Foreword The publication of this definitive collecti-on of Treaties and Docunents relating to all the States of the N{alayan peninsula and Borneo which carne together to forn the Federation of Malaysia in 1963 is a rnilestone. It narks the end of one section of the great road of history, and simultaneously the beginning of the next. For it pro- vides a complete and accurate record of a1l treaties, engagements, agreements and other documents which form the record of the relations of the Malaysian States with each cther and with outsicle powers from the late eighteenth century up to 1963. The collection ends with the consti- tutional documents which created and proclaimed lrlalaysia. The same documents, as the Editors remark in the Intro- duction to Volume I, will form the beginning of any future collection covering the next part of the story. The appearanceof the collection is a milestone too in marking the completion of an arduous and protracted piece of co-operative scholarship. The idea of the work originated in discussion between a group of historians meeting in the University of Malaya in Kuala Lunpur in 1964, but for a variety of reasons the project to which this gave birth proved abortive. The work was then taken up as a joint venture by two of the original participants, Dr. L.R. i{right (now Reader in History in the University of Hong Kong) and lt{r. J. de V. Al1en, who had by then moved to a post in Kenya. Dr. l{right assumed responsibil- ity for rnaterial relating to the Borneo States (Eastern Malaysia) and Mr. Al1en for that relating to lr{alaya and Singapore (l{estern Malaysia). Dr. Wrightrs portion of the work was completed in I97I. Because of his geographi- cal isolation from the centres of studies in this field, and the competing claims of his work in Kenya, however, I\h. A1 lenrs part in the enterprise prcceeded more slow1y. But after a period in London as visiting Fellow at the School of Oriental and African Studies in 1970 he had conpleted the bulk of a first draft when he suffered a najor breakdown in health, and tn 1973 was reluctantly cornpelled to gi-ve up the work. He entrusted his uncom- pleted manuscript to me, in the hope that I might be able tar 2rr2noo fnritq cnmn'l ctinn xl
Transcript
Foreword
T h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h i s d e f i n i t i v e c o l l e c t i - o n o fTrea t ies and Docunents re la t ing to a l l the Sta tes o f theN{alayan peninsula and Borneo which carne together to fornt h e F e d e r a t i o n o f M a l a y s i a i n 1 9 6 3 i s a r n i l e s t o n e . I tnarks the end o f one sec t ion o f the grea t road o f h is to ry ,and s imu l taneous ly the beg inn ing o f the nex t . For i t p ro -v i d e s a c o m p l e t e a n d a c c u r a t e r e c o r d o f a 1 l t r e a t i e s ,engagements , agreements and o ther documents wh ich fo rmthe record o f the re la t ions o f the Malays ian Sta tes w i theach cther and with outsic le powers from the late eighteenthc e n t u r y u p t o 1 9 6 3 . T h e c o l l e c t i o n e n d s w i t h t h e c o n s t i -tu t iona l documents wh ich c rea ted and proc la imed l r la lays ia .The same documents, as the Editors remark in the Intro-duc t ion to Vo lume I , w i l l fo rm the beg inn ing o f any fu tu rec o l l e c t i o n c o v e r i n g t h e n e x t p a r t o f t h e s t o r y .
T h e a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e c o l l e c t i o n i s a m i l e s t o n e t o oin mark ing the comple t ion o f an arduous and pro t rac tedp iece o f co-opera t ive scho larsh ip . The idea o f the workor ig ina ted in d iscuss ion be tween a group o f h is to r iansmeet ing in the Un ivers i ty o f Ma laya in Kua la Lunpur in1964, bu t fo r a var ie ty o f reasons the pro jec t to wh ichth is gave b i r th p roved abor t i ve . The work was then takenup as a jo in t ven ture by two o f the or ig ina l par t i c ipants ,Dr . L .R. i { r igh t (now Reader in H is to ry in the Un ivers i tyo f Hong Kong) and l t { r . J . de V. A l1en, who had by thenmoved to a pos t in Kenya. Dr . l { r igh t assumed respons ib i l -i t y fo r rna ter ia l re la t ing to the Borneo Sta tes (Eas ternMalays ia ) and Mr . A l1en fo r tha t re la t ing to l r {a laya andS i n g a p o r e ( l { e s t e r n M a l a y s i a ) . D r . W r i g h t r s p o r t i o n o fthe work was comple ted in I97 I . Because o f h is geograph i -c a l i s o l a t i o n f r o m t h e c e n t r e s o f s t u d i e s i n t h i s f i e l d ,and the compet ing c la ims o f h is work in Kenya, however ,I \ h . A 1 l e n r s p a r t i n t h e e n t e r p r i s e p r c c e e d e d m o r e s l o w 1 y .But a f te r a per iod in London as v is i t ing Fe l low a t theSchoo l o f Or ien ta l and Af r i can Stud ies in 1970 he hadconp le ted the bu lk o f a f i rs t d ra f t when he su f fe red ana jor b reakdown in hea l th , and tn 1973 was re luc tan t lycornpe l led to g i -ve up the work . He en t rus ted h is uncom-p le ted manuscr ip t to me, in the hope tha t I m igh t be ab let a r 2 r r 2 n o o f n r i t q c n m n ' l c t i n n
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Very fo r tunate ly I was ab le to a r range fo r A l lenrs
manuscr ip t to be cornp le ted by Dr . A 'J . S tockwel l o f Roya l
Ho l loway Co l lege, London, who has a lso under taken the ed i t -
ing o f ihe who ie , and has shou ldered the exac t ing task o f
s " " i t t g b o t h v o l u n e s o f t h e c o l l e c t i o n i n t o p r i n t '
A 1 1 t h r e e o f t h e E d i t o r s a r e s p e c i a l i s t s i n d i f f e r e n t
bu t over lapp ing par ts o f the modern h is to ry o f Ma lays ia ,
a n d a r e e x c e p t i o n a l l y w e l l q u a l i f i e d f o r t h e i r t a s k ' I
congra tu la te them on the success fu l comple t ion o f an ou t -
s t a n d i n g p i e c e o f h i s t o r i c a l s c h o l a r s h i p .
C . D . C O W A N
Schoo l o f Or ien ta l and Af r i can Stud ies ,Un ivers i ty o f London
J U L Y 1 9 8 0
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Acknowle dgments
l ' {any people have been helpful at var ious stages in thep r e p a r a t i o n o f t h i s c o l l e c t i o n . P r o f e s s o r C . D . C o w a n ,D i rec tor o f the Schoo l o f Or ien ta l and Af r i can Stud ies , hasgreat ly encouraged the work from start to f in ish and wewish to express our g ra t i tude fo r h is adv ice and gu idance.P r o f e s s o r F . H . H . K i n g , D i r e c t o r o f t h e C e n t r e o f A s i a nStud ies , Un ivers i ty o f Hong Kong, generous ly p rov idedWright with research funds. We have been assisted bycol leagues in London, Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur and Singapore,a n d w e s h o u l d l i k e t o m e n t i o n i n p a r t i c u l a r M r . J . M . G u l 1 i c k ,the late Dr. Emily Sadka, Tan Sri l ' fubin Sheppard andProfessor l t rang Gung-wu (now of the Austral ian Nat ionall ln ivers i ty , Canber ra) . We wish to thank the Cont ro l le r o fHer Ma jes ty 's S ta t ionery Of f i ce fo r permiss ion to p resentmater ia l wh ich is Crown copyr igh t .
I {e shou ld l i ke to record our debt to the s ta f fs o f thefo l low ing ins t i tu t ions : - Ark ib Negara Malays ia (Nat iona lArchives of Malaysia); Foreign and Comrnonwealth Off iceL ib rary , London; Ind ia Of f i ce L ib rary , London; Ins t i tu teo f H is to r ica l Research , Un ivers i ty o f London; Kedah Sta teArch ives , A lo r S tar ; Nat iona l Arch ives , Wash ing ton ; Pub l icRecord Off ice, London; Royal Cornmonwealth Society Library,London; Sarawak Museun, Kuch ing ; L ib rary o f the Schoo l o fOr ien ta l and Af r i can Stud ies , l ln ivers i ty o f London; S inga-pore Nat ional Library; Universi ty of London Library.
The Pub l ica t ions Commi t tee o f the Schoo l o f Or ien ta land Afr ican Studies has : iponsored the publ icat ion of thework and provided a considerable part of the camera-readyt lp ing ; we express our thanks to the Schoo l and to theS c h o o l ' s P u b l i c a t i o n s O f f i c e r , M r . M . J . D a l y , w h o s e e x p e r -ience has l ightened our load and srnoothed the path top u b l i c a t i o n .
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We are also grateful to a number of people who havebeen invoLved in typing the two volunes and we nust thankMiss Joan Ol iver o f S .0 .A .S. and Miss Anne Go lds te in o fOceana Publ icat ions for meticulously producing the camera-ready typescr ip t .
F ina l l y , we shou ld be neg l igent i f we d id no t acknow-ledge the a id rece ived f rom tha t earL ie r co l lec t ion o fTreat ies and Engagem_ents affect ing the Malay States andBorneo (London) wh ich was ed i ted by S i r W.G. Maxwel l andW.S. G ibson tn 1924.
J . de V. A l len , Un ivers i ty o f Na i rob i
A.J. stockwett, l?r i l " : : i to*"r
co11ege, University
L . R. Wright , t lniversi ty of Hong Kong
August 1980
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Preface to Sect ions I and I I
There have been severa l p rev ious pub l ica t ions o f th isnature. The earl iest, Report on the Treat ies and Engage-ments uith the Natiue States of the Malayan PeninsuLaanter ior to 1860 by Colonel Cavenagh, Governor of theS t r a i t s S e t t l e m e n t s I 8 5 9 - 1 8 6 7 , i s i n c l u d e d h e r e i n f u l l .A co l lec t ion en t i t led Tv ,ea t ies and ) ther Papers Conneeteduith the Nat iue States of the lulalag Peninsula was publ ishedj -n 1888, and another , ra ther fu1 le r , T rea t ies and Engage-ments entered' intouith or affect ing the Nat iue States ofthe MeLay Peninsula was brought out by the Strai ts Govern-ment the fo l low ing year . Every th ing f rom the 1889 co1 lec-t ion and a l l bu t two i tems f rom tha t o f 1888 were repro-d u c e d i n S i r W . G . M a x w e l l a n d W . S . G i b s o n ( e d s ) , T n e a t i e sand Engagements affecting the Malay States and Borneo(London, 1924) . For over ha l f a century the compi la t ionby Maxwel l and Gibson has remained an ind ispensab le gu idefor those in te res ted in the deve lopment o f Ang lo-N la layre la t ions and the emergence o f Ma lays ia .
T h e p r e s e n t c o l l e c t i o n i s d e s i g n e d t o p r o v i d e a s c o m -p l e t e a r e c o r d a s p o s s i b l e o f a l l t r e a t i e s , e n g a g e m e n t s ,agreements and o ther documents o f f i c ia l and semi -o f f i c ia l ,wh i -ch are re levant to the re la t ions o f the Sta tes tha twere par t o f Ma lays ia a t the t ime o f i t s fo rmat ion bo thwi th each o ther and w i th ex terna l powers be tween the la tee igh teenth century and 1963. Th is work i s d iv ided in to twosec t ions . The f i rs t incorpora tes a l l t rea t ies concern ingthe Sta tes o f West Ma lays ia ( together w i th a few, sucha s t h e A n g l o - D u t c h T r e a t i e s o f 1 8 2 4 a n d 1 8 7 1 , w h i c h a l s or e l a t e t o t h e S t a t e s o f E a s t M a l a y s i a ) , a n d a l l t h o s eaf fec t ing Malays ia as a who le . Agreements and documentsre levant on ly to Eas t Ma lays ia a re reserved fo r the second.
^ 1 1 L ^ " ^ L * L i s c o l l e c t i o n i s b a s e d o n t h e w o r k o f M a x -n r L r r v u S r r u r l
w e l l a n d G i b s o n ( h e r e a f t e r r e f e r r e d t o a s M a n d G ) , i td i f fe rs f ron i t in severa l ways :
i . I t c o m p r i s e s o n l y t h o s e S t a t e s w h i c h j o i n e d M a l a y s i ai n 1 9 6 3 i . e . i t i n c l u d e s S i n g a p o r e , w h i c h h a s s i n c e b r o k e naway, bu t exc ludes Brune i , wh ich d id no t jo in t l ia t year .( I t h a s , h o w e v e r , n o c b e e n p o s s i b l e t o t a l l y t o e x c l u d eBrune i s ince severa l t rea t ies and engagements reached w i th
that Sultanate affected i ts neighbours, Sabah and Sarawak).
i i . I t b r i n g s t h e c o l l e c t i o n u p t o 1 9 6 3 . I t d o e s n o t ,however , con ta in Trea t ies s igned by the Federa t ion o f Ma layawith Bri tain or any other foreign power after that part ofthe present Ma lays ia ga ined i t s independence in 1957 un lessthey are re levant to the fo rmat ion o f Ma lays ia .
i i i . I t con ta ins cer ta in documents - some oa "nr .n
O" r "from the period before L924 - not found in M and G. Theeditors fel t that certain i tems are relevant to the d.e facto( i f no t de june) re la t ions be tween the var ious Sta tes andBr i ta in , s j -nce , as in the cases o f the Johore Const i tu t ionof 1895 and the Trengganu Const i tu t ion o f 1911, they cur -ta i led the r igh ts o f the Sta tes in the i r ex te rna l a f fa i rs .0n the other hand, the editors have excluded very few ofthe documents o r ig ina l l y in M and G: as regards WesternMalaysia, for example, only the Rai lway Agreements haveb e e n r e l e g a t e d t o a s p e c i a l n o t e ( A p p e n d i x v o 1 . I I , p . 3 4 9 ) .
i l ' . S ince th is co l lec t ion is des igned more fo r h is to r iansthan fo r admin is t ra to rs , the ed i to rs have pre faced eachdocument or group of documents by a short introduct ionexplaining the circumstances under which the documentappeared, and have suppl ied footnotes on individual pointsar is ing f rom the tex t .
v . The ed i to rs , un l i ke M and G, have dec ided to ignoreany techn ica l d i f fe rences wh ich may ex is t be tween t rea t ies ,agreements , engagements and convent ions . M and G seem tohave been a t some pa ins to d is t ingu ish be tween these var iouscategor ies . For example , the i r l i s t o f con ten ts can bebroken down, in the case o f l {es te rn l t {a1ays ia , as fo l lows:
Agreements 30Treat ies 25L e t t e r s ,
Despatches orCor respondences 13
Proclama.t ion orT i tah 5
Mem6randa 2Pro toco l 1Engagement 1Convent ion 1Misce l laneous 8
0 f these, Le t te rs e tc . , Proc lamat ions and l {enoranda arefa i r l y eas i l y iden t i f iab le and have been descr ibed
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gener ica l l y , a long w i th the Misce l laneous group, as Documents ,But the d is t inc t ion be tween Treat ies , Agreernents , Engagenents ,Convent ions and Protocols (as the tern is here used to meanBoundary Pro toco l ) i s more d i f f i cu l t . A l though the d is t inc -t ionsapparent ly lvere once fel t to be inportant - indeed, aCo lon ia l Of f j -ce o f f i c ia l no ted in 1910 tha t what were s ignedwi"th Kelantan and Trengganu in that year were agreements,not treat ies and not convent ions - the editors have beenunab le to es tab l j . sh any sa t is fac to ry de f in i t ions wh ich areval id for even most of the period and they feel that M andG's appe l la t ions lead on ly to confus ion . Thus th is co l lec -t ion is d iv ided, as the t i t le suggests , in to two groups :Treat ies and Documents, and the subt i t le at the head ofeach says wh ich i t i s and g ives i t s exac t oa te . The a imof the subt i t les i s to p rov ide a more memorab le soubr iquet .Even the d is t inc t ion be tween t rea t ies on the one hand anddocuments on the other is not intended to imply that ei theris in any way more binding or more signi f icant than theother . As one wou ld expec t , l t y a r rangenent der ived j - t sforce and direct ion from the value attached to i t by thepart ies concerned (or at any rate by the stronger ot ' them)and no t f rom i ts nere aDDel la t ion .
In compi l ing these vo lu rnes the ed i to rs , fo l low ing thenore recent p rac t ice in o f f i c ia l pub l i ca t ions o f theMalays ian Government , have l i s ted the Sta tes in a lphabet ica lo rder and have p laced a l l the t rea t ies and dbcuments inchrono log ica l sequence under the Sta te to wh ich they re fe r .Boundary t rea t ies a f fec t ing two West Ma lays ian Sta tes appearunder one, w i th a c ross- re fe rence under the o ther . Add i -t ional categories of t reat ies and docurnents ate t ' l . la layan/Malays ian" ( inc lud ing Federa l T rea t ies , Governors t Despatchesetc . , and the Merdeka and Malays ia t rea t ies ) , ' rDutch"(Ho11and) and "S i .amese" (Tha i land) .
The f i rst footnote to each treaty or document indicatesi ts p rovenance in i t s p resent vers ion . In ra re cases theed i to rs have been ab le to f ind the or ig ina l tex t ; o therw isethey have t r ied to compare two or more vers ions ,o f eachdocurnent , have no ted the d isc repanc ies be tween ear l ie r andla te r vers ions , and, in the few ins tances wh ich occur , havementioned the di f ferences between the adopted text and thatof M and G. However, for a nunber of t reat ies and documentsthe ed i to rs have been ob l iged to accept the M and G vers ionas the most re l iab le ex tan t copy . ( I t shou ld be added tha twork on th ls co inp i la t ion has been done in var ious count r iesfor longer than a decade and, whi le every effort has beenrnade to ensure accuracy, in sone cases the editors have notbeen ab le to check the i r t ypescr ip t aga ins t the document -s . )
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In the pr in t ing o f the tex ts the or ig ina l a rcha ic spe l l -ing has been preferred, though the rather t i resome series ofcap i ta l le t te rs tha t tend to adorn t rea t ies in par t i cu la rhave not been reproduced. However, for the convenience ofreaders, s ignatures appear in capital let ters and with theirspe l l ing modern lsed. In genera l the ac tua l o r g iven nameof the s ignatory i s p laced in cap i ta ls , h is t i t le o r func t ionfo l low ing in normal le t te rs ; bu t somet imes, espec ia l l y i fh ls ac tua l name is unknown or l i t t le know, i t has seemedmore appropriate to put the t i t le or funct ion in capitalsins tead or as we l l . Whi le the or ig ina l o rder in wh i -ch thesignatures were attached has been preserved the recordingof sea ls and s ignatures has , as fa r as poss ib le , beenstandardised. Thus, each signatory is indicated by theword "s ignature ' r (o r by the phrases I 'mark o fh o r "sea1 o f " ) ,and each w i tness is s imp ly descr ibed as a w i tness . Thecustomary periphrasis "signed by in the presence of . . . "has been omi t ted . S imi la r ly w i th regard to t l t les , thef rGovernor o f the St ra i ts Set t lements r ' , fo r example , a lwaysappears as just that whether or not he chose to insert rrand
Commander- in-Chi ef t ' .
F ina l1y , there is the ques t ion o f t rans la t ions . Thewordr r t rans la t ionr f , when i t appears a t the head o f a tTeatyor document , means tha t the i tem was spec ia l l y t rans la tedeither for this publ icat ion ( in which case the narne of thet rans la to r i s g iven in a foo tno te) o r fo r the source f romwhich the present vers ion is der ivedv iz . M and G or theColonial 0f f ice f i1es. I t {any other tGat ies and documentswere , o f course , o f f i c ia l l y t rans la ted e i ther in to Eng l ishor N1alay, and the version which was intended to prevai l inthe event o f a d ispu ted mean ing is somet imes s t ipu la ted .The editors have in the main contented themselves herewi th the Eng l ish- language vers ions and w i th the occas iona lcomment in notes on the whereabouts of Malay versions orabout cont rovers ia l in te rpre ta t ions . I t i s , however , hopedtha t a compan ion ed i t ion o f th is co l lec t ion may sonet imeappear in l {alay providing the Malay or iginals, where theyex is t , o r au thor i ta t i ve Malay t rans la t ions .
NOTE: Cross- re fe rences in Vo lume I re la t ing to pagesin Vo lume I I appear in i ta l i cs .
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Introduction to Section I
Before the Br i t i sh a r r i va l the l {a lay Pen insu la was d i -vided into a number of autonomous and semi- integrated feudalk ingdorns . When Br i ta in w i thdrew f rom Malaya in 1957 she wasab le to hand over power to a s ing le government wh ich , in 1963,ex tended i t s sovere ign ty to the fo rmer Br i t i sh dependenc iesof Singapore, North Borneo and Sarawak. The Federat ion ofMalaya and subsequent ly Ma lays ia i t se l f were the cu lmina t ionof a g radua l p rocess in wh ich the Malay Sta tes were l inkedwi th Br i ta in and w i th each o ther . The fo rmal method wherebythe var ious Sta tes came together was, in genera l , ne i therconquest nor administrat ive f iat but the signing of agree-ments by representa t ives o f two or more s ides . The new po-l i t i ca l f ramework was cons t ruc ted by t rea t ies . Somet imesthese agreements were s igned by the Sta tes w i th each o ther ,somet imes w i th a th i rd , ex te rna l r power , and somet imes i twas agreements be tween two ex terna l powers (such as Br i ta inand Ho l land or Br i ta in and S iam) wh ich se t the whee ls o fun i f i ca t ion in rno t ion . On ly very occas iona l l y a f te r 1786 -as by the S iamese invas ion o f the Nor thern Malay Sta tes inthe ear ly n ine teenth century o r by the St ra i ts Set t lementsA c t o f 1 8 6 6 a n d i t s r e p e a l . i n 1 9 4 6 - w a s t h e 1 e g a l s t a t u s o fany par t o f Ma lays ia a f fec ted by any th ing the t d id no t takethe fo rm o f an agreement , in the broadest sense o f tha t te rm.
Th is co l lec t ion is impor tan t , there fore , in tha t i t re -cords the de jure independence enjoyed by each State at anypar t i cu la r t ime, and t races in lega1 te rms the gradua l un i -f icat ion of the region frorn the late eighteenth century tot h e e a r l y 1 9 6 0 f s . I n a d d i t i o n t h i s b o o k d e m o n s t r a t e s t h epower fu l e f fec t wh ich 1ega l docunents have had on the h is to -r ies o f the Malay Sta tes . Dur ing the two centur ies p reced-ing 1963 - cen tur ies th roughout wh ich the Malays ian Sta teswere in cons tan t con f ron ta t ion w i th two co lon ia l powers ,Br i ta in and Ho l land, and a power fu l ne l "ghbour , S iam - the i rex te rna l a f fa i rs , and to an inc reas ing ex ten t the i r in te rna lones as we l l , were regu la ted by t rea t ies and by cer ta in o therdocuments to a degree wh ich is unusua l in h is to ry . Thereare , o f course , many count r ies whose h is to r ies have beengreat ly in f luenced by the i r own wr i t ten cons t i tu t ions ; andthere are innumerab le ins tances o f peop les s ign ing away the i rr igh t to par t i c ipa te in dec is ions a f fec t ing the i r own fo re ignpo l icy . But there have been few cases where agreements madewith foreign powers have played such an irnportant part inregu la t ing bo th ex terna l and in te rna l a f fa i rs over a longperiod as occurrfed durins the Bri t ish era in lvtalaya.
Al though i t i s no t c la imed tha t Br i ta in adhered morescrupu lous ly to wr i t ten agreements than is usua l in the re -la t ions be tween s t rong powers and weaker s ta tes , i t i s c learthat she seldom forgot the agreements al together and thatthey were more o f an issue in Ang lo-Malay re la t ions thanmight have been expec ted . One rn igh t , fo r example , con t ras twhat happened in the Malay Pen insu la w i th what happened inthe K ingdoms o f South Uganda, where Br i t i sh ru le was a lsonomina l l y based on agreements , o r fo r tha t mat te r , w i th whathappened under the Dutch in Indones ia . Indeed, in 1946Br i ta in found herse l f in the pos i t ion where , hav ing fa i ledin p rev ious e f fo r ts to a l te r the t rea t ies to her own advan-tage, she had to s t i ck w i th them and adhere to the i r te rms.
T h e r e a s o n s f o r t h i s r e l a t i v e l y c l o s e c o r r e l a t i o n b e -tween the theory and prac t ice o f Br i t i sh ru le tended to varywi th the deve lopment o f Ang lo-Malay re la t i .ons wh ich passedthrough severa l phases , the main tu rn ing po in ts be ing I874,1 8 9 5 - 6 , 1 9 4 5 - 8 a n d 1 9 5 7 . D u r i n g t h e p e r i o d u p t o 1 8 7 4B r i t i s h o b j e c t i v e s i n s i g n i n g t r e a t i e s w i t h t h e W e s t M a l a y s i a nSta tes were e i ther to secure the te r r i to r ies o f the St ra i tsSet t lenents Co lony and f i x the i r boundar ies o r to w in cer ta invague r igh ts wh ich wou ld make o ther S ta tes Br i t i sh t rp ro tec-
to ra tesr ' , though i t i s fa r f rom c lear what was meant by theterm dur ing these years . l * I t i s genera l l y agreed tha t theat t i tude o f the top Br i t i sh au thor i t ies ( the Government o fInd ia up to 1867, the Co lon ia l Of f i ce therea f te r ) was charac-te r ised dur ing these years ne i ther by a des i re to become em-bro i led in the in te rna l a f fa i rs o f Ma lay Sta tes nor by anenthus iasm to sa feguard the area f rom S iam, bu t mere ly by agenera l in ten t ion to keep the area f ree f rom the incurs ionsof o ther European powers . The Government o f Br i t i sh Ind iaconstant ly checked those Singapore Governors who favouredthe assumpt ion o f fu r ther ob l iga t ions in the area , t rea t iesor no . When the Co lon ia l Of f i ce assuned cont ro l o f theSt ra i - ts Set t lements , the met ropo l i tan government d isp layedne i ther knowledge o f nor in te res t in the t rea t ies by wh ichthe Br i t i sh were commi t ted to cer ta in resDons ib i l i t i es int h e P e n i n s u l a .
Malays who had s igned (o r who were connected w i th thosewho had s igned) these ear ly t rea t ies were , however , keen lyin te res ted in the i r te rns s ince they used the t rea t ies astoo ls fo r re in fo rc ing the i r au thor i ty w j - th in the i r own com-muni ty . I t wou ld be l i t t1e exaggera t ion , fo r ins tance, tosay tha t when the Temenggong o f Johore began to s ign tTeat iesw i t h t h e B r i t i s h i n s t e a d o f t h e S u l t a n ( c f p . 2 5 f f ) h e t o o kone o f h is b igges t s teps towards supersed ing h is Ru1er . A
* F o r f o o t n o t e s s e e p . l 3
fea ture o f the re la t ions o f the Malay Sta tes w i th Br i ta induring the period before 1874 was the number of appeals sentby Malay ch ie fs and pre tenders seek ing sone degree o f Br i t i shrecogn i t ion or suppor t : i f the Br i t i sh rep l ied in such a w4yas to imp ly recogn i t lon , even i f they sent no suppor t , therec ip ien t fe l t h is case was s t rengthened. In the cond i t ionstha t then ob ta ined in most Ma lay Sta tes , where d ip lomacy con-s is ted a lmost en t i re ly o f cour tes ies and le t te rs , and war fa reinvo lved 1 i t t1e more than the occas iona l sk i rmish w i th veryfew peop le k i l led , i t m igh t indeed have been regarded assornething of a trump card to have the Bri t ish apparent lyaccept onets cause. A l though -some Malays migh t have reques-ted Br i t i sh a rmed in te rvent ion , i t i s doubt fu l whether in theper iod be fore 1874 they rea1 ly expec ted i t . The impress ionis that correspondence with the Singapore establ ishment hadbecome jus t one more weapon in the t rad i t iona l Ma lay d ip lo -matic armoury. The fact renains that } la lays were deeplyand increas ing ly in te res ted in the prec ise te rms and imp l i -ca t ions o f the t rea t ies and a l l o ther cor respondence a t thevery t ime when the Br i t i sh were leas t so .
I f the Government o f Br i t i sh Ind ia and the Co lon ia lOf f i ce were each i11-d isposed towards in te rvent ion in theMalay Sta tes , the Government o f the St ra i ts 'Se t t lements , onthe o ther hand, per iod ica l l y con t ravened th is sp i r i t . Thet rea ty wh ich Capta in James Low conc luded w i th the Ru ler o fP e r a k i n 1 8 2 6 ( s e e p . 3 7 0 f f . ) , f o r e x a m p l e , b r o u g h t a s e -vere rebuke frorn the Governor-General of India himself ,wh i le S i r Har ry Ord (Governor , 1867-73) was thwar ted by theColon ia l Of f i ce in h is a t tenpts to res to re o rder and promotet rade in the Pen insu la . The man on the spot was cons tan t lyhamstrung by higher authori ty unt i l September 1873 when theSecre tary o f S ta te , Lord K imber ley , anx ious about the des ignsof o ther European powers on the Pen insu la , dec ided to depar tf rom the po l i cy o f non- in te r fe rence. K imber ley ins t ruc tedSi r Andrew Clarke (Governor , 1873-75) to repor t ' tany s tepswhich can proper ly be taken by the Co lon ia l Government topromote the restorat ion of peace and order, and to securepro te . t ion to t rade and conmerce w i th the Nat ive Ter r i to r ies" .2The in i t ia t i ve was in e f fec t p laced in the hands o f the Go-vernor , and C larke , exceed ing h is ins t ruc t ions , took i t uponhimself to conclude the Pangkor Agreement wlth the PerakR u l e r s i n J a n u a r y 1 8 7 4 ( s e e p . 3 9 0 f f . ) .
The Treaty of Pangkor is general ly regarded as a turning-po in t in Ma layan h is to ry ; i t in i t ia ted Br i t i sh i -n te rvent ionon the grand sca le and was the mode l fo r subsequent t rea t iesconc luded w i th the Ru lers o f most o ther Pen insu la r Ma lay
Sta tes (see p . 385 f f . fo r a d iscuss ion o f the te rms o f thePangkor Engagement ) . A f te r 1874 the Co lon ia l Of f i ce wasnever to fo rge t the te rns o f the Ang lo-Malay t rea t ies . In -deed, i t was-genera l l y ma in ta ined, in Br i t i sh pub l i -c p ro-nouncements rJ tha t s ince no fu r ther te r r i to ry was annexed toBr i ta in (a t leas t un t i l the t ime o f the Malayan Un ion , 1946)the lega l bas is o f her pos i t ion in the Malay Sta tes remained,a f te r 1874 as be fore , the t rea t ies and the t rea t ies a lone.Whereas most par ts o f the Br i t i sh empi re ( inc lud ing o thers ta tes w i th wh ich agreements had been made) were sub jec ted ,a lbe i t re t rospec t ive ly , to the Fore ign Jur isd ic t ion Ac t ,wh ich made them Br i t i sh so i l , in the n ine Malay Sta tes o fso-ca l1ed Br i t i sh Malaya the Malay Ru lers remained sovere ign .The imp l ica t ion , wh ich was somet imes pub l ic ly admi t ted , , wastha t Br i ta in cou ld do no th ing in these Sta tes wh i "ch ran con-t ra ry to ex is t ing t rea t ies , and i f she w ished to do more shewou ld have to s ign new ones . Less o f ten admi t ted , bu t in -herent never the less , was the imp l ica t ion tha t i f - as wasbound to happen with changing circumstances - disputes aroseas to the prec ise l im i ts o f Br i t i sh power under the t rea t ies ,the lega l he i rs and successors o r the or ig ina l s ignator ieson the Malay s ide wou ld have a r igh t to an equa l share inthe redef in i t ion o f th is power . To pu t i t ano ther way:the t rea t ies were regarded as be ing s igned be tween sovere ignmonarchs or the i r representa t ives , and so long as bo th s idesrerna ined sovere ign there was a presumpt ion , p rac t ice and theconten ts o f the t rea t ies no tw i ths tand ing , tha t any redef in i -t ion o f te rms or renegot ia t ion wou ld a lso res t upon the con-sent o f bo th par t ies .
A11 th is was a myth . In p rac t ice Br i ta in d id much tha twas by no s t re tch o f the imag ina t ion permiss ib le under t rea-t i e s . S o m e t i m e s t h i s w a s s i n p l y i 1 1 e g a 1 . S o m e t i m e s i twas poss ib le because a s ing le S ta te had s igned two or moret rea t ies wh ich were incompat ib le w i th one another (somet imest h e i n c o m p a t i b i l i t i e s e x i s t e d w i t h i n a s i n g l e t r e a t y ) ; a n dwhere , in such cases or e lsewhere , Br i t i sh ac t ions were con-t e s t e d , i t w a s B r i t i s h j u d g e s , t h e B r i t i s h C o l o n i a l O f f i c e ,o r mere ly a loca1 Br i t i sh o f f i c ia l who "arb i t ra tedr r and gavea ru l ing . F ina l l y , and th is i s perhaps the most impor tan tpoint, the whole concept of an agreement reached between twosovere ign par t ies and b ind ing on the i r successors was under -n ined as ear ly as 1875, and severa l t imes therea f te r , byBr i t i sh in te r fe rence in Ma lay success ions . An agreementreached be tween two par t ies and b ind ing on the i r successors ,bu t wh ich is in te rpre ted to permi t one par ty to de termineprec ise ly who the successors to the o ther par ty may be , i -s norea l agreement a t a l l and cannot poss ib ly be a success fu l and
meaning fu l bas is fo r fu tu re " ru1e by consent t t . I t i s achar te r fo r don ina t ion . And th is i s jus t what a l l t rea t iess igned be tween 1874 and 1946 were , and were in tended to be .Br i ta in , in e f fec t , s igned these t rea t ies w i th the West Ma-lays lan Sta tes no t , as here to fo re , to l im i t her own l iab i l i t yw i th in them wh i le keep ing o ther European powers ou t , bu t toprov ide a bas is fo r her fu tu re cont ro l over them. I f i tever su i ted her to inc rease her power w i th in them, she d ids o ; i f i t s u i t e d h e r t o c h a n g e e x i s t i n g t r e a t i e s , s h e d i d ;and i f , be fore 1941, she had wanted to abo l i sh " ru le byt rea ty ' t a l together , annex , the reg ion and ru le th rough theFore ign Jur isd ic t ion Ac t ,4 she wou ld have done tha t too .The reason why, when she t r ied to do i t in 1945-6 , she fa i led ,was no t tha t the t rea t ies had h i ther to been in any senseI ' rea l t rea t ies t ' bu t because she was by then, in te rms o f theba lance o f fo rces ins ide West Ma lays ia and in the wor ld a tla rge , too weak to car ry ou t her in ten t ion .
At the leve l o f in te rna t iona l law, then, the t rea t iess igned by Br i ta in w i th the West Ma lays ian Sta tes be tween1874 and 1946 were wor th less , mere scraps o f paper , s inceBr i ta in had the power to change the success ions or even todepose a l i . v ing Ru ler (a l though the l i ke1y expense in pu t t ingdown oppos i t ion tended to de ter her f rom such dras t ic ac t ion) .Why, then, d id the Br i t i sh bo ther to make t rea t ies in thef i rs t p lace? And why d id they pers is t w i th ru le by t rea tyfo r so long? The answer to the f i rs t ques t ion5 l ies par t l yin the in i t ia l weakness o f the Br i t i sh p resence in Ma laya.One reason fo r negot ia t ing a t rea ty was tha t i t ac ted as aso f ten ing up process , whereby the Br i t i sh , o f ten underarmedand a lmost a lways unders ta f fed , n igh t accus tom Nta lays to theidea o f Br i t i sh cont ro l . In these ear ly years t rea t ies hadt o b e f a i r l y c l o s e l y a d h e r e d t o ; t h e f a t e o f J . W . W . B i r c h ,f i rs t Br i t i sh Res ident in Perak , who was assass ina ted in 1875,and the subsequent Perak War i l l us t ra te the dangers o f f lou-t ing the te rms o f a t rea ty . However , i t was assumed byClarke and o ther loca l o f f i c ia ls tha t once the Malays hadbecome fu l l y aware o f Br i ta in rs reserves o f migh t and under -s tood the use lessness o f res is tance, observance o f the t rea-t ies wou ld no longer be necessary . To the men on the spott rea t ies were a p re lude to d i rec t ru le by Br i ta in . Anotherreason why Br i t i sh dominat ion in West Ma lays ia began w i tht r e a t i e s l a y i n B r i t a i n h e r s e l f . B o t h t h e C o l o n i a l O f f i c eand Par l iament in the 1870fs wou ld have re jec ted over t ex-pansion but were prepared to accept treaty arrangements,wh ich , by mere ly au thor i -s ing the Br i t i sh to appo in t an ad-v iser a t the cour t o f a Ru1er , appeared nuch less ca tegor ica lthan ou t r igh t annexat ion . The genera l unwi l l ingness o f the
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home governnent and the Bri t ish publ ic to shoulder the re-spons ib i l i t i es o f d i rec t imper ia l con t ro l he tps so lve thesecond conundrun, namely : why the Br i t i sh pers is ted w i thru le by t rea ty fo r so 1ong. A l though the Perak War o f 1875demonst ra ted , a t leas t in one s ta te , the power o f Br i t i sharmed resources , i t d id no t make the t rea ty sys tem redundant .0n the cont ra ry , the Co lon ia l Of f i ce , anx ious to v ind ica tei tse l f and i t s own vers ion o f ru le by tTeaty as a cheap andnon-committal al ternat ive to annexat ion, ordered the Pangkorsys tem to be re - ins ta ted in Perak . Indeed, when in the1880s a fo rward po l i cy was resumed, S i r F reder ick Weld (Go-vernor , i880-87) negot ia ted t rea t ies in o rder to ex tend theres ident ia l sys tem, wh ich had a l ready been es tab l i shed inPerak , Sunge i U jong and Se langor , to the res t o f Negr i Sem-b i l a n a n d t o P a h a n g ( s e e p . 3 J f f . ) .
In the 1890s - and here we come to the second tu rn ing-po in t in our chrono log ica l examinat ion - a ma jor re -organ isa-t ion o f the admin is t ra t ion o f Perak , Se langor , Negr i Sembi lanand Pahang was proposed and e f fec ted . The needs to conso l i -da te the admin is t ra t ion , jus t i ce and economic deve lopment o fthe Pro tec ted Sta tes and to dea l w i th the inso lvency o fPahang were inc reas ing ly recogn ised bo th in Ma laya and inLondon. Wi thdrawal hav ing been d iscounted , the Co lon ia lOf f i ce now had to ad jud ica te be tween the a l te rna t ives o fannexat ion ( thereby a t tach ing the four S ta tes to the St ra i tsSet t lenents ) and federa t ion w i th in the t rea ty sys tem. W.E.Maxwel l urged the f i rst course whi le Frank Swettenham and thena jor i t y o f the Res idents favoured the perpetua t ion o f ru leby t rea ty . Indeed, by th is t ime the Res idents had becomeaccus tomed to p lay ing the ro le o f K ing , o r a t leas t a l l -powerful Grand Yiziet in their own States, and appreciatedre ference to the t rea t ies and to the " independence" o f theMalay Sta tes as a means o f par ry ing unpa la tab le suggest ionsof fe red by bureaucra ts i "n S ingapore or Whi teha l l . One o fthe more perc ip ien t Co lon ia l Of f i ce o f f i c ia ls de tec ted th isp loy in the re la t ionsh ip o f Swet tenham and the Su l tan o fPerak :
Mr Swettenham and the Sultan form a sort ofSpen low and Jork ins f i rm. Mr Swet tenharn isa lways do ing h is bes t to ge t the Su l tan moremoney, and the Su l tan is a lways w i l l i ng to comeup to the scratch and express repugnance to any-th ing proposed by the Secre tary o f S ta te wh ich MrS w e t t e n h a r n d o e s n o t w i s h t o s e e d o n e . . . 6
Eventua l l y , however , London found in favour o f Swet tenhamrsfedera t ion scheme. By the Federa t ion Trea ty o f 1895 (see
p. 49 f f . ) , wh ich Swet tenham speed i ly negot ia ted w i th theMalay Ru lers o f the four s ta tes , Perak , Se langor , Negr iSembj-1an and Pahang were amalgamated for administrat ivepurposes under a s ing le Res ident -Genera l (Swet tenham 1896-1900) who hoped to use the i r t i tu la r independence to bo ls te rhis own power uis d. uis the Governor of the Strai ts Sett le-ments (now also known as High Commissioner for the N{alaySta tes) . The t rea ty sys tem had been re in fo rced even thoughits new form made nonsense of any claim that the Malay Statesremained separate and independent in fact.
I t i s no t easy to te l l a t what s tage lv la lays rea l i sedtha t the t rea t ies they had s igned w i th Br i ta in were no tr r rea l r r t rea t ies . Cer ta in ly a t the 1903 Durbar , Su l tan Id r iso f Perak pro tes ted aga ins t the over -cent ra l i sa t ion o f powerin the hands o f the Res ident -Genera l and the in f r ingenent o fthe Pangkor Trea ty wh ich th is invo lved, and h is cornp la in twas no ted in London. / Indeed, th roughout the f i rs t decadesof the twent ie th century , Ma lays o f the Federa ted MalaySta tes (FMS) demanded a looser , decent ra l i sed sys ten o fgovernment in p lace o f the Federa t ion where the Br i t i sh con-t ro l led adn in is t ra t ion and non-Malays dominated econon ic de-v e l o p r n e n t . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e B r i t i s h d e c i s i o n t o a b i d e b ythe t rea ty sys tem tu rned ou t to be benef ic ia l fo r the Malays .MalayRulers - by re in te rpre t ing the t rea t ies as agreementsbetween themse lves and the loca l Br i t i sh o f f i c ia ls , wh ich ,i f in f r inged, cou ld a lways be re fe r red to h igher au thor i t iesin London for arbi trat ion - managed to salvage a good dealo f po l i t i ca l power in the i r own Sta tes wh ich they migh to therw ise have expec ted to lose . I t may be tha t the Ru lers ,w i th the exper ience o f S iamese or o ther "over lo rdsh ip r r , hadnever rea1 ly be l ieved tha t the Br i t i sh wou ld t rea t them asequa ls , and had recogn ised f rom the s ta r t tha t the i r bes tc h a n c e l a y i n a s d i r e c t a c c e s s a s p o s s i b l e t o t h e B r i t i s hmonarch . Su l tan Id r i "s o f Perak , fo r example , was no t w i th -ou t apprec ia t ion o f the va lue o f a re fe rence to the t rea tyas the sures t way to ge t h imse l f heard in the h ighes t quar te rs ,and in 1923 h is son, Su l tan Iskandar Shah, v is i ted Londonh imse l f and caused a grea t s t i r in the Co lon ia l Of f i ce -indeed, b rought about someth ing o f a po l i cy sh i f t - by te l l ingthe Secre tary o f S ta te tha t h is count ry rs r igh ts under thetTeaty were be ing ignored.S By the 1920s i t was c lear tothe Malay es tab l i shment o f every s ta te tha t the met ropo l i tanBr i t i sh o f f i c ia ls were on the who le fa r more prepared toshare po l i t i ca l power w i th the l r la lays than were loca1 admin-is t ra to rs , and tha t a po in t , wh ich the au thor i t ies in Kua laLumpur or Singapore night refuse, could be won by referr ingi t to London as a t rb reach o f the t rea ty " .
I t was the Malay Ru lers o f those Sta tes wh ich lay ou t -s ide the Federa t ion - the Unfedera ted Malay Sta tes (UMS)who had the grea tes t success in us ing the t rea t ies as bu t t res-ses fo r the i r own author i ty . 0 f the UMS, Kedah and Johorewere the most jealous of their autonomy and the best equippedto res is t European in te r fe rence. Both Sta tes , fo r example ,boas ted admin is t ra t i ve sys tems tha t p re-da ted Br i t i sh in te r -vent ion . In Johore Su l tan Abu Bakar and h is successor ,Su l tan lb rah im, es tab l i shed the va lue o f an appea l to Londonover the heads o f the Br i t i sh in S ingapore (see no te onJohore Trea ty 1885 p . 70 ) . In Kedah d i f fe rences be tweenthe Br i t i sh and Malays in the i r in te rpre ta t ions o f the 1905and 1909 documents (see p . ) p rovoked var ious c r ises inwh ich the Malay ru l ing c lass conf ron ted the Br i t i sh on anychange wh ich th rea tened to d i lu te Ma lay power in the Sta teor to absorb i t in to the FMS. The Kedah Malays ach ievedthe i r des i red guarantee in the Trea ty o f 7923 (see p .175 f f . )w h i c h s p e c i f i c a l l y s t a t e d t h a t , i n t h e e v e n t o f d i s p u t e sar is ing , _Kedah shou ld have the r igh t to appea l to the Br i t i shmonarch . 9
It is important to emphasise that an appeal to the treatycould carry the Malays so far in Bri tain but no further.Where there was a d i f fe rence o f op in ion be tween the loca lBr i t i sh o f f i c ia ls and the men in Whi teha l l they migh t ge tthe fo rmer over - ru1ed: bu t there was never any d i f fe renceof op in ion be tween these two groups over the bas ic n in imumof Br i ta in rs power in Ma laya necessary to re ta in her pos i t ionthere . I t was perhaps inev i tab le , there fore , tha t when inthe mid-1930s the Malays appea led to London over the ques t iono f t h e S e l a n g o r s u c c e s s i o n , t h e y s h o u l d l o s e . T h e B r i t i s hhad deposed the appo in ted he i r to the Su l tan o f Se langor andrep laced h im by h is second bro ther , and the Su l tan went toLondon^ to p ro tes t and ac tua l l y go t as fa r as see ing theKing . ru Had Br i ta in on th is occas ion conceded tha t mat te rso f success ion shou ld be regarded as ques t ions o f Ma lay cus tom,and there fore under the te rms o f the t rea t ies w i th mostStates reserved for the Malays, she would have corne dangerous-1y near to los ing her t rump card in the gane o f ru l ing bytreaty, narnely the r ight to decide who at any moment repre-sented the Malay Ru ler w i th whom she had s igned. For tunate ly ,perhaps , fo r her there were var ious aspec ts o f the Se langorsuccess ion prob lem wh ich enab led her to d ispose o f the Su l -tanrs p ro tes ts w i thout too much d i f f i cu l ty . I t was a rnonento f t r u t h n e v e r t h e l e s s . S . W . J o n e s ( B r i t i s h R e s i - d e n t , S e l a n -gor , Co lon ia l Secre tary , S t ra i ts Set t lements , and Ac t ingGovernor-High Commissioner in the yealfs i runediately beforethe Japanese invas ion) was probab ly w l fong when he la te r wro te
" . . . t h e S e l a n g o r s u c c e s s i o n d i s p u t e k i 1 1 e d t h e r e m a i n i n gv e s t i g e s o f p u p p e t T y . . . " , f o r p u p p e t s i n t h e s e n s e t h a tBr i ta ln reserved the r igh t to depose them or in te r fe re inthe i r success ions the Malay Ru lers remained; bu t he wasundoubted ly r igh t when he cont inued: r ' . . . the Ru lers w i l lcar ry the f igh t to London . . . wou ld . take any rna t te r ( theyd id no t 11ke) s t ra igh t to Londonr ' . r r The Br i t i sh Governmento f Ma laya cou ld no longer expec t to ge t away w i th any in -f r ingement o f the t rea t ies , however s l igh t , w i thout a f igh t .l {hen, a t the t ime o f the Malayan Un ion c r is is in Apr i l 1946,the Su l tans asked fo r fac i l i t i es to t rave l to London in o rderto pe t i t ion the K ing , Governor Gent (1946-48) a t tempted toconc i l ia te the Ru lers , wh i le a s imi la r reques t f rom Su l tanIbrahim of Johore (who was already in London) was courteouslyrefused by the Secretary of State on the grounds that art au-d i e n c e m i g h t p l a c e H i s M a j e s t y i n a n e m b a r r a s s i n g p o s i t i o n . l 2However , the pr ice o f bau lk ing the Ru lers in the i r appea lsto the K ing wou ld be , as we sha1 l see , a Br i t i sh re -a f f i rna-t ion in 1948 o f the i r cons t i tu t iona l and 1ega l r igh ts .
