hussar–unspecified’ are substantial.

Species Complex Pink hussar (Lutjanus adetii) Brownstripe hussar (Lutjanus vitta)






• Fishery independent length information




Commercial catch levels have decreased dramatically since quota was introduced in 2004 (80 t to 20 t). There is potential for the commercial catch to increase if the ‘OS’ quota component is more fully utilised (currently 59% of quota). For the purposes of future reporting of status the two species will remain grouped as Hussar spp.


This species is unlikely to be a priority for specific monitoring at this stage, resulting in a likely ‘uncertain’ category for some time. There may be some potential for further assessment through research projects on lutjanids in the Great Barrier Reef.


Further reading

Heupel, MR, Currey, LM, Williams, AJ, Simpfendorfer, CA, Ballagh, AC and Penny, AL 2009. The Comparative Biology of Lutjanid Species on the Great Barrier Reef. Project Milestone Report. Report to the Marine and Tropical Sciences Research Facility. Reef and Rainforest Research Centre Limited, Cairns.



Snapper–rosy (Pristipomoides filamentosus) EC


Since quota was introduced in 2004 catch has declined significantly (60 t to <5 t). Recreational catch estimates for this species is not available (recorded as ‘jobfish unspecified’). Limited biological information is available. This species is currently monitored as a key ‘OS’ species through the Performance Measurement System (PMS).







Minimal commercial catch reported since 2005. No available biological information. Probably a low risk to the sustainability of the species.


Not a priority for specific monitoring at this stage.





Snapper–saddletail (Lutjanus malabaricus) EC


Since quota was introduced in 2004 catch has declined significantly (150 t to 50 t). Species specific recreational catch estimates would be valuable. Limited biological information available. This species is currently monitored as a key ‘OS’ species through the Performance Measurement System (PMS).








Commercial saddletail snapper, ‘large mouth nannygai’ or ‘nannygai-unspecified’ catches have declined significantly since quota was introduced in 2004 (250 t in 1998–99 to 62 t in 2008–09). Saddletail snapper attracts a beach price of between $8–10/kg. Recreational catches for ‘nannygai-unspecified’ show an increase in catch from 162 t in 2002 to around 193 t in 2005 (east coast and Gulf of Carpentaria combined). There is currently no fishery dependent biological information available for the east coast stocks.


Basic biological information including length and age structures is needed to move this species out of an ‘uncertain’ category. Discard mortality is believed to be high for this species. Fishery Observer Program data would help to validate catches, including undersized bycatch which is not reported in the logbooks. This species is monitored as a key OS species in the PMS.





Snapper–saddletail (Lutjanus malabaricus) GOC


Catches have generally increased while catch rates have varied since 2005. The total catch however remains below the allocated commercial quota and well below the estimated sustainable yield estimates established in 1994 for red snappers in the Gulf of Carpentaria. The sustainable yield estimates are being revised and new monitoring and reference points are expected to be developed for saddletail snapper in 2010. While the stock status for saddletail snapper is likely to be sustainable at current harvest levels, it is defined as ‘uncertain’ until the species can be reassessed against new sustainable reference levels once established. There were no changes to the ecological risk ranking of saddletail snapper following a review in early 2010.



• Total allowable catch (TAC) for red snappers




• Fisheries Observer Program (FOP) data


In 2008, a record 225 t of saddletail snapper was reported in the Gulf of Carpentaria Developmental Fin Fish Trawl Fishery (GOCDFFTF). There was a significant increase in catch in the Gulf of Carpentaria Line Fishery (GOCLF) from <1 t in 2006 to 7 t in 2008. Recreational catches for ‘nannygai-unspecified’ show an increase in catch from 162 t in 2002 to around 193 t in 2005 (east coast and Gulf of Carpentaria combined). Charter catch was <1 t in 2008. Length information is available from the FOP in the Gulf from north and south regions sampled between 2004 and 2006. Performance indicators relating to incremental declines in catch rates for the species in the GOCDFFTF did not trigger in 2008.


Other biological information including age, sex ratios and growth curves would assist in reducing the uncertainty associated with this species. Discard mortality is believed to be high for this species. Additional observer coverage would help to validate catches, including undersized bycatch which is not reported in the logbooks.

For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for the GOCDFFTF and GOCLF.




Snapper–stripey (Lutjanus carponotatus) EC


Recent increases in reported catch may be due to increased resolution in logbooks, increased fishing for ‘other species’ quota or as a bycatch of increased landings of coral trout. Available age structures from stripey populations display broad ranges of age classes. This suggests the existing population structure may rely on broad representation of age classes for population stability.