The reason why the Br i t i sh permi t ted the Malay Ru lersto ins is t on the r igh ts wr i t ten in to the i r t rea t ies , whereother Ru lers in the Co lon ia l Empi re in s imi la r pos i t ionswou ld have rece ived fa r shor te r shr i f t , l i es in the de l i ca terac ia l ba lance w i th in the Malay Sta tes . By the t j -me o f the1931 census the Malays amounted to on ly 49e, q f the to ta l pop-u la t ion o f Ma laya (exc lud ing S ingapore where they were grea t -l y ou tnumbered) . The Br i t i sh , fee l ing tha t the major i t y o fCh inese and Ind ians were no t par t i cu la r ly 1oya l to Br i ta in ,shrank f rom any democra t iza t ion o f po l i t i ca l ins t i tu t ionssuch as they had au thor ised (w i th resu l ts tha t were no t par -t i cu la r ly success fu l f ro rn the i r own po in t o f v iew) in Cey lon .Ins tead they fe l l back upon the suppor t o f the Malay commu-nity whom they proposed to control through their far- from-democra t ic Ru lers . t rThe Su l tans" . no ted S i r Cec i l C lenent i( H i g h C o n m i s s i o n e r , 1 9 3 0 - 3 4 ) , " . . . a r e n o t a n a n a c h r o n i s m :they are a bu f fe r be tween us and po l i t i ca l deve lopments suchas have taken p1ag9 in Cey lon , a bu f fe r a lso be tween usand the Ch inese. " r r Dur ing the per i -od be tween the wars t l ^eBr i t i sh , no t leas t fo r reasons o f rea lpo lL t i k , pa id a t ten t ionto the gr ievances o f the Ru lers and embarked on a po l i cy o fd e c e n t r a l i s a t i o n b y w h i c h c e r t a i n p o l i t i c a l r i g h t s w e r e t obe res tored to the Su l tans . Ru le by t rea ty , in o ther words ,wh ich had s ta r ted as a tac t i c o f cau t ion and had cont inuedas a conven ience now became a de l ibera te po l i cy . Thus anyc lamour fo r representa t ion o f the Malayan Ch inese and Ind iansc o u l d b e c o u n t e r e d b y a n a s s e r t i o n o f B r i t a i n r s t r e a t y o b l i -g a t i o n s t o t h e M a l a y s .
I t cou ld be argued tha t the who le po l i cy o f decent ra l i -sa t ion was a cuL de sac , s ince i t a l lowed the Ru lers (as inthe Se langor Success ion d ispute) to demand, on the bas is o fthe t rea t ies , sorne th ing wh ich the Br i t i sh cou ld no t a f fo rdto g ive . 0n the o ther hand, the Ru lers , in s tand ing by thele t te r o f the i r t rea t ies , were ab le to inpede the rea l i sa t iono f B r i t i s h a i m s . F o r , C l e n e n t i i n t e n d e d d e c e n t r a l i s a t i o nto be the pre lude to e f fec t i ve cent ra l i sa t ion and, by rev j - -v ing the pr iv i leges o f the FMS Su l tans , he hoped to overcomeboth UMS susp ic ion and FMS cr i t i c ism o f Br i t i sh cont ro l andthereby to improve the chances o f pan-Pen insu la r un i ty . How-ever , a ra t i -ona l i sa t ion o f the governments o f the lVes t Ma lay-s ian Sta tes was hand icapped by the under ly ing pr inc ip les o fB r i t a i n r s t r e a t y r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e M a l a y R u l e r s . C 1 e -ment i ts g rand des ign to re -order the Pen- su1a came to noughtand in August 1941, four months be fore the Japanese invas ion ,h is successor , S i r Shenton Thomas, rea f f i rmed or thodox po l i cy ,n a m e l y B r i t a i n r s i n t e n t i o n t o a b i d e b y h e r t r e a t y o b l i g a t i o n sa n d t o p r o t e c t M a l a y i n t e r e s t s i n t h e s e p a r a t e S t a t e s . 1 4
The Japanese occupat ion , 1942-1945, shat te red one bas icassumpt ion wh ich had been comnon to a l l Ang lo-Malay t rea t iesand exp l i c i t l y s ta ted in rnany o f them - tha t Br i ta in wou lddefend the Malayan Peninsula from foreign invasion. Manya t t l t u d e s a l t e r e d t o w a r d s t h e s i g n a t o r i e s o f t h e t r e a t i e s :the be l ie f in the overwhe lming s t rength o f Br i ta in was under -n ined, wh i le the unquest ion ing obed ience o f the masses tothe i r separa te Su l tans began to g ive way to a b roader po l i -t i ca l loya l ty wh ich embraced the who le communi ty in p lace o fthe ind iv idua l S ta tes and wh ich he ld the Ru lers accountab let o t h e i r s u b j e c t s . C o l o n i a l O f f i c e o f f i c i a l s , f o r t h e i rpar t , took the oppor tun i ty o f the Japanese occupat ion to cu tthe 1ega1 knots wh ich had s t rang led a t tempts to re -order thes t ruc ture o f Ma layan government dur ing the in te r -war years ,and to embark on a course which, i t was envisaged, wouJ.deventua l l y lead to a s ing le se l f -govern ing and nu l t i - rac ia ls t a t e . O n t h e i r r e t u r n t o M a l a y a , t h e B r i t i s h h a s t i l y n e -go t ia ted new t rea t ies ( the MacMichae l Trea t ies c f JohoreT r e a t y o f 1 9 4 5 , p . 1 2 \ f f . ) w i t h t h e b e w i l d e r e d M a l a y R u l e r swho signed away their sovereignty to the Crown which thenimposed a new cons t i tu t ion on Malay4_by Order in Counc i l, r n d e r t h e F o r e i g n J u r i s d i c t i o n A c t . 1 5
' T h i s c o n s t i t u t i o n ,
known as the Malayan Un lon , i s the th i rd landmark in theh is to ry o f Ang lo- l r , la lay t rea ty re la t ions .
Before the war the Br i t i sh had pa id l ip -serv ice to theconcept o f Ma lay sovere ign ty and had w ie lded power w i th inthe t rea ty sys tem. I t was the i r observance o f th is concept
l 0
which had ensured a large degree of Anglo-Malay concord andthe preserva t ion o f Ma lay soc ie ty in a rap id ly chang ingwor1d. A f te r the war the Br i t i sh , by a t tempt ing - i f un l i t -t ing ly - to mar ry the idea o f sovere ign ty w i th the ac tua l i t yo f power , ra ised those Malay gr ievances wh ich had prev ious lyexisted at the administrat ive level to the grander and noreuncont ro l lab le sca le o f cons t i tu t iona l con f l i c t . By theMalayan Un ion the Br i t i sh no t on ly were assured o f fu l l powerbut a lso were seen to have th is power ; the new cons t i tu t ionwas a gross misunders tand ing o f the impor tance o f the i11u-s ion o f power fo r the Malays . A Pen insu la -w ide Malay po l i -t ical novernent emerged which forced the Malay Rulers to re-voke the i r agreements w i th MacMichae l , wh i le the Br i t i shGovernment - unsupported by the Chinese and Indians (whomthe scheme was intended to benef i t ) and pressurised by re-t i red Malayan Civi l Servants (who had come to regard rule bytreaty as sacrosanct) - were forced to abandon the MalayanUnion and negot ia te new t rea t ies w i th the Su l tans . The newt rea t ies (wh ich underwro te the Federa t ion o f Ma laya , 1948)d i f fe red f rom ear l ie r ones in be ing more or less un i fo rm,and in enforcing a certain minimal degree of uni formity ona l l S t a t e s ( t h i s s u i t e d t h e n a t i o n a l i s t s a s w e l l a s t h e B r i -t ish). But they di f fered in an even more important respecti n p r a c t i c e : u n l i k e t h e i r p r e d e c e s s o r s , t h e s e t r e a t i e s ,s i g n e d i n 1 9 4 8 , h a d t o b e o b s e r v e d b y b o t h s i d e s .
As th ings tu rned ou t th is was no t so very d i f f i cu l t .The sp i r i t o f the Br i t i sh admin is t ra t ion a f te r the SecondWorld War was al together di f ferent from what i t had been upto 1947/2 , a l though some o f the prev ious admin is t ra to rs re -tu rned; wh i le on the Malay s ide bo th Ru lers and na t iona l i s tswere scrupulous but not ungenerous in their conduct. Boths ides rea l i sed tha t independence was fo reseeab le , and ru leby treaty as a preparat ion for independence was a much moreprac t icab le p ropos i t ion than ru le by t rea ty as ,a fo rmula fo rco lon ia l government over an indef in i te per iod . ro Perhapsthe most important s ingle factor guaranteeing Anglo-Malayco-opera t ion was the communis t insur rec t ion , wh ich began on lya few months a f te r the 1948 Federa t ion Trea t ies had beens igned. The vas t ma jor i t y o f the insurgents were o f Ch ineseex t rac t ion , and ne i ther the Ru lers nor the Malay na t iona l i s tleaders were any more sympathet ic to them than the Br i t i sh . lTA11 hands were there fore tu rned to que l l ing the revo l t , andmany po in ts o f f r i c t ion wh ich n igh t o therw ise have ar isenwere over looked. As the insur rec t ion waned the Malays po-l i te1y bu t f i rm ly ga thered the re ins o f power in the i r ownhands, w i th the co-opera t ion o f var ious an t i -cornmunis t Ch i -nese and Ind ian par t ies , and in 1957 the Federa t ion o f Ma laya
il
becane ful1y independent of Br i taj-n in an atmosphere of re-markab le goodwi11.
The i11- fa ted Malayan Un ion schene had ach ieved oneth ing : the re - in tegra t ion o f the fo rmer S t ra i ts Set t lementso f Penang, Prov ince Wel les1ey and Malacca in to West Ma lay-s i a . r d 0 n 1 y S i n g a p o r e ( p a r t l y a t t h e i n s i s t e n c e o f t h eMalay negot ia to rs who were fear fu l o f a Ch inese major i t y )remained a Br i t i sh co lony a f te r 1948. The la te r inc lus ionin Malaysia of Singapore and of Sabah and Sarawak (which hadbecome Crown Co lon ies in 1946) was a mat te r fo r negot ia t ionbetween the Br i t i sh Government on one s ide and a s ing le ,genuinely sovereign Governrnent of the Federat ion of Malayaon the o ther . As a mat te r o f fac t , the pos i t ion o f S inga-pore a f te r 1959 was s tTange ly anomalous : in tha t year i twas granted internal sel f-government, which neant that thesubsequent cons t i tu t iona l negot ia t io rs fo r Ma lays ia (1961-6 j )were th ree-s ided, wh i le i t s in te rna l secur i ty was superv isedby a counc i l wh ich inc luded, in add i t ion to th ree S ingapo-rean representat ives, three Bri t ish members and one nominatedby the Federa t ion o f Ma laya . Her p resence in the In te rna lSecur i ty Counc i l , wh ich was jus t i f ied by re fe rence to thecommunist insurrect ion in l t4,alaya, gave the Federat ion aves t ig ia l au thor i ty in S ingapore and cont r ibu ted to themerger o f i s land and main land. In 1963 S i -ngapore , togetherwith Sabah (formerly North Borneo) and Sarawak, joined theFedera t ion o f Ma laya to fo rm Malays ia , wh ich , though in t i t leno t a federa t ion , in i t s cons t i tu t ion prov ided fo r bo th fe -dera l and s ta te governments .
The proc lamat ion o f Ma lays ia marked the end o f Br i ta in 'ssovereignty in any part of Malaysia (al though she rernainedas the r rp ro tec t ing power ' t in the Sta te o f Brune i , wh ich re -fused to join Malaysia) and so provides an appropriate datet o e n d t h i s c o l l e c t i o n . S i n c e 1 9 6 3 t h e b o r d e r s o f M a l a y s i ahave changed with the withdrawal of Singapore, but eventsa f te r 1963 wou ld seem to be long to a new epoch, one in wh icht rea t ies and documents o f the sor t co l lec ted here p layed ad i f fe ren t ro le f rom the one they p lay be tween 1786, whenBr i ta in f i rs t r r leased ' r Penang, and 1963. Wi th the proc la -mat ion o f Ma lays ia any fu tu re such co l lec t ion wou ld have tobeg in : w i th the same document th is one ends .
t2
3 .
NOTES
C.D. Cowan, Nineteenth-Century Malaya, London, 1961,p p 1 7 - 2 0 , d e a l s w i . t h t h e B r i t i s h p o s i t i o n i n g e n e r a land i t s lega l aspec ts in par t i cu la r . The te rm "pro-t e c t o r a t e t ' , h e p o i n t s o u t , " . . . d i d n o t a s s u n n e a n i n -te rna t iona l s ta tus un t i l the Ber l in Conference o f1 8 8 4 - s i l .
Secre tary o f S ta te to Governor , S t ra i ts Set t lements ,2 0 S e p t . 1 8 7 3 , i n C O 2 7 3 / 6 7 ( c i t e d b y C o w a n , p 1 7 5 J .
Eg Sl-r John Anderson to the f i rst meeting of the FederalCounc i l , 11 Dec. 1909; S i r Hugh C l i f fo rd to the Federa lCounci l , 16 Nov. 1927; Report by W.G.A. )rmsby-Gore,on His visit to Malaya, CeyLon and Jaua in 1928 (Cmd3235); and Report of Sir Samuel kliLson on His Visit toMalaya, 1932 (Cnd 4276) . In t roduc ing the 1948 ed i t ionof his Brt , t ish Malaga, Sir Frank Swettenham encapsulatdth is o f f i c ia l v iew in the phrase, ' rThe Malay Sta tes aren o t B r i t i s h T e r r i t o r y . . . "
The Fore ign Jur isd ic t ion Ac t o f 1890 gave the Crownpower to exerc ise ju r isd ic t ion w i th in a fo re ign count ryas i f i t had acqu i red tha t ju r i sd ic t ion by the cessat ionor conquest o f te r r i to ry . Theore t ica l l y in te rpre ted asj u r i - s d i c t i o n o v e r B r i t i s h s u b j e c t s a l o n e , i n p r a c t i c ethe provisions of the Act were brought to bear upon then a t i v e p e o p l e s a s w e 1 1 , a n d , w i t h t h e p a s s a g e o f t i m eand the accunulat ion of precedent, the more comprehensiveapp l ica t ion o f the FJA accrued a k ind o f va l id i t y . In1946, w i th the conc lus ion o f the MacMichae l Trea t ies ,the Crown acqu i red a ' rsc in t i l l a o f sovere ign ty" in theN{alay States that enabled i t to extend the FJA to thePen insu la . On the bas is o f the Ac t were issued Ordersin Counc i l es tab l i sh ing the Malayan Un ion .
S i r Har ry Johns ton , an inve tera te t rea ty -co l lec to r inAf r i ca , pu t the same ques t i -on : ' f . . . why shou ld we havebothered to negot ia te w i th Negroes , Arabs , A fghans,S ia rnese, Ma lays or Papuans?" H is answer w i th regard tothe Af r i can case was no t i r re levant to tha t o f Ma lays ia :t ' I f one proceeded to in te r fe re in the cond j - t ions o f at r ibe w i thout a t rea ty to do so , there was sure to be af i g h t . . . r ' , a n d , h e c o n t i n u e d , ' r F o r s e v e r a l y e a r s , i nsome cases , where a ru l ing ch ie f o r a t r ibe dec l ined tomake a t rea ty we abs ta ined f rom in te rvent ion in the i rdomest ic concerns (The StorA of MA Life, London,1 9 2 3 , p p 2 7 7 - 7 8 ) .
t 3
6. Th i "s minu te , wr i t ten by Edward Fa i r f ie ld in 1894, i sci ted in E. Sadka, The Protected Malay States 1874-1895 Kuala Lunpur, 1968, p I23.
7 . See F .A. Swet tenham to Chamber la in o f 25 Nov. 1903, inGouernor of Stz'aits Confzdentdal Despatches to C0 1903,bound volumes, Singapore Nat ional Library.
8 . The Su l tanrs v is i t i s ment ioned and h is memorandum,which c r i t i c ised the Br i t i sh admin is t ra t ion severe lyfor ignoring the terms of Pangkor, is quoted at somelength in the conf ident ial pr inted paper, Pol icg ofDecentz,alisation in the FMS - Course of Euents drawn upby J .M. Mar t in o f the Co lon ia l Of f i ce and da ted 4 Nov.1930, wh ich is to be found in the Pr iva te Papers o f S i rC e c i l C l e m e n t i .
9 . Wi l l iam Pee l , then Br i t i sh Adv iser in Kedah, no ted tha tth is r igh t was " inherent " in a l l such t rea t ies , bu t i tmay be doubted whether this would always have been re-c o g n i s e d . W . P e e 1 , " C o 1 o n i a 1 S e r v i c e N o t e s , 1 8 9 7 - 1 9 5 5 t t ,Mss in Rhodes House, Oxford : Bod ley Mss Br i t Emp S.2O8.
10. Accounts d i f fe r as to whether he , o r the K ing , everac tua l l y ment ioned the success ion d ispute dur ing h isaud ience. I t was cer ta in ly d iscussed w i th the Co lon ia lO f f i c e .
1 1 . S . W . J o n e s t o S i r G e o r g e M a x w e l l ( p r i v a t e )Pr iva te Papers o f S i r George l laxwe l1 ,Roya1
1 2 . C O 7 I 7 / 1 4 8 n o 5 3 0 3 8 / 4 6 , P u b l i c R e c o r d Off i ce
15. Conf ident iaL "Note on a Co lon ia l Of f i ce Conference" , l0M a r . 1 9 3 1 , C l e m e n t i P a p e r s .
14 . CO 273/667 no 50429: Shenton Thomas to Lord Moyne, 20Aug. I941, Pub l ic Record Of f i . ce .
15 . Cf . no te 4 above. Some opponents o f the Malayan Un ionc la imed tha t th is ex tens ion o f the FJA 1890 to the l {a l4ySta tes amounted to i11ega1 annexat ion , bu t the i ronywas tha t the Malay Ru lers cou ld no t con tes t i t (o r theva l id i ty o f the MacMichae l agreements wh ich 1ay beh indi t ) in the Eng l ish Cour ts w i thout themse lves submi t t ingto Eng l ish l i t iga t ion and thereby abandon ing the i r p re-tens ions o f sovere ign ty . See the jo in t lega l op in i -onof Fos ter and Radc l i f fe , 14 May 1946, Maxwel l Papers .
16 . Par t i cu la r ly s ince the 1948 t rea t ies were couched inmore care fu l te rms than the prev ious ones , many o fwhich were drafted in an extrernely amateur fashion.
, 2 0 J a n . 1 . 9 4 3 ,CornrnonwealthS o c i e t y .
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L7. Though Tunku Abdul Rahman, Chief Minister of the Federa-t ion, did attempt to negot iate with the communist leadersin 1955, h is ma jor demand was the d isso lu t ion o f theMalayan Comrnunist Party.
18. Though after the fai lure of the Malayan Union they re-na ined, techn ica l l y , Br i t i sh temi to ry , and d id no t re -ce ive Heads o f S ta te and Sta te Governments para l le lw i th those o f the o ther West Ma lays ian Sta tes un t i l in -dependence.
l 5
Johore
On the Por tuguese conquest o f Ma lacca in 1511, i t s las tSu l tan , Mahmud, f led to Johore where he was la te r succeededby h is younger son, A laudd in ( the e lder son hav ing gone toPerak) . Su l tan A laudd in se t up h is cap i ta l on the Johorer iver and la id c la im to the Malaccan inher i tance - the Pen in-su la and the sur round ing is lands . Unab le to ous t the Por tu -guese from Malacca or to outr ival Acheh in Sumatra, Johores tead i ly dec l ined except fo r a b r ie f rev iva l in the f i rs tha l f o f the seventeenth century , when, ass is ted by the Dutch ,the Su l tanate managed to re -es tab l i sh cont ro l over Pahangand par ts o f Sumat ra . The f rag i l i t y o f Johore ts s t rengthwas revea led , however , when, hav ing been de fea ted by theSumatra kingdorn of Janbi in 1673, her empire disintegratedand her cap i ta l was t rans fer red to the Rh iau-L ingga Arch ipe-lago o f f the southern t ip o f the Pen insu la . In the i r e f fo r tsto rega in power , the Johore roya l house (now the Rh iau Su l -tanate) became increas ing ly dependent on Bug is rnercenar ies ,who, for most of the eighteenth century, dorninated Rhiau andused i t as a base fo r opera t ions e lsewhere . . By the end o fthe eighteenth century the Johore empire had spl i t into threemain d iv is ions : the Su l tan had become the puppet o f a Bug isRa ja Muda (under -k ing) whose e f fec t i ve ru le was l im i ted tothe Rh iau-L ingga Arch ipe lago, wh i le the Su l tan 's ma in landdomin ions were d iv ided be tween two grea t o f f i cers o f s ta te :the Temenggong of Johore and the Bendahara of Pahang.
The Dutch, who had captured Malacca in 164I, grew con-cerned over Bugis expansion and fought a ser ies of wars cul-mina t ing in the expu ls ion o f the Bug i -s f rom Rh iau in 1784.The Dutch then d ic ta ted a tTeaty whereby they possessed thepor t and K ingdom o f Rh iau and ins ta l led there in a Res identand a gar r i son . A l though the Malay Su l tan had mere ly ex-changed one overlord for another, he resented the t ighteningDutch gr ip on h is te r r i to ry w i th the resu l t tha t in 1787 hecombined with Lanun pirates to dr ive away the Dutch. Butthe Su l tan fa i led in h is des ign : the Lanuns re tunned home,the Bug is migra ted to o ther s ta tes , and he h imse l f was fo rced. in to ex i le when the Dutch succeeded in recover ing Rh iau .Dutch suprenacy was shor t -1 ived , however , fo r , on the Frenchoccupat ion o f Ho l land in 1795, S ta 'dhouder Wi l l ian V p lacedthe possess ions o f the Dutch Eas t Ind ia Company in Br i t i shhands fo r the i r sa fekeep ing dur ing the French wars . InRh iau the Br i t i sh removed the Dutch gar r ison , re - ins ta ted theMalay Su l tan , res to red the Bug is to power , and, inc identa l l y ,
l 9
created the si tuat ion whichnegot iat ing the Purchase of
Raf f les wasSi-ngapore in
la te r to exp lo i t1 8 1 9 .
1n
20
Note on the Johore Treaty of lP19
When the Trea ty o f V ienna, 1815, res to red to the Dutchthe i r fo rmer te r r i to r ies in the Eas t Ind ies there was genera lconcern in the Br i t i sh Set t lement o f Penang les t they shou ldt ry to re - impose the i r rnonopo l is t i c t rad ing po l i c ies . In1818 Co lone l James Bannerman (Governor o f Penang) sent W.S.Cracro f t to secure guarantees o f Br i t i sh t rad ing r igh tsw i t h P e r a k a n d S e l a n g o r ( s e e P e r a k T r e a t y o f 1 8 1 8 , p . 3 7 2 1 1 .a n d S e l a n g o r T r e a t y o f 1 8 1 8 , p . 4 3 6 f f . ) , a n d i n s t r u c t e dWi l l iam Farquhar (Res ident o f Ma lacca un t i l i t was re tu rnedto the Dutch in the same year ) to t ry and do l i kewise e lse-where. Farquhar was ant ic ipated by the Dutch in Borneo buts igned commerc ia l t rea t ies w i th S iak (Sumat ra) and w i th theRaja Muda to Sultan Abdul Rahman Shah of Rhiau-Lingga( J o h o r e T r e a t y o f 1 8 1 8 ) .
The va lue o f the t rea ty w i th Rh iau was ques t ionab le .Sultan Abdul Rahman - styled I 'King of Johore, Pahang andDependenc ies" and he i r to the Empi re o f Ma lacca-Johore - wasin fac t power less in the na in land Sta te o f Johore wh ich fo rsome t ime had been ru led by i t s Temenggongs. Indeed, h isauthorj" ty was so reduced and his legi t imacy. so uncertainthat, only four months after Farquhar had concluded thist rea ty , S tamford Raf f les s igned one in wh ich he recogn isedAbdu l Rahmanrs e lder b ro ther , Husse in , as the t rue Su l tan o fRh iau-L ingga and hence o f Johore (see Johore Trea ty o f Feb-r u a r y 1 8 1 9 , p . 3 0 f f ) . M o r e o v e r , l i k e t h e o t h e r t r e a t i e sarranged by Bannerman in 1818, Farquharrs treaty with Johoredid not prevent Hol land from re-assert ing her former controland resun ing her monopo l is t i c p rac t ices . For , in the sameyear, Sultan Abdul Rahman signed a treaty with the Dutch who,in November , res to red the i r Res ident and gar r ison to Rh iau .F ina l l y , Bannermanfs d ip lomat ic a r rangements o f 1818 werela rge ly superseded by the Ang lo-Dutch Agreement o f 1824 (seep.2BB f f ) wh ich le f t Johore , Perak and Se langor in Br i ta in 'ssphere and S iak , Rh iau-L ingga and Borneo in tha t o f Ho l land.
2 l
JOHORE TREATY of t9 August, 1g1B
Farquharrs Cornrnercial Treaty '*
Trea ty o f comrnerc ia l A l l iance be tween the Honourab lethe Eng l ish Eas t Ind ia conpany and H is Ma jes ty s r i Su l tanAbdul Rachman shaw, King of Johore, pahang and Dependencies,sett led on the part of the Honourable the East rni ia companyby l , la jo r lV i l l i am Farquhar , Res ident a t Ma lacca, by v i r tu lo f the powers de legated to h im by the Honourab le JohnAlexander Banne l rnan, Governor o f p r ince o f wa lesr Is1and,2and i t s dependenc ies , and on the par t o f H is Ma jes ty theSu l tan o f Johore , pahang, e tc . , Oy U is H ighness . la f i l r Ra jahMuda o f Rh io , in v i r tue o f s im i la r powers gran ted to h im LyHis sa id Majes ty , Sr i Su l tan Abdu l Rachman Shaw.
The peace and f r iendsh ip now happ i ry subs is t ing be tweenthe Honourab le the Eng l ish Eas t Ind i i -company and HIs Majes tySr i su l tan Abdu l Rachman shaw, K ing o f .Jo i ro re , pahang,
" i . . , 's h a 1 1 b e p e r p e t u a l .
A r t i c l e i
A r t i c l e i i
The vesse l -s and merchand ise be long ing to Br i t i sh sub-jec ts , o r persons be ing under the pro tec t ion o f the Honour -ab le the Eas t Ind ia conpany sha l l i lways en joy in the por tsand domin ions o f Johore , pahang, L ing in ,S n i . , lb , and o therssub jec t to h is sa id Majes ty , Sr i su l tan Abdu l Rachnan shaw,a l l the pr iv i leges and advantages wh ich are now, o r may a tany t ime hereaf te r be gran ted to the sub j ec ts o i the mostfavoured na t ions .
A r t i c l e i i i
The vesse ls and merchand ise be long ing to the sub jec ts o fh is sa id Majes ty s r i su l tan Abdu l Rachman sha,v sha11 a lwaysrece ive s i rn i la r advantages and pr iv i leges in the harbour o fFor t cornwal l i s , and in a r1 o ther p laces dependent on theBr i t i sh Government on pr ince o f Wales t Is land.
A r t j c t e i v
H is sa id Majes ty s r i Su l tan Abdu l Rachman shaw, sha l lno t renew any obso le te and in te r rup ted t rea t ies w i th o ther
F o r f o o t n o t e s s e e p . 2 3
22
nat ions , pub l i c bod ies or ind iv idua ls , the prov is ions o fwhich may in any degree tend to exclude or obstruct thet rade o f Br i t i sh sub jec ts , who fu r ther sha11 no t be burdenedwi th any impos i t ions or du t ies no t lev ied on the sub jec ts o fo t h e r S t a t e s .
A r t i c l e v
His said Maj esty, Sr i Sultan Abdul Rachnan Shaw furtherengages tha t he w i l l , upon no pre tence whatever , g ran t amonopo ly o f any ar t i c les o f t rade or commodi t ies , the produceof h is te r r i to r ies , to any person or persons , European,Amer ican, o r na t ive .
A r t i c l e v i
I t i s f ina l l y dec la red tha t th is Trea ty wh ich accord ingto the fo rego ing Ar t i c les , i s meant fo r p romot ing the peaceand f r iendsh ip , and secur ing the l iber ty o f commerce andnav iga t ion be tween the i r respec t ive sub jec ts , to the mutua ladvantage o f bo th , sha1 l las t fo r ever .
In token o f t ru th , and fo r the sa t is fac t ion o f bo thpar t ies , we have hereunto a f f i xed our s ignatures and sea lsin Rh io , th is n ine teenth day o f August , A .D. 1818, answer ingto the s ix teenth day o f the month Sawal , in the year o f theH e g i r a 1 2 3 3 .
Chop of the RAJA MUDA of Rhiau.4
Sea l o f Ma jor Farquhar .
Si-gnature WILLIM FARQUHARRes ident o f Ma lacca, and Commiss ioneron the part of the Bri t ish Government
A t rue copy :
Signature JOHN ANDERSON,Malay Trans la to r to government .
FOOTNOTES
The text is taken f rom John Anderson, "An Exposi , t ion oft he Po l i t i ca l and Conmerc ia l Re la t i ons o f t he Gove rnmen to f P r i nce o f Wa les I s l and w i th t he S ta tes o f t he Eas tCoast of Sumatra" , Penang, 1824, Appendix xxv i ( repr inted
23
)
. + .
i n J M B R A S X X X V , i v [ 1 9 6 2 ] ) . S e e , h o w e v e r , f n . 4
ie Penang.
s c . L i n g g a .
The Ra ja Muda was descr ibed, in Andersonrs vers ion , asthe "he i r apparent ' t o f Rh iau . He was in fac t the (a11-power fu l ) Bug is Pr ime Min is te r .
24
Note on the Johore Treat ies and Docunents of 1819 (January,
Like Colonel Bannerman, Stamford Raff les was anxious toprevent the resurgence of Dutch power in the Peninsula andArch ipe lago a f te r the French wars . As L ieu tenant -Governoro f Bencoo len and Governor -Genera l ' s Agent (and hence indepen-dent of, and suspected by, the Governor of Penang) he was in1818 ins t ruc ted to secure the St ra i ts o f Ma lacca fo r Br i t i sht rade by es tab l i sh ing Br i t i sh in te res ts in Acheh (Nor thSunatra) and founding a Bri t ish trading-post somewhere inthe Rh iau Arch ipe lago. He was s t r i c t l y en jo ined ne i ther tocause disputes with the Dutch nor to atternpt to occupy Rhiaushou ld they a l ready have done so . On the very day tha tthese ins t ruc t ions were s igned the Dutch s igned a t rea ty w i ththe Su l tan o f Rh iau-L ingga, bu t Raf f les may have fo reseenth is fo r he rece ived supp lementary ins t ruc t ions au thor is ingh in to negot ia te w i th Johore i f necessary and prov ided theDutch la id no c la im to i t . S t i1 l la te r ins t ruc t ions badeRaff les desist al together from any attempt to found aBr i t i sh Set t lement in the Eas tern Arch ipe lago, bu t thesereached h im a f te r S ingapore had been occup ied .
On 28 January , 1819, Raf f les anchored in S ingapore .The on ly res ident au thor i ty was a Malay ch ie f , the Temenggong,who was the loca1 ru le r o f S ingapore Is land and the moderns ta te o f Johore and, in theory , sub jec t to the Su l tan inRh iau . Two days la te r Raf f les made a pre l im inary t rea tywi th the Temenggong (Johore Trea ty o f January 18 i9 ) on theassunpt ion tha t a ) the Dutch Trea ty w i th Rh iau d id no t coverJohore, and b) the true Ruler of Johore was not Sultan AbdulRahman of Rhiau-Lingga (with whom the Dutch had signed theirt rea ty ) bu t h is e lder b ro ther , Husse in . When Su l tan MahmudI I had d ied in 1810, Tengku Husse in had been in Pahang (wherehe had been mar ry ing the Bendaharars s is te r ) and the Bug isRaja Muda Jaafar of Rhiau had instal led Tengku Abdul Rahnanas the new Su l tan . A l though Farquhar had s igned a t rea tywi th Su l tan Abdu l Rahman in 1818 and a l though Raf f les h imse l fhad recogn ised h i rn as Su l tan in 1813, Raf f les now produced agood dea l o f ev idence in favour o f Husse in rs c la ims to theSu l tanate . S ince Raf f les had been au thor ised to dea l on lyw i th the Su l tan o f Johore , he inv i ted Husse in to be ins ta l leda t S ingapore as Su l tan o f Johore . The January Trea ty wastherefore fol lowed by a more formal engagenent in February(Johore Trea ty o f February , 1819) to wh ich Husse in , has t i l ysunmoned from obscuri ty, was a signatory.
The Dutch , no t surpr is ing ly , were much upset by these
25
t rea t ies : they c la imed tha t the i r agreement w i th Rh iaucovered the who le o f the fo rmer Johore Ernp i re , tha t Husse inwas an imposter , and tha t Raf f les had ex tor ted the s ingaporet rea t ies f rom h im and the Ternenggong. Raf f les rep l ied tha tthe Temenggong of iohore and the Bendahara of pahang hadnever recogn ised Abdu l Rahman as the i r over lo rd , tha t he hadnever been inves ted w i th the rega l ia , and tha t Husse in andthe Temenggong had been under no pressure whatever . Raf f les rsuperiors in the Cornpany were extremely angry with him forexc i t ing Dutch i re , bu t , no t be ing a l together conv inced o fHo l landrs case, they de layed any ac t ion upon her demand fo rS ingapore . T ime was on Raf f les ' s ide . As soon as i t wasr e a l i s e d w h a t a p o t e n t i a l l y l u c r a t i v e s t a t i o n s i n g a p o r e w a s( the va lue o f i t s impor ts and expor ts in the f i rs t two yearsw a s s a i d t o b e o v e r $ 8 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 a n d i t s p o p u l a t i o n , a l l e g e dt o h a v e b e e n 1 5 0 a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f 1 8 1 9 , w a s b e t w e e n l 0a n d 1 2 , 0 0 0 b y A u g u s t , 1 8 2 0 1 * ) r n y c h a n c e o f i t s b e i n g r e t u r n e dto Ho l land d isappeared and the Company rap id ly accepted i tas a pernanent possess ion .
Raf f les le f t S ingapore the day a f te r the s ign ing o f theFebruary Trea ty to do sorne less success fu l d ip lomacy in Acheh.In June 1819 he s igned cer ta in 'a r rangements , fo r the admin-is t ra t ion o f S ingapore (Johore Document o f June, lg fS l2wh ich prescr ibed the re la t i ve powers and. pos i t ions o f theSu l tan , the Temenggong and the Res ident a l i t t le rnore pre-c ise ly . Th is was arnp l i f ied by a memorandurn in Ig23 (JohoreDocument o f 1823) ; bu t i - t was no t un t i l 1824, when Raf f leshad a l ready 1e f t , tha t the Is land o f S ingapore was unequ ivo-c a l l y d e c l a r e d B r i t i s h s o i l . T h i s w a s t h e w o r k o f F a r q u h a r r ssuccessor as Res ident , John c rawfurd , who was made d i rec t l yanswerab le to the Supreme Government o f Ind ia ins tead o fsubord ina te to the sen io r o f f i c ia l in Bencoo len . c rawfurdrea l i sed tha t even Raf f les t 1823 memorandum fa i led to g ivewhat the Advocate-Genera l o f Benga l ca l led *abso lu te cessat iono f t h e r i g h t o f S o v e r e i g n t y r t a l t h o u g h i t c a m e n e a r t o d o i n gs o . H e a l s o w a n t e d t o c l e a r u p s e v e r a l p o i n t s s u c h a s t h ep o s s e s s i o n o f s m a 1 l i s l a n d s n e a r t o s i n g a p o r e w h e r e p i r a t e swere wont to 1urk , and i f poss ib le to te rnp t bo th Husse in andthe Temenggong (o f ne i ther o f whom he thought h igh ly ) toleave the s ta t ion . c rawfurd reques ted and rece ived theCompany 's au thor i ty to negot ia te a t rea ty w i th the Su l tanand Temenggong o f Johore whereby Br i t i sh sovere ign ty a tS ingapore wou ld be p laced beyond d ispute . Th is t rea ty(Johore Trea ty o f 1824) was s igned on 2 August 1g24 and wasra t i f ied on 4 March 1825; the cess ion was f ina l l y approvedby Par l ianent in 1826. In tha t year c rawfurd le f t io r Ran-goon and S ingapore became par t o f the penang pres j -dency .
_* For foo tno tes see p .27
26
1 . L . A . M i l I s , B r i t i s hp 6 0 .
2 . M i l 1 s r e p o r t s t h a tsecond t ime on ly in
Malaya 1824-67,
Raff les returned1 8 2 2 - 2 3 , i b i d . ,
Kuala Lumpur, 1966,
to Singapore for ap 6 0 .
27
JOHORE TREATY of 30 January, 1819
Rgf f les ' F i rs t S ingapore Trea ty l *
Agreement made by the Dato Tumunggung Sree Maharajah,Ruler of Singapore, who governs the country of Singapore andal l . the is lands which are under the government of Singaporein his own name and in the nane of Sree Sultan HusseinMahumnud Shah, Rajah of Joirore with Sir Thomas StamfordRaff les, Lieutenant-Governor of Bencoolen and i ts dependen-c ies on behaLf o f the Most Nob le the Governor -Genera l o fB e n g a l .
0n account of the long exist ing fr iendship and commer-cial . relat ions between the Engl ish Company and the countr iesunder the Authori ty of Singapore and Johore i t is wel l toar range these mat te rs on a be t te r foo t ing never to be broken.
A r t i c l e i
The English Companysi tuated at S ingapore orSingapore - Johore.
Whenever theh e r e , a l I m a t t e r s
can es tab l i sh ao ther p lace in
A r t i c l e i i
S ree Su l tan , who is onof th is agreement w i l l
fac to ry (1og i )the Government of
h is way, a r r i vesb e s e t t l e d , b u t t h e
0n account of that the Engl ish Company agree to protectthe Dato Turnunggung sree Maharajah.
A- r t i c te i i i
0n account of the Engl ish Conpany having the ground onwhich to make a fac to ry they w i l l g ive each year to the DatoTumunggung Sree Maharajah three thousand dol lars.
A r t i c l e i v
The Dato Tumunggung agrees that as long as the Engl ishCompany remain and afford protect ion according to thisAgreenent he w i l l no t en ter in to any re la t ions w i th o r 1e tany o ther na t ion in to h is count ry o ther than the Eng l ish .
A r t i c l e v
For footnotes see p.42
28
Eng1ish Company can select a place to land their forces anda l l mater ia ls and ho is t the Eng l ish Conpanyrs f lags . 0nthis account we each of us put our hands and chops on thispaper at the t ime i t is wri t ten on the 4th day of Rabi lAkh i r in the year 1234.
SEA1 Of thc EAST INDIA COMPANY.
S i g n a t u r e T . S . R A F F L E S .
Chop of TEMENGGONG ABDUL RAHMAN.
29
JOHORE TREATY of February 6, f819
Raff les Second Singapore Treaty2
Treaty o f Fr iendsh ip and A l l iance conc luded be tween theHonourable Sir Thonas Stamford Raff les, Lieutenant-Governorof Fort Marlborough and i ts dependencies, Agent to the MostNob le Franc is , Marqu is o f Has t ings , Governor -Genera l o fI n d i a , & c . , & c . , & c . , f o r t h e H o n o u r a b l e E n g l i s h E a s t I n d i aCompany on the one part , and their HighnessesJ Sultan HussainMahunned Shah, Sultan of Johore, and Datoo Tummungong SriMaharajah Abdul Rahman, Chief of Singapore and i ts dependen-c ies on the o ther par t .
A r t i c l e i
The Prel iminary Art ic le of Agreement entered into onthe 30th of January, 1819, by the Honourable Sir StanfordRaf f les , on the par t o f the Eng l ish Eas t Ind ia Company, andby Datoo Tummungong Sri Maharajah Abdul Rahnan, Chief ofS ingapore and i t s dependenc ies , fo r h imse l f and fo r Su l tanHussain Mahumned Shah, Sultan of Johore, are hereby ent irelyapproved, ra t i f ied , and conf i rmed by H is H ighness the a fo re-said Sultan Mahumrned Shah.
A r t i c l e i i
In fu r therance o f the ob jec ts contempla ted in the sa idPrel iminary Agreement, and in compensat ion of any and al lthe advantages which may be foregone now or hereafter byHis Highness Sultan Hussain Mahunned Shah, Sultan of Johore,in consequence o f the s t ipu la t ions o f th is Trea ty , theHonourable Engl ish East India Company agree and engage topay to h is a fo resa id H ighness the sum o f Span ish Do l la rsf ive thousand annual ly, for, and during the t ime that thesaid Company may, by vir tue of this Treaty, maintain a fac-to ry o r fac to r ies on any par t o f H is H ighnessr hered i ta rydominions, and the said Company further agree to affordthe i r p ro tec t ion to H is H ighness a fo resa id as long as he maycont inue to res ide in the inned ia te v ic in i ty o f the p lacessub jec t to the i r au thor i ty : I t i s however c lear ly exp la inedto , and unders tood by H is H ighness , tha t the Eng l ish Govern-ment , in en ter ing in to th is A1 l iance, and in thus engag ingto a f fo rd p ro tec t ion to H is H ighness , i s to be cons idered inno way bound to in te r fe re w i th the in te rna l po l i t i cs o f h isSta tes , o r engaged to asser t o r ma in ta in the au thor i ty o f H isHighness by fo rce o f a rms.
30
A r t i c l e i i i
His Highness Datoo Tummungong Sri Maharajah AbdulRahman, Ch ie f o f S ingapore and i t s dependenc ies , hav ing byPre l in inary Ar t i c les o f Agreenent en tered in to on the 30 tho f January , 1819, g ran ted h is fu l1 permiss ion to the Honour -ab le Eng l ish Eas t Ind ia Company to es tab l i sh a fac to ry o rfac to r ies a t S ingapore , o r on any o ther par t o f H is H ighnessrdominions, and the sai-d Company having, in recompense and inre tu rn fo r the sa id g ran t , se t t led on H is H ighness the year lysum o f Span ish Do l la rs th ree thousand, and hav ing rece ivedH i s H i g h n e s s i n t o t h e i r a l l i a n c e a n d p r o t e c t i o n , a 1 l a n devery par t o f the sa id Pre l im inary Ar t i c les i s herebyconf i rmed.
A r t i c l e i v
His Highness the Sultan Hussain Mahummed Shah, Sultanof Johore, and His Highness Datoo Tumrnungong Sri MaharajahAbdul Rahrnan, Chief of Singapore, engage and agree to aidand ass is t the Honourab le Eas t Ind ia Company aga ins t a l lenemies tha t may assa i l the fac to ry o r fac to r ies o f thesa id Company es tab l i shed, o r to be es tab l i shed, in thed o n i n i o n s o f t h e i r s a i d H i g h n e s s e s r e s p e c t i v e l y .
A r t i c l e v
His Highness the Sultan Hussain Mahumned Shah, Sultanof Johore, and His Highness Datoo Tumungong Sri MaharajahAbdu l Rahman, Ch ie f o f S ingapore , agree , p romise , and b indthemse lves , the i r he i rs and successors , tha t fo r as longt ime as the Honourab le the Eng l ish Eas t Ind ia Company sha l lcon t inue to ho ld a fac to ry o r fac to r ies on any par t o f thedomin ions sub jec t to the au thor i ty o f the i r H ighnessesaforesa id , and sha l l con t inue to a f fo rd to the i r H i -ghnessessuppor t and pro tec t ion , they , the i r sa id H ighnesses , w i l lno t en ter in to any Trea ty w i th any o ther na t ion , and w i l lno t admi t o r consent to the se t t lement in any par t o f the i rdominions of any other power, European or American.
A r t i c l e v i
A l l persons be long ing to the Eng l ish fac to ry o r fac -t o r i e s , o r w h o s h a l l h e r e a f t e r d e s i r e t o p l a c e t h e m s e l v e su n d e r t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f i t s f l a g , s h a l l b e d u l y r e g i s t e r e dand cons idered as sub jec t to the Br i t i sh au thor i ty .
3 l
A r t i c l e v i i
The mode o f admin is t ra t ing jus t i ce to the na t ive popu-Ia t ion sha l l be sub jec t to fu tu re d iscuss ion and ar rangementb e t w e e n t h e c o n t r a c t i n g p a r t i e s , a s t h i s w i l l n e c e s s a r i l y ,in a g rea t measure , depend on the laws and usages o f thevar ious t r ibes who may be expec ted to se t t le in the v ic in i tyo f t h e E n g l i s h f a c t o r y .