• Other species (OS) quota usage



• Fishery independent length information




Commercial catch levels have increased dramatically since quota was introduced in 2004 (5 t to 60 t), which may also be attributed to new logbooks specifying the species. Significant recreational catches estimates were observed in the 2005 survey (90 000 fish). Stripeys are likely to be caught when fishers target coral trout, which likely contributes to their high catches. Recent stripey snapper length, age, sex ratio and mortality estimate data from a Marine and Tropical Sciences Research Facility (MTSRF) project on lutjanids was considered, although information presented in the publication was grouped for the 11 year period.


Further assessment should be conducted by obtaining the MTSRF raw data to look at age and growth data by year for the 1995–2005 period examined. There will unlikely be any additional monitoring will be undertaken by Fisheries Queensland on the species at this stage.





Squid (Uroteuthis (Photololigo) spp., Sepioteuthis spp. and Nototodarus spp.) EC


Considered as a species complex in this assessment. Trawled squid make up 90% of the commercial squid harvest and are predominantly pencil squid (Uroteuthis spp.), while inshore net caught and recreational squid landings are tiger squid (Sepioteuthis lessionana). Recreational landings may be increasing. Queensland and northern New South Wales fisheries catch the same Uroteuthis (Photololigo) species. Separate analysis of the inshore and offshore pencil squid harvest and a better estimate of the largely recreational tiger squid catch is needed before a more definitive classification of Queensland squid stocks can be made.






• Published biological information


Approximately 90% of the Queensland commercial landings are taken by trawling; the other 10% is taken in other net fisheries. Several squid species harvested in Queensland are also harvested in New South Wales, the Gulf of Carpentaria, Northern Territory and Western Australia. The reported Queensland east coast commercial harvest of these this species is higher than that reported from these other states (70 t in 2009). East coast trawl fisheries operate primarily at night when squid are dispersed throughout the water column and not as susceptible to demersal trawling. The recreational harvest, especially off southern Queensland may be significant and increasing. Reported charter boat catches of squid are negligible (averaging about 50 kg per year) and the indigenous catch is uncertain. Reliable squid catch rate data is not currently available due to difficulties in attributing catches to individual species and because they are an incidental component of the trawl catch. However New South Wales commercial catch rates have declined by 50% since 1997/98.


The Queensland squid harvest is composed of several species but two species dominate: broad squid in inshore waters and slender squid in mid shelf waters. Landings data have not been attributed to individual species. However it may be possible to derive representative catch estimates for squid species in the East Coast Otter Trawl Fishery (ECOTF) and the inshore commercial net and recreational fisheries using information on their known distribution and biology as well as recent research data. Collection and analysis of catch and effort data from high catching areas is required to effectively assess and monitor the sustainability status of squid species.


Further reading

Dunning, MC, Yeomans, K and McKinnon, SG 2000. Development of a northern Australian squid fishery. Final report on Project 94/017 to the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation. Department of Primary Industries, Queensland. Brisbane. 112 pages.




Tailor (Pomatomus saltatrix) EC


The tailor stock is shared with New South Wales and is considered ‘sustainably fished’. Preliminary results of a recent stock assessment (2009) indicate that the combined Queensland–New South Wales total harvest of tailor is below the estimated MSY and above 50% of virgin biomass.









Fisheries Queensland recently completed an update of the Queensland–New South Wales stock assessment for tailor. The update incorporates additional data on catch sizes, catch rates and age-length frequency distributions from 2004 to 2008. Preliminary indications are that the combined Queensland–New South Wales total harvest of tailor is below the estimated MSY and above 50% of virgin biomass. Current biomass of tailor is approximately 120% of the biomass corresponding to maximum MSY for the combined stock. The assessment also estimated that recruitment has been below average in every year since 2001 and noted that there is some uncertainty over the current magnitude of the recreational component of the tailor catch.

Although the updated assessment provides Fisheries Queensland with confidence that the tailor stock is being sustainably harvested, any increases in tailor harvest should be closely monitored.


More accurate and recent estimates of recreational harvest of tailor are required. The next statewide recreational fishing survey is scheduled to begin in 2010 with results available in 2011–12.





Teraglin (Atractoscion aequidens) EC


There is concern over lack of older fish in the population based on independent sampling data. Teraglin is subject to high discard mortality. Age data will be analysed by Fisheries Queensland in 2010. Species is consistently targeted in the charter fishery. Reliable estimates of recreational catch data may reduce the uncertainty associated with the stock status.