A r t i c l e v i i i
The Por t o f S ingapore is to be cons idered under theimmedia te p ro tec t ion and sub jec t to the regu la t ions o f theB r i t i s h a u t h o r i t i e s .
A r t i c l e i x
Wi th regard to the Dut ies wh ich i t may hereaf te r bedeened necessary to levy on goods, merchand ize , boats o rvesse ls , H is H ighness Datoo Tumungong Sr i Mahara jah Abdu lRahman is to be en t i t led to a moie ty o r fu l l ha l f o f a l lthe amount co l lec ted f rom nat ive vesse ls .
The expense o f the por t and o f the co l lec t ion o f Dut iesis to be de f rayed by the Br i t i sh Government .
Done and conc luded a t S ingapore , th is 6 th day o fFebruary , in the year o f Our Lord 1819, answer ing to the19th day o f the rnonth Rab i -a i Ahk i r and year o f the He j i ra1 2 3 4 .
Signature T . S . R A F F L E S , +Agent to the Most Nob le theGovernor -Genera l fo r the Sta teso f Rh io , S ingapore and Johore .
32
A r t i c l e i
JOHORE DOCUMENT o f 26 June, 1819
Raf f les 'F i rs t Memo on the Admin is t ra t ion o f S ingaporeS
Be i t known to a l l men, tha t we, the Su l tan Hussa inMahomed Shah, Ungko Tumungong Abdool Rahman, GovernorRaf f les , and Major Wi l l iam Farquhar , have hereby en teredin to the fo l low ing ar rangements and regu la t ions fo r thebet te r gu idance o f the peop le o f th is Set t lement , po in t ingout where a l l the d i f fe ren t cas tes are severa l l y to res ide ,w i th the i r fami l ies , and capta ins , o r heads o f the i r cam-p o n g s .
The boundar ies o f the lands under the cont ro l o f theEng l ish are as fo l lows: f rom Tan jong Malang on the west ,to Tan jong Katang on the eas t , and on the land s ide , as fa ras the range o f cannon shot , a l l round the fac to ry . Asmany persons as res ide w i th in the a fo resa id boundary , andnot within the canpongs of the Sultan and Tumungong, are al lto be under the cont ro l o f the Res ident , and w i th respec tto the gardens and plantat ions that now are, or may hereafterbe , made, they are to be a t the d isposa l o f . the Tumungong,as here to fo re ; bu t i t i s unders tood, tha t he w i l l a lwaysacoua in t the Res ident o f the same.
A r t i c l e i i
I t i s d i rec ted tha t a l l the Ch inese move over to theother s ide o f the r i ver , fo rming a campong f rom the s i te o fthe la rge br idge down the r i ver , towards the mouth , and a l lMa lays , peop le be long ing to the Tumungong and o thers , a rea lso to remove to the o ther s ide o f the r i ver , fo rming the i rcampong f rom the s i te o f the la rge br idge up the r i ver to -wards the source-
A r t i c l e i i i
A l l cases wh ich mayS e t t l e m e n t , t h e y s h a 1 1 ,and de l ibera ted upon bysha11 have been dec idedthe inhab i tan ts , e i ther
occur , requ i r ing Counc i l in th isin the f i rs t ins tance, be confer redthe th ree a fo resa id ,6 and when theyupon, they sha l l be made known toby beat o f gong or by p roc lamat ion .
33
A r t i c l e i v
Every Monday norn ing , a t 10 o tc lock , the Su l tan , theTumungong, and the Resident shal1 meet at the Rooma Bechara;but should ei ther of the two forner be incapable of at tending,they may send a Deputy there.
A r t i c l e v
Every Capta in , o r head o f a cas te , and a l l Panghu luso f campongs and v i1 lages , sha l l a t tend a t the Rooma Bechara ,and make a report or statement of such occurrences as mayhave taken p lace in the Set t lenent , and represent any gr ie -vance or complaint that they may have to br ing before theCounc i l fo r i t s cons idera t ion on each Monday.
A r t i c l e v i
I f the Capta ins , o r heads o f cas tes , o r the Panghu luso f carnpongs, do no t ac t jus t l y towards the i r cons t i tuents ,they are permi t ted to come and s ta te the i r g r ievances them-se lves to the Res ident a t the Rooma Bechara , who is herebyauthor ized to exan ine and dec ide thereon.
A r t i c l e v i i
No Dut ies o r Cus tons can be exac ted , o r fa rms es tab-l i shed in th is Set t lement w i thout the consent o f the Su l tan ,the Turnungong, and Major Wil l iam Farquhar, and without theconsent o f these th ree no th ing can be ar ranged.
In conf i rmat ion o f the a fo resa j -d Ar t i c les , we, theunders igned, have pu t our sea ls and s ignatures , a t S ingapore ,the 2nd day o f the month o f Ramzan, 1234, answer ing to 26 thJ u n e , 1 8 f 9 .
S e a l
S e a l
SULTAN HUSSEIN
TEMENGGONG ABDUL RAHMAN
S i g n a t u r e T . S . R A F F L E S
Signature W. FARQUHAR
True t rans la t ion .
Signature W. FARQUHAR,Late Res ident .
o f
o f
34
JOHORE DOCUMENT of 7 June, 1823
Raf f les r Second Meno on the Admin is t ra t ion o f S ingaporeT
The i r H ighnesses the Su l tan and Tumungong hav ing so l i -c i ted tha t the L ieu tenant -Governor wou1d, p rev ious to h isdepar tu re , Iay down such genera l ru les fo r the i r gu idanceas may be most conduc ive to the genera l in te res ts o f S inga-pore , and a t the sarne t ime serve to de f ine the r igh ts o f a l lpar t ies , tha t there may be no d ispute hereaf te r : The fo l low-ing rules are laid down by the Lieutenant-Governor, and con-cur red in by the i r H ighnesses , to fo rm the bas is o f the goodunders tand ing to be main ta ined in fu tu re : -
l s t . In o rder to cont r ibu te to the persona l comfor t andrespec tab i l i t y o f the i r H ighnesses , and a t the same t ime toafford them an ample and l iberal compensat ion for any advan-tage ei ther expected or foregone by them, on account of portdu t ies , t r ibu te , o r p ro f i t s on monopo l ies , wh ich are foundto be incons is ten t , and a t var iance w i th the pr inc ip lesmain ta ined by the Br i t i sh Gover runent , the i r H ighnesses are ,f ron the ls t ins tan t , to rece ive a month ly pa) 'ment , H isH i g h n e s s t h e S u l t a n o f 1 , 5 0 0 d o 1 1 a r s , a n d H i s H i g h n e s s t h eTumungong 800 do l la rs per month , on the fo l low ing cond i t ions : -
2nd. The i r H ighnesses to fo rego a l l r igh t and c la im tothe monopoly of Kranjee and Baloo wood within Singapore, andt h e i s l e t s i m m e d i a t e l y a d j a c e n t , a s w e l l a s a l l c l a i m s t opresents and cus toms upon Ch inese junks and Ch inese genera l l ycon ing and go ing .
3rd . Wi th the except ion o f the land appropr ia ted tothe iT H ighnesses fo r the i r respec t ive es tab l i shnents , a l lland w i th in the is land o f S ingapore , and is lands immedia te lyad jacent , to be a t the en t i re d isposa l o f the Br i t i shGovernment.
4 th . As a fu r ther accomnodat ion to the i r H ighnesses ,the Res ident w i l l be au thor ized to advance such fu r ther sumsof money as may be su f f i c ien t fo r the comple t ion o f a re -spec tab le rnosque near the dwe l l ing o f H is H ighness theSu l tan , and a lso to ass is t H is H ighness the Tumungong inrenov ing and es tab l i sh ing h i rnse l f on the ground recent lys e l e c t e d b y h i m .
s th . Under these ar rangements the i r H ighnesses w i l l berel ieved from further personal at tendance at the court onevery Monday, bu t they w i l l a lways be en t i t led to a seat onthe bench, and to a l l due respec t when they th ink p roper toa t t e n d .
35
6 t h . I n a l l c a s e s r e g a r d i n g t h e c e r e m o n i e s o f r e l i g i o n ,and mar r iages , and the ru les o f inher i tance, the laws andcus toms o f the Malays w i l l be respec ted , where they sha11not be cont ra ry to reason, jus t i ce , o r humani ty . In a l lo ther cases the laws o f the Br i t i sh au thor i ty w i l l be en-fo rced w i th due cons idera t ion to the usages and hab i ts o ft h e p e o p l e .
7 th . The Br i t i sh Government do no t in te r fe re a t p resentin the loca1 ar rangernent o f the count r ies and is lands sub-jec t to the i r H ighnessesr au thor i ty , beyond S ingapore andi ts ad jacent i s le ts , fu r ther than to a f fo rd them genera lu ro tec t ion as here to fo re .
S i g n a t u r e T . S . R A F F L E S
36
A r t i c l e i i
JOHORE TREATY of 2 August, 1824
C.rawfurdts TreatYS
A Treaty o f Fr iendsh ip and A l l iance be tween the Honour -
ab le the eng i is t r Eas t Ind ia Company on the one s ide , and
their Highnesses the sul tan and Tumungong of Johore on the
other, .6n.1uded on the Second day of August, Olu Thousand
Eight Hundred and Twenty-four ( I824), cor lespondi.ng with the
Si i t t r day o f the month o f Su lha j i , in the year o f the He j i ra
one Thousand Two Hundred and Th i r ty -n ine (1239) , by the
above Su l tan o f Johore , H is H ighness su l tan Hussa in Mahomed
S h a h a n d t h e a b o v e T u m u n g o n g o f J o h o r e , H i s H i g h n e s s D a t oTumungong Abdul Rahman Sri Maharajah on their own behalf '
and by John Crawfurd , Esqu i re , Br i t i sh Res ident o f S ingapore '
ves ted w i th fu l1 powers there to , by the R igh t Honourab le
Wi l l iam P i t t , Lord Anhers t , Governor -Genera l o f and fo r
F o r t W i l l i a m i n B e n g a l , o n b e h a l f o f t h e s a i d H o n o u r a b l eEng l ish Eas t Ind ia ComPanY.
A . r t i c t e . i
peace, f r iendsh ip , and good unders tand ing sha l l subs is t
fo r ever be tween the Honourab le the Eng l ish Eas t Ind ia com-
p a n y a n d t h e i r H i g h n e s s e s t h e S u l t a n a n d T u m u n g o n g o f J o h o r eand the i r respec t ive he i rs and successors '
T h e i r H i g h n e s s e s t h e S u l t a n H u s s a i n M a h o m e d S h a h a n dDatu Tunungottg Abdul Rahman Sri Maharaj ah hereby cede in
fu l l sovere ign ty and proper ty to the Honourab le the Eng l ish
East Ind ia Cornpany, the i r he i rs and successors fo r ever ' the
Is land o f S ingapore , s i tua ted in the s t ra i ts o f N ' la lacca , to -
g e t h e r w i t h t h e a d j a c e n t s e a s , s t r a i t s , a n d i s l e t s t o t h e
lx ten t o f ten geog iaph ica l m i les , f rom the coas t o f the sa id
main Is land o f S ingaPore .
A r t i c l e i i i
The Honourab le the Eng l ish Eas t Ind ia Company hereby
engages, in cons idera t ion o f the cess ion spec i f ied in the
l a s t A r t i c l e , t o p a y t o H i s H i g h n e s s t h e S u l t a n H u s s a i nMahomed Shah, the sum o f span ish Do l la rs th i r ty - th ree thou-
sand two hundred (33 ,200) , together w i th a s t ipend, dur ing
h is na tura l 1 i fe , o f one thousand th ree hundred (1 ,300)
37
Spanish Dol lars per mensem, and to Hi-s Highness the DatuTumungong Abdul Rahnan Sri Maharajah, the sum of twenty-sixthousand e igh t hundred (26 ,800) Span ish Do l1ars , w i th amonth ly s t ipend o f seven hundred (700) Span ish Do l la rsdur ing h is na tura l l i fe .
A r t i c l e i v
His Highness the Sultan Hussain Mahomed Shah herebyacknowledges to have received from the Honourable the Eng-l i sh Eas t Ind ja Conpany, in fu l f i l nen t o f the s t ipu la t ionsof the two las t Ar t i c les , the sun o f th i r ty - th ree thousandtwo hundred (33 ,200) Span ish Do l la rs , together w i th thef i rs t nonth ly ins ta lment o f the above-nent ioned s t ipend, o fSpan ish Do l la rs one thousand th ree hundred ( f ,300) , and H isHighness the Datu Tumungong Abdul Rahman Sri Maharajah alsohereby acknowledges to have received from the Honourable theEng l ish Eas t Ind ia Company, in fu l f i lment o f the s t ipu la t ionsof the two las t Ar t i c les , the sum o f twenty -s ix thousande i g h t h u n d r e d S p a n i s h D o l l a r s ( 2 6 , 8 0 0 ) , w i t h o n e m o n t h r sins ta lment o f the above s t ipend o f seven hundred Snan ishDol la rs .
A- r t i c le v
The Honourable the Engl ish East India Company engagesto rece ive and t rea t the i r H ighnesses the Su l tan Hussa inMahomed Shah, and Datu Tumungong Abdul Rahman Sri Maharajah,w i th a l l the honours , respec t , and cour tesy be long ing tothe i r rank and s ta t ion , whenever they may res ide a t , o rv i s i t t h e I s l a n d o f S i n g a p o r e .
A r t i c l e v i
The Honourable the Engl ish East India Cornpany herebyengages in the event o f the i r H ighnesses the Su l tan andTurnungong, their heirs or successors, preferr ing to residepermanent ly in any por t ion o f the i r own Sta tes , and to re -move for that purpose from Singapore, to pay unto them, thatis to say , to H is H ighness the Su l tan Hussa in Mahomed Shah,h is he i r o r successor , the sum o f twenty thousand (20 ,000)Span ish Do l1ars , and to H is H ighness the Datu TumungongAbdu l Rahman Sr i Mahara jah , h is he i r o r successor , the sumo f f i f t e e n t h o u s a n d ( 1 5 , 0 0 0 ) S p a n i s h D o l l a r s .
A r t i c l e v i i
The i r H ighnesses the Su l tan Hussa in Mahomed Shah
38
and the Datu Tumungong Abdul Rahman Sri Maharajah, in con-s idera t ion o f the payment spec i f ied in the las t Ar t i c le ,hereby re l inqu ish fo r themse lves , the i r he i rs , and successors ,to the Honourable the Engl ish East India Company, their heirsand successors fo r ever , a l l r igh t and t i t le to every des-c r ip t ion o f immovab le p roper ty , whether in lands , houses ,gardens , o rchards , o r t imber t rees , o f wh ich the i r sa idHighnesses may be possessed w i th in the Is land o f S ingaporeor i t s dependenc ies a t the t ime they may th ink p roper towithdraw from the said is land for the purpose of permanentlyres id ing w i th in the i r own Sta tes , bu t i t i s rec ip roca l i y andc lear ly unders tood tha t the prov is ions o f th is Ar t i c le sha l lnot extend to any descript ion of property which may be heldby any fo l lower o r re ta iner o f the i r H ighnesses beyond theprec inc ts o f the ground a t p resent a l lo t ted fo r the ac tua lr e s i d e n c e o f t h e i r s a i d H i g h n e s s e s .
A r t i c l e v i i i
Their Highnesses the Sultan l lussain Mahomed Shah, andthe Datu Tumungong Abdul Rahman Sri Maharaj ah hereby engagetha t , as long as they sha l l con t inue to res ide w i th in theIs land o f S ingapore , o r to d raw the i r respec t ive month lys t ipends f rom the Honourab le the Eng l ish Eas t Ind ia Company,as prov ided fo r in the present Trea ty , they sha l l en ter in tono a l l iance and main ta in no cor respondence w i th any fo re ignpower o r po ten ta te whatsoever , w i thout the knowledge andconsent o f the sa id Honourab le the Eng l ish Eas t Ind ia Con-pany , the i r he i rs and Successors .
A r t i c l e i x
The Honourab le the Eng l ish Eas t Ind ia Company herebyengages, tha t , in the event o f the i r H ighnesses the Su l tanHussain Mahomed Shah, and the Datu Tumungong Abdul RahmanSr i Mahara jah remov ing f rom the Is land o f S ingapore , as con-t e m p l a t e d i n t h e 6 t h A r t i c l e , a n d b e i n g d i s t r e s s e d w i t h i nthe i r own te r r i to r ies on such remova l , to a f fo rd them, e i thera t S ingapore or Pr ince o f Wales t Is land, a persona l asy lu rnand pro tec t ion .
A r t i c l e x
The cont rac t ing par t ies hereby s t ipu la te and agree, tha tne i ther par ty sha11 be bound to in te r fe re in the in te rna lconcerns o f the o ther ts governnent , o r in any po l i t i ca l d is -sens ions or wars wh ich may ar ise w i th in the i r respec t iveter r i to r ies , nor to suppor t each o ther by fo rce o f a rmsaga ins t any th i rd par ty whatever .
39
A r t i c l e x i
The cont rac t ing par t ies hereby engage to use everym e a n s w i t h i n t h e i r p o w e r r e s p e c t i v e l y , f o r t h e s u p p r e s s i o nof robbery , and p i racy w i th in the St ra i ts o f Ma lacca, aswe l l as the o ther nar row seas , s t ra i ts , and r i vers border ingupon, o r w i th in the i r respec t ive te r r i to r ies , in as fa t ' asthe same sha11 be connected w i th the domin ions and immedia tei n t e r e s t s o f t h e i r s a i d H i g h n e s s e s .
A r t i c l e x i i
The i r H ighnesses the Su l tan Hussa in Mahomed Shah, andthe Datu Tumungong Abdul Rahrnan Sri Maharajah hereby engageto maintai-n a free and unshackled trade everywhere withinthe i r don in ions , and to admi t the t rade and t ra f f i c o f theBr i t i sh na t ion in to a l1 the por ts and harbours o f the k ing-dom o f Johore and i t s dependenc ies , on the te rms o f themost favoured na t ion .
A r t i c l e x i i i
The Honourab le the Eng l ish Eas t Ind ia Company herebyengages, as long as the i r H ighnesses the Su l tan Hussa inMahomed Shah and the Datu Tumungong Abdul Rahman SriMahara jah sha l l con t inue to res ide on the Is land o f S inga-pore , no t to permi t any re ta iner o r fo l lower o f the i r sa idHighnesses who sha l l deser t f rom the i r ac tua l serv ice , todwel1 or remain in the Is land o f S ingapore or i t s dependen-c i e s . B u t i t i s h e r e b y c l e a r l y u n d e r s t o o d , t h a t a l l s u c hre ta iners and fo l lowers sha l l be na tura l born sub jec ts o fsuch par ts o f the i r H ighnessesr domin ions on ly in wh icht h e i r a u t h o r i t y i s a t p r e s e n t s u b s t a n t i a l l y e s t a b l i s h e d ,and tha t the i r names, a t the per iod o f en ter ing the serv iceof the i r H ighnesses , sha l1 have been du ly and vo lun tar i l yinscr ibed in a reg is te r , to be kept fo r tha t purpose by thech ie f loca l au thor i ty fo r the t ime be ing .
A r t i c l e x i v
I t i s hereby mutua l l y s t ipu la ted fo r and agreed, tha tthe cond i t ions o f a l l fo rmer Convent ions , Trea t ies , o rAgreements en tered in to be tween the Honourab le the Eng l ishEast Ind ia Company and the i r H ighnesses the Su l tan andTumungong of Johore, sha1l be considered as abrogated andannu l led by the present Trea ty , and they are hereby abro-ga ted and annu l led accord ing ly , a lways , however , w i th theexcept ion o f such pr io r cond i t ions as have confer red on the
40
Honourab le the Eng l ish Eas t Ind ia Company any r igh t o r t i t leto the occupat ion or possess ion o f the Is land o f S ingaporeand i t s dependenc ies , as above-ment ioned.
Done and concluded at Singapore, the day and year asabove wr i t ten .
Signature SULTAN HUSSEIN MOHAMED SHAH
Signature J. CRAWFURD
Seal or Mark TEMENGGONG ABDUL RAIIMAN
Signature AMHERST
Signature EDWARD PAGET
Signature F . FENDALL
Rat i f ied by the R igh t Honourab le the Governor -Genera lCounc i l , a t For t Wi l l iam in Benga l , th is N ine teenth dayNovember, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Twenty-four.
Signature GEO. SWINTONSecretary to Government
ino f
4 l
5 .
6 .
7 .
FOOTNOTES
We have no t been ab le to loca te any Eng l ish- languageor ig ina l o f th is Trea ty bu t a photograph or 'what por -ports to be the or iginal I r la lay version is to be foundin C.B. Buckley, An AnecdotaL HistorA of Singapore.S ingapore 1902. See F .A. Swet tenham, Br i t i sh MaLaya,1 9 4 8 , p 6 8 . T h i s i s t h e v e r s i o n p r i n t e d i n M . & G .p p 1 1 6 - 1 7 .
See Sir C. Aitchison, CoLLect ion of Treat ies, Engage-ments and Sunnuds" Vo l . i (Ca lcu t ta 1862: new ed i t ion1 9 3 1 ) , p p 4 2 4 - 4 2 6 , a n d l n { . f i ' c . p p 1 1 7 - 1 9 .
The use o f the honor i f i c t 'H ighness ' t fo r a ch ie f , evenso independent a chief as the Tenenggong of Johore, isremarkab le . The po in t was no t missed. See Govt . o fI n d i a r s D e s p a t c h t o G o v . B l u n d e l 1 o f 4 M a r . l g 5 sq u o t e d i n F . A . S w e t t e n h a n o p e d t . , p p g 2 - 5 .
I t i s s t range tha t no access ib le sources record tha te i ther the Su l tan or the Temenggong e i ther s igned orsea led th is document ; bu t we must assume tha t they d id ,fo r o therw ise the po in t wou ld cer ta in ly have been d is -covered and ra ised a t some t ine .
Provenance: M. G G. pp I20- I2 I .
se , the Su l tan , the Temenggong and the Res ident .
B e n g a l P o l i t i c a l C o n s u l t a t i o n s , R a n g e 1 2 3 , V o 1 . 5 9 : 5 2of 5 Mar . 1824. M.& G. p 122 records tha t th is rnemo-randum is undated but was signed "about the beginningo f J u n e , 1 8 2 3 1 ' . M i 1 1 s , 1 9 6 6 , p 6 3 , g i v e s 7 J u n e I g 2 3a s i t s d a t e .
Aitchison , Tz,eatt-es &c. 1 , pp 428-431.
42
Note on the Johore Trea t ies and Documents o f 1840, 18551862 and 1864
When Temenggong Abdul Rahman, who had signed the 1819and 1824 Treat ies , d ied in 1825, the Br i t i sh accepted h isson as Ternenggong and granted hin an al lowance (al thoughthis had not been part of the terms of the 1824 Treaty) onthe grounds that his father had not l ived long to enjoy themonth ly s t ipend promised h im under Ar t i c le i v o f tha t Trea ty .When Su l tan Husse in d ied in 1835, however , a l though theBr i t i sh g ran ted h is he i r , Tengku A1 i , a pens ion they d id no timned ia te ly recogn ise h in as Su l tan . Ostens ib ly th is wason the grounds of his youth, but the Governor in fact con-s idered i t "des i rab le to a1 low the fami ly to merge as qu ick lyas poss ib le ip to un t i t led s t ipend iar ies r r and the Company d idnot d issent . r As Tengku A1 i g rew o lder and the revenues o fJohore ( f rom wh ich the Temenggong e f fec t i ve ty exc luded h im)increased, he began to pe t i t ion fo r recogn i t ion , bu t theproc lamat ion issued by the Res ident Counc i l lo r o f S ingapore ,T. Church, in 1840 (Johore 1840 Document) was ambiguous andwas subsequent ly declared by the courts not to have amountedto recogn i t ion as Su l tan . In 1847 Tengku A1 i appea ledaga in , bu t Ma jor -Genera l Wi l l iam But te rwor th , GovernorSt ra i ts Set t lements 1843-55, was no t sympathet ic and onceaga in the Company re fused to cons ider h is appea l .
In 1852 But te rwor th went on two years r leave o f absenceand was rep laced by Edrnund B1unde l1 , Governor 1855-59, whowas more sympathet ic to the Tengku. The Cornpany rejectedh is f i rs t appea l on A l i rs beha l f , bu t in 1853 he repor tedtha t bo th par t ies had agreed on a compromise so lu t ion where-by
. . . p r o v i d e d T u n k u A l i w i l l e n g a g e n o t t o i n t e r f e r eat any t ine with the Government of the country, he[the Temenggong] should agree to clear the way forh is ins ta l la t ion as Su l tan , and make over to h im ha l fthe revenue o f the count ry , caLcu la t ing tha t 'ha l f a t$300 per nensem for th ree years , a t^ the exp i ra t ion o fw h i c h a n e w c a l c u l a t i o n t o b e m a d e . z
B lunde l l asked h is super io rs to conf i rn th is a r rangement .They rep l ied unenthus ias t ica l l y in March 1853 tha t they had"no concern w i th the re la t ions be tween the Su l tan and theTemenggongi l and pointed out that the 1824 Treaty had recog-n ised them as jo in t ru le rs in Johore . r r [The Government o fInd ia ] s ty led them, ' the i r H ighnesses the Su l tan and Temeng-g o n g o f J o h o r e r . r ' B u t t h e y a g r e e d t h a t i f B l u n d e l l ' s p l a n
* F o r f o o t n o t e s s e e p . 4 4
43
were proposed and accepted by both sides i t would be "bene-f i c i a l t r . J
Blundel1 took no further measures during the rest ofthe year (a l though accord ing to h is o r ig ina l p roposa l h iscompromise had already been accepted by both sides) and in1854 Butterworth returned. At the end of that year heforwarded an agreement (Johore 1855 Treaty) far less favour-ab le to Tengku A l i . By th is he became Su l tan , and h issuccessors a f te r h im, and bo th he and h is he i rs rece ivedthe smal1 te r r i to ry o f Kesang-Muar on the Malacca border .He also received from the Temenggong a down payment in cashand $500 per month fo r l i fe , bu t th is was no t to be con-t inued to h is successors . But te rwor th represented th isas i f i t fo l lowed the te rms a l ready proposed by B lunde l l andi t was accepted as such, a l though the rap id inc rease inJohorers revenues (a11owed fo r by a reassessment o f theSu l tanrs a l lowance a f te r th ree years in B lunde l l ' s p lan)made i t fa r less generous to the new Su l tan . The Treatywas s igned in 1855, the Su l tan ins ta l led , and the Sta tepar t i t ioned.
In 1862 the Temenggong s igned a t rea ty w i th the Govern-ment o f the St ra i ts amend ing cer ta in p rov is ions o f the 1824Treaty regard ing h is emoluments shou ld he w ish to l i ve ou t -side Si.ngapore and making over certain lands to the Strai tsGovernment who were at the t ine planning new docks and anumber o f o ther changes in S ingapore town. In th is t rea ty(Johore 1862 Treaty ) he is descr ibed as "Sovere ign Ru ler o fJohore" bu t s igned h inse l f , apparent ly , on ly "Engku Temeng-gong Abu Bakar r ' .
S e e M i l l s , o p . c i t . , p 1 8 2 f f .
Quoted i -n Swet tenham, 1948, pp 91-92
Ib id . pp 92-e3.
1 .
)
3 .
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JOHORE DOCUMENT of 16 September, 1840
Not i f i ca t ion regard ing Tengku A1 i ' s S ta tus l *
Mahomed A1i, eldest son of the late l r{ahomed Shah,Su l tan o f Johore , hav ing ar r i ved a t th is S ta t ion , i t i shereby no t i - f ied to a l l whom i t may concern , tha t he islooked upon by the Bri t ish Government in every respect asthe successor o f h is la te fa ther , and en t i t led to a l l theproperty upon the ground granted to the late Sultan by theEast India Company, si tuated at Canpong Glam and more par-t i cu la r ly adver ted to in the 8 th a r t i c le o f the Trea tyentered in to by the la te Su l tan w i th John Crawfurd Esqu i reas the Representat ive of the East India Company, on the 22ndday o f August , 1824.
By order o f the Hon 'b le the Governor
T. CHURCHResident Counci , l lor .
Singapore , 16 th September , 1840.
F o r f o o t n o t e s s e e p . 5 1
45
JOHORE TREATY of 10 March, 1855
Treaty between Sultan Al i and Temenggong Daing Ibrahim2
Treaty o f Fr iendsh ip and A l l iance be tween H is H ighnessSu l tan A11y Iskander Shah b in Su l tan Hussa in Mahomed Shahand His Highness Datu Tl-rmungong Daing Ibrahim bin AbdulRahman Sri Maharajah, who are both equal ly desirous to com-pose and pu t a f ina l end to the d i f fe rences and d isagree-ments wh ich have here to fo re subs is ted be tween thern re la t i veto the i r respec t ive c la ims on the Ter r i to ry and Sovere ign tyo f Johore , and to es tab l i sh and main ta in peace, f r iendsh ip ,and thorough ly amicab le re la t ions be tween them f rom hence-f o r t h i n a l l t i m e s t o c o m e .
1 s t . H i s H i g h n e s s t h e S u l t a n A 1 1 y I s k a n d e r S h a h b i nSu l tan Hussa in Mahomed Shah, fo r h imse l f , h is he i rs andsuccessors , does hereby cede in fu l l sovere ign ty and abso-lute property to His Highness Datu Tumungong Daing IbrahinSri Maharajah bin Tumungong Abdul Rahrnan Sri Maharajah, hishe i rs and successors fo r ever , the who le o f the te r r i to ryo f Johore w i th in the Malayan Pen insu la and i t s dependenc ies ,w i th the except ion o f the Kassang te r r i to ry here ina f te rment ioned .
2 n d . I n c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e c e s s i o n c o n t a i n e d i n t h eforego ing Ar t i c le , H is H ighness Datu Tumungong Da ing Ib rah inSri Maharajah bin Tumungong Abdul Rahman Sri Maharajah doeshereby agree to pay immedia te ly a f te r the execut ion o f theseA r t i c l e s t o H i s H i g h n e s s S u l t a n A l j y I s k a n d e r S h a h b i n S u l -tan Hussa in Shah, the surn o f f i ve thousand Span ish Do11ars ,and further engages that he the said Datu Turnungong DaingIbrah im Sr i Mahara jah , h is he i rs and successors , sha l1 andwi l1 , f ro rn and a f te r the ls t day o f January , 1855, pay toh is sa id H ighness Su l tan A11y Iskander Shah, h is he i rs andsuccessors , the sum o f f i ve hundred Span ish Do l la rs permensem.
Srd. His Highness Datu Tumungong Daing Ibrahin Sri Maha-ra jah hereby w i thdraws a l l c la im whatsoever to the sa idte r r i to ry o f Kassang, cons is t ing o f the lands ly ing be tweenthe r iver of Kassang and the r iver of Muar, and of which thesaid r iver of Kassang forms the boundary on the northwardand that of Muar on the southward, and being part of theanc ien t te r r i to ry o f Johore , and consents tha t H is H ighnessS u l t a n A 1 l y I s k a n d e r S h a h , h i s h e i r s a n d s u c c e s s o r s , s h a l 1have and en joy the same in fu l l sovere ign ty and proper ty fo rC V C I .
46
4th . H is H ig f rness Su l tan A11y Iskander Shah fo r h inse l f ,h is he i rs and successors , hereby agrees tha t the sa id te r r i -to ry o f Kassang sha l l no t be a l ienated or d isposed o f to anyparty or power, without the sarne being in the f i rst placeoffered to the East India Company and then to His HighnessDatu Tumungong Daing Ibrahim Sri Maharajah, his heirs orsuccessors , on such te rms as H is H ighness the Su l tan A11yIskander Shah, h is he i rs o r successors , may be des i rous tocede i t to any one3 o ther par ty o r power w i l l i ng to t rea tfo r the sane.
s th . The sub jec ts o f each o f the sa id cont rac t ing par -t ies sha l1 have fu l l l i ber ty to t rade to , and pass in andout o f , the i r respec t ive te r r i to r ies , bu t sha11 be amenab lefo r any c r ime or o f fence commi t ted in the te r r i to ry o f e i thero f the sa id cont rac t ing par t ies accord ing to the law therein fo rce , and each o f the sa id cont rac t ing par t ies fo r h in -se l f , h is he i rs and successors , hereby so lemnly engages todo no ac t ca lcu la ted or hav ing a tendency to p romote orfoment d is tu rbances w i th in the te r r i to ry o f the o ther o fthem, bu t in a l l respec ts t ru ly and fa i th fu l l y to adhere toand observe the Engagements hereby entered into by themr e s p e c t i v e 1 y .
6 th . The sa id cont rac t ing par t ies hereby 'agree tha t anyd i f fe rence or d isagreement tha t rnay ar ise be tween them onmat te rs fa l l ing w i th in the fo rego ing Ar t i c les 4 and 5 sha11be re fe r red to the f ina l dec is ion o f the Br i t i sh Governmento f Ind ia , w i th whose cogn izance the sa id cont rac t ing par t ieshave en tered in to th is Trea ty .
7 th . Noth ing conta ined here in sha l1 be taken or con-s t rued to mod i fy o r a f fec t the prov is ions o f the Trea tyconc luded on the 2nd day o f August , 1824, be tween the Eas tInd ia Company and the i r la te H i -ghnesses the Su l tan andTumungong of Johore.
Thi-s doneM a r c h , i n t h e
and conc luded a t S ingapore , the 10 th day o fy e a r o f C h r i s t 1 8 5 5 .
TEMENGGONG ABU BAKAR
SULTAN ALI4
S e a l o f
S e a l o f
Executed be fore :5
S ignature W.J . BUTTERWORTH,G o v e r n o r , P r i n c e o f W a l e s r I s l a n d ,
S ingapore and Malacca. .
S ignature T . CHURCH,R e s i d e n t C o u n c i l l o r .
47
JOHORE DOCUMENT of 19 December, 1862
First Arrangements for Temenggongrs Property in Singapore6
TREATY entered into between the Hon'b1e Colonel OrfeurCavenagh, Governor o f Pr ince o f Wales ' I s land, S ingaporeand Malacca, by authori ty of the Right Honourable theGovernor-General of India in Counci l of the one part , andHis Highness Datoh Tumungong Aboobakar, Sr i Maharajah,Sover ign Ru ler o f Johore , o f the o ther par t .
Whereas , by Ar t i c le 6 th o f the Trea ty o f f r iendsh ipand a l l iance be tween the Honourab le the Eng l ish Eas t Ind iaCompany on the one side, and their Highnesses the Sultan andTumungong of Johore on the other, concluded on the secondday of August, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-four,the said East India Company engaged, in the event of thesaid Tumungong preferr ing to reside permanently in any por-t ion of his own States, and to remove for that purpose fromSingapore , to pay to the sa id Tumungong, h is he i rs o rsuccessors , the sum o f F i f teen Thousand Span ish Do l la rs(815,000) and by Ar t i c le 7 th o f the sa id Trea ty , the sa i .dTumungong, in considerat ion of the said payment, did therebyre l inqu ish fo r h imse l f , h is he i rs and successors , to theHonourable the Engl ish East India Company, their heirs andsuccessors , fo r ever , a l l r igh t and t i t le to every descr ip -t ion o f immovab le p roper ty , whether in 1ands , houses , g4T-dens , o rchards , o r t i rnber t rees , o f wh i -ch H is H ighness migh tbe possessed w i th in the Is land o f S ingapore or i t s dependen-cies at the t ime he might think proper to withdraw frorn thesa id Is land, fo r the purpose o f permanent ly res id ing w i th inhis own states, and whereas i t has been agreed that in con-siderat ion of His Highness Datoh Tumungong Aboobakar SriMahara jah , fo r h imse l f , h is he i rs and successors , renounc ingal l r ight and claim to the payment of the aforesaid sum off i f teen thousand Span ish Do l la rs (S15,000) and mak ing overto the Br i t i sh Government cer ta in por t ions o f the lands o fwh ich he is now in possess ion a t Te l loh B langah, in theIs land o f S ingapore , as shown in the p lan here to annexed,conpr is ing the be l t o f land f rom the pub l ic road to the sea,bounded on the West by the land occup ied by the Paten t S l ipand Dock Company, and on the East by the land belonging tothe Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigat ion Company, anda l low ing the sa id Government to take ear th f rom the s ide o fthe h i l l to the Nor th o f Te l loh B langah Road, fo r the pur -pose o f ra is ing the 1ow ground so made over to the sa idGovernment, should the same be required for that purpose,
48
and also making over to the said Governnent the r ight to acarr iage road along the Eastern Boundary of the Peninsularand Or ien ta l S tean Nav iga t ion Companyrs land f rom the pub l icroad to the sea, inc lud ing the use o f a su i tab le land ingp lace , as a lso the p ieces o f land on Mount Faber occup iedby the F lag-Sta f f , Bar racks and Bat te r ies , and a r igh t o fway to the same, the sa id Br i t i sh Government sha l l g ran tun to H is H ighness , h is he i rs , executors , admin is t ra to rs andass igns , a t i t le in fee s imp le to the remainder o f the landsat Te11oh B langah a foresa id in h is possess ion , and tha tAr t i c les 6 th and 7 th o f the sa id Trea ty sha11 in consequencebe abrogated and annu11ed. Now i t is hereby concluded andagreed by and be tween the par t ies to th is Trea ty : -
1st. That His Highness Datu Tumungong Aboobakar SriMahara jah , fo r h imse l f , h is he i rs and successors , do th here-by for ever renounce, release, and make over unto the Bri t ishGovernment al1 clain and demand whatsoever to the said sumof f i f teen thousand Span ish Do l1ars .
2nd. That i t is nutual ly st ipulated and agreed betweenthe par t ies here to tha t Ar t i c les 6 th and 7 th o f the a fo re-sa id Trea ty , so fa r as they re la te to any c la ims or r igh tsbetween the Bri t ish Government and His Highness DatuTumungong Aboobakar Sri Maharajah, his heirs or successors,sha1 l be cons idered as abrogated and annu l led by th is agree-ment, and they are hereby abrogated and annul led accordingly.
Done and conc luded a t S ingapore , the n ine teenth day o fDecember , in the year o f the Chr is t ian Era , one thousande igh t hundred and s ix ty - two, conespond ing w i th the twenty -e igh th day o f the month o f Janad i -a1-Akh i r , in the year o fthe He j i ra , one thousand two hundred and seventy -n ine .
S ignature
S ignature
ORFEUR CAVENAGH, Co1one1,Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t lements
TEMENGGONG ABU BAKAR
49
*
4ia
a 4 12 7ai f a- ur- tE .
t'4 aE * i$ . . o *
, ,t,>'1tt
J0HORE DOCUMENT o f 15 August , 1864
To a l l to whom these presents sha11 come I , the Honour -ab le Capta in James Burn , o f f i c ia t ing Res ident Counc i l lo r a tS ingapore , send gree t ing . Whereas by a Trea ty en tered inbat S ingapore be tween the Honourab le Co lone l Or feur Cavenagh,Governor o f Pr ince o f Walesr Is land, S ingapore and Malacca,by au thor i ty o f the R igh t Honourab le the Governor -Genera lo f Br i t i sh Ind ia in Counc i l o f the one par t and H is H ighnessDatu Tumungong Aboobakar Sri Maharajah Sovereign Ruler ofJohore ( the son and successor o f h is la te H ighness Da ingIbrah im Tumongong o f Johore , one o f the par t ies to thewi th in wr i t ten Indenture) o f the o ther par t , da ted the n ine-teenth day o f December , 1862, the prov is i ,ons o f the Trea tyo f 1824 in the w i th in Indenture ment ioned, re fe r r ing to thel a n d s a t T u l l o h B l a n g a h i n t h e I s l a n d o f S i n g a p o r e , a l s o i nthe w i th in wr i t ten Indenture ment ioned, a re abrogated andannu l1ed, and i t i s no longer necessary fo r the Governmento f B r i t i s h I n d i a t o h o l d t h e p i e c e o f l a n d , c o m p r i s e d i nGovernment Lease Lo t no . I o f Lease No. 69 ment ioned andass igned in the w i th in wr i t ten Indenture upon the t rus tsthere in dec la red in re la t ion there to . And h is sa id H i -ghnessDatu Turnongong Aboobakar Sri Maharajah has requested thatt h e s a i d p i e c e o r p a r c e l o f l a n d s h a l 1 b e a s s i g n e d i n m a n n e rhere ina f te r rnent ioned. Now, know ye , tha t in cons idera t iono f t h e p r e m i s e s I , t h e s a i d o f f i c i a t i n g R e s i d e n t C o u n c i l l o ra t S ingapore , by v i r tue o f the powers and au thor i ty in tha tbeha l f in me inves ted hereby ass ign and se t over un to IncheWan Abdu l rahman o f S ingapore Inhab i tan t , the ac t ing executoro f t h e l a s t w i l l a n d t e s t a m e n t o f h i s s a i d l a t e H i g h n e s s ,Da ing Ib rah im Tumongong o f Johore , a l l the w i th in ment ionedp iece or parce l o f land together w i th the appur tenancesthere to be long ing , to have and to ho ld the same unto thesa id Inche Wan Abdu l rahman as such executor as a fo resa id ,h is executors , admin is t ra to rs and ass igns , fo r the remaindero f the te rm o f 999 years upon wh ich the same is demised,f reed, and d ischarged o f , and f rom, t -he severa l t rus ts , p ro-v isoes , dec la ra t ions and agreements concern ing the same inthe w i th in wr i t ten Indenture ment ioned and conta ined. Inw i tness whereof I , the sa id Honourab le Capta in Janes Burn ,o f f i c ia t ing Res ident Counc i l lo r as a fo resa id , have hereuntoset my hand and sea l o f o f f i ce th is f i f teen th day o f August ,in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred ands ixty- four .
Further Arrangements for Temen
50
Signature
Wi tnes ses
R e g i s t e r e d N o . 2 1 1 8 .
S ignature J . BLUNDELL,Head C lerk ,
J . BURN, Capta in ,O f f . R e s i d e n t C o u n c i l l o r .
GEO PERREAUJ. BLUNDELL
T h i s 1 5 t h A u g u s t , 1 8 6 4
Land Of f i ce .
2 .
FOOTNOTES
Ind ian Po l i t i ca l and Fore ign Proceed ings , Range 197,V o 1 . 5 3 : D e s p . n o . 3 , 2 3 J a n . 1 8 4 7 .
i . b i d . , R a n g e 2 0 1 , V o 1 . 1 4 : N o s . 2 8 5 - 2 9 3 , 1 9 J a n . 1 8 5 5 ;s e e a l s o i b n d . , R a n g e 2 0 0 , V o 1 . 5 2 , N o s . 1 7 8 - 1 8 3 , 1 0 F e b .1854. Th is Trea ty i s repr in ted as an enc losure in C02 7 3 / 4 1 6 , F i l e 8 5 7 5 o f 7 M a r . 1 9 1 5 ( i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t hthe case o f S tuder vs . Johore) .
The CO 273/416 tex t omi ts the word r rone" here . I tdoes no t appear to be a mat te r o f much subs tance.
NB: the Temenggongts sea l takes precedence. Swet ten-h a m , 1 9 4 8 , p f 0 0 , r e c o r d s a s t o r y t h a t S u l t a n A l i ' ssea l was so "d isp leased i l w i th the Trea ty tha t i t wason ly a f f i xed "under cons iderab le p ressure" .
Note : But te rwor th w i tnessed Abu Bakar ts sea l wh i leC h u r c h w i t n e s s e d t h a t o f S u I t a n A 1 i .
P r o v e n a n c e : M . G G . p p 1 2 9 - 1 3 0 . T h o u g h i t c l a i m s t o b ea T r e a t y w e h a v e c l a s s i f i e d i t , l i k e i t s s u c c e s s o r ,as a document .
P r o v e n a n c e : M . & G . p 1 3 1 .
6 .
7 .
5 l
Note on the Muar Docunents of S e ember I877 12 Novemberr87 7 l4 November 1 8 7 7 . 2 0 , 3 D 4 Octo r 1 8 7 8
i , i i q 1 t 1
By the 1855 Treaty , Su l tan A l i b in Su l tan Husse in hadceded to Temenggong Dai-ng Ibrahirn al l the terr i tory ofJohore except fo r Kesang or Muar wh ich was g iven to A1 i , h ishe i rs and successors " in fu l1 sovere ign ty and proper ty fo rever " . A l though Su l tan A l i was prov ided w i th a l lowancesfrorn the Temenggong of Johore and later from the Bri t ishGovernment, Nfuar i tsel f produced scarcely any revenue fori t s new Ru ler . Not on ly d id Su l tan A l i fa l l deep ly in todebt - sequester i-ng sone of his land in Singapore and mort-gagi-ng both his al lowances for many years - but also he pro-voked a success ion d ispute , when, on h is deathbed in 1877,he w i l led the Su l tanate o f Muar to an e leven-year -o ld sonby h is th i rd w i fe , in p re fe rence to Tengku A1am, a man o fa b o u t t h i r t y w h o w a s A l i r s e l d e s t s o n b y h i s s e c o n d w i f e .
Pend ing the se t t lement o f the success ion , L ieu tenantCo lone l A .E.H. Anson (L ieu tenant -Governor o f Penang andOf f i cer Admin is te r ing the St ra i ts Government , 3 Apr i l -29October 1877) inv i ted Abu Bakar ( the Ru ler o f Johore who wasnow styled Maharaja rather than Temenggong) to undertake theguardianship of Muar. Anson was anxious that Muar, whichabut ted Malacca, shou ld be governed in 'an order ly fash ion .S ince , in the a f te r rna th o f the Perak War , annexat ion byBr i ta in was ou t o f the ques t ion and s ince he doubted thec a p a b i l i t i e s o f e i t h e r o f A 1 i ' s s o n s , A n s o n h o p e d t h a t t h eMahara ja rs cont ro l o f Muar wou ld become permanent in sp i teo f the prov is ions o f the 1855 Treaty .