Since quota was introduced in 2004 for reef fish species, the catch of teraglin increased dramatically from <5 t to up to 29 t in 2005. The commercial catch has now stabilized to around 40–50 t over the past three years. There are some concerns from the fishery dependent information collected in the commercial, charter and recreational sectors that we are not seeing many of the larger fish anymore, but more long term monitoring is needed.

There is currently no reliable estimate of recreational take. New South Wales have reported the species as ‘undefined’, saying that the stock is susceptible to fishing from commercial fishers and there is a likely significant reduction in the stock, however more information is required. The performance measure relating to teraglin catch was not triggered in 2009, indicating that there is no immediate threat to the sustainability of the stock in Queensland waters.


Fisheries Queensland aims to complete the age assessments of teraglin in 2010. This will allow a more informed decision to be made about the stock status of the species on the east coast. The species will continue to be monitored through the PMS.





Threadfin–blue (Eleutheronema tetradactylum) EC



Commercial catches and catch rates are stable since 2002. Life history characteristics are resilient to fishing pressure. There are no indications of stock declines.







A popular recreational and commercial species, blue threadfin catches and catch rates have been stable since 2002. Assessment against indicators in the PMS indicates that there are no declining sustainability trends evident for blue threadfin on the east coast.

Blue threadfin are fast growing and early maturing. These factors ensure the species receives adequate protection from fishing impacts through a 40 cm Minimum Legal Size (MLS) and 10 fish in-possession limit for recreational fishers. Recent genetic studies have suggested there are multiple populations of blue threadfin on the east coast; however given its robust life history characteristics it is also likely to be resilient to localised fishing pressures.


There is no stock assessment planned for blue threadfin up to 2014.

New spatially defined PMS measures should be developed to provide early detection of unsustainable localised fishing pressures.

More accurate, regionally separated, estimates of recreational harvest of blue threadfin are required. The next statewide recreational fishing survey is scheduled to begin in 2010 with results available in 2011–12.




Threadfin–blue (Eleutheronema tetradactylum) GOC



Commercial catches and catch rates are stable. Life history characteristics are resilient to fishing pressure. There are no indications of stock declines.






Commercial catches of blue threadfin have been stable since declining slightly from a peak in 2003–04. Catch rates have been stable since 2003. There are no PMS indicators for blue threadfin in the Gulf of Carpentaria Inshore Fin Fish Fishery (GOCIFFF).

Blue threadfin are fast growing and early maturing. These factors ensure the species receives adequate protection from fishing impacts through a 40 cm Minimum Legal Size (MLS) and 20 fish in-possession limit for recreational fishers. Similar to the studies on the east coast, results of recent genetic studies of Gulf of Carpentaria blue threadfin have suggested the existence of multiple populations in the Gulf of Carpentaria. Once again however, it is believed that the life history characteristics of blue threadfin are likely to increase their capacity to recover from localised fishing pressures.


There is no stock assessment planned for blue threadfin up to 2014.

The Fisheries Observer Program collected information on blue threadfin bycatch which may be able to provide length frequency data. These data are planned to be analysed in time for the next assessment of stock status in 2011.

There is a need for new spatially defined PMS measures to be developed to provide early detection of unsustainable localised fishing pressures.

More accurate, regionally separated, estimates of recreational harvest of blue threadfin are required. The next statewide recreational fishing survey is scheduled to begin in 2010 with results available in 2011–12.




Threadfin–king (Polydactylus macrochir) EC


No trend in commercial catches and catch rates. Highest catches occur in the Capricorn region. Recent research suggests king threadfin may have highly localised populations and may be under high fishing pressure in some areas. Sustainability reference points in the Performance Measurement System (PMS) are not monitored at a regional level so it is not possible to determine overall catch trends or stock status at this time.







Recent research suggests king threadfin may have highly localised populations and may be under increased fishing pressure in some areas. This is similar for blue threadfin however the less resilient life history characteristics of king threadfin place this species at a higher risk from fishing impacts. To monitor for local fishing impacts where there is potential for this to be unsustainable it is appropriate that new regionally scaled sustainability reference points are developed and monitored through the PMS for the East Coast Inshore Fin Fish Fishery (ECIFFF).


A stock assessment scheduled for king threadfin in 2011–12.


More accurate, regionally separated, estimates of recreational harvest of king threadfin are required. The next statewide recreational fishing survey is scheduled to begin in 2010 with results available in 2011–12.