L ike Anson the Co lon ia l Of f i ce app lauded the en l igh tenedru le o f the Mahara ja o f Johore and showed i i t t le regard fo rthe te rms o f the 1855 Treaty . London was, however , genu ine lyconcerned tha t the peop le o f Muar shou ld choose the i r ownRuler (Nfuar Docunent , 3 September 1877) . Thus , the w i l l o fSu l tan A1 i hav ing been d iscounted , London and loca l o f f i c ia lsembarked on a d iscuss ion about the e l ig ib i l i t y o f the e l .ec to rso f a new Ru ler and the cor rec t p rocedure fo r h is e lec t ion .A rneet ing o f those c la iming to be uar is (he i rs , headmen or ,i n t h i s c o n t e x t , r o y a l e l e c t o r s ) , w h i c h w a s h e l d i n M a l a c c ashor t l y a f te r A1 i ' s funera l and wh ich favoured Tengku A lam,was d iscounted by the Co lon ia l Of f i ce . Aga in , the s ta tementin support of the Maharaja made by a number of Muar chiefs,whorn Anson had transported to Government House in Singapore,was fel t by London to be equal ly inadequate, even though i- t
52
was later fort i f ied by a let ter f rom the Tenenggong of Muarand by a neet ing between Anson and a few headmen in Seganat.Eventual ly, f rom a l j -st of twenty four names ten penghulusw e r e d e e m e d e l i g i b l e t o e l e c t A l i ' s s u c c e s s o T . T h e s e h e a d -men met in Muar on 9 Novenber 1877 and, in the presence ofA.M. Sk inner , dec ided unan imous ly in favour o f the Mahara jao f Johore (Muar Document , 12 November 1877) .
The d iscomf i ted Tengku A lam d isputed the va l id i ty o fth is e lec t ion and a l leged tha t the e lec to rs had been sub-verted by the Maharaja during his "guardianshipt ' of Muar.Th is the Mahara ja s t renuous ly den ied . Cer ta in ly a numbero f susp ic ious c i rcumstances are repor ted or h in ted a tthroughout the off ic ial Br i t ish correspondence on the Muarsuccess ion ; r bu t in the end the Secre tary o f S ta te cons i -dered tha t he had "no op t ion bu t to acqu iesce ' t in the fa i taccornpLt (Muar Document , 20 Apr i l 1878) . The news was con-veyed by word of mouth to Tengku Alam on l0 July 1878 andrecorded in Rob inson 's le t te rs to h im and the ln {ahara ja overa year after the death of Sultan Al i ( l ,4uar Documents, 24October 1878 i , i i , & i i l ) . Thereaf te r , apar t f rom somefur ther d is tu rbances in Muar in 1879, the Mahara ja rs ru leseens to have been accepted in the area .
Unnerved by the disastrous consequences of interferencein the Perak success ion , the Co lon ia l Of f i ce was fo r someyears de termined to avo id incur r ing respons ib i l i t i es in o therMalay Sta tes . The se t t lement o f the Muar success ionappeared to su i t Br i t i sh requ i rements : i t ensured thepeacefu l government o f a reas border ing Br i t i sh te r r i to ry bu ti t d id no t burden Br i ta in w i th f resh admin is t ra t i ve commi t -ments . However , by mid-1878 met ropo l i tan and St ra i tso f f i c ia ls were beg inn ing to doubt the adv isab i l j - t y o f us ingthe power fu l Mahara ja o f Johore to sa feguard Br i t i sh in te r -es ts in Ma laya. Moreover , a l though the Br i t i sh governmentfe l t bound to recogn ise the Mahara ja in Muar , they began tow o n d e r i f h e w a s r e a l l y t h e p e o p l e ? s c h o i c e a f t e r a l l .Enbarrassment over the Muar case and over another elect ioni n S u n g e i U j o n g h e l p e d t o d i s c r e d i t t h e p o l i c y o f n o n - i n t e r -v e n t i o n . I n 1 8 8 1 t h e C o l o n i a l O f f i c e s a n c t i o n e d t h e r e -surnp t ion o f a caut ious fo rward po l i cy in the Pen insu la .
FOOTNOTE
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e m a t e r i a l p u b l i s h e d h e r e a f u l l e rse lec t i -on o f re levant documents i s to be found in CO2 7 3 / 4 L 6 , F i l e 8 5 7 5 o f 7 M a r . 1 9 1 5 w h e r e t h e y w e r e c o m -
53
p i led in connect ionS e e a l s o E u n i c e T h i oPen insuLa 1BB0-1910Sta tes , S ingapore $
wi th the case o f S tuder us . Johore .Rn i *a ' oh Dn1n 'n " , i n t he MALay,
U L A
uol I The Southern and CentralK L , 1 9 6 9 , p p x x v i - x x x v i .
54
JOHORE: MUAR DOCUMENT of 3 September 1877
First Muar Despatch: Carnarvon to Anson (Act ing Governor)I*
S t ra i ts Set t lements No, 198 Downing St ree t ,
Srd September, 1877
S i r ,
I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of yourdespatch , No.212, o f the 6 th Ju ly , repor t ing on the deatho f Su l tan A l i I skander Shah o f the Ter r i to ry o f Kesang.
2 . I do no t ob j ec t to the course wh ich I unders tandyou to have taken in request ing the Maharaja of Johor, asa temporary measure and pending the sett lement of the suc-cess ion , to under take the guard iansh ip o f th is sna l1 S ta te ,as I ga ther tha t some such cont ro l i s necessary ; bu t thenature o f the ar rangement shou ld be d is t inc t l y unders toodby a l l par t ies , and above a l l , there shou ld be no groundfor misapprehension on the part of the Chiefs and nat ivep o p u l a t i o n .
3 . The good serv ices o f the Mahara ja o f Johor havebeen f requent ly exper ienced and recogn ized by Her Ma jes ty rsGovernment, but I am not prepared, with the information Ia t p resent possess , to express any op in ion respec t ing th isd isputed success ion , bu t in mak ing cho ice o f one o f thec la imants , due a t ten t ion shou ld be pa id to the cus tom o fthe count ry and the w ishes o f the peop le , as i t wou ld man i -fes t l y be inposs ib le , in o rder to reward po l i t i ca l serv ices ,however mer i to r ious they may have been, to impose any ru le rupon the inhab i tan ts o f th is Ter r i to ry aga ins t the i r w ishes .
4 . When the cho ice has been u l t imate ly made and agreedto , the new Su l tan shou ld be in fo rned tha t the recogn i t ionhe w i l l rece ive f rom Her Ma jes ty rs Government w i l l dependupon h is persona l mer i ts and the charac ter o f h is Adn in is t ra -t ion , and tha t , as long as he governs h is peop le p roper ly ,tha t recogn i t ion w i l l be rna in ta ined.
5 . I f no danger i s 1 ike1y to a r ise f rom de lay in theu l t imate se t t lement o f th is mat te r , I th ink i t des j - rab lefo r you to pos tpone dec is ion un t i l the ar r i va l o f S i r W.Rob inson in the Co lony .
* For foo tno tes see p .69
55
To the
Off icer Administer ingS t r a i t s S e t t l e m e n t s .
h a v e , & c . ,
Signature CARNARVON
the Government,
56
JOHORE: MUAR DOCUMENT of 12 November 1877
Let te r f rom A.M. Sk inner to Co lon ia l Secre tarv . S t ra i ts
S ingapore,
12 th November , 1877
S i r ,
In accordance with instruct ions, I embarked on boardthe Co lon ia l s teamer ' rP lu to ' r on Wednesday a f te rnoon, andcame to anchor a t 2 mi les f rom Kwala Kessang a t 8 nex tmorn ing (Thursday the 8 th ins tan t ) .
A few minutes be fore 9 a .n . we ar r i ved a t the pJaceprepared for the meeting, which was on the south bank ofthe R iver Kessang, and about ha l f a mi le ins ide the en t rance.A shed had been cons t ruc ted over the head o f Mr . L indrs road,w i th easy s teps down to the r i ver ; and a passage pro fuse lydecora ted w i th P isangs and pa ln leaves had been erec tedf rom the land ing-p lace to the Ba1e i ,_wh ich was a lso verypre t t i l y decora ted . The Turnonggong j and h is son w i th thePenghulus and a wel l dressed crowd of nat ives numberingabout 200 rece ived ne a t the land ing and conducted me to theBa le i . Three German gent lemen were a lso present connectedwi th the new tobacco p lan ta t ions in th is d is t r i c t . I - le r r vonGeelen , the Manager o f Her r L ind fs p lan ta t ion , Her r Lange,h i s a s s i s t a n t , a n d H e r r P e r s e r , n a n a g e r o f D r . B e n t l e y ' sp lan ta t ion a t Padang.
Upon ar r i v ing a t the Ba1e i , the Tunonggong took h isseat near the end o f the tab le . I sa t on h i -s le f t nearerthe centre and Ungku Andak and Inchi Andak took the chairson the oppos i te s ide . The Penghu lus ranged themse lves tothe r igh t o f the Tunonggong, and s tood th roughout the pro-c e e d i n g s .
I commenced by ask ing the Datu whether a l l the Penghu lusent i t led to vo te were present , and how many o f thern there
A ques t ion a lso arose whether Ungku Andak was to have avo ice in the proceed ings on th is occas ion . The Datu sa idand Ungku Andak admitted that he was not one of the Penghulus,bu t the Mahara jah?s Res ident a t Padang, an ln f luent ia l o f f i cer
57
of the Johor Government. Under these circumstances whi lethe Tumonggong was going over the names of those ent i t ledto a vo ice in the e lec t ion , I took the oppor tun i ty to inv i tethe Johor off icers, Ungku Andak and Inchi Andak, to step out-side with ne. When we were alone, I enquired how long theyhad been at Kessang and Inchi Andak repl ied they had comein the I 'Pulai i l on Saturday with the Tunonggong, the two Wans,and two or three of the Penghulus.
They had come from Johor Bharu on the Fr iday before.Ungku Haj i had cone too, but had returned in the steamer.Ungku Andak added that they were instructed to defer to nywishes in every way, and I therefore pointed out to then theimportance of securing an impart ial and independent decision;and how the i r p resence a t the neet ing n igh t be miscons t rued.They repl ied that i f I thought they should return to Padang,they would do so, and I advised them to return. This theydid almost at once and most cheerful ly and good-naturedly.I returned to the Balei without then.
The l ist of Penghulus was now agreed upon and i t con-tained twelve names in addit ion to the Tunonggong, but Ithought tha t a f te r the Johore o f f i cers had gone a 1 i t t1et ime shou ld be g iven fo r fu r ther de l ibera t ion : and I re -commended that the meeting should be adjourned unt i l thefo l low ing morn ing and fu11er cons idera t ion o f the l i s t wasdefer red t i l l then . But be fore they separa ted I took theoppor tun i ty o f exp la in ing fu11y and c lear ly to a l l p resentthe w ishes o f the Government as exp la ined in my ins t ruc t ions ;and I la id part icular stress upon i ts inpart ial at t i tude andits desire to obtain from the meeting a spontaneous expres-s ion o f the Penghu lus ' rea l w ishes .
The Datu agreed in pos tpon ing the f ina l dec is ion t i l lthe nex t day , and shor t l y a f te r the meet ing broke up .
Friday, 9th Novembgf. The f inal meeting was appointedfor 11 a .m. a t wh ich hour I landed and proceeded to theBa le i as on the prev ious day . The l i s t o f Penghu lus en t i t ledt o a v o i c e w a s f i r s t r e a d o u t a s f o l l o w s : -
'I
2 .
3 .A
5 .
Wan Sa l ten ]
Wan Hassan JD a t u f s s o n s e t c
Penghulu Merjan, Kwala
Penghulu Adam, Tang. Gading
Mentr i Khamis
Penghu lus o f S . Kessang
58
6. Penghu lu Samsu,
7 . Penghu lu Sud in ,
8 . Penghu lu Sechu,
9 . Penghu lu Seman,
10. Penghu lu Kamat ,
Penghu lus o f S . Kessang
In ter io r
Penghulus of Muar
T a s s e k
Chohong
Gemir
R e n g .
Jementah
1 1 .
1 2 .
Penghulu Rahmat, Kundung
Penghu lu Ras im, S . Datu
13. Penghu lu Dagang Suboh, Legeh
I t was s ta ted tha t Wan Sa l leh and Wan Hassan shou ld no thave a vo ice in these proceed ings except in the absence o fthe Turnonggong, when they might represent him. Their caseis governed by the analogy of the Wanis which fol lows thisru1e. Tenku Alam and Tenku Sulong for example had beforeth is admi t ted to me ( though i t made aga ins t the i r in te res ts )tha t Tenku Su long and h is b ro thers cou ld on ly be cons ideredas l lar is in the absence of Tenku Alam - and the rule is ob-v ious ly founded on the conmon sense v iew tha t the op in ion o fa l l members o f the same fan i l y i -s l i ke ly to be the same -d i f fe ren t express ions o f one and the same genera l in te res t .
I t was there fore a mat te r wh ich cou ld hard ly be cons i -dered arguab le ; bu t o f course i t was no t a ques t ion fo r meto dec ide and I le f t i t to the Penghu lus ; mere ly ask ing theDatu what Kampong wou ld bes t dec ide h is sonrs Penghu lu-sh ipand Wan Hassanrs . Whereupon the Penghu lu Besar rep l iedtha t they were no t Penghu lus a t d I1 , the i r pangkat ( rank)was d i f fe ren t . To th is the Tumonggong assented , add ing WanSal leh was h is e ldes t son . Then I asked i f they cou ld bec lassed w i th the "Penghu lu besar -besar r r accord ing to Ma laycus tom, and the Penghu lus w i th one accord sa id "No" .
P e n g h u l u M e r j a n r s n a n e w a s a l s o q u e s t i o n e d . H e i s aJavanese and the headman of the Javanese at Kwala Kessang -
Inch i Mat a lso c la imed to be Penghu lu o f the Kwala , and hadrece ived f rom the la te Su l tan a wr i t ten au thor i ty as Headmanof the Javanese. Mer jan ts I 'Kwasa" was a t Johor ( i f he hadone, wh ich was doubted) . I t was c lear tha t bo th were o finfer ior standing and authori ty to the other Penghulus andaf te r a good dea l o f hes i ta t ion on the Tumonggongrs par t inmak ing cho ice be tween them, he f ina l l y caught a t a suggest ionof mine to leave bo th the i r narnes ou t , and th is course wasapparent ly agreeab le to the o ther Penghu lus .
I be l ieve the ten Penghu lus whose names now remai -ned on
59
the l i s t were the most independent and or ig ina l l y the leas tdisposed towards Johor of al l the 24 who appeared on thel i s t a t f i r s t .
I then aga in asked the Tumonggong i f these were a l l en-t i t led to vote, and the Tumonggong and the Penghulus aff i rmedtha t a l l en t i t led to vo te were present . My enqu i r ies ledme to bel ieve that the only Kampong not represented wasPengkalan Kota in Muar, the Penghulu-ship of which was saidto be vacant .
Wan Hassan a t a suggest ion o f my Malay c le rk 's p roposedto take the votes ser iat im, and the two Penghulus frrstappea led to rep l ied tha t they w ished the Mahara ja to bethe i r Ra ja . They a lso went on to g ive var ious reasons fo rthe i r cho ice , Th is appeared to exc i te the Tumonggongrsimpat ience, fo r wh i le one o f them was s t i11 speak ing theTumonggong took the further conduct of af fairs into his ownhands and jumping up, asked thern outr ight, rrWhom do you al lw ish to make Ra ja , i s i t the Mahara ja? t ' and they a l l rep l iedf rsukar r ( '?We wish to ' r ) - and then aga in nore d is t inc t l y , andas i t were one by one, I 'Menyembah Maharajarr (rrWe bow to theMaharaj ar ' ) .
The Datu then turned round and giving me his hand madea s i n i l a r d e c l a r a t i o n .
The neet ing then broke up and a f te rwards , wh i le wa i t ingfor the s teamer cu t te r , I took occas ion to speak to severa lof the Penghulus separately, those of Chohong and Legeh inpar t i cu la r , and I am dec ided ly o f op in ion tha t the i r rea lw ish in the mat te r had been expressed a t the meet ing .
The Penghulus then took their departure one by one, andwhen I le f t the r i ver the i r sa i l s were do t ted over the seal i ke so nany boats in a Regat ta .
I h a v e & c .
S ignature A.M. SKINNER
The HonourableThe Co lon ia l Secre tary rS t r a i t s S e t t l e n e n t s .
60
JOHORE: MUAR DOCUMENT of 14 November 1877
Second Muar Despatch: Robinson to Carnarvon4
S t r a i t s S e t t l e m e n t s ,N o . 3 3 9
Government House,S ingapore , 14 th November , L877.
My Lord,
I n c o n t i n u a t i o n o f m y d e s p a t c h , N o . 3 2 6 , o f t h e s t hinstant, I have now the honour to forward a copy of theins t ruc t ions wh ich I caused to be issued to Mr . Sk inneron the occas ion o f h is depar tu re fo r Muar , together w i th acopy o f the repor t sen t in by tha t o f f i cer on h is re tu rn .
2 . Mr . Sk inner appears to have ac ted w i th d isc re t ion ,and I am not aware that I have much to add to his report .Your Lordsh ip w i l l observe tha t the e lec t ion resu l ted infavour o f the Mahara ja o f Johor . The c lose o f the proceed-ings , a f te r i t had been dec ided who had a r igh t to vo te , i sthus descr ibed by N{ r . Sk inner : -
r rWan Hasan, a t a suggest ion o f the Temenggong,S nowproceeded to take the i r op in ions ser ia t im. The Penghu luBesar and another rep l ied tha t they w ished the Mahara ja tobe Ra ja , and proceeded to g ive the i r reasons , Th is appearedto inc i te the impat ience o f the Temenggong, who now tookmatters into his own hands and jumping up enquired of themal l , rWho do you w ish to be Ra ja , i s i t the Mahara ja? 'T h e y r e p l i e d , ' S u k a ' ( r i t i s o u r w i s h r ) , a n d t h e n a g a i n m o r ed is t inc t l y as i t were one by one they sa id 'Menyembah Maha-r a j a t ( r w e a c k n o w l e d g e t h e M a h a r a J a a s L o r d ? ) . T h e T e m e n -ggong then turned round and extending his hand to me madea s i m i l a r d e c l a r a t i o n . "
r rThe proceed ing then c losed, the Penghu lus shor t l ya f te rwards took the i r depar tu re in the i r respec t ive sampans,and when I le f t the r i ver the i r sa i l s were do t ted about theb a y l i k e s o m a n y b o a t s i n a R e g a t t a . t '
3 . I have asked Mr . Sk inner whether , so fa r as he canjudge, the cho ice o f the Penghu lus was a f ree and spontaneouse x p r e s s i o n o f t h e i r w i s h . H e t e l L s m e t h a t h e b e l i e v e s i tw a s , a n d h e t r a c e s t h e r e s u l t t o t w o p r i n c i p a l c a u s e s : -
6 l
Fi rs t , tha t the ru le o f the la te Su l tan and h is Wak i l ,the Temenggong, was not popular, and that there was a fearles t Tunku A lam's success ion shou ld leave the Temenggong inpossess ion o f the Wak i l o r admin is t ra t ion o f the count ry ;and second ly , tha t the Mahara ja ts p rov is iona l ru le o f th issmal l S ta te and the sk i l l he has d isp layed in secur ing popu-la r i t y among the peop le have succeeded in p re-possess ingthem in h is favour .
4 . Mr . Sk inner does no t be l ieve tha t the Penghu lusgave the i r vo tes under the in f luence o f any fear , o r o f anymisunders tand ing as to the a t t i tude o f Government , thoughsuch a misunders tand ing may perhaps have ex is ted a t f i r s t .He does no t indeed fee l sure tha t a l l h is exp lanat ions suc-ceeded in en t i re ly remov ing i t , o r in mak ing the impar t ia l i t yo f the Government fu l l y c red i ted ; bu t hav ing taken somepa ins to ascer ta in the rea l fee l ings o f the Penghu lus , he isdec ided ly o f op in ion tha t , w i th a genu ine anx ie ty to se t t lesa t is fac to r i l y the fu tu re government o f Muar , they agreedspontaneous ly in accept ing the Mahara ja o f Johor fo r the i rR a j a .
5 . Tunku A lam is na tura l l y d issa t is f ied a t the resu l to f the e lec t ion . He ca l led upon rne yes terday and urgedmany ob jec t ions aga ins t i t - tha t the Penghu lus had vo tedunder compuls ion , tha t the re la t i ves o f the la te Su l tan , andnot the Penghu lus , were the proper persons to vo te , ( th isra ises a ques t ion as to the cus tom and node o f e lec t ion onwhich I have already submitted to your Lordship a Memorandumfrom L ieu tenant -Governor Anson) , and appea led to me as theRepresenta t ive o f Her Ma jes ty rs Government to see tha t jus -t i ce was done to h im. I exp la ined to h im fu l1y and f rank lythe a t t i tude wh ich Her Ma jes ty rs Government w ish to see ob-served, wh ich he seemed to unders tand and apprec ia te . Wi th -ou t a rgu ing the ques t ion ra ised , I po in ted ou t to h im howu s e l e s s i t w o u l d b e f o r H e r M a j e s t y r s G o v e r n m e n t t o r e c o g -n ize as the Ru ler o f the Sta te any one who shou ld fa i l tocommand the conf idence of the country, and that, assumingthe e lec t ion to have been conducted in accordance w i th theMalay cus tom and 1aw, and the cho ice o f the Penghu lus tohave been a spontaneous one, the in te res ts o f the Sta te wou ldprobab ly bes t to be consu l ted by the recogn i t ion o f theMahara ja as i t s Ru ler ; bu t I s ta ted tha t i f he had any re -presenta t ions to make fo r the cons idera t ion o f Her Ma jes ty 'sGovernment, and would send them to me in wri t ing, I wouldforward them at the same t ime that I communicated to yourLordsh ip the resu l t o f the e lec t ion . I added tha t pend ingt h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e w h o l e q u e s t i o n b y H e r M a j e s t y r s
62
Government, i t was not my intent ion to propose any changein the Government of the State, and that the Maharaja, whohad been requested by my predecessor to undertake the tem-porary guard iansh ip o f the Sta te , wou ld cont inue to admin is -te r i t s a f fa i rs p rov is iona l l y and pend ing the f ina l se t t le -m e n t o f t h e s u c c e s s i o n .
6. I f I receive any communicat ion from Tunku Alambefore the Mai l leaves , I w i l l fo rward i t to your Lordsh ipwi th th is despatch . I f no t , I w i l l fo rward i t by theear l ies t poss ib le oppor tun i ty , though fo r ny own par t Idoubt h is be ing ab le to conv ince your Lordsh ip tha t theproceed ings invo lved any v io la t ion o f the cus tom o f thecount ry , o r tha t an unwise dec is ion has been ar r i ved a t .
I h a v e , G c . ,
S i g n a t u r e W I L L I A M C . F . R O B I N S O N
The Right Honourable,The Earl of Carnarvon.
9 ! '9 ^
C o l o n i a l O f f i c e
63
JOHORE: MUAR DOCUMENT of 20 Apri l 1878
Th i rd Muar Despatch : H icks Beach to Rob insono
Downlng St ree t ,A p r i l z ) t h , 1 8 7 8 .
S i r ,
I f ind tha t no f ina l op in ion was expressed by my pre-decessor on the sub jec t o f the Muar Success ion , and i t i sthere fore necessary fo r me to address some observa t ions toyou on several points brought to ny not ice in the numerousDespatches wh ich you have wr i t ten on th is sub jec t s ince youassumed the government o f the St ra i ts Set t lements .
2 . The events wh ich occur red a f te r the death o f thela te Su l tan A l i o f Muar , and wh ich u l t imate ly led to thee lec t ion o f the Mahara ja o f Johor as Ru ler o f Muar , tookp lace be fore I assumed charge o f th is Depar tment , and I donot fee l ca l led upon now to d is tu rb the ar rangements wh ichhave been car r ied ou t .
3 . I concur in the v iews s ta ted by Lord Carnarvon inh is Despatch No. 2 I5 o f the 25 th . Septernber , and espec ia l l yin h is express ion o f op in ion tha t the inhab i tan ts o f Muarshou ld be f ree to se lec t the i r own Ru ler w i thout ex te rna lin f luence and accord ing to the i r own cus toms.
4 . A f te r read ing the Despatches I cannot bu t observethat the candidature of the Maharaja of Johor had the appear-ance of being favoured from the cornmencement by the Strai tsGovernment wh i le under the ac t ing admin is t ra t ion o f the L ieu-tenant -Governor ; and I am d isposed to th ink tha t i t wou ldhave been be t te r no t to inv i te the Ch ie fs to GovernnentHouse a t S ingapore to d iscuss the sub jec t , as I shou ld havepre fer red the observance o f comple te neut ra l i t y l -n thes n a l l e s t d e t a i l ; a n d f o r t h e s a r n e r e a s o n , i f p r a c t i c a b l e ,i t wou ld have been be t te r i f the Regency o f the 1 i t t1e Sta tehad been p laced, pend ing the e lec t ion , in o ther hands thanthose o f the power fu l cand ida te fo r t .he r igh t o f success ion .
5 . B u t I r e s t r i c t m y s e l f t o d e a l i n g w i t h a c c o n p l i s h e dfacts, and I f ind that the Tenenggong and Penghulus of Muarmet , and (whether o r no t in accordance w i th s t r i c t na t ivecus ton is compara t ive l .y immater ia l ) unan i rnous ly e lec ted asthe i r Ru ler the Mahara ja o f Johor ; I cons ider , there fore ,
64
tha t I have no op t ion bu t to acqu iesce in what I t rus t i sthe t rue cho ice o f the peop le o f Muar .
6 . I t appears f rom the Debate enc losed in your DespatchNo. 374 o f the 13 th . Decernber tha t Co lone l Anson d id no tconsu l t the Execut ive Counc i l dur ing the t ransac t ions pr io rto and connected w i th the e lec t ion .
I f th is be t rue , I shou ld w ish to be fu rn ished w i thsome exp lanat ion o f the mat te r .
7 . I reques t tha t you w i l l in fo rm Tunka A lam tha t h isle t te r , fo rwarded in your Despatch No. 365 o f the Sth .December 1ast, was duly received but that the Temenggongand Penghulus of Muar having unaninously elected the Maha-ra ja o f Johor , I do no t fee l jus t i f ied in any in te r fe rencewi th the dec is ion then taken.
I h a v e , & c .
S ignature M.E. HICKS BEACH
Governor S i r Wi l l iam ROBINSON EcS t r a i t s S e t t l e m e n t s .
9 aq L
65
JOHORE: MUAR DOCUMENT o f 24 October 1878 ( i )
Four th Muar Despatch : Rob inson to Mahara ja o f Johore /
Government House,S i n g a p o r e , 2 4 t h O c t o b e r , 1 8 7 8 .
S i r ,
Adver t ing to the cor respondence wh ich passed be tweenyour H ighness and myse l f in May las t , w i th re fe rence to yourdes i re to make su i tab le p rov is ion fo r the fami ly o f the la teSu l tan A l i in the event o f your H ighness be ing recogn izedby Her lv lajestyrs Government as the future ruler of Muar, Ihave now the honour to inform you that I have received adespatch from the Secretary of State in which he inforns methat the Temenggong and Penghulus of Muar having unanimouslye lec ted your H ighness to be the i r ru le r , S i r M ichae l H icksBeach does no t fee l jus t i f ied in any in te r fe rence w i th thedec is ion then taken, and there fore acqu iesces in what het rus ts i s the t rue cho ice o f the peop le o f Muar .
2 . In rny le t te r o f the 77 th l v lay , acknowledg ing yourH ighness 's le t te r o f the 15 th May, in wh ich you fo rwardeda memorandum of proposals made by your Highness for thebenef i t o f the fami ly o f the la te Su l tan , I s ta ted tha t tho-proposals appeared to me to be generous and proper, but thatno th ing more cou ld be done un t i l I shou ld rece ive the des-patch wh ich I was then expec t ing f rom the Secre tary o f S ta teon the sub jec t o f the Muar success ion . Your e lec t ion bythe Ch ie fs o f Muar hav ing been acqu iesced in by Her Ma jes ty rsGovernment, as I have now had the honour to inform you, i tonly remains for ne to say that I am ready to undertake thed is t r ibu t ion o f the amounts wh ich your H ighness has proposedto p lace a t my d isposa l fo r the benef i t o f the fami ly o f thela te Su l tan , and to reques t tha t you w i l l be so good as topay such amounts month ly to the Co lon ia l T reasurer , who w i l lrece ive my ins t ruc t ions as to the manner in wh ich they aret o b e d i s t r i b u t e d .
I h a v e , & c . ,
S i g n a t u r e W I L L I A M C . F . R O B I N S O N
66
JOHORE: MUAR DOCUMENT of 24 October 1878 ( i i )
F i f th Muar Despatch : Rob insonrs F i rs t Note to Tengku A lam8
Governrnent House,S i n g a p o r e , 2 4 t h O c t o b e r , 1 8 7 8 .
Tunku, Wi th re fe rence to our in te rv iew o f 1Oth Ju ly ,a t wh ich I ind ica ted to you the dec is ion o f Her Ma jes ty rsGovernment regarding the elect ion of the Maharaja of Johorby the Chiefs and others of Muar State in November of lastyear , I have now, in pursuance o f d i rec t ions f rom the R igh tHonourab le the Secre tary o f S ta te fo r the Co lon ies , to makeknown to you o f f i c ia l l y , tha t your le t te r o f the 26 thNovember last, forwarded by me, was duly received by theSecretary of State, but that the Temenggong and Penghulusof Muar having unanimously elected the Maharaja of Johor tobe the Ru ler o f Muar , the Secre tary o f S ta te does no t fee ljus t i f ied in any in te r fe rence w i th the dec is ion then taken,Her Majestyt Government having no further concern in thismat te r than to approve the cho ice o f a Ch ie f au thor i ty asmade by the peop le a f te r due de l ibera t ion .
I h a v e , G c . ,
S i g n a t u r e W I L L I A M C . F . R O B i N S O N
67
JOHORE: MUAR DOCUMENT o f 24 October 1878 ( i i i )
S ix th l v luar Despatch : Rob inson 's Second Note to Tengku A1an9
Government House,S i n g a p o r e , 2 4 t h O c t o b e r , 1 8 7 8 .
Tunku, I th is day addressed a le t te r to you, in fo rmingy o u o f t h e d e c i s i o n w h i c h H e r M a j e s t y ' s C o l o n i a l M i n i s t e rhad ar r i ved a t on the ques t ion o f the la te e lec t ion c f theMahara ja o f Johor a t Kwala Kesang.
2 , I have fo r some t ime been cons ider ing what p rov i -s i -on cou1d, in such event , be made fo r the suppor t andbenef i t o f yourse l f and Su l tan A l i f s o ther descendants andrelat ives, and I am now happy to inform you that arrange-ments have been made by wh ich the sum o f $1 ,250, month ly ,w i l l b e p l a c e d a t m y d i s p o s a l t o b e d i s t r i b u t e d a s I m a yth ink bes t fo r the main tenance o f yourse l f and the o thermernbers of your family.
3 . 0 f th is sun, I p ropose tha t you sha11 rece ivemonth ly , f rom the Co lon ia l T reasury , a sum o f $700, on theunders tand ing tha t you suppor t , as I be l ieve is usua l inthe fan i l ies o f Ma lay Ra jas , your f mother , l0 Tunku Neh, your ,s is te r , Tunku Sanboh, and your ha l f b ro ther , Tunku Mahmud. r r
4 . I name the surn o f $700 in your case as i t i s theamount ($500) forrnerly paid by the Maharaja to your father,plus the amount which I think you ought to receive, inadd i . t ion , to enab le you to suppor t w i thout inconven ience theabove-named members o f your fami ly .
5 . The rena inder o f the fami ly sha1 l be my care , andI s h o u l d p r o p o s e t o a p p o r t i o n t h e i r a l l o w a n c e s a s f o l l o w s : -
Inche Sar imbahTunku Mansur
" Abdu l lah'r Fat imah" A l i p a h
" SeripahI t Zenap
6. I t i s a r ranged tha t these a l lowancesto be pa id to yourse lves and your descendantsMajes ty 's Governrnent sha l1 deem proper , bu t o f
$ 1s010010050
1505050
per mensemi l t l
i l r l
t l
l t
t t
I t
l l
t t
l l
t l
sha1 l con t inueso long as Her
course they
68
are l iab le , fo r jus t cause, to be d iscont inued shou ld c i r -cumstances at any t ime render such a step necessarcy in theest imation of Goverrunent.
7. As soon as you inforn me that you and your relat ivesare prepared to take advantage of the arrangenent which Ihave thus made for your and their benef i t , I shal l have muchp leasure in d i rec t ing the Treasurer to i ssue the sums namedmonth ly to the order o f the persons en t i t led to rece ivethen.
I h a v e , G c . ,
S i g n e d W I L L I A M C . F . R O B I N S O N
FOOTNOTES
C O 2 7 3 / 4 1 6 n o . 8 5 7 5 , 7 M a r . 1 9 1 5 .
ie Temenggong Ismai l of Muar.
C O 2 7 3 / 4 1 6 n o . 8 5 7 5 , 7 l , 4 a r . 1 9 1 5 .
5. This is a ser ious error in an anyway imperfect t ran-scr ip t - see preced ing docunent .
6 . C O 2 7 3 / 4 1 6 n o . 8 5 7 5 , 7 M a r . 1 9 1 5 .
I t n 4 n
8. rbi.d.
s. rbi.d.
I0 . Accord ing to a Memorandum regard ing Su l tan A l i rsf a m i l y a n d h i s a f f a i r s ( e n c l o s e d i n A n s o n t o C O , 4 A u g .1877, ib id . ) Tengku A lam's mother was dead. I f tha tw a s c o r r e c t , t h i s m u s t r e f e r t o o n e o f S u l t a n A l i r so ther w ives - p resumably the f i rs t , who was o f roya lb lood bu t had on ly daughters .
11 . I t i s p resumably the Tengku Mahnud re fe r red to bySwet tenham in Br i t i sh Malaya, London, 1948, p 101.
1 .
)
3 .A+ -
69
Note on the Johore Trea ty o f 1885
Although in 1867 Governor Cavenagh had spoken of Johoreas ' t v i r tua l l y under our p ro tec t ion" r r *and a l though most sub-sequent Governors had been favourable to the Maharaja, bythe end o f Rob insonts tenure o f o f f i ce doubts were be ingexpressed about the rea l w isdom o f Abu Bakar rs ru le inJohore and o f Br i t i sh re l iance on h im in Pen insu la r a f fa i rsg e n e r a l l y . R o b i n s o n r s s u c c e s s o r , S i r F r e d e r i c k W e l d ( G o -vernor 1880-1887) , con t inua l l y impressed upon London theneed fo r c loser Br i t i sh superv is ion o f the Mahara ja fs ac t i -v i t ies and suggested the appo in tment o f a Res ident on l inesa l ready accepted by Perak , Se langor and par ts o f Negr iSembi lan . The Co lon ia l Of f i ce were a la rmed by Weldrs re -por ts o f the th rea t o f fo re ign in te rvent ion in Johore , wh i lei t was fe l t tha t the Ru ler rs adv isers , Rodyk and Dav idson,were pandering to his extravagance and involving him in somevery w i ld concess ions . In 1885 the Br i t i sh Government tookadvantage of the presence in London of both Abu Bakar andWeld to negot ia te a new t rea ty w i th the Mahara ja , wherebythey might exclude from Johore foreign concessionaries andc u r b t h e M a h a r a j a r s c l a i m s t o t h e o v e r l o r d s h i p o f t h e h i s -to r ic Johore Empi re (Johore Trea ty , 1885) .
By th is t rea ty Abu Bakar p laced the fo re ign re la t ionsof Johore in Br i t i sh hands (where in theory the i r con t ro lhad la in s ince 1862, see Pahang Document , 1862, p .343) ,under took no t to in te r fe re in the o ther Pen insu la r S ta tes ,and promised no t to g ran t concess ions to fo re ign Europeansor European-owned compan ies . Prov is ion was a lso made fo ra Br i t i sh o f f i cer to be appo in ted to Johore w i th powers
"s imi la r to those o f a Consu lar o f f i cer r r . Abu Bakar , how-ever , was no mean negot ia to r and the London au thor i t ieswent to g rea t leng ths to soothe h im. The Mahara ja and h isdescendants were now recogn ised as Su l tans o f Johore ( recog-n i t ion wh ich Abu Bakar had f i rs t sought in 1878) ; Johorewas referred to as an " independent Statet ' and given a formalpromise o f p ro tec t ion f rom ex terna l a t tack ; f ina l l y , theBr i t i sh Agent on paper fe l l shor t o f the Br i t i sh Res identenv isaged by Weld (and ser ious ly cons idered by London) .
In fac t the Br i t i sh Agent was never appo in ted to Johore .The Su l tan 's success in evad ing th is p rov is ion o f the Trea tymust be a t t r ibu ted to h is sk i l1 in barga in ing and to thec lose and usefu l f r iendsh ips he fo rmed wh i le in London.One o f h is master -s t rokes was the es tab l i shment o f the JohoreAdv isory Board , a g roup o f we l l -connected Br i t i sh personages
For foo tno tes see D, 7 I
70
whose ro le was to adv ise h im on how to ru le in Johore : bu t ,s ince they se ldom v is i ted the Sta te and s ince H is H ighnesswas no t ob l iged to accept the i r adv ice , they were much lesso f a th rea t to the Su l tanrs independence than a Res ident o ran Agent would have been. Part ly because of the inf luenceof his fr iends in London Sultan Abu Bakar managed to thwartthe e f fo r ts o f Weld and S i r Cec i l C lement i Smi th (Governor ,1887-1893) to inp lement Ar t i c le 3 o f the 1885 Treaty andappo in t a Consu lar Agent to Johore . In 1888 Cec i l Smi threcommended that the idea of the Consular Agent should bedropped and the Co lon ia l Of f i ce dec ided to leave Johorea lone dur ing Abu Bakar fs l i fe t ime. H is death in 1895 re -opened the quest ion but London assured his successor,Ibrahim, that Br i tain would abide^by the engagements pre-v ious ly en tered in to w i th Johore .z
I f , as fa r as Johore was concerned, the Trea ty o f 1885mere ly recogn ised the ex is t ing s ta te o f Ang lo-Ma1ay re la t ions ,i t d id p lay an impor tan t par t in the ex tens ion o f Br i t i shcontrol over Pahang. When in 1887 the Bendahara of Pahangsaw tha t some fo rm o f concess ion to the Br i t i sh Governmentwas unavo idab le , he ins is ted upon a t rea ty mode l led on the1885 Treaty w i th Johore . Th is , he fe l t , wou ld secure fo rh im a more favourab le pos i t ion than tha t occup ied by theRulers o f the west coas t S ta tes (see Pahang Document , 1887,p.sso) .
Quoted in C.M. Turnbul l , The Strai ts Sett lements 1826-6 7 , L o n d o n , 1 9 7 2 , p 2 8 7 .
S e e T h i o , o p . c i t . , p p 1 0 0 - 1 1 3 a n d 2 2 6 - 2 2 7 .
7 l
JOHORE TREATY of 11 December 1885
London Treatyl*
Agreement on certain points touching the relat ions of HerMajes ty rs Government o f the St ra i ts Set t lements w i th theGovernment of the Independent State of Johore, made betweenthe R igh t Honourab le Freder ick Ar thur S tan ley , Her Ma jes ty 'sSecretary of State for the Colonies, on behalf of the Queenof the Un i ted K ingdom o f Great Br i ta in and I re land, Empressof Ind ia , and H is H ighness the Mahara jah o f Johore .
A r t i c l e i
The two Governments w i l l a t a l l t imes cord ia l l y co-opera te in the se t t lement o f a peacefu l popu la t ion in the i rrespec t ive ne ighbour ing te r r i to r ies , and in the jo in t de fenceof those te r r i to r ies f rom ex terna l hos t i le a t tacks ,2 and inthe mutual surrender of persons accused or convicted of anycr ime or offence, under such condit ions as nay be arrangedbetween the two Governments .
A r t i c l e i i
H is H ighness the Mahara jah o f Johore under takes , i freques ted by the Government o f the St ra i ts Set t lements , toco-opera te in mak ing ar rangements fo r fac i l i ta t ing t radeand transi t communicat ion overland through the State ofJohore w i th the Sta te o f Pahang.
A r t i c l e i i i
I f the Government o f the St ra i ts Set t lements sha l l a tany t ime des i re to appo in t a Br i t i sh Of f i cer as Agent tol i . ve w i th j -n the Sta te o f Johore , hav ing func t ions s in i la rto those o f a Consu lar o f f i cer , H is H ighness the Mahara jahwi l l be prepared to p rov ide , f ree o f cos t , a su i tab le s i tew i th in h is te r r i to ry whereon a res idence rnay be erec ted fo roccuoat ion bv such o f f i cer .
A r t i c l e i v
Any co inage in the cur rency o f the St ra i ts Set t lements ,which may be required for the use of the Government ofJohore, shaI l be suppl ied to i t by the Goverrunent of theSt ra i ts Set t lements , a t Ta tes no t h igher than those a t wh ich
For foo tno tes see p .74
72
s imi la r co inage is supp l ied to Governments o f the MalayPro tec ted Sta tes , and under the same l im i ta t ions as toamount. His Highness the Maharajah on his part undertakestha t the app l ica t ions o f h is Government fo r subs id ia ry co in -age sha l1 be s t r i c t l y l im i ted by the leg i t imate requ i rementso f the inhab i tan ts o f the Sta te o f Johore , and tha t the co in -age so issued sha l1 be sub jec t to the same l im i ta t ions asregards 1ega l tender as are in fo rce in the St ra i ts Set t le -m e n t s .
A r t i c l e v
The Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t lements , in the sp i r i to f f o r m e r t r e a t i e s , w i l l a t a l l t i m e s t o t h e u t m o s t o f h i spower take whatever s teps nay be necessary to p ro tec t theGovernment and terr i tory of Johore frorn any external host i lea t tacks ; and fo r these or fo r s im i la r purposes Her Ma jes ty rsOf f i cers sha l l a t a l l t i rnes have f ree access to the waterso f the Sta te o f Johore ; and i t i s agreed tha t those watersex tend to th ree mi les f rom the shore o f the Sta te , o r in anywaters less than s ix mi les in w id th , to an imag inary l inemidway be tween the shores o f the two count r ies .5
A r t i c l e v i
The Mahara jah o f Johore , in the sp i r i t o f fo rmer t rea-t ies , under takes on h is par t tha t he w i l l no t w i thout theknowledge and consent o f Her Ma jes ty fs Government negot ia teany Treaty, on enter into any engagement with any foreignSta te , o r in te r fe re in the po l i t i cs o r adn in is t ra t ion o f anynat ive Sta te , o r make any gran t o r concess ion to o ther thanB r i t i s h s u b j e c t s o r B r i t i s h c o m p a n i e s o r p e r s o n s o f t h eChinese, Ma lay , o r o ther Or ien ta l Race, o r en ter in to anypo l i t i ca l cor respondence w i th any fo re ign Sta te .
I t i s fu r ther agreed tha t i f occas ion shou ld a r ise fo rpo l i t i ca l cor respondence be tween H is H ighness the Mahara jahand any fo re ign Sta te , such cor respondence sha l1 be conc ludedthrough Her Ma jes ty rs Government , to whom His H ighness makesover the gu idance and cont ro l o f h is fo re ign re la t ions .
A r t i c l e v i i
Whereas H is H ighness the Mahara jah o f Johore has madeknown to the Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t lements tha t i t i sthe des i re o f h is ch ie fs and peop le tha t he shou ld assumethe t i t le o f Su l tan , i t i s fu r ther agreed tha t , in cons idera-t ion o f the loya1 f r iendsh ip and cons tan t a f fec t ion H is
73
Highness has shown to the Government o f Her Ma jes ty theQueen and Empre-ss , and o f the s t ipu la t ions conta ined in th isMenorandum, he and h is he i rs and successors , 1awfu l1y suc-ceeding according to Malay custom, shal l in future be acknow-ledged as H is H ighness the Su l tan o f the Sta te and te r r i to ryo f Johore , and sha l l be so addressed.
In w i tness whereof the sa id R igh t Honourab le FREDERICK ARTHURSTANLEY, and h is sa id H ighness the Mahara jah o f Johore , haves igned th is Agreement a t the Co lon ia l Of f i ce , London, theeleventh day of December, one thousand eight hundred ande igh ty - f i ve .
S j -gnature FREDERICK ARTHUR STANLEY,Secre tary o f S ta te fo r theCo1 on i es
ABUBAKAR( in Jawi sc r ip t )
Signature
Wi tnesses ROBERT G.W. HERBERT, Cha i , rman,Johore Adv isory Board .
ABDUL RAHMAN,D a t o S r i A m a r d i - R a ' i a .
FOOTNOTES
There is a copy o f th is Trea ty in the Nat iona l Arch ivesof Ma lays ia , Kua la Lumpur .
0n account o f th is c lause i t was necessary to subrn i tthis Treaty for Foreign Off ice approval, and for theFore ign Of f i ce to lay i t be fore the Queen (cp . theP a h a n g 1 8 8 7 a n d S r i M e n a n t i 1 8 8 6 T r e a t i e s ) .
For an important despatch regarding amendments to thisc lause, see CO 273/319, Anderson pr . to Lucas o f CO o f2 2 N o v . 1 9 0 6 . S e e a l s o t h e J o h o r e T r e a t y o f 1 9 2 7 ,p . 1 1 4 .
74
N o t e o n t h e J o h o r e C o n s t i t u t i o n o f 1 8 9 5
The Johore Const i tu t ion o f 1895 was the f i rs t wr i t tencons t i tu t ion o f any Pen insu la r Ma lay Sta te and the mode l fo ra t l e a s t o n e o t h e r ( e g T r e n g g a n u C o n s t i t u t i o n o f 1 9 1 1 ) . I twas dra f ted by Su l tan Abu Bakar 's (Br i t i sh) lega l adv isersand promulga ted by h im shor t l y be fore h is death in 1895 w i thsevera l ob jec ts in v iew: to s t rengthen the pos i t ion o f h isson and he i r , who became Su l tan lb rah im, by present ing h imas a cons t i tu t i -ona l monarch ; to l im i t the damage h is im-petuos i ty migh t acconp l ish by fo rb idd ing h im to g ive away orse11 too much o f the Sta ters independence w i thout consu l ta -t i o n w j - t h a S t a t e C o u n c i l ; t o e s t a b l i s h t h e s u c c e s s i o n ,wh ich had in Abu Bakar r -s own l i fe t ime been much in te r fe redw i t h t o t h e b e n e f i t o f h i s o w n f a m i l y ; t o c l a r i f y t h e p o s i -t ion o f the Counc i l o f N{ in is te rs and Sta te Counc i l and the i rr i g h t s v i s - d - v i s t h e R u l e r , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e m a t t e r o f t h es i z e o f t h e R u l e r ' s a l l o w a n c e ; t o s e t t l e a n o r d e r o f r a n kand precedence wh ich depended a t leas t par t l y on mer i t , asjudged by the Ru1er , ra ther than b i r th ; and genera l l y tol e g i t i m i s e s u c h t h i n g s a s t h e S t a t e r s m o t t o , C o a t o f A r m sand the o ther appur tenances o f sovere ign ty .