Threadfin–king (Polydactylus macrochir) GOC


Commercial catches and catch rates appear stable. However recent research suggests king threadfin may have highly localised populations and may be under high fishing pressure in some areas. Sustainability reference points in the Performance Measurement System (PMS) are not monitored at this spatial level so it is not possible to determine localised/regional catch trends or stock status at this time.









There is conflicting information regarding the status of king threadfin in the Gulf of Carpentaria. Although catches have been stable for some time, recent research suggests king threadfin may have highly localised populations and may be under increased fishing pressure in some areas. This is similar for blue threadfin however the less resilient life history characteristics of king threadfin place this species at a higher risk from fishing impacts. To monitor for local fishing impacts where there is potential for this to be unsustainable it is appropriate that new regionally scaled sustainability reference points are developed and monitored through the PMS for the Gulf of Carpentaria Inshore Fin Fish Fishery (GOCIFFF).


A stock assessment scheduled for king threadfin in 2011–12.


More accurate, regionally separated, estimates of recreational harvest of king threadfin are required. The next statewide recreational fishing survey is scheduled to begin in 2010 with results available in 2011–12.





Whiting–sand (Sillago ciliata) EC



Commercial catches and catch rates appear stable. Comprehensive span of ages and lengths in the sampled irst population and it is evident that reasonable recruitment is occurring. The minimum size limit is set at size-at-f

maturity which increases the opportunity for fish to spawn before recruiting to the fishery. Bag limits introduced on 1 March 2009.









Although sand whiting is caught along the Queensland coast, the majority of commercial harvest comes from south of Baffle Creek near Bundaberg. Current data suggest that stocks are ‘sustainably fished’, especially in the south east where the fishery dependent monitoring of commercial and recreational catches is conducted.


Current commercial fisher logbooks do not separate sand whiting from other whiting. An estimate of the proportion of retained sand whiting would assist future assessments.


Further reading


Whiting–stout (Sillago robusta) EC



A single species stock shared with New South Wales. The Queensland fishery takes the majority of the landings. The New South Wales stock is considered to be ‘fully fished’. A common bycatch species in the eastern king prawn fishery. The annual Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for stout whiting in Queensland is set using formal decision rules, harvest levels, and fishing and natural mortality estimates. Inclusion of stout whiting mortality in the eastern king prawn fishery and increased fishing power associated with the recent adoption of Danish seine gear needs to be considered in future assessments of the stock. Since 2005, total Queensland stout whiting landings have been substantially less than the predicted sustainable level upon which the TAC is based. This is due to economic drivers (i.e. low market demand and reduced effort in the fishery). Biological monitoring data and commercial landings data for the stock are relatively stable, indicating that overfishing is unlikely.






• Fishery monitoring data


Stout whiting are a single species stock shared with New South Wales. The fishery is considered ‘fully fished’, based on the status of New South Wales and Queensland data. In Queensland stout whiting is a commercial species fished exclusively using trawl and Danish seine nets. Danish seining has been permitted in the fishery since 2006. The ratio of Danish seine to trawl fishing effort (days) in 2009 was 1:2.5, and the ratio of Danish seine to trawl landings (tonnes) was 1:1.4.

An annual TAC for stout whiting is set before the start of each fishing year using standardised catch-rates, catch-at-age frequencies and formal decision rules designed to reduce inter-annual fluctuations in the TAC, and maximise the TAC over the longer term.

While the TAC has increased from 800–1500 t since 2003, annual landings vary and have not reached the quotas allocated to each licence. This was due to limited effort in the fishery. 80% of the TAC was harvested in 2009 but only 53% of the TAC was

harvested in 2008. Stout whiting is a common bycatch species in the eastern king prawn sector of the East Coast Otter Trawl Fishery (ECOTF).


The New South Wales stock is considered to be ‘fully fished’ but as Queensland takes the majority harvest, it is more representative of the status of the shared stock. In recognition of this, the New South Wales stout whiting stock status will in future be informed by the results of the Queensland stock status results.

Estimates of stout whiting mortality in the eastern king prawn sector of the ECOTF and increased fishing power associated with the recent adoption of Danish seine gear need to be considered in future assessments of the stock.

For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for the Fin Fish (Stout Whiting) Trawl Fishery.

Further reading

O’Neill, M, Yeomans, K, Breddin, I, Jebreen, E and Butcher, A 2002. The Queensland Stout Whiting Fishery 1991 to 2002. Fisheries Assessment Report. Queensland Government, DPI.

O’Sullivan, S, and Jebreen, E 2007. Fisheries Long Term Monitoring Program—Summary of stout whiting (Sillago robusta) survey results: 1991–2006. Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Brisbane, Australia.




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