The Br i t i sh no ted the Const i tu t ion w i th po l i te in te res t ;they were anx ious to ob ta in a cor rec t t rans la t ion bu t theydo no t appear to have taken i t very ser ious ly nor was there ,i t s e e m s , a n I q u e s t i o n o f B r i t i s h " r e c o g n i t i o n r r o r " r a t i f i -c a t i o n i l o f t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n . I n 1 9 4 6 , h o w e v e r , t h e B r i t i s hd iscovered tha t - whether o r no t they had o f f i c ia l l y recog-n i s e d i t - t h e 1 8 9 5 C o n s t i t u t i o n n a t e r i a l l y a f f e c t e d t h e i rre la t ions w i th Johore . For , a few months a f te r Su l tanIbrah im had s igned away h is sover ign ty to the Br i t i sh Crown( s e e J o h o r e T r e a t y , 1 9 4 5 , p . 1 2 I ) , c e r t a i n J o h o r e M a l a y s m a d ea move to depose h im under Ar t i c le XV o f the Const i tu t ion .A l though the move co l lapsed and the Su l tan re ta ined h ist i t 1 e , 1 - t h e i n c i d e n t i l l u s t r a t e s a n e x t r e m e l y i m p o r t a n tpo in t about the Br i t i sh sys tem o f ru le -by- t rea ty in Ma laya:tha t Br i ta i -n cou ld no t be sure tha t her re la t ions w i th theMaIay Sta tes wou ld a lways be en t i re ly d ic ta ted by b i -1a tera1a g r e e m e n t s . A R u l e r n i g h t , b y a u n i l a t e r a l a c t i o n s u c h a st h e e n a c t m e n t o f a w r i t t e n c o n s t i t u t i o n , p l a c e 1 e g a 1 l i m i . t son h is dea l ings w i th fo re ign powers . The fac t tha t Br i ta inm i g h t c l a i n n o t t o I ' r e c o g n i s e ' r t h e s e l l r n i t s w o u l d s c a r c e l ya f f e c t t h e s u b j e c t s r c o n c e p t i o n o f t h e i r S u l t a n t s l e g i t i m a t ea u t h o r i t y . O n l y b y e n s u r i n g t h a t t h e R u l e r ' s p o w e r t o c e d esovere ign ty was abso lu te - i f necessary by prevent lng suchneesures as the Johore Const i tu t ion o f 1895 - cou ld the
F o r f o o t n o t e s s e e n , 7 6
' t5
Br i t i sh make the t rea ty sys tem in fa l1 ib1e. Otherw ise theyr isked a s i tua t ion deve lop ing where fo rce migh t be requ i redto keep a Malay Ru ler on h is th rone, thereby mak ing a non-sense o f the no t ion o f ru le -by- t rea t r r .
The 1895 Const i tu t ion was severa l t imes amended, thetwo most important occasions being in 1908 and 1912. In1908 someth ing l i ke a b i l l o f r igh ts was inc luded: "Th isamendment provided that no person could be deprj-ved of hisl iber ty except in due course o f 1aw, tha t the r igh t o fhabeas corpus shou ld be recogn ised, tha t no po l i t i ca l p res-sure should be brought on judges and nagistrates, and thatthe Su l tan shou ld ac t honourab ly and i rnpar t ia l l y to a l l ,govern ing accord ing to law and main ta in ing the ex is t ingr e l i g i o n a n d t h e r i g h t s a n d l i b e r t i e s o f t h e p e o p 1 e " . z
In 1912 a th i rd Counc i . l , the Execut ive Counc i l , wascons t i tu ted . The func t ions o f th is Counc i l inc luded thecons idera t ion o f app l i ca t ions fo r agr icu l tu ra l and min ingland and tenders fo r pub l i c works , the in i t ia t j -on o f leg is -la t ion "and o ther mat te rs o f impor tancer ' . The Ru ler appo in-ted i t s nembers , who sa t a t h is p leasure , and cou ld ignorethe i r adv ice so long as he s ta ted in wr i t ing h is reasonsfor so do ing . No amendments s ign i f i can t ly a f fec ted Ang lo-Johore re la t ions except the repea l o f Ar t i c le XV in 1959.
S e e J . d e V . A l l e n , T h e M a L a y a n U n i o n , N e w H a v e n , 1 9 6 7 ,p p 3 5 - 3 5 .
Rupert Emerson, Malaysia - A Study in Direct and fn-d i rec t RuLe, Kua la Lumpur , 1964 ed , pp 205-206.
76
JOHORE DOCUMENT of
F i rs t S ta te
l 4 S e p t e m b e r , 1 8 9 5
Const i tut ionl*
(Trans 1 at ion)
Preamb I e.
Signature ABU BAKAR Joho re S ta te Sea l
In the name o f God, the Compass ionate ,the Merc i fu l . Pra ise be to God, the Lordof the un iverse , and may the bened ic t ionand peace of God be upon Our Leader Mohamedand upon a l l H is Re la t ions and Fr iends .
By the Grace o f God Abu Bakar , o f theSta te and te r r i to ry o f Johore and a l l i t sDependenc ies , Su l tan and Sovere ign Ru ler ,Sovere ign and Ch ie f o f the Most Es teenedFami ly Order , and Sovere ign and Ch ie f o fthe Most Honourable Order of the Crowno f J o h o r e .
Whereas We, by the r igh ts and powers o fOur State and our prerogat ives as SovereignRuler and Possessor o f th is S ta te o f Johoreand i t s Dependenc ies together w i th the ad-v ice , concur rence and assent o f a l l theMembers o f Our Counc i l o f M in is te rs , andof Our Counc i l o f S ta te and o ther Ch ie fsand E lders o f the count ry , have de l ibera ted ,cons idered and dec la red tha t i t i s p roper ,exped ien t and su i tab le a t the present t imeand age that We, in Our name and on Ourbeha l f , and fo r and on beha l f o f Our He i rsand Successors , the Sovere ign Ru lers o rSu l tans o f Johore , shou ld make, c rea te ,found and ins t i tu te , and gran t , g ive , be-stow upon and present to and for the useof the Government , sub jec ts and inhab i - tan tsof Our Country, a Law and Regulat ion forthe admin is t ra t ion and management o f theSta te to be in t i tu led "Undang-undang Tuboh-Kra jaan, " ( the Laws o f the Const i tu t ion o fthe Sta te) , wh ich , endur ing and cont inu ingf rom genera t ion to genera t ion , sha l1 be-come and form the Law of Our State, country,
* F o r f o o t n o t e s e e o . l 0 l
77
Dec lara t i -on
D e c l a r a t i o n ,
Dec la ra t ion ,
Royal Command.
and peop le , and be an inher i tance wh ichcannot be a l te red , var ied , changed,annul led, infr inged, or in any way or byany ac t whatsoever repea led or des t royed:
And whereas We, in Our name, and for andon Our own behalf , and for and on behalfo f Our He i rs and Successors , the Sovere ign ,R u l e r s a n d P o s s e s s o r s o f t h i s S t a t e , t ow i t , t h e S u l t a n s o f J o h o r e , a r e p l e a s e d ,w i l l i ng and des i rous to do what i s aboves t a t e d :
And whereas l i kewise the Ch ie fs andElders o f Our S ta te , in the i r names andfor and on thei-r own behalf , and for andon beha l f o f the i r respec t ive successor -s ,a n d l i k e w i s e a l l t h e i n h a b i t a n t s o f O u rCount ry and the sub jec ts o f Our S ta te , andw i 1 l i n g , v o l u n t a r i l y d e s i - T o u s , r e a d y , a n dobed ien t ly agreeab le to suppor t and jo inUs in such Our in ten t ion and w ish , thes a m e b e i n g , s o t o s a y , t h e p e t i t i o n , i n -t e n t i o n a n d w i s h o f a l l t h e s a i d p e r s o n s .
And whereas because We Ourse lves and thesa id persons are anx ious ly des i rous toconmence to ins t i tu te such "Sta te Const i -tu t ion" a t th is favourab le t ime, We dothere fore conmence the same wi th the po in ts ,a r rangements , and te rms as s ta ted hereunder ,t h e y b e i n g t h e t h i n g s w h i c h W e t h i n k , c o n -s ider and regard to be pr inc ipa l l y andp r i m a r i l y r e q u i s i . t e t o b e t h e b a s i s , g u i d e ,and node l fo r the f i rm es tab l i shnent andproper arrangement of the government andadmin is t ra t ion o f Our S ta te .
Now there fore Know Ye, a l l the sub jec tso f O u r S t a t e , o f a l l r a n k s , n a t i o n a l i t i e s ,and re l ig ions , and Know Ye a1so, a l l whoare concerned w i th Our count ry , te r r i - to ry ,a n d n a t i v e s o i 1 , t h a t v e r i l y , W e d o m a k eand enact the thi-ngs stated hereunder asa t r u e , r e a l , f i r m , f i x e d a n d s e t t l e d 1 a wof Our count ry and Sta te , tha t i s to say ,i t s h a l 1 b e u n l a w f u l , u n m a n l y , r e b e l l i o u sand c r im ina l fo r any person to re fuse toacknowledge and neg lec t to obey i t .
78
Def in i t ions area lso par t o fthe Law.
The Sovere ignmust be a Malayof roya l b loodand a Mohamedan
DEFINITIONS OF WORDS
(A1eph) t 'Ra ja i l means the Sovere ign Ru lero f the Sta te and Ter r i to ry o fJohore and i t s Dependenc ies , name-ly , the Su l tans Yang-d i -per -Tuan(Paramount ) o f Johore .
(Ba) I 'War i -s r r (He i r ) means the Pr ince whois the He i r -Apparent to the th rone.
(Ta) rrWaris yang Kedua" (Second Heir)ineans the Prince who is one stepbe low the He i r -Apparent .
(Tha) I 'War is yang la in t ' (o ther He i rs )means any Pr ince e l ig ib le to takethe p lace o f e i ther o f the SecondHei r (He i r -p resumpt ive) , o r o f theHei r -apparent , namely , one who canbecome he i r to the th rone, in theevent o f those p laces and pos i t ionsnot be ing occup ied .
(Jeem) r rMent r i -ment r i ' r (M in is te rs ) meansthe Members o f the Counc i l o fS ta te who ho ld S ta te appo in tmentsand have charge o f S ta te du t ies ,and are included in the number oft h e C o u n c i l o f M i n i s t e r s .
THE LAW
I . A11 the above Def in i t ions are con-sidered as forming part of the i lConst i tu-t i o n o f t h e s t a t e " , t h a t i s t o s a y ,wherever therein they have that construc-t l o n .
THE SOVEREIGN AND THE GOVERNMENT
I I . The Sovere i -gn sha l l be a person o ft h e M a l a y n a t i o n a l i t y , o f r o y a l b l o o d , adescendant o f Johore Sovere ign , a ma1e,and of the Mohamedan fai th; and such shal1a l s o b e t h e p e r s o n s d e s c r i b e d a s r r W a r i s r ' ,and "Waris yang Kedua", and t 'Waris yangl a i n r ' .
79
Descendantso f Su l tanAbu Bakar.
Descendant ofAlmarhomsIbrahim andAbdul Rahman.
I I I . The Sovere ign (a f te r the presentSovere ign) must be a descendant o f thebody and f lesh and b lood o f H is H ighnessSultan and Sovereign Ruler Abu Bakar sonof Almarhom Ibrahim, and he who is soacknowledged must be truly genuine andlawfu1 ly begot ten ; and the descendantwho sha l l be e l ig ib le to become the Sove-re ign must be a son, g randson, g rea t -g randson and so on o f the male l ine f i rs tone genera t ion a f te r another un t i l the1 a s t , t h a t i s t o s a y , i t s h a l l n o t o n a n yaccount be perrni- t ted and i t shal1 be un-lawfu l to e lec t as Sovere ign any personother than a descendant of Sultan Abu Bakar,so long as a descendant as above o f H issa id H ighness ex is ts ; except ing in thecase o f any such descendant o f H is H ighnesswho may be considered and {etermined, afterfuI1 and complete enquiry by the ' rSupporters
o f t h e S t a t e t ' a s b e i n g i n e l i g i b l e t o b emade Sovere ign , owing to h is hav ing somegreat and serious defect derogatory to thequa l i t y o f a Sovere ign , such as insan i ty ,b l indness , dumbness , o r possess ing somebase qual i t ies on accbunt of which he wouldnot be permit ted by the Mohamedan law tobecome a Sovere ign Ru ler .
IV . I f a t any t ime the l inea1 descendantso f H is H ighness Su l tan Abu Bakar shou ldbecome to ta l l y ex t inc t , o r i f there shou ldremain one but he should be unworthy to bemade Sovere ign owing to the reasons de f inedi n S e c t i o n I I I , i t s h a l l b e n e c e s s a r y t ochoose and appo in t as Sovere ign a Pr incefrom arnong the l ineal descendants ofAlmarhom Temenggong Ibrahim and again i ft (rere should be none remaining or thereshou ld no t be any o f the 1 inea1 descen-dants o f A lmarhom Ibrah im cons idered e l i -g i b 1 e , i t s h a l 1 b e n e c e s s a r y t o c h o o s e a n dappo in t as Sovere ign any person o f the na lesex f rom among the l inea l descendants o fAlmarhom Temenggong Abdul Rahman, and ine i ther o f the above cases the person to beappo in ted Sovere ign sha l l t ru ly be one o facknowledged genu ine and lawfu l b lood.
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Elec t ing asSovereign onenot a descendantof Abu Bakar,Ibrahim, or ofAbdul Rahnan.
Treason o fthe lowerhe i rs .
\ / Supposing a t ime should arr ive whenthere shou ld no t remain a s ing le represen-ta t i ve le f t o f the descendants o f the th reeRulers ment ioned in the las t Sec t ion , o ri f there should be one, but who does notpossess the necessary qua l i f i - ca t ions re -quired by this Law and the Mohamedan Law,then the mat te r o f choos ing , e lec t ing , andappo in t ing the Sovere ign sha11 be le f t tothe cons idera t ion , judgement and dec is ionof the Counc i l o f S ta te together w i th theSupporters of the Country; but i t is pro-v ided tha t the person to be taken, chosen,elected, and appointed by them as Sovereign,sha11 be a man o f mature age, sound mind,a rea l Johore Malay , a sub jec t o f theSta te o f Johore , p ro fess ing the MohamedanRel ig ion , o f f reeborn and good b lood, andacknowledged to be leg i t imate ly and law-fu l l y begot ten and in add i t ion ab le toread and wri te his own language, andpossess ing a reputa t ion , an unders tand ing ,a na ture , temper , d ispos i t ion , and depor t -ment that are good and praiseworthy. Andshou ld the person taken, chosen, e lec ted ,and appointed Sovereign be not of Royalb lood, i t i s unders tood tha t such a casesha1 l be an except i "on to the ru le la idd o w n i n S e c t i o n I I , a n d s h a 1 1 b e h e l d t ob e 1 a w f u 1 .
VI . I f the He i r -Apparent , o r He i r -Presum-t ive o f o ther he i rs o r any person o f thel ines o f descent ment ioned in the severa lfo rego ing sec t ions sha1 l do or sha l1 a t temptto do any th ing or p rosecute a p lan orscherne o f a t reasonab le na ture aga ins t aperson whose re la t i ve pos i t ion w i th respec tto the th rone o f Johore is nearer than h isown, w i th in ten t to e f fec t des t ruc t ion o fthe nember or menbers of the Royal Familyo f such c loser re la t ionsh ip in o rder tha the h imse l f o r any o ther person o f h is l ineo f descent , o r any one o f qu i te anotherb lood nay by means or reason or cause o fsuch t reasonab le ac t become the Sovere ignRu1er , such as fo r ins tance the He i rApparent consp i r ing aga ins t the re ign ing
8 l
T i t l e o f t h eHei r to thethrone.
T h e H e i r t o t h ethrone may notin te r fe re inS t a t e A f f a i r s .
The Sovere ignc a 1 l e d t o t h ethrone as a minor'.
Sovere ign , o r the Second He i r aga ins t theHei r Apparent o r aga ins t e i ther one o ft h e t w o , o r t h e o t h e r H e i r s , a g a i n s t t h ethree , o r aga ins t any o f them, o r a des-cendant more distant f rom the throneaga ins t a nearer descendant , accord ing tothe arrangements provided for in regardto the success ion o f the Sovere ign f roma n o n g t h e s e v e r a l l i n e s o f d e s c e n t , s u c han ac t sha11 be cons idered o f exceed ingwickedness and o f fence, and the pun ishmentto be in f l i c ted on any person or par ty soof fend ing , i f i t be no t tha t o f cap i ta lpun ishment , sha l1 be tha t o f be ing ban ishedf rom the count ry , and he or they w i th a l lh is o r the i r descendants , sha l l be regardedas hav ing no fu r ther r igh t whatsoever toinher i t the th rone o f Johore , even thought h e v i c i s s i t u d e s o f e v e n t s u n d e r t h eD i v i n e W i l l s h o u l d , a s i t w e r e , b e i n g t h einher i tance to them or the i r descendants .And l i kewise , such r igh ts , i f any , as theynay have rece ived f rom the Sta te , such asr a n k a n d m a i n t e n a n c e , ' s h a 1 1 b e s t o p p e d a n ds h a l l r e v e r t t o t h e S t a t e .
V I I . The He i r -Apparent (as rnent ioned inD e f i n i t i o n B a ) i s d e s i g n a t e d b y t h e t i t l eo f "Tunku Mahkota Johore" (Crown Pr inceo f J o h o r e ) , a n d t h a t t i t l e h a s t h e n e a n i n gof He i r -Apparent to the Sovere ign , andthere fore may no t be used by or app l ied toany Pr ince who has no t ac tua l l y been dec i -d e d u p o n a s t h e S o v e r e i g n r s S u c c e s s o r .
V I I I . T h e H e i r - A p p a r e n t h a s n o a u t h o r i t ywhatsoever to take par t nor may he in te r -fere in any aff i l rs of the country orGovernment , except ing on ly when he has thecommand o f the Sovere ign wh ich sha11 havebeen made known to the Counc i l o f M in is te rs ;and such is a lso the case w i th regard tothe Second He i r and the o ther he i rs andr e l a t i v e s o f t h e S o v e r e i g n .
IX . The Sovere ign i f ra ised to the th ronebefore he has comple ted the fu l l age o ftwenty -one years accord ing to Mohamedan
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Acts o f theSovere ignduring hisminor i ty .
I f Sovere igngoing on ajourney mustappoint hisDeputy .
T h e S o v e r e i g n r spro longed ab-sence from thecount ry .
reckon ing , sha l1 no t be accounted an adu1t ,and dur ing the per iod o f h is minor i ty ,there sha l1 be a person appo in ted to ac tas Regent, and such Regent shal l be madeand determined upon by the choice of theMin is te rs o f S ta te e i ther f rom those o fRoya l b lood or o therw ise .
X. The Regent sha l l be he ld answerab lefo r a l l the ac ts o f the Sovere ign dur ingh is minor i ty i -n S ta te a f fa i rs and i fthose ac ts shou ld be cont ra ry to cus tomand th is law the Members o f the Counc i l o fS ta te sha l l have the r igh t and power toremove the Regent and to appoint anotheri n h i s p l a c e .
XI . I f the Sovere ign se ts ou t on any seavoyage or journey leav ing the Ter r i to ry o fJohore , the d is tance to be t raversed inorder to a r r i ve a t h is des t ina t ion be ingf i v e d a y s r s e a v o y a g e o r . j o u r n e y b y t h equ ickes t mode o f t rave l l ing and the es t i -mated length o f h is absence in go ing andre turn ing shou ld no t be less than th i r tydays , i t sha l1 be necessary to appo in t be-fore his departure a Regency with sucharrangenents as shal1 be considered properto be made at the t ime. And the memberor members o f th is Regency sha1 l representthe Sovereign in regard to such affairs ofS ta te as those in wh ich i t i s cus tomaryfor the Sovere ign to be persona l l y con-c e r n e d .
X I I . I f t h e S o v e r e i g n l e a v e s t h e S t a t eand Terr i tory of Johore for more than f ive(5) years f rom the t ime he f i rs t se t ou tfrom his country and resj-des in a foreignp lace or p laces w i thout su f fe r ing f rom anyiL lness wh ich may rea l l y p revent h im f romreturning, or without there being any ex-cuse or bus iness or c i rcurns tance wh ich maynecess i ta te h is remain ing s t i1 l longeraway in a foreign country or countr ies,the Counc i l o f S ta te sha11 have the r igh tand power to ho ld a Meet ing o f Counc i l toc o n s i d e r t h e m a t t e r u n t i l a d e c i s i o n s h a l 1
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A new Rulerbe ing appo in ted .
I t i s n o tnecessary fo rthe new Rulerto abd ica te infavour of theE x - R u L e r .
The Sovereignmay not cedethe country toanother S ta te .
have been arr ived at as to whether i t isproper to wait longer for the return ofthe Sovere ign , and i f so , what leng th o ft i n e i t i s p r o p e r s t i 1 l t o w a i t ; o rwhether i t is proper and necessary to takethe v iew tha t he is ac tua l l y no t des i rousto return at al l and that such being thecase h is successor may be appo in ted andi n s t a l l e d .
X i IL I f ow ing to the non- res idence o fthe Sovereign in the Country and Tenitoryo f Johore fo r a fu l l te rm o f f i ve years ,a s s t a t e d i n S e c t i o n X I I , a s u c c e s s o r t oh im sha l l have been appo in ted and ins ta l led ,the former shal I be regarded as havingwi thdrawn h imse l f f rom the Sta te and h isr igh ts to and c la ins on the Sta te , and h isc i rcumstances in respec t o f the Sta te sha11be the same as those o f an Ex-Sovere ign ,and as such he sha11 cone under the lawwhich de termines and regu la tes mat te rsr e l a t i n g t o a n E x - S o v e r e i g n .
XIV. I f a f te r the new Sovere ign has beenappo in ted and ins ta l led the Ex-Sovere ignshou ld re tu rn , tha t c i rcumstance sha l lnot render i t compulsory on the new Sove-reign to abdicate the throne and surrenderthe Sta te r igh ts to h im aga in , i f even h isreturn should take place only one day afterthe appo in tment and ins ta l la t ion o f h iss u c c e s s o r .
XV. The Sovereign may not in any mannersurrender or make any agreement or plan tosurrender the country or any part of thecountry and State of Johore to any EuropeanSta te o r Power , o r to any o ther S ta te o rna t ion , whether because he th inks i t at roub le o r a burden to h im to be Ru ler , o rb e c a u s e h e d o e s n o t c a r e t o r u l e , o r b e -cause he des i res to ob ta in , take and acceptany payment or pension from another nat ionor S ta te ; and th is p roh ib i t ion and res-t ra in t a re l i kewise la id and decreed on a l land every one o f the he i rs and re la t i vesof the Sovere ign . And i f th is p roh ib i t ion
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The l ' { in istersand the Suppor-te rs o f theCountry may notcede the countTyto anotherS t a t e .
The Sovereignwish ing tor e s i g n h i sth rone.
Mode of pro-cedure in thecase o f theSoverelgnw i s h i n g t ores ign thethrone.
and restraint be resisted, or an attemptmade to res is t them, by the Sovere ign h im-s e l f , h e s h a l l b e t r e a t e d a s g u i l t y o fbe t ray ing the t rus t reposed in h im by God,in which case the people of the countrysha l1 be under no ob l iga t ion to cont inueany longer the i r a l leg iance to h im; andi f by a re la t i ve o f the Sovere ign , hesha l1 be cons idered to have commi t ted h ightreason against the Sovereign and theSta te , and sha l1 be l iab le to any pun ish-ment which i t may be deened proper toaward .
XVI . The Min is te rs and the Suppor te rs o fthe Country l ikewise may not in any mannernegot iate or rnake any agreement with anyEuropean or other Power or State with aview of ceding the country and State ofJohore . I f they shou ld t ransgress ormake any attempt to transgress agai-nstth is p roh ib i t ion and res t ra in t , they sha11be arnenable to the penalty incurred bypersons gu i l t y o f h igh t reason aga ins t theSovere ign and the Sta te , and a l l suchoffenders may be punished with a punishments u i t a b l e t o t h e i r c r i m e .
XVI I . I f the Sovere i .gn , a t any t ime dur ingh is occupat ion o f the th rone, does no t anylonger w ish to be Ru ler , and so des i res toabd ica te and to re l inqu ish h is Roya l r igh tsand powers , owing to any reason whatsoever ,reason wh ich he may or may no t be w i l l i ngto exp la in , he may g ive up and cease tobe Ru1er , w i th the r igh t to res ide whereverhe chooses , e i ther in the Ter r i to ry o fJohore or in any country in a state ofami ty and no t a t war w i th th6 Sta te o fJohore .
X V I I I . I f a t t h e t i m e t h e S o v e r e i g n w i s h e sto abdicate and withdraw from his Sovereign-ty , he is in h is own count ry , the Roya lcommand in regard to and the token andev idence o f such ac t sha l l be made inwr i t ing , sea led w i th the grea t Sea l o fS ta te , and s igned w i th the s ign manua l o f
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The Sovereignwish ing tores ign bu t i sabsent from hisown country.
The Ex-Ru1er maynot in te r fe rein S ta tea f f a i r s .
The Ex-Ru lerhas the r igh tto an a l lowancef o r l i f e .
the Sovere ign h imse l f w i th a t leas t th reeMin is te rs o f S ta te p resent to w i tness thesame with their s ignature; and this eventmust be made known and publ ished by theCounc i l o f M in is te rs to the inhab i tan tso f the count ry as soon as poss ib le , to -gether with the inforrnat ion as to who isto succeed h im, tha t i s to say , i f h issuccessor sha11 have a l ready been de f in i te -1y known in accordance with the arrange-nent provided for by this 1aw in thatr e s p e c t .
X iX . I f the Sovere ign a t the t ine hewishes to abdicate and withdraw fron hisSovere ign ty i s no t in h is count ry , tha t i sto say , tha t he is in a fo re ign count ry ,i t i s no t requ i red tha t th is ac t on h ispart should be in accordance with thearrangernents stated in. the foregoingSect ion ; bu t such ar rangements on ly asnay be proper and cons idered lega l sha l1be necessaty to be made in the na t te r o fde termin ing and w i tness ing h is re t i rementf rom h is Sovere ign ty .
XX. The Ru ler who has w i thdrawn h imse l fand ret i red from the Sovereignty, as statedin Sec t ions XI I I and XVI I may no t in anyway in te r fe re o r in te r -medd le , o r have avoice in any affairs of the country andSta te , whether he res ides in the te r r i to ryof Johore or in a foreign country, excepta t the reques t o f h is successor the re ign-ing Sovere ign assented to by the Counc i -1o f S ta te , o r a t the reques t o f the Counc i lo f S ta te consented to and approved o f bythe re ign ing Sovere ign .
XXI . The Ex-Ru1er whether he res ides inthe te r r i to ry o f Johore or no t , sha l l havethe r ight to get for his maintenance anal lowance out of the revenue of the countryof not more than a quarter of a fourth partof the sum f ixed for his maintenance whenhe was the re ign ing Sovere ign , and sha l la lso have the r igh t to ge t a su i tab le housef o r h i s r e s i d e n c e , i f h e r e s i d e s i n t h e
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I t i s a g rea toffence for theEx-Ru ler to in -s t i g a t e t h ep e o p l e t orebe 1 .
C l a i m t o b eappo in ted "Ra jaMuda" "Benda-h a r a ' r . T h esovere ign hasthe r igh t toappoint thes a m e .
Ter r i to ry o f Johore and prov ided the 1o-ca l i t y i s cons idered a su i tab le one, andsuch a l lowance sha11 cont inue un t i l h isdemise , and such res idence sha l l , a f te rh is demise , be g iven and becone a her i tageto h is he i rs in accordance w i th theMohamedan Law.
X X I I . I f t h e E x - R u l e r m i x e s , o r i n t e r f e r e s ,or in te rposes h is vo ice in any Sta te a f fa i runder cond i t ions o ther than those s ta tedin the fo rego ing Sec t ion XX, the Governmentsha1 l have the r igh t to d iscont inue h isa l lowance, and the length o f t ime fo r eachd iscont inuance sha l l be le f t to the cons i -dera t ion , o f the re ign ing Sovere ign andthe Counc i l o f S ta te . And i f the Ex-Ru leri n c i t e s t h e p e o p l e t o r e b e l , o r c o n s p i r e swi th any person or fo re ign Sta te w i th in -ten t to c rea te o r cause in ju ry to the coun-t ry o r to the in te res ts o f the count ry theGovernment shal l have the r ight to stophis al lowance and to look upon and treath im as an o f fender aga ins t the Sta te .
X X I I I . N o r e l a t i v e o f t h e S o v e r e i g n m a y i nany manner c la im, nor sha l l i t be ob l iga-to ry o r adv isab le to accept the c la im tha the may be appo in ted , o r made or g iven thet i t le o f "Ra ja Muda" o r "Bendahara" o rI 'Temenggong" o r any o ther t i t1e , wh ich informer t imes existed or were commonly usedin the Sta te o f Johore . But the Sovere ign ,w i th the concur rence o f the Counc i l o fS ta te , has the r igh t to appo in t , c rea teand nominate from among his relat iveswhether d is tan t o r near , a Ra ja Muda, o rBendahara, or Temenggong, or any two ofthem, o r a l l th ree o f them; bu t in suchcases every th ing as regards the rank , po-s i t ions , func t ion du t ies , powers , andr igh ts o f the persons , appo in ted , and o therdeta i l s such as whether such t i t les andranks are hereditary or not shal l be inthe power o f the Sovere ign w i th the concur -rence o f the Counc i l o f S ta te to se t t leand determine at the t ime of appoint ingand creat ing them. And further, the
87
Rank andof f i ces o f the"Ra ja Muda" ,' rBendaharai l and' rTemenggongr r .
T h e S o v e r e i g n r sa 1 l o w a n c e .
Sovere ign sha11, w i th the concur rence o fthe Counc i l o f S ta te , have the r igh t andpower to degrade them i f su f f i c ien t fau l to r o f fence sha l1 have been commi t ted bythem to render the same exned ien t .
XXIV. I f there is a Ra ju , rdu and Benda-hara and Temenggong, i t sha11 be understoodin respec t o f a l1 th ree o f them tha t theyare included among the Members of theCounc i l o f S ta te and the Counc i -1 o f Min is -te rs , and the i r o rder o f p recedence inrespec t o f one another sha l l be in theo r d e r o f t h e i r t i t l e s a s h e r e i n m e n t i o n e d .
XXV. Wi th regard to the Sovere ign , who, bythe Grace o f God the Most H igh , and theb less ing o f the Prophet Mohamed - on whombe the bened ic t ion and peace o f God - i ss t i l1 re ign ing , ( tha t i s to say , We, AbuBakar , the Su l tan o f the Sta te and Ter r i -t o r y o f J o h o r e , w h o , b y t h e w i l l a n d p l e a -sure o f the Lord o f the Un iverse , haveaided in rnaking the State of Johore whati t i s now, fo r wh ich We o f fe r up to GodOur innumerab le thanksg iv ings) , i t i s w i ththe voluntary approval and considerat ionof Our Counc i l o f S ta te de termined tha t nof ixed sum of money should be put aside forOur expenses on account o f Our Roya l Res i -dences and for Our personal maintenance;but We do hereby make a f i r rn and manifest1 a w a n d r e g u l a t i o n t h a t , v e r i l y , w i t h r e -gard to the Sovere ign o f Johore who comeaf te r us , they may no t any one o f thern inany manner whatsoever take and appropriatefo r h is own use one s ing le do i t more thanthe sum wh ich sha l l be f i xed f ro rn t ime tot ime by the Counc iL o f S ta te . And in v iewof this rnatter We on the other hand dohereby make a f i rm and manifest law andregu la t ion tha t the sum o f money wh ich sha l lbe f i xed fo r the main tenance o f the Sove-re ign sha1 l ac tua l l y be reasonab le , adequateand su i tab le to the rank , pos i t ion and d ig -n i ty o f the Sovere ign Ru ler ; and tha t inthe arrangement for f ix ing the amount ofthe Sovere ignrs a l lowance no account sha l l
88
T h e S o v e r e i g n ' sre la t ions whoa r e e n t i t l e d t omain tenance.
in any way be taken of any income of theSovere ign der ivab le f rom h is own persona les ta tes and proper t ies and those wh ich arenot the proper ty o f the Sta te .
XXVI . The a l lowances fo r the main tenanceo f t h e S o v e r e i g n r s r e l a t i v e s s h a l 1 b e l e f ten t i re ly to the judgement o f the Sovere ignwith the advice and concurrence of theCounc i l o f S ta te as regards the f i x ing o fthe di f ferent sums for the same, and there la t i ves o f the Sovere ign who are recog-n ised as hav ing a r igh t to rece ive a l low-ances fo r the i r ma in tenance are as under : -
(1 ) The Consor t o f the Sovere ign whob e a r s t h e t i t l e o f S u l t a n a o rPermeisur i ;
(2 ) The sons and daughters o f theSovere ign ;
(3 ) The Roya l b ro thers and s is te rs o fthe Sovere ign ;
(4 ) The Roya l unc les and aunts o f theSovere ign ;
(5 ) The nephews and n ieces o f the Sove-re ign whose fa thers o r mothers ,
be ing the Roya l b ro thers o r s is te rs o f theSovere ign as ment ioned in C lass 3 , a redead. I f there are two or more o f them,they may ge t a t leas t ha l f o f the a l lowancegranted to the i r deceased fa ther o r mother ,wh ich sha11 be d iv ided amongst them in anequ i tab le manner as a g i f t o f the Sta te fo rthe i r ma in tenance, espec ia l and par t i cu la rcons idera t ion to be g iven to the case o fsuch nephews and n ieces o f the Sovere ignwho are young or of nieces who are unmar-r ' i o ' l
Others than those herei-n mentioned havenot any r ight whatever to expect mainte-nance f rom the Sta te , bu t i f i t shou ld begranted to them, i t sha11 be en t i re ly con-sidered as the outcome of the regard andcons idera t ion o f the Sovere ign w i th theadv ice and concur rence o f the Counc i l o fS t a t e .
89
Pr inces whoare o f f i cerso f S t a t e .
Min i s t e rs
Number ofM i n i s t e r s .
N a t i o n a l i t yand re l ig icno f Min is te rs
M i n i s t e r s t ot a k e t h e o a t h .
By the Sovereign is neant the reigningSovere ign or a deceased Sovere ign .
XXVI I , Pr inces who ho ld appo in tments inthe Sta te , i lay be en t i t led to the sa la r iesa t tach ing to such appo in tments , even i fthey shou ld be in rece ip t o f an a l lowancef rom the Sta te , the i r case be ing under suchc i - rcumstances the same as o ther o f f i cers .
COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
X X V I I I . T h e M i n i s t e r s s h a l 1 b e a p p o i n t e dfrom among the pr incipal of f icers of theS t a t e , a n d s h a l 1 b e , e x - o f f i c i o , M e m b e r so f the Counc i l o f S ta te . Every o f f i cerwhose pos i t ion is unders tood to be tha t o fa minister must have the Royal word of com-mand o f the Sovere ign s ta t ing and dec la r ingthe same in order to render his r ights andrank va l i -d .
XXIX. The number o f the Min is te rs sha l1not be less than eight and not more thantwe lve persons ; and the t i t le o f the Ch ie fo f t h e M i n j - s t e r s b e s i d e s h i s o t h e r t i t l e s ,i f a n y , s h a l l b e " M e n t r i B e s a r r t , ( P r i n eMin is te r ) and he sha l1 be the Pres ident o ft h e C o u n c i l o f S t a t e .
XXX. The Min is te rs must be o f the Malaynat iona l i t y and Johore sub jec ts , and o f theMohanedan re l ig ion ; and the fo rce o f thelaw sha l1 be re t rospec t ive tha t i s to say ,i f there shou ld be a Min is te r who is no to f t h e s a i d n a t i o n a l i t y , s u b j e c t a n d r e l i -g i o n , h i s p o s i t i o n s h a 1 1 n o t b e 1 e g a l f r o mthe t i "me o f the promulga t ion o f th i -s 1aw,and sha l1 requ i re to be made lega l by sucharrangements as may render i t so.
XXXI . Every o f f i cer appo in ted to be aMin is te r sha l l take the oa th , and the oa ths h a l l b e a t t e s t e d b y h i s s i g n a t u r e t o b ewr i t ten in a book prov ided fo r the purpose,in the presence o f two w i tnesses f rom amongthe o f f i cers o f the Sta te , dec la r ing h imse l f
90
Def ic iency o fMembers in theCounc i l o fM i n i s t e r s .
The Sovere ignand the Counci lo f M i n i s t e r smaking up thedef ic iency inthe Counc i l o fM i n i s t e r s .
The PrimeMin is te r andthe DeputyP r i m e M i n i s t e r .
Q u a l i f i c a t i o n sfor the pos to f Pr ineMin is te r andDeputy PrimeM i n i s t e r .
to be t ru ly a person o f the Malay na t iona-1 i ty , a Johore sub jec t , and a Mohamedan,and acknowledg ing h is a l leg iance to theSovere ign and the Sta te .
X X X I I . I f t h e r e i s a d e f i c i e n c y i n t h enumber o f the Counc i l o f M in is te rs , i t maybe made up aga in in th is manner : e i therby a cho ice made by the Sovere ign anda s s e n t e d t o b y t h e C o u n c i l o f M i n i s t e r s ,o r by a cho ice made by the Counc i l o fMinisters approved and acknowledged by theSovere ign appo in t ing any o f f i cer and ad-rn i t t ing h im in to the Counc i l o f M in is te rss h a l 1 b e i n w r i t i n g w h i c h s h a l l b e s e a l e dwi th the Great Sea l o f S ta te and wh ichs h a t l a t t h e s a m e t i n e s t a t e t h e t i t l eo f h i s o f f i c e .
X X X I I I . I f t h e S o v e r e i g n a n d t h e C o u n c i lo f M in is te rs shou ld each independent lyse lec t a person to make up . the number inthe Counc i l o f M in is te rs and they d i f fe rin the i r respec t ive cho ice , tha t i s tos&y, the i r cho ice be no t the same thenat te r sha l l be le f t to the Sovere ignwi th the adv ice o f the Pr ime Min is te r , andthe Deputy Pr ime Min is te r fo r cons idera t ionand dec is ion as to wh ich o f the two personsi t i s su i tab le and jud ic ious to admi t .
XXXIV. The cho ice and appo in tnent o f theP r i m e M i n i s t e r i s a b s o l u t e l y t h e r i g h t o fthe Sovere ign , and the se lec t ion o f theDeputy Pr ime Min is te r i s the r igh t o f theCounc i l o f M in is te rs , bu t i t must l i kewisehave the approva l o f the Sovere ign be forei t i s d e c l a r e d a s l e g a l a n d s e t t l e d .
XXXV. No person can be appo in ted Pr imeMin is te r o r Deputy Pr ine Min is te r who hasnot a l ready been inc luded in the number o fthe Pr inc ipa l 0 f f i cers o f the Sta te , andwho has not been a Member of the Counci lo f S t a t e .
9 l
Min is te rs mayask permiss iont o r e s i g n t h e i rappo in tments .
No of f icercan be com-pe l1ed t obecome aMin i s te r .
Min is ters needno t be possessedo f a t i t l e .
The Sovere ignhas the r ightto d i sm iss aMin is ter and theCounci l o fMin is ters mayrequest the d is-missal o f any ofthe i r co l l eagues .
XXXVI . The Pr ime Min is te r , Deputy p r ineMin is te r , and o ther Min is te rs have each o fthern the power to ask permiss ion to res ignt h e C o u n c i l o f M i n i s t e r s , a n d i f h i s r e -ques t i s g ran ted he may res ign ; bu t thefact that he has withdrawn from the CounciLo f Min is te rs sha1 l no t render i t necessarytha t he shou ld a lso re t i re f rom the Counc i lo f S ta te except i t i s h is own w ish , andthen on ly i f h is reques t i s g ran ted .
XXXVI I . Any Pr inc ipa l Of f i cer who has beena rnember o f the Counc i l o f M in is te rs andhas ret i red therefrom i .n the manner setfo r th in the above Sect ion , sha l l a lwaysb e e l i g i b l e f o r r e - e l e c t i o n a n d r e - a d m i s -s ion to the membersh ip o f the Counc i l o fMin is te rs and Counc i l o f S ta te .
XXXVI I I . I t i s no t compulsory fo r anyoff icer to obey the Royal command adrni t t ingh in in to the Counc i l o f M in is te rs o f theCounc i l o f S ta te , nor i s i t necessary fo rh im to g ive the reasons fo r h is unwi l l ing-n e s s .
XXXIX. I t i s no t ob l iga tory tha t anyof f i cer who becomes a Min is te r , even i t bethe Pr i rne Min is te r , o r Deputy p r ime Min is te r ,shou ld have the t i t le o f ' rDator ' , whethert h e t i t l e o f a D a t o o f S t a t e o r a D a t o o fany order conferred on him by the Sovereign,or any o ther t i t le ; bu t h is rank sha11 bese l f unders tood among h is co l leagues, asin the rna t te r o f S ta te ceremonia ls and inpresence o f the inhab i tan ts o f the count ryin v i r t ,ue o f h is o f f i ce as such Min is te r .
XL. The Sovere ign has the r igh t and au tho-r i t y to d ismiss and d ischarge any Min is te rf rom h is o f f i ce and the Counc i l o f M in is -te rs have the r igh t and au thor i ty to re -ques t the Sovere ign to d ismiss and d ischargeany o f the i r co l leagues f ron h is o f f i ceand f rom the Counc i l o f M in is te rs , i f suchMin is te r has commi t ted any o f fence o f agrave nature according to the MohamedanLaw, o r accord ing to the 1aw o f the 1and,
92
Min is te rs o ro f f i cers bear -i n g t i t l e s r e -s ign ing the i rp o s t s .
Dut ies o f theCounc i l o fM i n i s t e r s .
o r accord ing to the e t iquet te o f honour ,and has been found after fu11 and carefulenqu i ry to have been c lear ly and ev ident lygu i l t y , such as comni t t ing or a t tempt ingto commi t t reason aga ins t the Sovere ignor S ta te , o r rnurder ing , o r o rder ing anurder or concurr ing in an attempt tomurder , o r be ing pr ivy to an ac t o f murder ,o r commi t t ing p i racy or robbery , o ra t tempt ing to comni t any o f those c r imes,or rece iv ing or a t tempt ing to rece ivebribes, or cornmit t ing any other wicked ands in fu l ac t aga ins t the law o f God and the1aw o f the Count ry .
And h is d ismissa l and d ischarge f romoff ice nay or rnay not be accompanied byany other punishment, or he may or may notbe cash ie red or degraded f rom h is rank ( i fhe has o ther rank or t i t le ) as the Sove-re ign sha1 l de termine a t the t ime o f con-s ider ing the o f fence o f such o f f i cer .
X L I . I f a n y M i n i s t e r o r O f f i c e r h a v i n gt h e t i t l e o f r r D a t o r r , o r a n y o t h e r S t a t et i t l e , r e t i r e s f r o n h i s o f f i c e b y a s k i n gpermiss ion to res ign , o r i s d ischargedf rom h is o f f i ce w i thout hav ing commi t tedany fau l t o r o f fence such as those s ta teda b o v e , t h e d i s t i n c t i v e o r s p e c i a l t i t l eo f h is o f f i ce on ly sha l l be taken f rom h isname. For example , i f the ' rDato Penggawar r ,o r r rDato B in ta rar r , were to res ign theCounc i l o f M i .n is te rs the t i t le wh ich heho lds by v i r tue o f h is o f f i ce wou ld betaken away from hin, namely, r fPenggawarl
o r I 'B in ta ra t r , and on ly the t i t le o r rankof r tDator r wou ld remain to h im, and the sameis the ar rangement w i th regard to t i t lesder ived f rom an Order wh ich has been con-fe r red on any o f f i cer o f the Sta te .
XLI I . The pecu l ia r func t ions o f the Counc i lo f M i n i s t e r s a r e t h o s e o f a s s i s t a n t s a n dco-ad ju to rs to the Sovere ign . I t i s there-fo re exped ien t , necessary , and advantageousto the Sovere ign to take the adv ice , op in ion ,and counse l o f tha t body in a l l a f fa i rsand cases concern ing the in te res ts o f the
93
Meet ings o fthe Counc i lM i n i s t e r s .
Quorum forCounc i l o fM i n i s t e r s .
G e n e r a l a s s i s -tan ts o f theS t a t e .
Members of theCounc i l o fS t a t e .
count ry and peop le ; and in l i ke manner ,i t is proper and expedient for each Minis-te r , in g rea t and impor tan t mat te rs o f h isown depar tment , to ask and take the adv ice ,op in ion , and counse l o f h is co l leagues,tha t i s to say , the ar rangement i s tha t o fbe ing mutua l l y he lp fu l to one another , bu ti t i s unders tood tha t each Min is te r sha l lp e r s o n a l l y b e a r t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o fh i s o f f i c e .
X L I I I . T h e C o u n c i l o f M i n i s t e r s s h a l lo f meet a t leas t once a month , except in the
month of Ramadhan and on fest ival dayswhen i t i s no t ob l iga tory , and a t o thert ines whenever requ i red : f i r s t l y , by com-mand o f the Sovere ign ; second a t the re -q u i s i t i o n o f t h e P r i m e M i n i s t e r o r h i sDeputy ; th i rd ly , a t the requ is i t ion o fth ree Members o f the Counc i l o f M in is te rs .
XLIV. In any meet ing o f the Counc i l o fMin is te rs f i ve (5 ) members sha l l fo rm a
Quorum. I f the Sovere ign is p resent ,then th ree Members sha l1 su f f i ce to fo rna Quorum; bu t i t i s necessary , i f therei s t i m e , t o g i v e n o t i c e t o a l l t h e M e m b e r swho are present in the country regardingthe proposed Meet ing .
COUNCIL OF STATE
XLV. The genera l ass is tan ts o f the Sta teare s ty led the Counc i l o f S ta te , and theMembers o f the same sha l1 be the Min is te rsand o ther Pr inc ipa l Of f i cers and E lders o fthe Sta te appo in ted f rom t ime to t ime bythe Sovere ign w i th the adv ice o f theC o u n c i l o f M i n i s t e r s .
XLVI . Members o f the Counc i l o f S ta teo ther than the Min is te rs sha11 be appo in tedby the Sovere ignrs cho ice and by the adv iceor concur rence o f the Counc i l o f M in is te rs ,and the number of i ts Members sha1l not bel e s s t h a n s i x t e e n ( 1 6 ) p e r s o n s , i n c l u d i n gt h e P r e s i d e n t a n d V i c e - P r e s i d e n t .
94
fe nanner,ieach Min is-Iters of his! the adv ice .I Ieagues ,
is that ofr , but
s ter sha l li t ies of
shal 1in the
daysother
, by com-the re-h is
on ofi s ters .
i l ofform a
fornrthere
They must beJohoresub j ec ts .
Taking theOath ofa 1 l e g i a n c e .
The Dut ies o fthe Counci- Io f S t a t e .
Quorum for ameet ing o f theCounc i l o fS t a t e .
Meet ings o fthe Counc i lo f S t a t e .
XLVI I . I t i s no t necessary tha t the Memberso f t h e C o u n c i l o f S t a t e s h o u l d a l l b e o fthe Malay na t iona l i t y o r o f the Moharnedanr e l i g i o n , b u t i t i s n e c e s s a r y t h a t t h e ys h o u l d a l l b e J o h o r e s u b i e c t s .
XLVI I I . Every Member o f the Counc i l o fS ta te , on be ing admi t ted sha l l take theOath o f a l leg iance to the Sovere ign andt h e S t a t e , a n d s h a l 1 d e c l a r e t h a t h e w i l lg ive every adv ice , op in ion and suggest ionwith an upright heart and with good inten-t ions fo r the we l fa re and advantage o f thecount ry and peop le .
XLIX. The du t ies o f the Counc i l o f S ta teare pr inc ipa l l y to a id the Sovere ign andthe Counc i l o f M in is te rs in na t te rs con-cerning the good Government of the countryand peop le , to w i t , in mak ing , c rea t ing ,rev is ing , en la rg ing , o r anend ing the lawsand regu la t ions o f every descr ip t ion , ex-cept the laws o f re l ig ion and the Mohamedanlaw, and in cons ider ing the ques t ion o fopening up the country and promoting i tspub l ic works , and in p resent ing goodschemes fo r inc reas ing the revenue, deve lop-ing t rade, a ine l io ra t ing the cond i t ion o fthe peop le , and in g iv ing adv ice in regardto the main tenance o f pub l i c secur i tyw i th in the Sta te and Ter r i to ry and Depen-denc ies o f Johore and the conserva t ion o ff r iend ly re la t ions and peace w i th fo re ignS t a t e s .
L. The Quorum for any neet ing of theCounc i l o f S ta te sha l1 be seven (7 ) persons ,i f the number o f a l1 i t s members is no tI e s s t h a n s i x t e e n ( 1 6 ) ; a n d f i f t e e n ( i 5 )p e r s o n s , i f a l l i t s n e m b e r s i s n o t l e s sthan th i r ty - two (32) ; and th i r ty -one (31)p e r s o n s , i f a l l i t s m e m b e r s i s n o t l e s sthan s ix ty - four (64) o r more .
L I . T h e C o u n c i l o f S t a t e s h a l l m e e t a tleas t once in two months , o r wheneverconrnanded by the Sovereign, or requisi t ionedby the Counc i l o f M in is te rs , o r requ i red by
rng
95
Members have thesame and equalr igh ts a tM e e t i n g s .
Minu tes o f theMeet ing are tob e k e p t .
T h e S o v e r e i g n r ss a n c t i o n s .
D e c i s i o n s o fthe Counc i l o fS ta te no t
no t less than ha l f o f the number o f Mernberso f t h e C o u n c i l o f S t a t e , i n w h i c h c a s e ,the w ish o f the Members and the bus inessor mat te r about wh ich they w ish to consu l ts h a l l b e s t a t e d t o t h e C o u n c i l o f M i n i s t e r st h r e e ( 3 ) f u l 1 d a y s p r e v i o u s l y ; a n d i t i sno t necessary tha t any meet ing shou ld behe ld dur ing the Fas t ing month or on daysf ixed as Government ho l idays , o r on a dayo f F e s t i v a l , o r a p u b l i c h o l i d a y .
The mean ing o f once in two months is thein te rva l be tween the end o f a sess ion o fthe Counc i l (whether i t las ts many days ora few) and the commencement of the meetingn e x t t o b e h e l d .
L I I . I n a l l m e e t i n g s a n d a t a l l t i m e s d u r -i n g t h e m e e t i n g s o f t h e C o u n c i l o f S t a t e ,a l l Members sha l l have the same and equa lr igh ts and powers w i th one another , tha tis , each sha l l have a vo te wh ich he maymake use o f in e i ther suppor t ing or oppos-ing a ques t ion under cons idera t ion , bu t i ti s no t ob l iga tory tha t any member o f theC o u n c i l o f S t a t e s h o u l d m a k e u s e o f h i svo te except i t i s h is own w ish , and whatevert h e d e c i s i o n o f t h e m a j o r i t y o f v o t e s m a ybe tha t sha l . l be accepted and submi t ted tothe Sovere ign .
L i I I . M e m o r a n d a ( M l n u t e s ) o f t h e p r o c e e d -i n g s t a k i n g p l a c e i n t h e C o u n c i l o f S t a t esha l l be wr i t ten and kept in a d is t inc tand proper manner in a Book; and the enact-ments o r regu la t ions or mat te rs wh ich mayconcern the inhab i tan ts o f the count rysha l l be pub l ished as soon as the approva land sanc t ion o f the Sovere isn have beeno b t a i n e d .
L IV. Every approva l o r sanc t ion o f theSovere ign sha l l f i x the da tes when the en-ac tments o r regu la t ions tha t have beenmade sha l1 come in to onera t ion .
LV. I f there sha l l be any enac tment o rregu la t ion or mat te r o r th ing no t approvedor sanc t ioned by the Sovere ign , i t may be
96
1tst ers
sanct ioned bythe Sovere ign .
Prov is ion ast o t h i s l a w .
R e l i g i o n o f t h eState and otherr e l i g i o n s .
The laws andcustoms of
introduced again at the next meeting ofthe Counc i l o f S ta te , and i f fo r th reet imes success ive ly i t sha l1 no t have beenapproved, the said matter may not again beintroduced unt i l one year has elapsed fromthe t ine i t was las t cons idered. Shou ldthe matter be again decided in the samemanner by the Counci l of State for thefour th t ime, i t sha l l be exped ien t on thepart of the Sovereign to approve and sanc-t ion the same, because the mora l respons i -b i l i t y o f the Sovere ign then en t i re lyc e a s e s .
LVI . I t i s p rov ided in th is law + .ha t w i thre fe rence to the Counc i l o f S ta te theSovereign and the Government have authori tyto improve and revise, to amend and to addto the Ru les and Regu la t ions regard ing themeet ings and sess ions o f the Counc i l o fS ta te ; bu t i t i s requ i red tha t whateverRules and Regulat ions there be in forceand in use , they must be s t r i c t l y andfa i th fu l l y car r ied ou t so long as the samehave no t been cance l led or subs t i tu ted byo t h e r s .
MI SCELLANEOUS MEMORANDA
L V I I . W h a t i s c a l l e d t h e I ' R e l i g i o n o f t h eSta te ' r fo r th is Ter r i to ry and Sta te o fJohore is the Moharnedan Rel igion, and suchbe ing the case, the Mohamedan Re l ig ionsha l1 cont inuous ly and fo r ever be , and beacknowledged to be , and spoken o f as , ther r S t a t e R e l i g i o n " , t h a t i s t o s a y , o n n oaccount may any other rel ig ion be made orspoken o f as the re l ig ion o f the count ry ,a l t h o u g h a l l o t h e r r e l i g i o n s a r e a 1 1 o w e d ,and are always understood as proper to bea l lowed, to be prac t ised in peace and har -mony by the peop le p ro fess ing them in a l1and every part of the Terr i tory and Depen-denc ies o f the Sta te o f Johore .
L V I I I . A 1 1 t h e l a w s a n d c u s t o m s o f t h ecount ry sha l1 be car r ied ou t and exerc ised
day
i t isbe
theof
0ring
97
the country.
Amity betweenthe State ando t h e r S t a t e s .
Observance ofT r e a t i e s .
Mot toSta te
o f the
wi th jus t i ce and fa i rness by a l l the Cour tsof Just i -ce and by al l of f icers and servantso f the Sta te be tween a l l the peop le o f thecountry and the al iens who sojourn and re-s ide under i t s p ro tec t ion , whether fo r aseason or fo r a lengthened per iod , tha t i sto say , w i thout the i r en ter ta in ing in theleast degree more s) 'mpathy or regard orpart ial i ty towards those who profess there l ig ion o f the count ry , namely the Mohame-dan Re l ig ion , o r mak ing any d i f fe rencebetween those who are the sub jec ts o f theSta te and those who are no t .
L IX . The Sovere ign and the Government o fJohore shal1 always and perrnanent ly remainin a state and condit ion of arni ty and goodunders tand ing w i th o ther S ta tes , and espe-c ia l l y and par t i cu la r ly w i th the Br i t i shor Eng l ish na t ion and Government .
LX. So long as there is no ac tua l andev ident ac t o f g rea t and w icked in jus t i ceon the part of the nat ions and States underTreat ies w i th the Sta te o f Johore , and noac ts on the i r par t wh ich in an arb i t ra ryor un fee l ing nanner cause a breach o f theagreement o r agreements , the Sovere ign andthe Government o f Johore sha l l a lways ,cont inuous ly , obed ien t ly , fa i th fu l l y andupr igh t ly observe and fu1 f i1 the te rms o fthe agreements o r t rea t ies wh ich havea l ready been made or sha l l herea f te r bernade w i th fo re ign Sta tes .
LXI . The Sta te Mot to , namely "Kepada A l lahBerserah" (Unto God res igned) , the Emblem(arms) o f the Sta te , and the Crown, togetherw i t h a l l t h e I n s i g n i a o f R o y a l t y , a n d t h eSovere ign 's S tandard , and the F lag o f thecount ry o r na t ion , a I I these sha l1 fo r everbe used and adhered to in the i r p resentfo rm and descr i -p t ions respec t j -ve ly w i thoutany a l te ra t ion or var ia t ion ; and l i kewisethe Mot to o f the Roya l Fami ly t 'Muafakat
i t u B e r k a t r r ( c o n c o r d i s a B l e s s i n g ) s h a l Ibe used and perpetua ted .
98
there-A
i s
The Orders andthe Iron Medalto be cont inuedin perpetu i ty .
Caut ion aga ins tcreat ing newOrders .
The Counc i l o fState may makeadd i - t ions tot h i s L a w .
LXI I . The two k inds o f Orders now ex is t ingsha11 permanently be used and cont inued inperpetui ty in their present shapes andforms, namely, I 'The Most Esteemed Farni lyOrder", and ' tThe Most Honourable Order ofthe Crown o f Johorer ' ; and o f the presentMeda ls the r r l ron Meda l " sha1 l permanent lybe used and perpetuated as a reward forbravery and fo r mer i to r ious serv ices ren-dered to the Sta te in deeds per i lous tohuman 1 i fe .
LXI IL A l though i t i s s ta ted in th is lawthat the sa id Orders sha l l be used and per -pe tua ted i t i s no t fo rb idden or in , te rd ic tedto the Sovere ign to make, c rea te , and ins t i -tute other Orders and badges of honour andd ign i ty , fo r the Sovere ign is the founta ino f a l l honours and d ign i t ies ; bu t i t i sreminded tha t no o ther 0 rder sha l1 be made,c rea ted , and ins t i tu ted mer .e ly fo r thesake o f inc reas ing and mul t ip ly ing thenumber o f Orders , w i thout cons ider ing care-fu11y and we l l whether i t wou ld be use fu land des i rab le to c rea te new Orders , becausetoo great a number and too much display inthe country of tokens of honour and dignityw i l l have the e f fec t o f d imin ish ing the i res t imat ion and va lue , espec ia l l y in thec a s e o f a s m a l 1 S t a t e .
LXIV. At the end of this Law and MemorandaWe hereby make the provi"sion and reserva-t ion fo r Ourse lves and Our Successors , w i ththe advice and concurrence of the Counci lo f S ta te , tha t We and Our Successors sha l la lways have the r igh t and au thor i ty to addto and enlarge from t ime to t i i le the l i -mitso f th is 1aw whenever i t sha l l be cons ideredproper o r necessary so to do , tha t i s toSay, in such a nanner as sha1 l no t a1 ter ,vary , undo, b reak , and des t roy the founda-t ion or in ten t ion or a im o f the Law wh ichWe have hereby made, c rea ted , es tab l i shed,and conf irmed. Furthermore We and OurSuccessors by and w i th the a id and concur -rence o f the Counc i - l o f S ta te o r the Coun-c i l o f S ta te a lone sha1 l have the nower and
99
*h*tr{
-s q {; : €
i 3v liJ pr.: if
s L t. 5 l .
a
d
a
authori ty to determine and f ix the inter-p re ta t ions , cons t ruc t ions , render ings , andmean ings o f a l l o r any o f the Sec t ions , o rany word or words in the Sect ions containedin this law, i f at any t ine hereafter i tsha1l be found proper and expedient so todo, in o rder to render them c learer andnore de f in i te . And such in te rpre ta t ions ,cons t ruc t ions , render ings and mean ingshereafter so determined and f ixed sha11become and be accepted as a par t o f th isSta te Const i tu t ion and sha l l come in to useand never be ca l led in oues t ion .
Conf i rmat ion . So be i t . Such are the Laws and Regu-la t ions o f the Const i tu t ion o f the Sta teo f Johore .
Invocat ion . May God, to whom be praise and whosename be exalted, the King of Kings, vouch-safe His grace, and rnay the Prophet Moharned(on whon be the benedict ion and peace ofGod) g ran t H is b less ing to a l l these Lawsand Regu la t ions o f the Const i tu t ion o f theState of Johore, for ever and ever. Amen!0 Lord of the Universe I
Done at Our Istana at Johore Bahru, thisE igh teenth day o f the month o f Shawal , theHedj i ra of the Prophet (on whom be thebened ic t ion and peace o f God) One thousandthree hundred and twelve, ( the year 1312),cor respond ing to the l4 th day o f Apr i1 , onethousand eight hundred and ninety-f ive( 1 8 9 5 ) o f t h e C h r i s t i a n e r a , b e i n g t h eTh i r ty - four th year o f Our Re ign .
In Wi tness o f the pass ing and conf i rmat ion o f th isConst i tu t ion o f the Sta te and o f the concur rence and assento f the Counc i l o f S ta te , g iven in a devoted , fa i th fu l , loya land proper manner, al l the Members of the Counci l of Statepresent have hereunder a f f i xed the i r respec t ive s ignatures : -
S ignatures M0HAMED KHALID BiN IBRAHIM (Engku and DatoKarabat )
iBRAHINI (Tengku Mahkota and Dato Karabat)
r00
Signatures ENGKU SULEIMAN (Engku and Dato Karabat)
JMFAR BIN HAJI MOHAMED (Dato Mentr i of Johore)
I-LAJI MOFLAMED SALLEH (Dato and Hakim)
SEYYID SALIM BIN AHMAD AL-ATTAS (Dato and Muft i )
MOHAMED IBRAHIM BIN HAJI ABDULLAH MUNSHI (DatoB in ta ra Da lam)
MOHAMED SALLEH BIN PRANG (Dato Bintara Luar)
JAAFAR BIN NONG YAHYA (Dato Penggawa Timor)
ABDUL SAMAD BIN IBRAHIM (Dato Penggawa Barat)
MOLIAMED YAHYA BIN AWAL-ED-DEEN (Dato)
FLAJI ABDUL RAHMAN (Dato and Kadhi)
ABDULLAH BIN TAHIR (Dato Sr i S t ia Ra ja)
YAHYA BIN SHMBAN (Dato)
ANDAK (Dato)
MOHAMED BIN MAIIBOB (Dato)
ABDUTRAHMAN BIN ANDAK (Dato Sri Amar di-Raja)
FOOTNOTE
There are severa l t rans la t ions o f th is Const i tu t ion .T h i s o n e , s e n t b y t h e C O t o J . A . S w e t t e n h a m i n 1 9 0 0 , i sthe vers ion fu rn ished fo r the Johore Adv isory Board , o fwh ich J .A . Swet tenham notes tha t i t "appears to d i f fe rsomewhat from the translat ion furnished to me from theMalay or ig ina l ' r (S ingapore Nat iona l L ib rary : Governoro f S t r a i t s , C o n f i d e n t i a l D e s p a t c h e s o f 1 8 9 9 , J . A .Swet tenhan to CO o f 14 Dec. 1899 [ r CO Conf ident ia lD e s p a t c h e s t o G o v e r n o r o f t h e S S o f 1 9 0 0 , J . C h a m b e r l a i nt o J . A . S w e t t e n h a m o f 2 M a r . 1 9 0 0 ) . I t m a y b e p r e -sumed that the Bri t ish Governnent regarded this as an"o f f i c ia l " t rans la t ion , s ince i t was a p r in ted copy(or so Swet tenharn sa id , a l though the copy he rece ivedwas typed) ; and i t appears a lso to be accepted as theof f i c ia l t rans la t ion by the Governrnent o f Johore , s incei t fo rms the bas is o f the modern t rans la t ions o f thecons t i tu t ion , now h igh ly emended, in the vers ion pub-l i shed ( in bo th Ma1ay, Jawi sc r ip t , and Eng l ish) by theJohore Governrnent , Johore Bahru , 1962, and in the ver -sion which appears in MaLagan Const i tut ionaL Documents,2 n d . e d . , V o l . i i , K u a l a L u m p u r , 7 9 6 2 .
l 0 l
Note on the Johore Treaty and Documents of. 191.4
On the death of Sultan Abu Bakar in 1895 there was someta lk o f se iz ing the oppor tun i ty to send an Agent under the1885 Treaty and even to p ress Johore in to the federa t ion o fPro tec ted Malay Sta tes wh ich was then be ing ar ranged (seeFedera l Document 1893 and Federa l T rea ty 1895, p .40 ) .Never the less the Br i t i sh Secre tary o f S ta te p romised the newRu1er , Ib rah im, tha t Br i ta in wou ld observe a l l under tak ingsmade to h is fa ther .
The f i rs t ma jor d i f f i cu l ty to a r ise be tween Su l tanIbrah i rn and the Br i t i sh was in connect ion w i th the proposedra i lway th rough Johore 1 i -nk ing S ingapore to the Federa tedMalay Sta tes (FMS) . In 1890, by a Convent ion s igned w i ththe Secretary of State in London, the late Abu Bakar hadunder taken to consu l t a S t ra i ts o f f i c ia l about the cons t ruc-t ion o f th is ra i lway and to submi t h is p lans and es t imatesto the St ra i ts Governor in o rder tha t he migh t , i f he w ished,par t i c ipa te in con*s t ruc t ion , runn ing and main tenance onBr j - ta in rs beha l f . r Es t imates and p lans were rnade, and theSt ra i ts du ly o f fe red to ass is t in the ra i lway , bu t in 1899Sul tan Ib rah in re fused the i - r o f fe r (as he was w i th in h isr igh ts to do) and embarked on the pro jec t h imse l f in consu l -ta t ion w i th a f i rm o f eng ineers whose dub ious reputa t ion wasa l ready known to the Co lon ia l Of f i ce . S i r F rank Swet tenham(Act ing Governor f rom 1900 and Governor , 1901-03) apparent lyby a l te rna te use o f th rea ts - in wh ich nent ion was made o fthe despatch to Johore o f an Agent , i f no t a Br i t i sh Res identw i th fu l l powers - and someth ing susp ic ious ly l i ke b r ibes ,eventual ly persuaded the Ruler to revert to the formerarrangement- and sign a new convent ion with Bri tain in Ig04.2
There was a f resh c r is is in 1905 when Ib rah im, in a b idfor f inancial independence, tr ied to grant to a company (someof whose lead ing members were on h is Adv isory Board) a con-cess ion commi t t ing a l l the resources o f h is S ta te fo r thenex t twenty years . The fo l low j -ng year bo th S ingapore andLondon authori- t ies were alarrned by Ibrahimrs generous grantso f land to European concess ionar ies ( inc lud ing a companywhere Swettenham, having ret i red from government, served asa d i rec to r ) . Concerned les t Johore shou ld wr igg le f ree f romher economic dependence on Si-ngapore and the FMS, the Bri t ishwere once aga in eager to t 'pu t a Br i t i sh Res ident in to theSta te and have i t admin is te red in l ine w i th the FMS' ' .3 Butonce aga in the Su l tan nar rowly escaped, th is t ime w i th apersona l warn ing f rom the Secre tary o f S ta te tha t Br i ta in* For foo tno tes see p .105
t02
expected him to be advised in the governnent of Johore bythe Governor -H igh Commiss ioner . The Br i t i sh Governnentfe l t tha t Ib rah im 's f requent and pro longed v is i t s to Europehad exacerbated the s i tua t ion in Johore and they ins is tedthat he should return home. In further endeavours to tameh is independence they secured the abo l i t ion o f the JohoreAdvisory Board and they deprived Ibrahim of the services ofhis 1ninence gz'ise, Dato Abdul Rahman.
Up to 1909 i t was assumed tha t i f Johorers s ta tus werea l te red a t a l l , i t wou ld be by her incorpora t ion w i th in theFMS. But when in that year the four northern states passedunder Br i t i sh suzera in ty w i thout be ing fo rced to jo in theF M S ( s e e S i a m T r e a t y 1 9 0 9 p . 3 3 2 ) , a n a l t e r n a t i v e c o u r s ewas made ava i lab le - the acceptance o f a Br i t j - sh Adv iserrepor t ing d i rec t l y to the Governor -H j -gh Commiss ioner ins teadof to the Res ident Genera l , FMS - wh ich Su l tan Ib rah im wasinduced to pursue. In 1909 Ib rah im asked fo r "an o f f i certo act as adviser to his Government" and offered to provideth is o f f i cer ' s sa la ry and accommodat ion . In mak ing th isrequest he p laced Johore i -n the same ca tegory as the fournor thern s ta tes : the Agent o f the 1885 Treaty wou ld havebeen endowed mere ly w i th consu lar powers and wou ld haverece ived no th ing f rom Johore except a f ree s i te fo r h ishouse, whereas the Adv iser in each o f the nor thern Sta teswas supp l ied w i th a sa la ry and a house f ron the governnentto wh ich he was accred i ted . Whatever the cause o f Ib rah imrsinv i ta t ion - be i t p ressure f rom the St ra i ts ( though i f sothe C0 knew noth ing o f i t ) o r f rom wi th in Johore i t se l f -
the resu l t was the appo in tment o f D .G. Canpbe l l as Genera lAdv iser . Campbe l l was per rn i t ted to a t tend Sta te Counc i lneet ings but was debarred from part ic ipat i .on in natters notd i r e c t l y c o n c e r n i n g B r i t a i n o r B r i t i s h s u b j e c t s .
In 1913 Su l tan Ib rah im took advantage o f Campbe l l rsabsence f rom Johore Bahru to ca l l a surpr ise meet ing o f theS t a t e C o u n c i l w h i c h d o u b l e d t h e R u l e r r s a l l o w a n c e " t o c e l e -bra te h is fo r t ie th b i r thday" . S i r Ar thur Young (Governor ,1 9 1 1 - 1 9 ) b e l i . e v e d t h i s w a s a n a c t o f d e f i a n c e . M o r e o v e r ,he had recent ly repor ted to London an a l leged scanda l inJohore ts p r isons and had won met ropo l i tan consent to se t t ingup a Commission of Enquiry whose recomrnendat ions would beb ind ing upon the Ru ler . There can be l i t t1e doubt tha tYoung had a l ready nade up h is n ind to endow the Genera lAdv iser w i th fu l1er powers ak in to those o f h is co l leaguesin the FMS. The Co lon ia l Of f i ce , bear ing in mind Su l tanIbrah imrs record , were pred isposed to accept Youngrs p ro-posa ls . The Commiss ion o f Enqu i ry repor ted ear ly in 1914;
r03
i t was c r i t i ca l o f cer ta in aspec ts o f Johorers adrn in is t ra -t ion , a l though i t d id no t fu rn ish much ev idence o f genera lmisrule, and i t recommended an enlargement of the GeneralAdv iser rs powers . The on ly ques t ion tha t remained washow to ge t the Su l tan to accept Br i t i sh te rns . A l thoughthe Co lon ia l Of f i ce must have cons idered depos i t ion as theu l t imate sanc t ion , they re fused Young 's reques t fo r permis -s ion to use th is th rea t . As i t tu rned ou t the u l t imatesanct ion was not required. 0n I May 1914 and again a fewdays later, Young had meetings with lbrahim. Young reportedto London tha t the Su l tan had g iven way on a l l po in ts a t thef i rs t meet ing so tha t i t had no t been necessary to p resenth im wi th a le t te r (a l ready wr i t ten) wh ich came very c loseto th rea ten ing depos i t ion .
The resu l ts o f these meet ings were the 1914 Treaty andsurat akuan (Johore Treaty and Documents of 1914). TheTreaty o f 1914 was in e f fec t an amendment o f a r t i c le 3 o fthe 1885 Treaty in order that the Agent provided for in theex is t ing agreement migh t be rep laced by a Genera l Adv iserw i th g rea ter func t ions and powers . Hav ing cons ideredYoung 's d ra f t , Ib rah im suggested tha t c lauses v i - x o f thePangkor Agreement (Perak Trea ty 7874 p .390) shou ld be added.In the event on ly c lauses v i , v i i i and x were incorpora tedin the 1914 Treaty , bu t , a t the Ru ler ' s reques i sura t akuan(1 i te ra l l y : an acknowledgement ) were pub l ished a long w i ththe Treaty i tsel f . The surat akuan had the double effecto f sav ing the Ru ler rs face (by mak ing the new d ispensat ionappear to be his own idea) and l imit ing some of the noreser ious consequences fo r Johore o f Br i t i sh in te rvent ion .Young was probab ly incor rec t in assurn ing , as he seemed to ,tha t these suv ,a t akuan d id no t s ign i f i can t ly a f fec t Johorersju r is t i c s tand ing a l though in la te r years the Johore au thor i -t i e s t h e m s e l v e s w e r e i n c l i n e d t o e x a g g e r a t e t h e i r v a l i d i t y . 40n the who le the Ru ler appears to have used h is d i -p lomat icsk i l1 to b lun t the sharp edge o f Youngrs o r ig ina l in ten t ionsv e r y e f f e c t i v e l y .
In the I9I4 surat akuan Sultan Ibrahim addressed Youngas Governor . There had been an ear l ie r d ispu te when Youngt r ied to persuade the Su l tan to address h im, as d id theRulers and Governments o f the o ther Ma lay Sta tes , as H ighCommiss ioner , bu t the Su l tan re fused.5 The London v iew wastha t the Governor was Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t lementsbut High Comnissioner for the Malay States - ie includingJohore . Johorers a t t i tude suggested tha t she regarded her -se l f as in a pecu l ia r re la t ionsh ip w i , th Br i " ta in . There was,indeed, a cons iderab le debate , in the years be fore 1941,
104
about Johorers "spec ia l s ta tus ' r . The imp l ica t ion was tha tJohore was somewhat less dependent upon Bri tain than theother S ta tes , Th is r rspec ia l s ta tusr r was man i fes ted in anunber o f more or less fo rmal d is t inc t ions - the t i t le o ft h e s e n i o r B r i t i s h o f f i c i a l ( G e n e r a l A d v i s e r ) , t h e a b s e n c eof the Un ion Jack over h is house, the fa i lu re to p rov ide aguard o f honour fo r h im on s ta te occas ions , the fac t the hewore Johore un i fo rm, e tc . - many o f wh ich were enshr ined inthe suz .a t akuan. S i r Ro land Bradde1 l , the Su l tan 's lega1adviser, subsequent ly publ ished The Legal Status of the MaLaySta tes (S ingapore , 1931) in wh ich he main ta ined tha t Johorewas on en t i re ly d i f fe ren t ju r i s t i c foo t ing f rom tha t o f theother S ta tes and tha t hers was a "h igher r r s ta tus . Ac t j -ngon th is assumpt ion Su l tan Ib rah im the fo l low ing year re jec tedthe suggest ion o f S i r Cec i l C lement i (Governor , l93 I -34)tha t he shou ld t rea t h is Adv iser as o ther Unfedera ted Sta test rea ted the i rs , and added:
I may here remark that there is a tendency top l a c e J o h o r e i n a s i m i l a r p o s i t i o n t o t h a t o fthe o ther Ma lay Sta tes under Br i t i sh p ro tec t ionand suzera in ty w i th the apparent ob j ec t o f un i -f i ca t ion . I f I am r igh t in my surmise I taketh is oppor tun i ty o f s t rong ly p ro tes t ing aga ins tsuch a po l i cy - a f te r a l l Johore is on an en t i re lydi f ferent foot ing to any other Malay States andt h i s d i f f e r e n c e I w i s h t o p r e s e r v e a t a l l c o s t s . 6
The Br i t i sh were a lways inc l ined to re jec t what theyc a 1 1 e d J o h o r e t s ' r p r e t e n s i o n s " T b u t t h e y n e v e r o b l i g e d t h eSu l tan to g ive way, nor d id they ever f ind themse lves ob l igedto g ive an o f f i c ia l and pub l ic verd ic t on the mat te r . I fthey had i t i s hard to be l ieve tha t they wou ld have acceptedthat the I9I4 suz,at akuan had the same force in law as thet rea ty o f tha t year .
C O 2 7 3 / I 7 0 ; e n c l in Ommanney to C0, 16 Ju ly 1890.
M a x w e l l & G i b s o n p p 2 5 2 - 2 6 7 . T h i s C o n v e n t i o n w a s s u b -s tan t ia l l y mod i f ied by a fu r ther a r rangement in 1908,s e e C O 2 7 3 / 3 3 9 , A n d e r s o n t o C 0 8 1 o f 1 2 M a r . 1 9 0 8 .
C O 2 7 3 / 3 2 4 ; m i n u t e b y L u c a s 3 0 M a r . 1 9 0 6 , c i t e d i nT h L o , o p . c i t . , p 2 4 L .
CO 273/407, Young to C0 conf . o f 14 May 1914 and 260 o fsame date , & minu te o f 9 June 1914; cp CO 273/396, Youngto C0 conf . o f 7 Aug. 1913; ib t ,d , Young to CO conf . o f
1 .
2 .
r05
5 .
6 .
1 4 O c t . 1 9 1 3 ; C O 2 7 3 / 4 0 6 , Y o u n g t o C O o f 1 9 M a r . 1 9 1 4 ;C O 2 7 3 / 4 0 7 Y o u n g t o C O t e 1 . o f 1 2 M a y 1 9 1 4 .
C O 2 7 3 / 3 7 5 , Y o u n g t o C 0 5 1 2 o f 2 8 N o v . 1 9 1 1 .
C l e m e n t i P a p e r s : S u l t a n o f J o h o r e t o R . O . W i n s t e d t , l 9J u L y T 9 3 2 , e n c 1 . i n W i n s t e d t t o C l e m e n t i , 1 1 A u g . 1 9 3 2 .
Ib id . Menorandum by Wins ted t . enc l . in C lement i to C02 4 S e p t . 1 9 5 1 .
106
JOHORE DOCUMENTS of 11 May 1914
- *Sura t Akuan a t tached to the 1914 Johore Trea ty l
i ) Su l tan o f Johore toGovernor o f the St ra i tsSet t lenents
ISTANA BESAR,Johore Bharu,l l t h M a y , 1 9 1 4
S i r ,
As I have not been for some t ime in good health and i ti s very poss ib le tha t I may be leav ing Johore fo r a pe : ' iod ,I cons ider i t now adv isab le tha t the Sta te and Ter r i to ry o fJohore shou ld be admin is te red on an improved bas is andthere fore w i th the concur rence o f my Min is te rs I submi t fo rthe cons idera t ion and approva l o f H is Ma jes ty rs Governmentt h a t A r t i c l e I I I o f t h e A g r e e m e n t o f 1 8 8 5 a s r e g a r d s t h eappo in tment o f the Br i t i sh Agent there in be amended andtha t ins tead o f a Br i t i sh Agent a Genera l Adv iser beappo in ted whose func t ions and powers be en la rged.
T h q r r o a + .r r . s v v , v e s . ,
Signature IBRAHIM
For foo tno te see p ,112
t07
i i ) Su l tan o f Johore toGovernor o f the St ra i tsSet t lenents
ISTANA BESAR,Johore Bharu,l l t h M a y , 1 9 1 4 .
S i r ,
In v iew o f the proposed ex tens ion o f the powers o f theGenera l Adv iser , I have the honour to enqu i re whether thef o l l o w i n g l i n e s o f p o l i c y m e e t w i t h Y o u r E x c e l l e n c y ' sapproval and concurrence.
2 . A s i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e r e m a y b e o c c a s i o n a ld i f fe rences o f op in ion be tween myse l f and the Genera l Adv iser ,I wou ld suggest tha t the op in ion o f the Sta te Counc i l shou ldbe taken whenever such d ivergences ar ise and shou ld becornmunica ted to Your Exce l lency a long w i th the v iew o f theG e n e r a l A d v i s e r .
3 . I wou ld a lso ask whether Your Exce l lency has anyob jec t ion on grounds o f pub l i c po l i cy to the appo in tnent o fEuropeans as Members o f my Sta te Counc i l , o f my Execut iveCounc i l and o f the Jud ic ia l Bench o f the Sta te o f Johore ,assun ing , o f course , tha t Your Exce l lency concurs in con-s ider ing the appo in tments to be necessary and the proposedn o m i n e e s t o b e p e r s o n a l l y s u i t a b l e .
4 . I wou ld be g lad a lso o f an assurance tha t theappo in tnent o f representa t ives o f the European Unof f i c ia lConmunity in my country would not be opposed to YourE x c e l l e n c y f s v i e w s .
5 . In fu tu re European Of f i cers w i l l on ly be appo in tedor seconded to the Johore serv ice w i th Your Exce l lencyrsfu l l concur rence; bu t I wou ld ask tha t a f te r they have beenso appo in ted they shou ld be regarded as Johore Of f i cers fo rthe t i rne be ing and shou ld be expec ted to wear the JohoreWhi te Un i fo rm. I a lso assume tha t i - t w i l l be open to meat any t ime to recomrnend that any off icer with whose work Iam d issa t is f ied shou ld cease to be employed in Johore .
6 . I h a v e a l s o t o r e q u e s t Y o u r E x c e l l e n c y t s a c c e p t a n c eof the pr inc ip le tha t Ma lay and Eng l ish shou ld be acceptedas o f f i c ia l languages fo r use in ny cour ts o f Jus t ice and in
t 08
a l l Depar tments o f my Governnent . In the cases o f theMalay wr i t ten language the Jawi charac ter shou ld be g ivent h i s o f f i c i a l r e c o g n i t i o n .
7 , There ex is ts a t the present t ime a schoo l fo reducat ing Johore Malays to take par t in the adn in is t ra t ionof the i r count ry . In the bes t in te res ts o f my peop le Iwou ld ask tha t th is schoo l shou ld cont inue to be main ta inedand tha t p re fe rence shou ld a lways be g iven to qua l i f iedJohore Malays when such are avai labLe for employment in thes e r v i c e o f t h e i r o w n s t a t e .
8 . I wou ld reques t tha t Ma lays and Europeans in myserv ice shou ld be t rea ted on te rms o f eoua l i t v .
9 . Shou ld I have occas ion to w ish to t rave l beyond thel im i ts o f the Malay Pen insu la I wou ld be g lad to havea u t h o r i t y t o s e t t l e t h e n a t t e r b y o b t a i n i n g Y o u r E x c e l l e n c y ' sconcur rence,
I h a v e , e t c . ,
S ignature IBRAHIM
109
i i i ) Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t lements toSu l tan o f Johore
GOVERNMENT HOUSE.S ingapore ,1 1 t h M a y , 1 9 1 4 .
S i r ,
I have the honour to acknowledge the rece ip t o f YourH i g h n e s s r s l e t t e r o f t h e l l t h M a y , 1 9 1 4 , o n t h e s u b j e c t o fthe po l i cy to be adopted in cer ta in mat te rs in v iew o f theproposed ex tens ion by t rea ty o f the powers o f the Genera lAdviser to the Government of Johore, and to inform you thatI agree w i th and accept Your H ighnessrs suggest ions on a l lt h e p o i n t s d e a l t w i t h i n y o u r l e t t e r .
I h a v e , e t c . ,
Signature ARTHUR YOUNG
l r0
ofthe
JOHORE TREATY of 12 May, 1914
Amendment to 1885 Treaty l *
Whereas i t i s cons idered des i rab le tha t Ar t i c le I I I o fthe Agreement o f the l l th Decernber , 1885, made by the R igh tHonourab le Freder ick Ar thur S tan ley , Her Ma jes ty rs Secre taryo f S ta te fo r the Co lon ies , on beha l f o f Her Br i tann icMajes ty rs Government and H is H ighness the Mahara jah o f Johoreshou ld be repea led and another Ar t i c le subs t i tu ted there for :
Now i t i s hereby agreed by and be tween H is Exce l lencyS i r A r t h u r l l e n d e r s o n Y o u n g , K . C . M . G . , G o v e r n o r o f t h e C o l o n yof the St ra i ts Set t lements , on beha l f o f H is Br i tann icMajes ty fs Government and H is H ighness the Su l tan o f theSta te and Ter r i to ry o f Johore tha t the above Ar t i c le be re -p e a l e d a n d t h e f o l l o w i n g A r t i c l e s u b s t i t u t e d t h e r e f o r : -
A r t i c l e i i i
The Su l tan o f the Sta te and te r r i to ry o f Johore w i l lrece ive and prov ide a su i tab le res idence fo r a Br i t i shO f f i c e r t o b e c a l l e d t h e G e n e r a l A d v i s e r , w h o s h a 1 1 b e a c c r e -d i ted to h is Cour t and l i ve w i th in the Sta te and te r r i to ryof Johore, and whose advice nust be asked and acted upon ona l l mat te rs a f fec t ing the genera l admin is t ra t ion o f thecount ry and on a l l ques t ions o ther than those touch ing MaIayR e l i g i o n a n d C u s t o m .
The cos t o f the Genera l Adv iser w i th h is es tab l i shments h a l l b e d e t e r m i r a e d b y t h e G r r e r n m e n t o f t h e S t r a i t s S e t t l e -nents and be a charge on the Revenues o f Johore .
T h e c o l l e c t i o n a n d c o n t r o l o f a l L r e v e n u e s o f t h ecount ry sha l1 be regu la ted under the adv ice o f the Genera lA d v i s e r .
In witness whereof the said SIR ARTHUR HENDERSON YOUN(And HIS Said HIGHNESS THE SULTAN OF THE STATE AND TERRITOROF JOHORE have s igned th is agreement th is twe l f th day o fl r lay, one thousand nine hundred and fourteen.
S ignature o f H is H ighness the Su l tan o f the Sta te andTemi to ry o f Johore .
(Signed) IBRAHIN{
thatI
* F o r f o o t n o t e s e e p . 1 1 2
i l l
Witnessed by
Signature ARTHUR YOUNG,
W i t n e s s R . J . W I L K I N S O N
OMAR BIN AHMADAHMAD BIN MUHAMMAD KHALIDJAAFAR BIN HA"JI MOHAMEDMOHAMED BIN MAHBOB
(Jawi Scr ip t )
Governor o f the St ra i tsSet t lements
FOOTNOTE
1. A copy o f the Trea ty and sura t akuan is in CO 273/407,Young to C0 conf . , 14 May 1914 (Pub l ic Vers ion : Youngto Harcour t 260 o f sane da te) . I t was pub l ished in anExt raord inary Johore Government Gazet te , Vo1. iv , no .i i i , Johore Bahru , 16 June 1914. A copy o f the Trea tyis a lso in the Malays ian Nat iona l Arch ives .
n2
I
: Note on the Johore Trea ty o f 1927
The boundary between Johore and Singapore, or iginal lyla id down tn 1824, had been mod i f ied by the 1885 JohoreTreaty and res ta ted ra ther nore care fu l l y in 1906.1 Towardsthe end o f h is per iod in o f f i ce , S i r Laurence Gu i l lenard(Governor and High Commissioner 1919-27) had embarked on afu r ther redef in i t ion o f the f ron t ie r in connect ion w i th therequ i rements o f the Imper ia l Nava l Base wh ich was be ing es-tab l i shed a t S ingapore . The resu l t was the t rea ty wh ichwas s igned be tween Su l tan Ib rah im and Gu i l le rnardrs successor ,S i r Hugh C l i f fo rd (Governor and H igh Comniss ioner L927-29) .As s ta ted in Ar t i c le i v par l iamentary approva l was requ i redbefore the t rea ty cou ld take e f fec t and in the fo l low ingyear the St ra i ts Set t lements and Johore Ter r i to r ia l Waters(Agreement ) B i l l was in t roduced in to the House o f Lords .In rnoving the second reading on 27 March Lord Lovat, thePar l iamentary Under -Secre tary a t the Co lon ia l 0 f f i ce , un-w i t t ing ly d rew a t ten t ion to the paradox in Br i ta in 's t rea tyre la t ions w i th Ma lay Ru lers : r rThe Su l tan o f Johore is aSovere ign Pr ince . He is d i rec t l y under the pro tec t ion o fH i s M a j e s t y . . . T h e B i l l r e a 1 l y o n l y m a k e s a s l i g h t l y a l t e r e dboundary ins ide the Empi re . ' rz The B i l l rece ived the Roya lA s s e n t o n 3 A u g u s t 1 9 2 8 . r
CO 273/319, Anderson to Lucas (p r iva te) , 22 Nov. 1906.
Par l ianentary Debates , House o f Lords , 70 , xx . 27 l r la r .1 9 2 8 , 6 4 5 .
S e e C O 2 7 3 / 5 4 8 , n o . 5 2 0 8 9 .
1I
2
r 13
JOHORE TREATY of 19 October, 1927
Boundary Trea!, , with- Singapo_re1*
Agreement made be tween H is Exce l lency S i r Hugh Char lesC l i f f o r d , M . C . S . , K n i g h t G r a n d C r o s s o f t h e M o s t D i s t i n g u i s h e dOrder of Saint Michael and Saint George, Knight Grand Crossof the Most Exce l len t Order o f the Br i t i sh Empi re , Governorand Commander - in -Ch ie f o f the Co lony o f the St ra i ts Set t le -ments ,2 on beha l f o f H is Br i tann ic Ma jes ty , and H is H ighnessIbrah im, Kn igh t Grand Cross o f the Most D is t ingu ished Orderof Saint Michael and Saint George, Knight Conrnander of theMost Exce l len t Order o f the Br i t i sh Empi re , b in A lmarhomSultan Abu Bakar, Sultan of the State and Terr i tory ofJ o h o r e :
Whereas Ar t i c le i i o f the Trea ty o f the Second Day o fAugust , 1824, made be tween the Honourab le the Eng l i . sh Eas tIndia Company on the one side and Their Highnesses theSultan and Tumungong of Johore on the other, Their saidHighnesses d id cede in fu11 sovere ign ty and proper ty to thesa id Company, the i r he i rs and successors fo r ever , theIs land o f S ingapore together w i th cer ta in ad jacent seas ,s t r a i t s a n d i s l e t s :
And whereas H is Br i tann ic Ma jes ty i s the successor o fthe Honourab le the Eng l ish Eas t Ind ia Company:
And whereas H is Br i tann ic Ma jes ty in token o f thef r iendsh ip wh ich he bears towards H is H ighness Ib rah in b inA lmarhon Su l tan Abu Bakar , Su l tan o f the Sta te and Ter r i to ryo f Johore , i s des i rous tha t cer ta in o f the sa id seas , s t ra i tsand is le ts sha1 l be re t ro -ceded and sha l l aga in fo rn par t o fthe Sta te and Ter r i to ry o f Johore :
N o w , t h e r e f o r e , i t i s a g r e e d a n d d e c l a r e d a s f o l l o w s : -
A r t i c l e i
The boundary be tween the te r r i to r ia l waters o f theSet t lement o f S ingapore and those o f the Sta te and Ter r i to ryo f Johore sha l1 , except as hereaf te r spec i f ied in th isAr t i c le , be an i rnag inary l ine fo l low ing the cent re o f thedeep-water channe l in Johore St ra i t , be tween the main landof the Sta te and Ter r i to ry o f Johore on the one s ide and theNor thern Shores o f the Is lands o f S ingapore , Pu lau Ub in ,
F o r f o o t n o t e s s e e p . 1 1 6
l t4
Pu1au Tekong Kech i l , and Pu lau Tekong Besar on the o thers i d e . W h e r e , i f a t a l l , t h e c h a n n e l d i v i d e s i n t o t w opor t ions o f equa l depth runn ing s ide by s ide , the boundarysha1 l run midway be tween these two por t ions . A t the Westernent rance o f Johore St ra i t , the boundary , a f te r pass ing th roughthe cent re o f the deep-water channe l Eas tward o f Pu lauMerambong, sha11 proceed seaward , in the genera l d i rec t ionof the ax is o f th is channe l p roduced, un t i l i t in te rsec tsthe S-rni le l imit drawn from the 1ow water mark of the SouthCoast o f Pu lau Merambong. A t the Eas tern en t rance o fJohore St ra i t , the boundary sha l l be he ld to pass th roughthe cent re o f the deep-water channe l be tween the main landof Johore , Westward o f Johore H i I l , and Pu lau Tekong Besar ,nex t th rough the cent re o f the deep-water channe l be tweenJohore Shoa l and the na in land o f Johore , Southward o fJohore H i11 , and f ina l l y tu rn ing Southward , to in te rsec tthe 3-mi1e l im i t d rawn f rom the 1ow water mark o f the main-land o f Johore in a pos i t ion bear ing 192 degrees f ro rnT a n j o n g S i t a p a .
The boundary as so de f ined is approx imate ly de l ineatedi-n red on the map annexed hereunto and forming part of thisagreement . Shou ld , however , the map, owing to a l te ra t ionsi n t h e c h a n n e l s , e t c . , a p p e a r a t a n y t i m e t o c o n f l i c t w i t ht h e t e x t o f t h i s A g r e e m e n t , t h e t e x t s h a l l i n a l l c a s e spreva i 1 .
A r t i c l e i i
Sub jec t to the prov is ions o f Ar t i c le i hereo f , a l lthose waters ceded by The i r H ighnesses the Su l tan andTumungong of Johore under the Treaty of the 2nd of August,1824, wh ich are w i th in th ree naut ica l m i les o f the na in landof the Sta te and Ter r i to ry o f Johore measured f ro rn the lowwater mark sha l l be deemed to be w i th in the Ter r i to r ia lwaters o f the Sta te and Ter r i to ry o f Johore .
A r t i c l e i i i
A 1 1 i s l e t s l y i n g w i t h i n t h e T e r r i t o r i a l w a t e r s o f t h eSta te and Ter r i to ry o f Johore , as de f ined in Ar t i c les i andi i hereo f , wh ich i runed ia te ly p r io r to th is Agreement fo rmedpar t o f H is Br i tann ic Ma jes ty rs dorn in ions , a re hereby cededin fu I1 sovere ign ty and proper ty to H is H ighness the Su l tanof the Sta te and Ter r i to ry o f Johore , h is he i rs and succes-sors fo r ever .
I 15
A r t i c l e i v
Th is Agreement sha l l remain w i thout fo rce or e f fec tun t i l i t has rece ived the approva l o f the Br i t i sh Par l ia -m e n t .
In w i tness whereof H is Exce l lency S i r Hugh Char lesC l i f f o r d , M . C . S . , K n i g h t G r a n d C r o s s o f t h e M o s t D i s t i n -gu ished Order o f Sa in t Michae l and Sa in t George, Kn igh tGrand Cross o f the Most Exce l len t Order o f the Br i t i shEmpi re , and H is H ighness Ib rah i .m, Kn igh t Grand Cross o f theMost D is t ingu ished Order o f Sa in t Michae l and Sa in t George,Kn igh t Commander o f the Most Exce l len t Order o f the Br i t i shEmpi-re, bin Almarhon Sultan Abu Bakar have set their respec-t i v e s e a l s a n d s i g n a t u r e s .
Dated a t S ingapore th is l9 th day
Sea l3 andSignature o f
W i t n e s s e s :
HUGH CLIFFORD,Governor o f theS t r a i t s S e t t l e m e n t s
J . D. I IALLJ . H U G G I N S
W i t n e s s e s :ABDULLAH BiN JAAFAR ( iN
jaui script)Ment r i Besar o f Johore
Captain FIAJI MOHAMMEDSAID BIN HAJI SULEIMAN,Pr iva te Secre tary tothe Sultan ( tn jaui
c,c-1" ' i nt I
FOOTNOTES
N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s o f M a l a y s i a h o l d t h e o r i g i n a l .
Johore a lways dea l t w i th the Governor as Governor , no tas H igh Comrn iss ioner fo r the Malay Sta tes .
3 . A lone o f the Governors , C l i f fo rd had h imse l f made asea l w i " th a lengthy jau i inscr ip t ion o f h is t i t le aswe l l as the Eng l ish one. There is some tempta t ion tobe l ieve tha t th is t rea ty was a t leas t par t l y s ignedt o g i v e h i m a c h a n c e t o u s e i t .
o f O c t o b e r 1 9 2 7 .
Seal andS igna tu re o f
SULTA,N IBRAHIM OfJOHORE ( in jaui scr ip t )
l t 6
Note on the Johore Trea ty o f 1945
The MacMichae l Trea t ies were s igned by each o f theMalay Sta tes dur ing the c los ing months o f 1945; and s incethe c i rcumstances wh ich led to the i r be ing s igned, and manyof the i r o ther fea tures , were ident ica l in every case i tw i l l be conven ien t to beg in w i th sone genera l comments asa w h o 1 e . 1 *
The prob len o f un i t ing , o r a t leas t rnak ing un i fo rm,the admin is t ra t ions o f the Malay Sta tes had long obsessedthe Co lon ia l Of f i ce in London. Decent ra l i sa t ion was onea t t e n p t t o s o l v e i t , b u t b y 1 9 4 L , i f n o t b y 1 9 3 5 , i t w a sseen to have fa i led . The Malayan Un ion schene, worked ou tb y the Co lon ia l Of f i ce in London dur ing the years o f theJapanese occupat ion , was another . I t sought to ach ievethe same broad ends as Gu i l lemard and C lement i env isaged -l ink ing a l l the Sta tes , Federa ted and Unfedera ted - byc o m p l e t e l y o p p o s i t e m e a n s : i n s t e a d o f d e c e n t r a l i s i n g p o w e rto the Ru lers in the Federa ted Sta tes so thd t those o f theUnfedera ted ones migh t be prepared to jo in the Federa t ionin a new, more t ru ly federa l fo rm, i t p lanned to take awaypower f rom the Ru lers a l together (except in a few verytoken spheres) and create a unitary government under theB r i t i s h G o v e r n o r . I n s t e a d o f b o l s t e r i n g t h e s p e c i a l p o s i -t ion o f the Malays so tha t they migh t counterba lance anyd is loya l ty on the par t o f the Ch inese or Ind ian communi t ies ,i t was des igned to make fu l l c i t i zens o f most Ch inese andInd ians so tha t they migh t cornpensate fo r any Malay d isa f fec-t ion resu l t ing f rom the changed s ta te o f th ings . Ma laya ,ins tead o f be ing os tens ib ly the land o f the l r , la lays , was tobe v i r tua l l y a Crown Co lony in wh ich a l l the th ree maincommuni t ies , en joy ing equa l r igh ts , advanced togethertowards eventual independence.
The means se lec ted to in t roduce the Malayan Un ion schemeassurned tha t the Malays wou ld no t be as 1oya1 to Br i ta ina f te r the d isappearance o f Japanese ru le as the Ch inese andInd ians , and a lso tha t Japanese ru le wou ld have to be te r -mina ted , as in Burma, by a p ro longed and b loody campaign .Both assumpt ions proved fa lse , bu t no e f fo r t was nade tochange p lans accord ing ly . The f i rs t requ i rement , so i ts e e m e d t o C o l o n i a l O f f i c e p J . a n n e r s , w a s 1 e g a l 1 y t o e s t a b l i s hB r i t i s h s o v e r e i g n t y - o r a t l e a s t ' r a s c i n t i l l a i l o f s o v e r e i g n -ty - over the en t i re Pen insu la , a t the sarne t ime pu t t ingeach Sta te on nore or less the same foo t ing uds-d-u is Br i ta in .In o ther words , the Malay Ru lers , who had h i ther to been in
F o r f o o t n o t e s e e p . 1 2 0
n7
the eyes o f the Br i t i sh law sovere ign w i th in the i r own Sta tesand each o f whon had h is own d is t inc t i ve Trea ty re la t ionsh ipwith Bri tain ( though the Rulers of the Federated State.s hadcer ta in ob l iga t ions in common as a resu l t o f the r rFedera l r r
Trea t ies ) , shou ld now each s ign a separa te bu t iden t ica ltreaty conferr ing sovereignty upon the Bri t ish monarch.Then the Malayan Un ion cons t i tu t ion cou ld be in t roduced byOrder in Counc i l . In o rder to secure the Ru lers r s ignaturesa spec ia l envoy , S i r Haro ld MacMichae l , was sent to Ma layaw i t h a d o u b l e m i s s i o n : t o c o l l e c t t h e R u l e r s r a s s e n t t othe docurnents and a t the same t ine to sc ru t in ise the i r re -cords during the Japanese period and remove from theirth rones any whom he found unsu i tab le to ru1e, rep lac ingthen w i th o ther I ' su i tab le Malay personages" who wou ld thens ign ins tead. A t the h ighes t leve1 on the Br i t i sh s ide noef fo r t was made to be more than bare ly c iv i l to the Ru lers ,and they were given no encouragement to hesitate or consultw i th the i r peop le o r each o ther . Br i ta in rs ob l iga t ions tothe Malayan peop le as a who le were seen as incons is ten tw i th , and over r id ing , her p rev ious ly much-vaunted ob l iga t ionsto the Ru lers o f the Malay communi ty .
MacMichae l rs co l lec t ion o f s ignatures was conp le ted bythe end o f 1945, a l though no t w i thout a good dea l o f con t ro -versy whose nature may be conjectured fron the introduct ioninto the Malay language of the ver l macmichaelkan meaningt o b u 1 l y o r b r o w b e a t . E a r l y i n 1 9 4 6 f u l l d e t a i l s o f t h el" lalayan Union schene were for the f i rst t ime publ ished i-nBr i ta in , and the cont roversy b lazed in to open d isconten t .The scheme was opposed by three nain groups: ret i red (andsone serv ing) Br i t i sh mernbers o f the Malayan C iv i l Serv ice ;the Ru lers and the i r adv isers ; and the Malay masses , f f io -b i l i sed in to what rap id ly e rnerged as a Malay na t iona l i s tpar ty , the Un i ted Malays Nat iona l Organ isa t ion (UMNO).Indian and Chinese Malayans showed no interest at al l inthe scheme fo r s ix , i f no t indeed twe lve , months , and eventhen never ra l l ied s t rong ly to i t s de fence, wh ich there foreres ted so le ly on the shou lders o f the Co lon ia l Of f i ce andthe few sen io r Ma layan Un ion o f f i c ia ls i t had se lec ted toput i t s po l i . cy in to p rac t ice . The Br i t i sh government wasnever more than ser ious ly i r r i ta ted by the pro tes ts o f theMalayan C iv i l Serv ice nen and, though d is tu rbed, was unde-te r red by the pro tes ts and th rea ts o f the Ru lers . But i twas as tounded, and eventua l l y f r igh tened, by the v io len treac t ion o f the Malay nasses . These ra l l ied round the i rRulers and the UMNO leadership, which, under Dato Onn binJaafar o f Johore , was en t i re ly peaceab le and roya l i s t(a l though no t uncr i t i ca l o f some Ru lers persona l ly ) ; bu t
r 18
beh ind i t loomed the spec t re , cons tan t ly con ju red up byOnn h imse l f , o f an t i -Br i t i sh and repub l ican v io len t revo lu -t ion on the Indones ian mode l . Unsuppor ted by any o f theloca l popu la t ion , opposed even by some midd le and jun io radmin is t ra to rs and secur i ty o f f i c ia ls who reca l led pre-1941Malayan C iv i l Serv ice t rad i t ions , and f l inch ing under a ha i lo f w e l l - d i r e c t e d a n d w e l l - i n f o r m e d c r i t i c i s m i n t h e B r i t i s hPar l iament and press , , the Malayan Un ionrs Governor (andsupposed ly the main pro tagon is t o f the scheme) , S i r EdwardGent , and most o f h is sen io r adv isers favoured rad ica lmod i f i ca t ion by the beg inn ing o f May 1946. The Co lon ia lOff ice demurred but was eventual ly overruled on the adviceof the f i rs t Br i t i sh Governor -Genera l ( la te r Commiss ioner -Genera l ) fo r Southeas t As ia , Ma lco lm MacDona ld , who he ldCabinet rank and who gave his verdict against the Unionand in favour o f a Pen insu la -w ide Federa t ion . In Ju lyAng lo-Ma1ay negot ia t ions began w i th the a im o f rep lac ingthe Un ion w i th a Federa t ion . A l though the Malayan Un ionwas to las t fo r a lnos t two years , i t never passed beyond i t st rans i t iona l phase and those t rans i t iona l p rov is ions (wh ichhad or ig ina l l y been schedu led to las t fo r s ix months) wererenewed a t in te rva ls un t i l the scheme was revoked in i t sen t i re ty on the inaugura t ion o f the Federa t ion o f Ma layaon 1 February 1948. A l though the Malayan Un ion t rea t iestechn ica l l y remained in fo rce un t i l the Sta te Agreementsand the Federat ion of Malaya Agreement were signed on 21January 1948, the Br i t i sh Government cou ld no t deny theMalay Ru lers t ra t t r ibu tes o f sovere ign ty r t dur i -ng the Un ionper iod les t the i r s ignatures on the Federa t ion Agreementn igh t appear wor th less .
The s ign ing o f the Mac l ' l i chae l Trea ty ra ised spec ia lp rob lems in Johore on account o f the 1895 Const i tu t ion (seea b o v e p . 7 7 ) . A r t i c l e x v o f t h i s C o n s t i t u t i o n f o r b a d e t h eRuler to cede or sur render Johore , o r any par t o f Johore , toany o ther S ta te o r power and he ld tha t i f he d id so thepopu la t ion was ' runder no ob l iga t ion to cont inue any longert h e i r a l l e g i a n c e t o h i m . r ' H i s M i n i s t e r s w e r e l i k e w i s e f o r -b idden by Ar t i c le xv i , and by Ar t i c le x l i i he was en jo inedto consu l t w i th them in a l l impor tan t mat te rs . When Mac-Michae l reached Johore (wh ich he v is i ted f i rs t o f a l l theSta tes , in October 1945) Su l tan Ib rah im was very anx ious toreturn to London, from which he had been separated by thewar years , and made no t roub le about s ign ing the t rea tywi thout any consu l ta t ion w i th h j .s Min is te rs o r S ta te Counc i l .In Februaty 1946 a group of Johore Malays sought to deposeh im fo r h is ac t ion and thus inva l ida te the t rea ty as i ta f fec ted Johore . In ius t i f i ca t ion o f the i r ac t ions the
l l 9
Br i t i sh cons idered a l l sor ts o f a rguments : tha t the Con-s t i tu t ion had been inva l ida ted by subsequent t rea t ies ;tha t there had been no Sta te Counc i l to consu l t in 1945,i t hav ing "w i thered away" dur ing the Japanese occupat ion ;tha t the Const i tu t ion was no t des igned to cover cases sucha s t h a t o f t h e 1 9 4 5 t r e a t y . . . T h e ' r c o n s p i r a c y " a g a i n s tthe Su l tan co l lapsed bu t i t s ign i f i can t ly a f fec ted h isa t t i . tude towards the t rea ty . In a le t te r to the Secre taryo f S ta te o f 15 February 1946 Ib rah im wi thdrew h is s ignatureto the MacMichae l Agreement , and by ear ly March he was co l -labora t ing who lehear ted ly w i th the oppos i t ion to the scheme.0n 26 March he te legraphed h is agreement to Johorers en t ryin to a Federa t ion o f Ma1ay Sta tes as an a l te rna t ive to theU n i o n .
S e e J . d e V . A l 1 e n , T h e M a L a y a n U n i o n , N e w H a v e n , L 9 6 7 ;a n d A . J . S t o c k w e l l , r r C o l o n i a l P l a n n i n g i n W o r l d W a rII - the Case of l {a),aya," Jourrtal of Imper. ial andCornnonueaLth H is to ry , I I , 3 (May 1974) , 333-351. , and"The Deve lopment o f Ma lay Po l i t i cs dur ing the courseo f t h e M a l a y a n U n i o n E x p e r i m e n t I g 4 2 - 1 9 4 g , r ' p h D . t h e s i s ,Un i -vers i ty o f London, I973.
120
JOHORE TREATY of 20 October, 1945
N{acMichae l Trea ty r
Agreement be tween H is Ma jes ty rs Government w i th in theUnited Kingdom of Great Bri tain and Northern Ireland and theSta te o f Johore .
Whereas mutua l agreements subs is t be tween H is Br i tann icMajes ty and H is H ighness the Su l tan o f the Sta te and te r r i -to ry o f Johore :
And whereas i t i s exped ien t to p rov ide fo r the cons t i tu -t iona l deve lopment o f the l t {a1ay Sta tes under the pro tec t ionof His Majesty and for the future government of the Stateand te r r i to ry o f Johore :
I t i s hereby agreed be tween S i r Haro ld MacMichae l ,G . C . l \ 4 . G . , D . S . O . , t h e S p e c i a l R e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f H i s M a j e s t y ' sGovernment within the United Kingdom of Great Bri tain andNor thern I re land on beha l f o f H is Ma jes ty and H is H ighnessS i r l b r a h i m , G . C . M . G . , G . B . E . , t h e S u l t a n o f t h e S t a t e a n dt e r r i t o r y o f J o h o r e f o r h i m s e l f , h i s h e i r s a n d s u c c e s s o r s : -
H is H ighness the Su l tan agrees tha t H is Ma jes tysha11 have fu11 power and ju r isd ic t lon w i th inthe Sta te and te r r i to ry o f Johore .
Save in so fa r as the subs is t ing agreements a reincons is ten t w i th th is Agreement o r w i th suchfu ture cons t i tu t iona l a r rangements fo r Ma layaas may be approved by H is Ma jes ty , the sa idagreements sha l l remain in fu l1 fo rce ande f f e c t .
S igned th is 20 day o f 0c tober 1945
Signature H.A. MACMICHAEL, Spec ia l Representa t ivein Ma laya o f the Br i t i sh Government .
W i t n e s s H . T . B O U R D I L L 0 N
Signature IBRAHIM, Su l tan o f the Sta te andter r i to ry o f Johore .
Wi tnesses H. AMADA. KADIR
2 .
For foo tno te see D L22
t2l
A copy , w i th aPub l ic , Eng landof the or ig ina lA r c h i v e s .
Joho re S ta te Sea l
FOOTNOTE
note bY Major Leonard
, cer t i fY ing tha t i t
, i s in the MalaYs ian
Owen, NotarYis a true coPYNati-onal
t22
Note on the Johore Treaty of 1948
As a result of MaIay opposit ion to the Malayan Unionscheme and the N{acMichael Treat ies the Bri t ish entered intonegot i -a t ions w i th the Ru lers and the leaders o f UMNO.These d iscuss ions went th rough severa l s tages be tween Ju ly1946 and ear ly 1948, and, a l though cer ta in Ma lay rad ica l andnon-Malay groups condemned as undemocrat ic both the consul-ta t i ve p rocess and the cons t i tu t iona l p roposa ls , i t wasdec ided: - ( i ) to revoke the Malayan Un ion Order in Counc i l ,1946, ( i i ) to rep lace the l t {acMichae l Trea t ies by new Sta teAgreements , and ( i i i ) to es tab l i sh a pen insu la r federa t ion .
The n ine a lmost iden t ica l S ta te Agreenents were s ignedand sea led be tween the Ru lers and Gent fon beha l f o f H isMajes ty ) on 2 I January - the day wh ich a lso saw the conc lu -s ion o f the Federa t ion o f Ma laya Agreement (see p .100) .Under these Sta te Agreements the ju r isd ic t ion o f the Crownwas conf ined to ex terna l a f fa i rs and de fence. However , theMalay Ru lers were s t i l1 bound to accept the adv ice o f Br i t i shAdv j -sers (no te : the same t i t le was adopted by the pr inc ipa lBr i t i sh o f f i c ia ls pos ted to the Malay Sta tes) "on a l l mat te rsconnected with the government of the State other than rnattersre la t ing to the Mus l im Re l ig ion and the Custom o f the Malays t ' .In add i t ion The i r H ighnesses were now sub jec ted to wr i t tencons t i tu t ions wh ich prov ided fo r a leg is la tu re (Counc i l o fS ta te ) and an Execut ive Counc i l in each Sta te . Up to th ist ime on ly Johore and Trengganu had possessed wr i t ten cons t i -tu t ions (see Johore Document o f 1895, p .77 and TrengganuD o c u m e n t o f 1 9 1 I p . a 7 a ) .
r23
JOHORE TREATY of 2I January, 19481 : k
State Agreement revoking the Macl ' { ichael Treaty^
Agreement made the twenty - f i rs t day o f Janu iLry , 1948, be-t w e e n S i r G e r a r d E d w a r d J a m e s G E N T , K . C . M . G . , D . S . 0 . , 0 . B . 8 . ,M . C . , o n b e h a l f o f H i s M a j e s t y a n d H i s H i g h n e s s I B R A H I M i b n iA l m a r h u m S u l t a n A B U B A K A R , D . K . , S . P . M . J . , G . C . M . G . , K . B . E .( M i l . ) , G . B . E . , G . C . 0 . C . ( I ) , S u l t a n o f t h e S t a t e a n d T e r r i -to ry o f JOHORE for H imse l f and H is Successors :
Whereas mutua l agreements subs i -s t be tween H is Ma jes ty andH i s H i g h n e s s :
And whereas i t has been represented to H is Ma jes ty tha tfresh arrangements should be made for the peace, order andgood government of the State of Johore:
And whereas H is Ma jes ty in token o f the f r iendsh ip wh ichhe bears towards H is H ighness , the sub jec ts o f H is H ighness ,and the inhab i tan ts o f the Sta te o f Johore is p leased to makef resh ar rangements to take e f fec t on such day as H is Ma jes tymay by Order in Counc i l appo in t (here ina f te r ca11ed t ' the
appo in ted dayr ' ) :
And whereas i t i s exped ien t to p rov ide fo r the cons t i tu -t ional development of the Staf.e of Johore under the protec-t ion o f H is Ma jes ty and fo r i t s fu tu re government :
Now, there fore , i t i s agreed and dec la red as fo l lows:
Shor t t i t le andcommencement.
In te rpre ta t ion
1. Th is Agreement may be c i ted as theJohore Agreement , 1948, and sha l l comeinto operat ion on the appointed dayimmedia te ly a f te r the coming in to opera-t ion o f the Order in Counc i l a fo resa id .Not i f i ca t ion o f the appo in ted day sha l lbe publ ished in the MaLayan Union Gazettetogether w i th a copy o f th is Agreement .
2 . I n t h i s A g r e e m e n t :I tEnactment ' means any 1aw enacted by HisHighness w i th the adv ice and consent o fa C o u n c i l o f S t a t e c o n s t i t u t e d u n d e r t h ewr i t ten Const i tu t ion o f the Sta te re fe r redto in C lause 9 o f th is Agreement ;
' rFederal Government" means the Governmento f t h e F e d e r a t i o n :
* F o r f o o t n o t e s e e P . 1 2 8
t24
Protect ion andexterna la f f a i r s .
" the Federat ionrt means the Federat ion ofMalaya to be cal led i -n Malay I 'Persekutuan
Tanah Melay t r ' , wh ich is to be es tab l i shedon the appointed day;
"Federat ion Agreementrr means the Agreenentwh ich is to be made between H is Ma jes tyand The i r H ighnesses the Ru lers o f theMalay Sta tes o f Johore , Pahang, Negr iSembi lan , Se langor , Perak , Kedah, Per l i s ,Kelantan and Trengganu for the establ ish-ment of the Federat ion, and includes anyamendment thereof;' t the High Commissioner" means the HighCommissioner for the Federat ion;
' rH is H ighness t r means the Su l tan o f Johoreand H is Successors ;r rH is H ighness in Counc i l i l means H is H igh-ness ac t ing a f te r consu l ta t ion w i th theSta te Execut ive Counc i l cons t i tu ted underthe wr i t ten Const i tu t ion o f the Sta te re -fe r red to in C lause 9 o f th is Agreement ,bu t no t necessar i l y in accordance w i th theadv ice o f such Counc i l nor necessar i l y insuch Counc i l assembled ;I 'Secre tary o f S ta te t f means one o f H isM a j e s t y ? s P r i n c i p a l S e c r e t a r i e s o f S t a t e .
3 . ( 1 ) H i s M a j e s t y s h a 1 l h a v e c o m p l e t econt ro l o f the de fence and o f a l l the ex-ternal af fairs of the State of Johore andHis Majes ty under takes to p ro tec t theGovernment and State of Johore and al l i tsdependenc ies f rom ex terna l hos t i le a t tacksand for this and other simi lar purposesHis Majes ty rs Forces and persons au thor isedby or on beha l f o f H is Ma jes ty rs Governmentsha11 a t a l l t imes be a l lowed f ree accessto the Sta te o f Johore and to employ a l lnecessary means o f oppos ing such a t tacks .
(2 ) H is H ighness under takes tha t , w i th -ou t the knowledge and consent o f H is Ma jes-ty rs Government , he w i l l no t make anytTeaty, enter into any engagement, deal inor cor respond on po l i t i ca l mat te rs w i th ,o r send envoys to , any fo re ign Sta te .
125
Br i t i shA d v i s e r .
Cos t o fB r i t i shAdviser .
Appointrnent ofBr i t i shA d v i s e r .
Federa lo f f i c e r s .
When Federalo f f i cers mayperform Statefunc t ions .
Sta teC o n s t i t u t i o n .
Counc i l s to bec o n s t i t u t e d .
4 . H is H ighness under takes to rece ive andprov ide a su i tab le res idence fo r a Br i t i shAdv iser to adv ise on a l l mat te rs connectedwith the government of the State otherthan mat te rs re la t ing to the Mus l im Re l i -g ion and the Custom o f the N{a lays , andundertakes to accept such advice; providedtha t no th ing in th is c lause sha11 in anyway pre jud ice the r igh t o f H is H ighness toaddress the H igh Commiss ioner , o r H j .s M; r -jes ty th rough a Secre tary o f S ta te , i fH i s H i g h n e s s s o d e s i r e s .
5 . The cos t o f the Br i t i - sh Adv iser w i thh is es tab l i shment sha11 be de termined bythe H igh Commiss ioner and sha11 be acharge on the revenues of the State ofJohore .
6 . H is H ighness sha l1 be consu l ted be foreany off icer whom i t is proposed to sendas Br i t i sh Adv iser i s ac tua l l y appo in ted .
7 . H is H ighness under takes to rece ivewi th in h is S ta te such o f f i cers o f theFederal Government as that Government mayrequire and to perni t such off icers toexerc ise such lawfu1 au thor i ty and powersand to perform such Lawful funct ions asmay be necessary fo r the purposes o f theFedera l Government .
8 . Any o f f i cer o f the Federa l Governmentmay, with the concurrence of the HighComniss ioner , per fo rm wi th in the Sta te o fJohore such Sta te du t ies and may exerc isesuch State powers as may be imposed orconfer red upon h im by H is H ighness inCounc i l o r by Enactment .
9 . H is H ighness under takes to govern theSta te o f Johore in accordance w i th theprov is ions o f a wr i t ten Const i tu t ion wh ichsha1 l be in conformi ty w i th the prov is ionsof thj-s agreement and of the Federat ionAgreenent .
10 . In pursuance o f the under tak ing con-ta ined in C lause 9 o f th is Agreement and
t26
His H ighness tobe consu l tedbefore pos t ingof o f f i cers byHigh Conmis-s i o n e r t o p o s t sborne on StateE s t i m a t e .
Impar t ia lt rea tment .
Educat ion andt ra in ing o fM a l a y s .
Prev iousAgreenents
in conforrni ty with the provisions of theFederat ion Agreement His Highness under-takes fo r thwi th to cons t i tu te
(a) a Ma j l i s Meshuara t Kera jaan, to beca l led in Eng l ish Sta te Execut iveC o u n c i l ;
(b ) a Ma j l i s Meshuara t Negr i , to bec a l l e d i - n E n g l i s h C o u n c i l o f S t a t e .
1 I . H i s H i g h n e s s , u n l e s s h e s h a l 1 o t h e r -w ise d i rec t , sha1 l be consu l ted be fore anyof f i cer i s pos ted by or on the au thor i tyo f the H igh Commiss iuner to any pos t borneo n t h e s t a t e E s t i m a t e s .
12 . A11 persons o f whatsoever race in thesarne grade in the serv ice o f the Sta te o fJohore sha l l , sub jec t to the te rms andcond i t ions o f the i r enp loyment , be t rea tedi n p a r t i a l l y .
1 3 . H i s H i g h n e s s d e s i r e s a n d H i s M a j e s t yagrees tha t i t sha1 l be a par t i cu la rchargeupon the Governnent of the State of Johore toprovide for and encourage the educat ionand t ra in ing o f the Malay inhab i tan ts o fthe Sta te o f Johore so as to f i t them totake a fu l1 share i -n the economic progress ,soc ia l we l fa re and government o f the Sta teand o f the Federa t ion .
14 . (1 ) The Agreement made on the 20 th dayo f O c t o b e r , 1 9 4 5 , b e t w e e n H i s M a j e s t y r sGovernment w i th in the Un i ted .K ingdon o fGreat Br i ta i -n and Nor thern I re land and H isH i g h n e s s S i r I b r a h i m , G . C . M . G . , G . B . E . ,the Su l tan o f the Sta te and Temi to ry o fJohore , fo r H inse l f , H is He i rs andSuccessors , i s hereby revoked.
(2 ) A11 Treat ies and Agreements subs is -t ing immedia te ly p r io r to the mak ing o f theaforesaj-d Agreement of the 20th day ofOctober , 1945, sha1 l con t inue in fo rce savein so fa r as they are incons is ten t w i thth is Agreement o r the Federa t ion Agreenent .
127
Sovereigntyo f t h e R u l e r .
Language ofAgreement.
16 . Th is Agreement sha11both the Eng l ish and thebut , fo r the purposes o fregard sha11 be had on lyv e r s i o n .
be expressed inMalay languages,in te rpre ta t ion ,to the Eng l ish
15. The prerogat ives , power and ju r isd ic -t ion o f H is H ighness w i th in the Sta te o fJohore sha11 be those wh ich H is H ighnessthe Su l tan o f Johore possessed on thef i rs t day o f Decernber , 1941, sub jec t never -the less to the prov is ions o f the Federa t ionAgreement and this Agreement.
In w i tness whereof S IR GERARD EDI {ARD JA}4ES GENT, K .C.M.G. ,D . S . O . , 0 . B . E . , M . C . , h a s h e r e u n t o s e t h i s h a n d a n d s e a l f o rand on beha l f o f H is Ma jes ty , and H is H ighness Ib rah im ibn iA l m a r h u r n S u l t a n A b u B a k a r , D . K . , S . P . M . J . , G . C . l . ' 1 . G . , K . B . E .( M i l . ) , G . B . E . , G . C . 0 . C . ( I ) , e t c . , S u l t a n o f J o h o r e h a shereunto set his hand and seal, the day and year f i rst abovew r i t t e n .
S ignature and sea l o f
Wi tness A.T . NEWBOULT
Signature and sea l o f
Witnesses ONN JAAFFAR
G . E . J . G E N T f o r a n d o n b e h a l fo f H i s M a j e s t y
IBRAHIM, Su l tan o f Johore
IDRIS BIN IBRAHiNIABDULLAII B. ESAE . E . F . P R E T T Y
FOOTNOTE
Provenance: Statutory fnstnuments for 1948, I , i , no.108, The Federa t ion o f Ma laya Order in Counc i l , 1948.
r28
Kedah
Kedahts pos i t ion on the Is thmus o f Kra and her resourcesof t in endowed the area f rom ear l ies t t imes w i th a commerc ia land s t ra teg ic impor tance tha t tempted ou ts ide powers to b idfo r her cont ro l . Sub jec ted in tu rn to the au thor i ty o fSr iv i jaya , Cho la a t tacks and Majapah i t in f luence, Kedah wastaken over by Malacca when that empire advanced against Siamin the mid- f i f teen th century . On the fa l1 o f Ma lacca, S iamestab l i shed cont ro l over Kedah, together w i th Ke lan tan 'Trengganu and Patani, and these Moslem States acknowledgedSiamese suzera in ty by send ing a t r ienn ia l t r ibu te ( the
bunga mas) and contr ibut ions of men and money. In the f i rsthalf of the seventeenth century Acheh dominated much of thePen insu la inc lud ing Kedah, and, a l though Acheh dec l ined to -wards the midd le o f the century , S iam was power less to p re-vent the conclusion in 1641 of a treaty between Kedah andthe Dutch who sought to superv ise (no t very success fu l l y asi t turned out) the export of t in. During the eighteenthcentury Kedah, l i ke o ther Ma lay Sta tes , su f fe red Bug is p res-
sure from which neither Siarn nor Burma (which also receivedt r ibu te f rom the weak, i f p rudent , Ru lers o f Kedah) cou ldsupp ly re l ie f s ince each was engrossed in f igh t ing the o ther .The need for protect ion caused Sultan Mahmud of Kedah toapproach, v ia Franc is L igh t , the Eas t Ind ia Company wh ichwas becoming in te res ted in es tab l i sh ing a base on the eas te lnseaboard o f the Bay o f Benga l . However , the Su l tanrs o f fe rto grant the Company a sett lement in return for i ts protec-t ion was re jec ted , and S iam, hav ing wors ted the Burmese, wasab le to t igh ten her g r ip on her southern vassa ls . I t wasth is reasser t ion o f S iamese cont ro l tha t p rovoked the Ru lerof Kedah, now Sultan Abdul1ah, to make further overtures tothe Company in 1786. Th is t ime the Br i t i sh , concerned overthe resurgence o f French mar i t ime s t rength , dec ided to accept
t29
Note on the Kedah Document and Treat ies o f 1785-6 1791 and1 8 0 0
A good dea l o f h is to r ica l con t roversy sur rounds theBr i t i sh occupat ion o f Penang in 1786 and Ang lo-Kedah re la -t ions in the years tha t fo l lowed. The main d isputesconcern : -
( i ) Br i ta in?s r igh t to occupy Penang when she d id ;
( i i ) the respec t ive ro les o f Franc is L igh t and the Eas tIndia Company on the one side, and the Sultan ofKedah and various Kedah court fact ions on theother, dur ing the negot iat ions and subsequentou tbreaks o f v io lence; and
( i i i ) Br i ta in rs p rec ise r igh ts in Penang a f te r occupat ion ,i . e . w h e t h e r s h e w a s , a s s h e s e e m e d t o b e l i e v e , t h er igh t fu i owner o f the is land a f te r Ju ly 1786 orwhether the Kedah government was ent i t led tote rmina te the lease i f i t cou ld show tha t i t st e r m s w e r e n o t b e i n g f u l f i 1 1 e d .
In what fo l lows on ly the br ie fes t account i s g iven , des ignedto prov ide shor t answers to a l l th ree ques t ions .
In 1785 the Su l tan o f Kedah ind ica ted tha t he was pre-pared to lease Penang to Br i ta in on cer ta in cond i t ions .The f i rst document here reproduced (Kedah Document of August1785-Ju1y 1786) i s no t a s igned Treaty by wh ich Kedah cededPenang to Br i ta in , as i t i s somet imes assumed to be , nord o e s i t a m o u n t t o , a s M . & G . m i s t a k e n l y s u p p o s e ( p . 9 5 ) :Condit'tons required by the King of Quedah. RepLies of theGouernoz,-Genez,al and Counci.L to the King of Quedah's demands.
Th is document i s the Su l tan o f Kedahrs cond i t ions fo rthe leas ing o f Penang, se t ou t in t rea ty fo rm but nevers i g n e d . I t w a s n e v e r s i g n e d b e c a u s e A r t i c l e s I I I a n d V Iwere no t accepted by the Companyrs au thor i t ies in Ind ia bu thad to be re fe r red to Eng land fo r cons idera t ion . There isno reason to asser t de f in i te ly tha t they wou ld have beenre jec ted , bu t be fore a rep ly had been rece ived Franc is L igh t ,j -n Ju ly 1786, occup ied the is land, and f rom then on worked,a t leas t f rom t ime to t ime, aga ins t the acceptance o f theSu l tanrs cond i t ions and in favour o f d r iv i -ng an a l togetherharder barga in .
L igh t rs occupat ion o f the is land was c lear ly no t sanc-t loned by any wr i t ten agreement a t the t ime i t occur red .For reasons concern ing the w ider d ip lomat ic scene, however ,
t 30
i t was accepted both by the Company and - af ter some ini t ia lev idence o f d is t ress - by the Su l tan . Dur i -ng the nex t f i veyears L igh t came to main ta in tha t the f igure o f $30,000 pawhich the Su l tan had s t ipu la ted shou ld be pa id to h im wastoo h igh and shou ld be reduced to $10,000, wh i le the Company,fo r the i r paTt , ind ica ted the i r unwi l l ingness to de fend Kedahaga ins t ex te rna l a t tack as requ i red by Ar t i c le V I o f theor ig ina l se t o f cond i t ions . The Su l tanrs need fo r suppor tinc reased w i th S ianese v ic to r ies to the nor th , bu t the Com-pany stood f i rm, and meanwhi le no inter im payment was made.By I79l the Sultan had determined to send an ul t imatum toL igh t and the Br i t i sh fo rce . L igh t , fo r reasons o f h is own,chose to represent to the Company that the Ruler was aboutto attack Penang, and managed to infect them with the not ionthat i t was already borLa f ide Bri t ish terr i tory. Whi le theKedah cour t may very we l l have cons idered a t tack ing Penangthey never d id so , and i t was L igh t who a t tacked the main landoppos i te the is land, des t royed the Kedah fo r t a t Pra i andp lanned to rep lace i t w i th a Br i t i sh one. A t th is po in tthe Sultan sued for peace. The Company were prepared to begenerous once he conceded that he no longer required a pro-mise o f de fence aga ins t h is enern ies as a cond i t ion o f thel e a s e o f P e n a n g ; t h e y b l o c k e d L i g h t r s p l a n t o f o r t i f y P r a iand even cons idered pay ing Kedah the requ i red $50,000 pa .But L igh t con t inued to d r ive a hard barga in , and the agree-ment wh ich was eventua l l y s igned (Kedah Treaty o f 1791)gran ted the Su l tan on ly $6 ,000 pa . The Company au thor isedn e g o t i a t i o n s t o r a i s e t h i s t o $ 1 0 , 0 0 0 b u t t h e y m a d e n o p r o -gress fo r severa l years . Eventua l l y in 1800, when theDi rec tors o f the Company were more obsessed w i th events inEurope than w i th what was go ing on in the Malay wor ld , L igh t rsscheme to occupy the mainland oppos-i te Penang, thus givingBr i ta in cont ro l o f the en t i re harbour f ron bo th s i -des , cameto f ru i t ion , and the Kedah Ru ler rece ived the ex t ra $4 ,000pa in re tu rn fo r the ex t ra lease (Kedah Treaty o f 1800) .Thereaf te r i t was assumed - a l though per iod ica l l y d ispu tedby Kedah (see no te on Kedah Treat ies o f 1867, 1868 and 1869)- tha t Penang and Prov ince Wel les ley , as the new te r r i to ryw a s c a 1 1 e d , w e r e e n t i r e l y B r i t i s h t e r r i t o r y .
r3 l
KEDAH DOCUMENT of August, 7785 - July, 1786
S o - c a l l e d " C e s s i o n " o f P " n r n g l *
A r t i c l e i
That the HonourabLe Company shal1seas; and whatever enerny may corne tobe an eneny to the l lonourable Company,be borne by the Honourable Company.
This Government wi l l a lways keept ioned to guard the Is land o f Penang,be long ing to the K ing o f Quedah.
be guard ian o f theat tack the K ing sha l1
and the expense sha1 l
an armed vesse l s ta -and the coas t ad jacent ,
A r t i c l e
A11 vesse ls , junks , p rows, sma11 and la rge , coming f romei ther eas t o r wes t , and bound to the por t o f Quedah, sha1 lno t be s topped or h indered by the Honourab le Companyrs Agent ,b u t l e f t t o t h e i r o w n w i 1 l s , e i t h e r t o b u y a n d s e l 1 w i t h u s ,or with the Company at Pulo Penang, as they shal1 thinkproper .
A11 vesse ls , under every denominat ion , bound to the por tof Quedah, shal l not be interrupted by the Honourable CompanyrsAgent, or any person act ing for the Company, or under theira u t h o r i t y , b u t l e f t e n t i r e l y t o t h e i r o w n f r e e w i 1 1 , e i t h e rto trade wj-th the King of Quedah, or with the agents or sub-jec ts o f the Honourab le Company.
A r t i c l e i i i
The ar t i c les op ium, t in , and ra t tans , be ing par t o f ourrevenue, a re p roh ib i ted ; and Qua l la Mooda, Pry re (s ic ) , andKrean, p laces where these ar t i c les a re p roduced, be ing sonear to Penang, that when the Honourable Companyrs Residentremains there , th is p roh ib i t ion w i l l be cons tan t ly b rokenthrough, therefore i t should end, and the Governor-Generala 1 1 o w u s o u r p r o f i t s o n t h e s e a r t i c l e s , D L z . , 3 0 , 0 0 0Span ish Do l la rs every year .
The Governor-General in Counci l , on the part of theEng l ish Eas t Ind ia Company, w i l l take care tha t the K ing o fQuedah sha11 no t be a su f fe rer by an Eng l ish se t t lement be ingforrned on the Is land of Penang.
F o r f o o t n o t e s s e e p . 1 3 9
132
A r t i c l e i v
In case the Honourab le Conpanyrs Agent g ives c red i t toa n y o f t h e K i n g r s r e l a t i o n s , m i n i s t e r s , o f f i c e r s , o r r y o t s ,the Agent sha11 make no c la im upon the K ing .
The Agent of the Honourable Company, or any personres id ing on the Is land o f Penang, under the Companyrs p ro tec-t ion , sha11 no t make c la ins upon the K ing o f Quedah fo r debtsi n c u r r e d b y t h e K i n g t s r e l a t i o n s , m i n i s t e r s , o f f i c e r s , o rryo ts ; bu t the persons hav ing demands upon any o f the K ing 'ssub jec ts , sha1 l have power to se ize the persons and proper tyo f those indebted to them, accord ing to the cus tons andusages o f tha t count ry .
A r t i c l e v
Any man in th is count ry , w i thout except ion , be i t ourson or b ro ther , who sha l l become an enemy to us sha l l thenbecome an enemy to the Honourable Companyi nor shal l theHonourab le Companyrs Agent p ro tec t them, w i thout b reach o fth is Trea ty , wh ich is to remain wh i le Sun and Moon endure .
A l1 persons res id ing in the count ry be long ing to theKing o f Quedah, who sha1 l become h is enemies , o r commi tcap i ta l o f fences aga ins t the Sta te , sha l l no t be pro tec tedb y t h e E n g l i s h .
A r t i c l e v i
I f any enemy come to a t tack us by land, and weass is tance f rom the Honourab le Conpany, o f men, a rmsammuni t ion , the Honourab le Company w i l l supp ly us a tp e n s e .
Th is Ar t i c le w i l l be re fe r red fo r the orders o fEng l ish Eas t Ind ia Company, together w i th such par tsK ing o f Quedahts reques ts as cannot be conp l ied w i thv ious to the i r consent be inq ob ta ined.
requ i re
our ex-
theof thepre-
133
KEDAH TREATY of 20 Apri l , L79l_
"Second Cess ion" o f Penang2
In the Heg i ra o f our Prophet , 1205, year Da lak i r , onthe 16 th o f Moon Saban, on the day Ahat .
Whereas , on th is da te , th is wr i t ing showeth tha t theGovernor o f Pu lo Penang, vakee l o f the Eng l ish Company, con-c luded peace and f r iendsh ip w i th H is H ighness , Iang de perTuan o f Quedah, and a l l h is g rea t o f f i cers and ryo ts o f thetwo count r ies , to l i ve in peace by sea and land, to cont inueas long as the Sun and Moon g ive l igh t : the Ar t i c les o fAgreement are: -
A r t i c l e i
The Eng l ish Company w i l l g ive to H is H ighness , the Iangde per Tuan o f Quedah, s ix thousand Span ish Do l la rs everyyear , fo r as long as the Eng l ish sha l l con t inue in possess ionof Pu lo Penang.
A r t i c l e i i
H is H ighness the Iang de per Tuan agrees tha t a l l k indsof p rov is ions , wanted fo r Pu lo Penang, the sh ips o f war , andthe Conpanyrs sh ips , may be bought a t Quedah, w i thout imped i -ment , o r be ing sub jec t to any Duty .
A r t i c l e i i i
A11 slaves running from Quedah to puloPu lo Penang to Quedah, sha11 be re tu rned to
Penang, or f romthe i r owners .
A r t i c l e i v
A l1 persons in debt runn i -ng f rom the i r c red i to rs , f romQuedah to Pulo Penang, or f rom pulo penang to Quedah, i f theydo no t pay the i r debts , the i r persons sha l l be der i -vered overt o t h e i r c r e d i t o r s .
A r t i c l e v
The Iang de per Tuan w i l l no t a l low Europeans o f anyo t h e r n a t i o n t o s e t t l e i n a n y p a r t o f h i s c o u n t r y .
t34
The Cornpany shal1h igh t reason or rebe l1
A r t i c l e v i
not receive anyion aga ins t the
A r t i c l e v i i
persons commi t t ingIang de per Tuan.
A11 persons comnit t ing nurder, running fron Quedah toPulo Penang, or f ron Pulo Penang to Quedah, shal1 be appre-hended and returned in bonds.
A r t i c l e v i i i
A11 personsI i kewise .
s tea l ing chops ( fo rgery ) to be g iven up
A r t i c l e i x
A11 persons , enemies to the Eng l ish Company, the Iangde per Tuan sha l l no t supp ly them wi th p rov is ions .
These n ine Ar t i c les a re se t t led and conc luded, andpeace is nade between the Iang de per Tuan and the Engl ishCompany; Quedah and Pulo Penang shal1 be as one Country.
This done and completed by Toonkoo Sheri f f Mohamed,the Toonkoo A11ang Ib rah im, and Datoo Pengawa T i lebone,vakee ls , on the par t o f the Iang de per Tuan, and g iven tothe Governor o f Pu lo Penang, vakee l fo r the Eng l ish Company.
In this Agreernent, whoever departs from any part hereinwr i t ten , God w i l l pun ish and des t roy ; to h in there sha11 ben o h e a l t h .
The seals of Sheri f f Mahomed and Toonkoo Al lang Ibrahim,and Datoo Pengawa T i lebone, a re pu t to th is wr i t ing , w i theach personf s hand-wr i t ing .
Transcribed by Hakim Bunder,
S igned, sea led and executed ,P r i n c e o f W a l e s t I s l a n d . t h i s 1 s tOur Lord 1791.
Pu lo Penang.
i n F o r t C o r n w a l l i s , o nday o f May, in the year o f
A t r u e t r a n s l a t i o n .
S ignature F . L IGHT
r35
KEDAH TREATY of 6 June, 1800
7
" C e s s i o n " o f P r o v i n c e W e 1 1 e s 1 e y "
In the year o f the Heg i ra o f the Prophet ( the peace o fthe Most High God be upon him) 1215, the year Hun, on thetwelf th day of the Moon Mohurrum, on the day Raabu (Wednesday);Whereas th is day , th is wr i t ing showeth tha t S i r George Le i th ,Baronet , L ieu tenant -Governor o f Pu lo Penang, on the par t o fthe Eng l ish Company, has agreed on and conc luded a Trea ty o fFr iendsh ip and a l l iance w i th H is H ighness the Iang de perTuan Ra jah Moodah o f Pur l ies and Quedah, and a l l h is Of f i cerso f S ta te and Ch ie fs o f the two count r ies , to cont inue on seaand land, as long as the Sun and Moon retain their motion ands p l e n d o u r : t h e A r t i c l e s o f w h i c h T r e a t y a r e a s f o l 1 o w : -
A r t i c l e i
The Engl ish Company are tothe Iang de per Tuan o f Pur l iesD o l l a r s , a s l o n g a s t h e E n g l i s hof Pulo Penang, and the countrya f te r ment ioned.
pay annual ly toand Quedah, tensha11 cont inueon the oppos i te
H i s H i g h n e s sthousand
i n p o s s e s s i o ncoas t here-
A r t i c l e i i
H is H ighness the Iang de per Tuan agrees to g ive to theEng l ish Cornpany, fo r ever , a l l tha t par t o f the sea-coas ttha t i s be tween Qua l la Krean and the r i ver s ide o f Qua l1aMooda, and measur ing in land f rom the sea s ide s ix ty Or longs ;$the who le length above-ment ioned to be rneasured by peop leappo in ted by the Iang de per Tuan and the Companyrs peop le .The Eng l ish Cornpany are to p ro tec t th is coas t f rom a l l enemies ,robbers , and p i ra tes tha t rnay a t tack i t by sea, f rom nor th tos o u t h .
A r t i c l e i i i
H is H ighness the Iang de per Tuan agrees , tha t a l l k jndsof p rov is ions wanted fo r Pu lo Penang, the sh ips o f war andthe Company?s sh ips , may be bought a t Pur l ies and Quedah,w i thout imped iment o r be ing sub jec t to any Duty o r Cus tons ;and a l l boa ts go ing f rom Pu lo Penang to Pur l ies and Quedah,fo r the purpose o f purchas ing prov is ions , a re to be fu rn ishedwi th p roper passpor ts fo r tha t purpose, to p revent inpos i t ions
136
rh
A r t i c l e i v
A11 slaves running away from Purl ies and Quedah to PuloPenang, o r f rom Pu lo Penang to Pur l ies and Quedah, sha11 bere turned to the i r owners .
A r t i c l e v
A11 debtors runn ing f rom the i r c red i to rs f rom Pur l iesand Quedah to Pulo Penang or from PuIo Penang to Purl ies andQuedah, i f they do no t pay the i r debts , the i r persons sha l lb e d e l i v e r e d u p t o t h e i r c r e d i t o r s .
A r t i c l e v i
ofof
H is H ighness the Iang de per Tuan sha lEuropeans o f any o ther na t ion to se t t le indon in ions .
I no t permi tany par t o f h is
A r t i c l e v i i .
The Company are not to receive any such people as maybe proved to have commi t ted rebe l l ion or h igh t reason aga ins tthe Iang de per Tuan.
A r t i c l e v i i i
A l l p e r s o n s g u i l t y o f m u r d e r , r u n n i n gQuedah to Pulo Penang, or f rom Pulo PenangQuedah, sha11 be apprehended and re tu rned
f rom Pur l ies andto Pur l ies and
i n b o n d s .
A r t i c l e i - x
A11 persons s tea l ing chops ( fo rgery ) to be g iven upl i k e w i s e .
A r t i c l e x
A11 those who a re , o r may become, enemies to t he Com-pany , t he I ang de pe r Tuan sha l l no t ass i s t w i t h p rov i s i ons
A r t i c l e x i
A l l p e r s o n s b e l o n g i n gthe produce o f the count ryno les ted or inpeded by the
to the Iang de per Tuan, b r ing ingdown the r i ver , a re no t to beC o m p a n y r s p e o p l e .
t37
A r t i c l e x i i
Such ar t i c les as the Iang de perof f rom Pulo Penang are to be procuredAgents, and the amount to be deducted
A r t i c l e x i i i
A s s o o n a s p o s s i b l e , a f t e rTreaty, the arrears of gratui tyformer Treaty and Agreement, toTuan of Purl ies and Quedah, are
Tuan may stand in needby the Companyfs
f rom the gra tu i ty .
t h e r a t i f i c a t i o n o f t h i snow due, agreeab le to theHis H ighness the Iang de pert o b e p a i d o f f .
J . S W A I N E ,Malay Translator.
by John Anderson, Malay Trans-
the Governor -Genera l in
A r t i c l e x i v
0n the ra t i f i ca t ion o f th is Trea ty , a l l fo rmer Trea t iesand Agreenents between the two Governments to be nul l andv o i d .
These four teen Ar t i c les be ing se t t led and conc ludedbetween H is H ighness the Iang de per Tuan and the Eng l ishcompany, the countr ies of Purl ies and Quedah and pulo penangsha l l be as one count ry ; and whoever sha l l depar t o r dev ia tef rom any par t o f th is Agreement , God w i l l pun i i t r and des t royh i r n : h e s h a l 1 n o t p r o s p e r .
Th is done and comple ted , and two Treat ies , o f the sametenor and da te , in te rchangeab ly g iven be tween H is H ighnessthe Iang de per Tuan and the Governor of pulo penang, andsea led w i th the sea ls o f the s ta te o f f i cers immedia te lyo f f i c ia t ing under H is H ighness the Iang de per Tuan, inorder to p revent d ispu tes hereaf te r .
Wr i t ten by Hak im Ib rah im Ibn (son o f ) Sr i Ra jah Moodah,by order o f H is H ighness the Iang de per Tuan, o f exa l tedd i g n i t y .
A t r u e t r a n s l a t i o n .
Signature
Rev ised f rom the or ig ina ll a t o r t o G o v e r n m e n t . 5
Approved and conf irrned byC o u n c i l , N o v e n b e r , f 8 0 2 .
138
1 .
2 .
FOOTNOTES
M . q G . , p p 9 5 - 9 6 . P r i n t e d E n g l i s h v e r s i o n i n M a l a y s i a nNat iona l Arch ives .
M . & G . , p p . 9 6 - 9 8 . P r i n t e d E n g l i s h v e r s i o n i n M a l a y s i a nNat iona l Arch ives . There is a s l igh t p rob lem about thed a t e . T h e 1 6 t h S h a b a n , A . H . 1 2 0 5 , w a s 2 0 A p r i 1 , I 7 9 T :in the las t paragraph ( the who le o f wh ich is i ta l i c izedin M.& G. ) i t j - s s ta ted tha t the agreement was no ts igned and sea led un t i l 1 May, I79 I , a t leas t on theB r i t i s h s i d e .
M . q G . , p p . 9 8 - 1 0 0 . P r i n t e d E n g l i s h v e r s i o n i n M a l a y s i a nNat iona l Arch ives .
"An Or long is a land neasure in use a t Penang, equa l to6 ,400 square yards , o r about one acre and a th i rd , and,as a l inea l measure , i s consequent ly 80 yards , thes q u a r e r o o t o f 6 , 4 0 0 . " M . & G . , P . 9 9 .
I t seems l i -ke ly tha t the or ig ina l Ma lay vers ion wou ldhave found i t s way in to S iamese Arch ives , a l thoughthere is a iau t i dup l i ca te in the Kedah Sta te Arch ives .
7
t39
Note on the Kedah Treaty o f 1831
By 1800 S iarn , hav ing comple te ly recovered f rom theBurmese invas ion , resumed the t rad i t iona l po l i cy o f ga in ingascendency over the Malay Sta tes o f the Pen insu la . OverKedah i t cou ld c la im a vaguebut unden iab le r igh t o f suze-ra in ty , and Kedah, f rom i ts s i tua t i -on on the S ia rnese f ron-t ie r , was the f i rs t s ta te to su f fe r f rom th is po l i cy . Be-tween 1786 and 1821 the Su l tans o f Kedah pressed the Eas tIndia Cornpany for help but the Company was unwil l ing to geti -nvo lved in ln la layan a f fa i rs , den ied any ob l iga t ion to p ro-tec t Kedah and re fused to in te r fe re be tween a suzera in(S iam) and a dependent s ta te (Kedah) . Kedah, hav ing beencompel led by S ian to conquer Perak in 1818, was in 1821over run in i t s tu rn by the Ra ja o f L igor who ac ted on in -s t ruc t ions f rom Bangkok . Refugees f led to Prov ince Wel les-1ey and the dethroned Sultan escaped to Penang where heasked the Br i t i sh to res to re h in accord ing to the Ang lo-Kedah agreement .
Most of the Malay community in Penang and many Bri t ishoff ic ials and rnerchants considered that the Company had a1ega1 and mora l ob l iga t ion to p ro tec t the independence o fKedah. Indeed, Rober t Fu l le r ton (Governor o f Penang 1824-27 and Governor o f the St ra i - ts Set t lements 1827-30) wasanx ious tha t the ex-Su l tan shou ld re tu rn to h is th rone.Henry Burney, who was sent to Ligor and Bangkok in order tonegot ia te agreements w i th the S iamese (see S iamese Treat ieso f 1 8 2 5 a n d 1 8 2 6 p . 3 0 7 f f ) , f a i l e d t o e f f e c t t h e r e s t o r a t i o nof the Ru ler o f Kedah; on the cont ra ry the Br i t i sh werecommitted to his expulsion from Penang and to the obstruct ionof h is re ins ta te rnent in Kedah. Thus , when in 1831 TuankuUdin (Kudin) led thousands of Kedah refugees from ProvinceWel les ley in to Kedah and drove ou t the S j -amese, Rober tIbbetson (Governor 1830-33) ignored the many unof f i c ia l ex -press ions o f sympathy fo r Kedah and d id a l l he cou ld to he lpthe S iamese. The Br i t i sh b lockaded the coas t to p reventsupp l ies f ron ge t t ing th rough to the insurgents and a t tackedr e b e l s h i p s , t r e a t i n g t h e i r s a i l o r s a s p i r a t e s . B r i t i s hin te rvent ion on the S ianese beha l f p roved fa ta l to the Malaycause and the rebe l , l ion co l lapsed. Ibbetson thereuponcrossed in to Kedah to meet the Ru ler o f L igor , and w i th h imdev ised and s igned a t rea ty (Kedah Treaty o f 1831) , wh ichdef ined the boundary be tween Kedah and Prov ince We11es1eymuch more c lose ly than had the t rea ty o f 1800. Th is boun-d a r y w a s r e d e f i n e d i n t h e t r e a t i e s o f 1 8 6 7 , 1 8 6 8 a n d 1 8 6 9 .
The c la ins o f t he ex -Su1 tan o f Kedah . who was ex i l ed t o
t40
Mal .acca a f te r the 1831 upr is ing , con t i -nued to be vo iced byh is suppor te rs and opposed (desp i te the b i t te r hos t i l i t ywhich i ts pol icy aroused from some Penang Europeans) by theStrai ts Government. Al though the Company subsequent ly de-c la red tha t the 1826 Treaty w i th S iam d id no t requ i re Br i ta inac t ive ly to a t tack the rebe ls , the b lockade was re imposed inla te r revo l ts . Wi th the fa i lu re o f a rebe l l ion in 1839 andthe death o f the Ra ja o f L igor in the same year , the ex-Su l tan o f Kedah sued fo r peace and in 1842 was res tored bythe S iamese to h is t i t le and to a la rge par t o f h is te r r i to ry .The Company, re l ieved by th is reconc i l ia t ion , then ra isedt h e S u l t a n r s p e n s i - o n t o t h e o r i g i n a l l y a g r e e d s u m o f $ 1 0 , 0 0 0a n d r e c o g n i s e d h i s p o s i t i o n a s a S i a m e s e v a s s a l . A p a r tf rom an inc ident shor t l y a f t .e r h is re ins ta tement , when theSu l tan t r ied to reasser t h is au thor i ty over tha t par t o f h isfo rmer te r r i to ry wh ich had no t been re tu rned to h im, re la t ionsbetween the Ruler of Kedah and the Strai ts Government con-t inued unru f f led .
l 4 l
KEDAH TREATY of 2 November, 1851
Boundary Treaty signed between the Engl ish East. India Companyan
Engagements be tween Rober t Ibbetson, Esqu i re , Res identof Singapore, Pulo Penang and Malacca, who has come into theQuedah Country, and the Chow Phya of Ligor, Si (s ic) Tamrat,who is under the dominion of Somdet Phra Phootthee Chow YoHooa, who j-s the supreme ruler over the great country ofSr i Ayootheeya, v iz . S iam.
Wj" th re fe rence to the th i rd a r t i c le o f the Trea ty be-tween Somdet Phra Phootthee Chow Ya Hooa, who is the suprerneruler over the great country of Sr i Ayootheeya, and theBr i t i sh Government ,z i t i s now agreed on be tw ix t the abovecont rac t ing par t ies , v iz . the Chow Phya o f L igor Sr i Tamratand Rober t Ibbetson, Esqu i re , Res ident o f S ingapore , Pu loPenang and Malacca, and w i th respec t to the sub jec t o f theboundary be tween the Br i t i sh te r r i to ry o f Prov ince Wel les leyand the country and Governnent of Quedah, that the saidboundary sha l l be as fo l lows: f rom Sematoo l , on the southbank o f the Soonge i Qua11a Mooda, by a road lead ing to theRiver Prye , a t a spot ten or longs eas t o f the R iver Soonge iDua Hoo loo , then descend ing the n idd le o f the Prye R iver , tothe mouth of the River Soongei Sintoo, then ascending theSoonge i S in too in the s t ra igh t d i rec t ion eas tward , and up tothe H i l l Buk i t Mara ta jam, then f rom Buk i t Mara ta jam a longt h e r a n g e o f h i 1 1 s c a l l e d B u k i t B e r a t o r , t o a p l a c e o n t h enor th bank o f the R iver Kreean, f i ve o r longs above and eas to f Buk i t Tunga l ; and i t i s agreed tha t b r ick o r s tonep i l la rs sha l l be erec ted , one a t the boundary o f Sematoo l ,another at the boundary of the Prye River, and a third atthe boundary on the Kreean River.
Two copies of this agreement have been made out, and tothese have been a f f i xed the sea l o f the Honourab le Eng l ishCompany, and the s ignature o f Rober t Ibbetson, Esqu i re ,Res ident o f S ingapore , Pu lo Penang and Malacca, and the chopor sea l o f the Chow Phya o f L igor S i Tamrat ; one copy to bere ta ined by each o f the above cont rac t ing par t ies , and thesa id Agreement has been wr i t ten in th ree languages, theSiamese, Ma layan and Eng l ish , on Wednesday, the Second dayof November, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Thir ty-One ofthe Eng l ish Era , and the Twel f th day o f the Moonrs decreasein the Eleventh month in the year of the Hare, One ThousandOne Hundred and N ine ty - th ree Sasok .
* F o r f o o t n o t e s s e e p . 1 4 3
t42
S e a l o f t h e E n g l i s hEast Ind ia Company.
Signature R. IBBETSON,Res ident o f Pr ince o fW a l e s r I s l a n d , S i n g a -
Chop of the
Signature
pore and Malacca.
CHAO PIYA OF L IGOR
JAMES LOW,Ass is tan t Res ident andTrans la to r .
I
2
P r o v e n a n c e : M . 6
The Ang lo-S iamese
FOOTNOTES
G . , p p . 2 0 6 - 7 .
T r e a t y o f 1 8 2 6 , e . D .
143
Note on the Kedah Treat ies and Documents o f 1867, 1868 and
Dur ing h is governorsh ip (1859-67) Co lone l Cavenagh t r iedto amend cer ta in aspec ts o f the Kedah t rea t ies o f 1800 and1831 concern ing t rade and f ron t ie r ques t ions . The St ra i tsGovernment were concerned that:
( i ) the 1800 prov is ion - tha t a r t i c les requ i red fo rconsumption in Penang should be imported fromKedah f ree o f du ty - was no t be ing observed;
( i i ) op ium and l iquor shops es tab l i shed jus t w i th inthe i l1-def ined Kedah boundary drew trade, andhence revenue , away from the Strai ts Governmentrsown es tab l i shments and a lso provoked d is tu rbanceswi th in Prov ince Wel1es1ey; and
( i i i ) the ex is t ing Kedah-Prov ince Wel1es1ey boundaryinc luded sa l ien ts and so was unnecessar i l y longa n d d i f f i c u l t t o p o l i c e .
Governor Cavenagh fa i led to ob ta in sa t is fac t ion f rom theSultan of Kedah on these points, even though he had gone sofar as to ask the Siamese to br ing pressure on him and hadsuspended h is annua l a l lowance f rom the Br i t i sh Government .
The Co lon ia l Of f i cers f i rs t Governor , S i r Har ry Ord(1867-73) , se t ou t to a r range th ings w i thout consu l t ingLondon. He persuaded the Sultan to come to Singapore anddrew up with him a memorandum (Kedah Document of 1867) to bethe bas is o f a fu tu re t rea ty . The prov is ions o f th is memo-randun ( inc lud ing the res tora t ion o f the Su l tanrs a l lowanceand ar rears ) , however , were to come in to e f fec t a t once.0n 30 December 1867 Ord met the Sultan again in Penang andpresented him with a tTeaty embodying not only al l the pointso f the memorandun bu t a lso cer ta in c lauses (e .9 . regard ingex t rad i t ion) f rom the prev ious t rea t ies wh ich th is one wasto rep lace . Th is document the Su l tan re fused to s ign -perhaps through fear of the Siamese or perhaps out of concernfor the s ta tus o f Prov ince Wel les ley imp l ied in the t rea ty .The long-standing Kedah view - tenable enough in view of theRuler rs annua l a l lowances * was tha t Penang and Prov inceW e 1 l e s 1 e y w e r e r e n t e d , n o t c e d e d , t o t h e B r i t i s h . T h i s i n -t e r p r e t a t i o n w a s p o s s i b l y r e f l e c t e d i n a r t i c l e i i o f t h eMalay vers ion , where Prov ince Wel1es1ey i -s re fe r red to ast r te r r i to ry r ' , bu t con t rad ic ted in the Eng l ish vers ion wherethe phrase "ceded te r r i to ry r r appears . Thwar ted by theSu l tan , Ord cu t o f f h is a l lowance once aga in , and once aga in
t44
wrote to the Br i t i sh Consu l in Bangkok appea l ing fo r S iamesepressure to be brought to bear on Kedah. In March 1868 twoSianese Commissioners net Ord in Singapore. Their missionwas to inves t iga te the s ta te o f a f fa i rs in Ke lan tan , aboutwh ich the Governor had compla ined, and a lso to se t tLe theKedah prob lem. They s igned Ordrs d ra f t t tea ty , wh ich hadbeen rap id ly reworded (Kedah Treaty o f 1868) , w i thout consu l -t ing the Malay Ru ler , who was present on ly as a w i tness andaf f i xed h is sea l and s ignature r r in token o f assent . I ' Bythe t rea ty o f 1868 the boundary was ad jus ted in Br i ta in rsfavour as "punishnent" for Kedah.
The Co lon ia l Of f i ce , meanwhi le , was d is tu rbed bo th bythe techn ica l i t ies o f Ordrs conduct (he had ac ted w i thoutf i rs t consu l t ing the au thor i t ies in London) and by i t s long-te rm imp l ica t ions ; fo r he had rnade c lear in despatchesacconpany ing repor ts o f these and o ther negot ia t ions h isop in ion tha t Br i ta in shou ld take under her w ing a l l Ma layStates south of Kedah and Trengganu and leave the othersu n d e r S i a m e s e c o n t r o l . l * L o n d o n d i s a l l o w e d O r d r s t r e a t y ,a r rang ing fo r a s imi la r one to be negot ia ted in Bangkok be-tween the Br i t i sh Consu l and the S iamese cent ra l government ,and f i rmly discouraged the Governor from further interferencei -n the a f fa i rs o f the Malay Sta tes , be they S iamese or non-S iamese Sta tes .2 The new t rea ty was s igned on 6 May 1869(Kedah Treaty o f 1869) ; i t seems un l i ke ly in the c i rcum-stances that the provisions of the 1867 Memorandum and the1868 Treaty ever ceased to be in e f fec t .
There is some mystery about the signatures on the 1869T r e a t y . M . & G . s h o w i t a s s i g n e d b y t h e B r i t i s h C o n s u l a n d"C.P. Sr i Sur iwongsa, The Ra jah o f Quedah" wh ich is c lear lyincor rec t . The vers ion in the Kedah Arch ives is s ignedby the Br i t i sh Consu l and the Su l tan o f Kedah, and th is i sconf i rmed in C0 273/370, Ac t ing Governor Brockman to theColon ia l Of f i ce o f 1 May 1911. In 1911, when Kedah submi t teda new treaty designed to amend that of 1869, Brockman bel i -evedthat the nove was a plot by Kedah to demonstrate her degreeof independence f rom S iam in the per iod be fore 1909, andthere fore the lega l i t y o f her c la ims fo r au tonomy a f te r 1909,by es tab l i sh ing tha t she had s igned the 1869 Treaty as af ree and independent S ta te . Survey ing the 1869 Treaty inthe course o f th is comespondence a Co lon ia l Of f i ce c le rkn o t e d :
I t i s a very cur ious document , because a l though thep a r t i e s a r e s t a t e d t o b e H e r B r i t a n n i c M a j e s t y ' sConsu l -Genera l and a S iamese Conmiss ioner on beha l fo f H is S iamese Majes ty , the Su l tan c rops up i -n Ar t i c le
145
2 .
I I I p romis ing to do th ings whereas , o f course , S iamshou ld have promised on h is beha l f ; and h is s igna-ture is appended to i t ( though i t i -s of coursea r g u a b l e t h a t t h i s i s m e r e l y b y w a y o f e n d o r s e m e n t . . . ; 3
London eventua l l y dec ided tha t the 1869 Treaty was in fac tbe tween S ian and Br i ta in , no t Kedah and Br i ta in , bu t foundt h a t " i t [ w a s ] d i f f i c u l t t o b e s u r e . " 4
FOOTNOTES
C O 2 7 3 / 1 3 , O r d t o C O , 3 1 D e c . 1 8 6 7 ; C 0 2 7 3 / 1 7 , O r d t oC0, 26 l r la r . 1868; C0 273/18 , Ord to C0, B Apr . 1868.
C O 2 7 3 / 1 3 , C O t o F O , 1 7 t t l a r . 1 8 6 8 ; C O 8 0 9 / 1 , C O t oO r d , 2 2 A p r . 1 8 6 8 ; C 0 2 7 3 / 1 8 , C 0 t o O r d , 4 J u n e 1 8 6 8 .
CO 273/370, S tubbs? minute on Brockman to CO 176, 1M a y 1 9 1 1 .
F o r O r d t s h a n d l i n g o f t h i s m a t t e r s e e C . D . C o w a n ,Nzneteenth-Centuny Malaya, London, 1961, pp . 56-65 .
4 .
t46
KEDAH DOCUMENT of 19 September, 1867
Menorandum of an Agreement on the Province We11es1ey Boundary,
Memo o f an Agreement be tween H is Exce l lency the Governoro f the St ra i ts Set t lements and H is H ighness the Ra jah o fQuedah to be subs t i tu ted fo r the Trea ty w i th L igor (S iam)dated the second day o f Novenber 1831 wh ich de f ines theEastern Boundary o f Prov ince We11es1ey, and in rnod i f i ca t ionof the Treaty between Great Bri tain and the Kingdom ofQuedah conf irmed by the Governor-General in Counci l in themonth o f November , i802 .
1 . The boundary be tween Prov ince Wel les ley and Quedahin p lace o f fo l low ing the i r regu la r and to r tuous l ine i tdoes a t p resent , to be hencefor th de f ined by a 1 ine , d rawnf rom the ex is t ing f ron t ie r p i l la r on the bank o f the R iverr rMudar r to a po in t on the ex t reme Eastern End o f the Mara ta jamrange and thence a long the top r idge o f the Punchore H i l l tothe f ron t ie r p i l la r on the bank o f the R iver "Kreeanr ' , theland thus acqu i red by the Eng l ish government be ing , acre peracre , near ly the same as tha t sur rendered to Quedah.
2 . The th i rd c lause o f the las t -ment ioned t rea ty o f1802 wh ich agreed tha t no du ty o r cus toms sha l l be lev ied bythe Government of Quedah on any kind of provisions wantedfor Pu lo Penang, to be repea led , and the Br i t i sh Governmentagrees to permit the Rajah of Quedah to levy a duty uponcat t le , g ra in and o ther^prov is ions accord ing to the ta r i f fannexed to this t teaty.z
3 . I t i s fu r ther agreed fo r the pro tec t ion o f revenueand prevent ion o f smugg l ing in the respec t ive count r ies tha tno op ium, sp i r i t o r gambl ing shop sha l l be l i censed by e i therGovernment w i th in two mi les d is tance f rom the new boundary1 i n e .
4 . This Memo: of Agreement to be embodied in a Treatyto be submi t ted fo r the conf i rmat ion o f the Government o f HerMajes ty Queen V ic to r ia and H is Ma jes ty the K ing o f S iam, andpending such conf irmation i t is agreed between the Governoro f the St ra i ts Set t lements and the Ra jah o f Quedah in thein te res ts o f the respec t ive count r ies tha t the prov is ions o fthe Agreement sha l1 come in to opera t ion fo r thwi th , in cons i -dera t i -on o f wh ich the Governor engages to cont inue to the* F o r f o o t n o t e s s e e p . 1 5 5
t47
R a j a h o f Q u e d a h t h e p a y m e n t o f h i s a n n u i t y ( a t p r e s e n t S u S -p". ,a"a) in accordance to the Treaty of 1802 and to pay such
itre"t t as may have accumulated thereon'
Dated at Singapore the 19th of September 1867 '
148
KEDAH TREATY of 2I March, 1868
O r d r s ( D i s a l l o w e d ) T r e a t y o n P r o v i n c e W e 1 l e s l e yBoundary e tc . J
Treaty en tered in to be tween H is Exce l lency S i r Har rySt . George Ord , Compan ion o f the Most Honourab le Order o fthe Bath, Governor and Conmander in Chief of the Strai tsSet t lenents on the par t o f Her Br i tann ic Ma jes ty and The i rExce l lenc ies Phya Deb ia Phra j im and Phra Bed is Ban i j S iamBi j i t Bhac ty Cornn iss ioners on the par t o f H is Ma jes ty theKing of Siam with the consent of Phya Sayburee Yang de PerTuan of Quedah being a Treaty in subst i tut ion of formert r e a t i e s r e s p e c t i v e l y d a t e d 1 7 8 6 , 1 7 9 1 a n d 1 8 0 2 o f t h eChr is t ian Era , and 1201,1206 and I2 I7 o f the Mahommedan Era 'a lso in cance lment o f the Trea ty w i th L igor , S iam o f 1831.
A r t i c l e i -
Her Br i tann ic Ma jes ty agrees to pay annua l ly to PhyaSayburee, ten thousand do l1ars , as long as Her Br i tann icMajes ty sha lL cont inue in possess ion o f Pu lo Penang and thecount ry on the oppos i te coas t herea f te r ment ioned.
A r t i c l e i i
H is Ma jes ty the K ing o f S ian agrees to g ive to HerBr i tann ic Ma jes ty fo r ever a l l tha t par t o f the main landopposite the is land of Penang bounded on the West by the sea,on the North by the r ight bank of the River Moodah, on theSouth by the r ight bank of the Ri-ver Kurrean, and on the Eastby a I ine running South from a spot on the r ight bank of theRiver l ' {oodah, oppos i te the ex is t ing f ron t ie r p i11ar a tSammatoo l , in a s t ra igh t l ine to a po in t on the o ld boundaryl ine a t the ex t reme Eastern end o f the Mara ta jam range o fh i l l s , t h e n c e f o l l o w i n g t h e t o p r i d g e o f t h e P u n c h o r e H i l 1 sto the ex is t ing f ron t ie r p i11ar on the r igh t bank o f theRiver Kurrean, about four hundred Engl ish yards above andEast o f Buk i t Tunga l , Her Br i tann ic Ma jes ty b ind ing herse l fto respect the Royal burying grounds at Kotah Prye withinthe ceded te r r i to ry and to cons ider thern s t i11 the proper tyo f Phya Sayburee bu t sub jec t never the less to the ju r isd ic t ionof Her Br i tann ic Ma j es ty in o ther respec ts , p rov ided a lwaystha t the Moodah R iver sha l1 a t a l l t i rnes be f ree to thepeacefu l nav iga t ion o f the sub jec ts o f H is Ma jes ty the K ingo f S i a m .
149
"Fs.f;sf g* :
".-tt'sg* fi'c
,#
A r t i c l e i i i
I t i s mutua l l y agreed be tween Her Br i tann ic Ma jes ty andHis Majes ty the K ing o f S iam tha t fo r the prevent ion o fsmugg l ing and the be t te r p ro tec t ion o f the revenue o f the i rrespec t ive count r ies , no op ium, sp i r i t , toddy , Baang or gam-b l ing shop sha1 l be l i censed by e i ther Government w i thoutthe consent of the other Government at any place within twomi les d is tance o f the Eas tern boundary l ine o f the cededter r i to ry , and fu r ther tha t a space o f 100 Eng l ish yards bekept open and clear of jungle by each Gover:nment upon i tsown side of the said boundary l ine and that no grants ort rans fer o f land w i th in such a c leared space sha l l be madeby e i ther government to any pr iva te persons , and tha t nohouses save Po l ice Sta t ions sha l1 be bu i l t thereon w i thoutthe consent o f bo th sovernments .
A r t i c l e i v
A11 conv ic ts o r persons awa i t i -ng t r i -a l , o r aga ins t whomwarran ts fo r the i r a r res t may be issued fo r the c r imes here-a f te r spec i f ied , who nay e f fec t the i r escape f rom any o f thepossess ions o f Her Br i tann ic l r {a jes ty in to the Ter r i to ry o fQuedah, or who may be found within the said Terr i tory ofQuedah, sha11, upon a fo rna l requ is i t ion f ron the Governoro f the St ra i - ts Set t lements o r the L ieu tenant -Governor o fPenang to Phya Sayburee, be de l i vered up to the Br i t i shAuthor i t ies , and in l i ke manner a l l conv ic ts o r personscharged w i th s imi la r o f fences who may e f fec t the i r escapef rom Quedah in to Br i t i sh Ter r i to ry sha l1 , upon requ is i t ionfrom Phya Sayburee to the Governor of the Strai ts Sett lementsor the Lieutenant-Governor of Penang, be surrendered to theAuthor i t ies o f Quedah. The c r i rnes above re fe r red to a re thefo l low ing , tha t i s to say : - Murder , Gang robbery , Robbery ,A r s o n , R a p e , B u r g l a r y , G r e a t P e r s o n a l V i o l e n c e , C a t t l e -s tea l ing , Of fence aga ins t the co in , Forgery , Breach o f Pr ison ,Breach o f Trus t , o r a t tempt to comrn i t any o f these o f fences .
A r t i c l e v
Her Br i tann ic Ma jes ty agrees to permi t Phya SaybuTee tolevy a du ty upon ca t t le , g ra in and o ther p rov is ions accord ingto the fo l low ing Tar i f f , v iz ; - upon R ice $8 per Coyan o f40 p icu ls , upon Paddy $4 per Coyan o f 800 Gantangs , uponCat t le $1 per head, upon Ducks and Fowls $1 per hundred.Prov ided a lways tha t in the event o f fa iLure o f the R icecrop in the Ter r i to ry o f Quedah i t sha1 l be lawfu l fo r thesa id Phya Sayburee to p roh ib i t the expor t o f r i ce and paddy
r50
f rom Quedah for the current r ice season, atth ree months t no t ice o f such h is in ten t iongiven to the Bri t ish Government at Penang,tha t such Proh ib i t ion sha l l be genera l andt o p a r t i c u l a r p l a c e s .
any t ime aftersha1 l have beenand providednot app l i cab le
A r t i c l e v i
This treaty shal l come into effect f rom the date of theexecut ion thereo f by the Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t lementsand the Siamese Commissioners and from that date al l formertreat ies and agreements between the two Governments and be-tween Her Bri tannic Majestyfs Government and the Governmento f Quedah sha1 l be nu11 and vo id , and a f te r the s ign ing o fth is Trea ty by The i r Exce l lenc ies the Governor o f the St ra i tsSet t le rnents and the S iamese Commi-ss ioners i t sha l l be sub-n i t ted fo r ra t i f i ca t ion to Her Br i tann ic Ma ies ty and to H isMajes ty the K ing o f S iam.
In Wi tness whereof H is Exce l lency the Governor o f theSt ra i ts Set t lements and The i r Exce l lenc ies Phya Deb ia Phra j i rnand Phra Bed is Ban i j S iam B i j i t Bhac ty have s igned th isTreaty and aff ixed their seals thereto and Phya Saybureehas a lso s igned h is name and a f f i xed h is sea l there to int o k e n o f h i s a s s e n t t h e r e t o .
Done at Singapore the 2lst Day of March in the year oft h e C h r i s t i a n E r a 1 8 6 8 . +
Si-gnature H. ST. GEORGE ORD
Seal o f the Governor o f theS t r a i t s S e t t l e m e n t s .
S i g n a t u r e F . W . P L A Y F A I R ,A c t i n g C o l o n i a lS e c r e t a r y , S t r a i t sSet t 1 ements
Sea l and S ignature ( inS iarnese Scr ip t )
PHYA DEBIA PHRAJIM
Seal and S ignature ( inRornan Script)
PHRA BEDIS BANIJSIAM BIJ IT BHACTY
Seal and S ignature ( in jau i sc r ip t )
Sultan AHMAD TAJUDIN MUKARRAM SHAH of Kedah
l 5 l
K n o x r s A n
KEDAH TREATY of 6 May, 1869
I o - S i a n e s e T r e a t y o n P r o v i n c e W e l l e s l e Bounda
Treaty en tered in to be tween Thomas George Knox, Esq. ,Her Br i tann ic Ma jes ty fs Consu l -Genera l in S iam, and H i -sExce l lency Chao Phya Sr i Sur iwongsa Phra Ka lahome, p t imeMin is te r o f S iam, Conn iss ioner on the par t o f H is Ma. ies tythe K ing o f S iam.
Be ing a Trea ty in subs t i tu t ion fo r fo rner Trea t ies ,r e s p e c t i v e l y d a t e d 1 7 8 6 , 1 7 9 1 a n d 1 8 0 2 o f t h e C h r i s t i a n E r a ,and 1201, 1206 and l2 I7 o f the Mahomedan Era , and a lso insubs t i tu t ion fo r the Trea ty w i th L igor S iam o f 1831, and fo rthe Trea ty conc luded by S i r Har ry S t . George Ord on the 2 ls tday o f March o f the year 1868 o f the Chr is t ian Era .
Ar t i c le i .
When this Treaty sha11 come into operat ion the Treatyconc luded in the year 1802 o f the Chr is t ian , and 1217 o f theMahonedan Era , be tween S i r George Le i th Bar t . L ieu tenant -Governor of Pulo Penang and His Highness the Iang de perTuan Rajah Mooda of Purl ies and Quedah, with the previousTreat ies and agreernents referred to therein, and the Treatyconc luded in the year 1831 o f the Chr is t ian Era , be tweenRober t lbbe tson, Esq. , Res ident o f S ingapore , pu lo penangand Malacca, and the Chao Phya of Ligor Si Tamrat and alsothe Trea ty conc luded on the 21s t day o f March in the year1868 o f the Chr is t ian Era be tween S i r Har ry S t . George Ord ,Kn lgh t , Governor and Cornmander - in -Ch ie f o f the St ra i tsSet t lements , and The i r Exce l lenc ies Phya Deb ia phra j in , andPhra Bed is Ban i j S iam Be j i t Bhac ty , Commiss ioners on the par to f H is Ma jes ty the K ing o f S iam, sha l l cease and de termine,except so fa r as they gran t to Her Ma jes ty the te r r i to r iesre fe r red to there in .
A r t i c l e i i
The Governor o f the Br i t i sh Co lony o f the St ra i tsSet t lements sha l l pay annua l ly to H is H ighness the Iang deper Tuan o f Quedah, ten thousand do l la rs , as long as HerBr i tann ic Ma jes ty sha l l con t inue in possess ion o f Pu loPenang and the country on the opposite coast hereafter nen-t i o n e d .
t52
A r t i c l , e i i i
His Highness the Iang de per Tuan of Quedah agrees thatthe Dorn in ions o f Her Br i tann ic Ma jes ty on the main land,oppos i te the Is land o f Penang, sha l l compr ize the Ter r i to r iesbounded as fo l lows: tha t i s to say , on the West by the Sea,on the North by the r ight bank of the River Mudah, on theSouth by the r ight bank of the River Kurreen (Kreean), andon the East by a l ine running South from a spot on the r ightbank o f the R iver Mudah, oppos i te the ex is t ing Fron t ie rp i l la r a t Sematoo l , in a s t ra igh t l ine to a po in t on the ex-t reme eas tern end o f the Mara ta jam range o f H i1 ls . Thencea long the top r idge o f the Punchore H i l l to the ex is t ingFront ie r p i l la r on the r igh t bank o f the R iver Kur reen,about 400 Engl i -sh yards above and East of Bukit Tungal. Anap showing the eastern Boundary above described, is annexedto the present Trea ty , and s igned by the respec t ive Commis-s i o n e r s .
The Br i t i sh Author i t ies engage to respec t the Roya lburying grounds at Kotah Prye within the ceded Terr i tory,and to cons ider them s t i11 the proper ty o f H is H ighness theIang de per Tuan o f Quedah, bu t sub jec t never the less toBr i t i sh ju r isd ic t ion in o ther respec ts , p rov ided a lways tha tthe Mudah R iver sha l l a t a l l t imes be f ree to the peacefu lnav iga t ion o f the sub jec ts o f H is Ma jes ty the K ing o f S iam.
A r t i c l e i v
I t i s m u t u a l l y a g r e e d t h a t s t o n e p i l 1 a r s , n o t l e s s t h a ns ix fee t h igh and a t the d is tance o f one rn i le apar t , sha l1be erec ted a t the jo in t expense o f the Government o f theSt ra i ts Set t lements and H is H ighness the Iang de per Tuanof Quedah, in order to mark the Eastern boundary l ine of theceded ten i to ry ; tha t no gran t o r t rans fer o f land sha l l bemade, o r houses o ther than Po l ice Sta t ions a l lowed to beerec ted , w i th in one hundred yards on e i ther s ide o f th isBoundary l ine ; and fu r ther tha t , w i th in the d is tance o f twomi les f rom the sa id boundary l ine , no shops fo r the sa le o fOp iun , Toddy, Bang or Sp i r i t s sha l l be l i - censed, o r Gambl inghouses be permi t ted , in the i r respec t ive d is t r i -c ts , by theGovernor o f the St ra i ts Set t lenents o r the Iang de per Tuanof Quedah.
Ar t i -c1e v
A11 persons conv ic ted o f , o r awa i t ing t r ia l fo r , o ragainst whon warrants for their arrest may be issued for the
r53
cr imes hereaf te r spec i f ied , who may e f fec t the i r escapef rom any o f the Possess ions o f Her Br i tann ic Ma jes ty in tothe terr i tory of Quedah, or who may be found within the saidTer r i to ry o f Quedah, sha l1 , upon a fo rmal requ is i t ion f ro rnthe Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t lements , o r the L ieu tenant -Governor o f Penang or Ma lacca, to the Iang de per Tuan, bede l ivered up to the Br i t i sh Author i t ies , and in l i ke manner ,a l l persons conv ic ted o f , o r awa i t ing t r ia l fo r , o r chargedby the Iang de per Tuan of Quedah with any of the cr imeshere ina f te r spec i f ied , who may e f fec t the i r escape f romQuedah in to Br i t i sh Ter r i to ry , sha l1 , upon requ is i t ion f romthe Iang de per Tuan to the Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t le -ments , o r the L ieu tenant -Governor o f Penang or Ma lacca, besur rendered to the Author i t ies o f Quedah. The c r imes abovere fer red to a re the fo l low ing , tha t i s to say : - Murder ,Daco i ty , Robbery , Arson, Rape, Burg la ry , Aggravated assau l t ,C a t t l e - s t e a l i n g , M a k i n g o r u t t e r i n g f a l s e - c o i n , F o r g e r y ,Embezz lement , Per ju ry , Breach o f Pr ison , Fraudu len t Bank-rup tcy , o r A t tempt to Comni t Murder , Daco i ty , Robbery , Arson,Rape, Burg la ry o r Aggravated assau l t .
Bu t no person sha1 l be de l i vered up in v i r tue o f th isar t i c le by the Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t le rnents , o r bythe L ieu tenant -Governor l o f Penang or Ma lacca, un less theGovernor o r L ieu tenant -Governor , as the case rnay be , sha l1be sa t is f ied tha t there are reasonab le g rounds fo r be l iev ingh i rn to have been gu i l t y o f some one o f the above c r imes.
A r t i c l e v i
The Iang de per Tuan of Quedah engages not to levy anyduty upon Cat t le , g ra in o r o ther p rov is ions , expor ted f romQuedah in to the Br i t i sh Ter r i to ry h igher than accord ing tot h e f o l l o w i n g T a r i f f v i z . : - u p o n R i c e $ 8 p e r C o y a n o f 4 0p icu ls , upon Paddy $4 per Coyan o f 800 Gantangs , upon Cat t le$1 per head, upon Ducks and Fowls $1 per hundred. Prov ideda lways tha t , in the event o f fa i lu re o f the R ice c rop in theTemi to ry o f Quedah, i t sha l l be lawfu l fo r the sa id Iang deper Tuan to prohibi t the export of Rice from Quedah for thecur ren t R ice Season, a t any t ime a f te r th ree nonthsr no t iceo f such h is in ten t ion sha l1 have been g iven to the Br i t i shGovernment at Penang, and provided that such prohibi t ions h a l l b e g e n e r a l a n d n o t a p p l i c a b l e t o p a r t i c u l a r p l a c e s .
A r t i c l e v i i
This TreatyGovernnent of Her
sha1 l be subrn i t ted fo rBr i tann ic Ma jes ty , and
con f i rma t i on to t heto the Government
154
of H.M. the K ing o f S iam, bu t i t sha l l come in to opera t ionas soon as poss ib le a f te r i t s s ignature .
In witness whereof the undersigned Thornas George Knox,E s q . , H e r B r i t a n n i c M a j e s t y r s C o n s u l - G e n e r a l i n S i a m , a n r tChao Phya Sri Suriwongsa Phra Kalahome, Commissioner on thepar t o f H is Ma jes ty the K ing o f S iam, have s igned th is Trea t ) 'and a f f i xed the i r sea ls there to .
Done at Bangkok the sixth day of May in the year of OurLord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine.
Signature
Signature
S ignature
THOMAS GEORGE KNOX,Br i t i sh Consu l -Genera l , Bangkok
PHYA SAYBUREE (Sultan AHMAD TAJUDINMUKARRAI'I SIIAH of Kedah)b
C . P . S R I S U R I W O N G S APr ine l t l i n is te r o f S iam
FOOTNOTES
l . Original in Matay ( jaai scr ipt) and Engl ish in theKedah Arch ives , A lo r S tar .
The annexure is not Teproduced here as i t does notd i f fe r f rom the prov is ions inc luded in Ar t i c le v o f the1 8 6 8 a n d A r t i c l e v i o f t h e 1 8 6 9 T r e a t i e s .
Eng l ish or ig ina l in the Kedah Arch ives .
There is an add i t iona l no te jus t above the sea ls in theKedah Archives copy: "A map showing the direct ion ofthe Eas tern boundary be tween Prov ince Wel les ley andQuedah as agreed to in the treaty is attached to theTreatyrr. No map is in fact at tached to the KedahArchi-ves version; but i t may wel l have beep transferredto the 1869 Treaty . A map fo r th is t rea ty i s to befound in the Kedah Archives and is sealed bv Bri tainand Siam but not by Kedah.
Or ig ina l in Ma lay ( jau i sc r ip t ) and Eng l ish in theKedah Arch ives .
There are some d isc repanc ies in the spe l l ing o f p ropernanes, and a few o ther minor d isc repanc ies , as be tweent h e K e d a h A r c h i v e s a n d t h e M . & c v e r s i o n ( p p . 8 2 - 8 5 ) .As the former is even more archaic and inconsistentthan the la t te r in i t s o r thography , we have fo l lowed the
q
155
6 .
la t te r here , except in the mat te r o f s ignatures .I t rnay jus t be wor th no t ing tha t in the Kedah Arch ivesvers ion the S iamese s ignatory i s re fe r red to as ChaoPhraya Sri Suriwongse Phra Kalahome, but his signatureis represented as CHAW PHYA SRI SURIY WONGSE; that theKedah Ru ler i s re fe r red to as H is H ighness the Yeangde per Tuan th roughout ; and tha t the da te i s g iven asthe sixth day of } lay in the year of the Christ ian Eraone thousand 8c .
The Kedah Arch ives copy and the l1 .G G. vers ion do no tshow the sea ls as hav ing been a f f i xed .
156
Note on the Kedah Documents of 1905 (June and July) and 1909
In 1905 f inanc ia l p rob lems necess i ta ted cons t i tu t iona lchange in Kedah (and a lso in Per l i s wh ich by th is da te wasregarded, a t leas t by S iam, as qu i te separa te f rom Kedah) .The Sta te fs bankruptcy cou ld be t raced back to the reck lessex t ravagance o f i t s Ru ler , Su l tan Abdu l Hamid . A modern is -ing par ty 1ed by the Ra ja Muda had long rea l i sed tha t the i rbes t hope was to curb the Su l tanrs power to in te r fe re ineconomic a f fa i rs e i ther by hav ing a Regency dec la red , on thegrounds tha t he was menta l l y un f i t to ru1e, o r by c rea t inga Sta te Counc i l , whose adv ice he wou ld be , to some ex ten t ,bound to accept . The fo rmer idea fa i led in o r about 1900,when the S iamese dec la red the Su l tan sane. In 1905, a t thepeak o f a na jo r f inanc ia l c r i s is , the Ra ja Muda went toBangkok to ask for a loan which was granted on condit iontha t Kedah shou ld accept an Adv iser to ass is t in f inanc ia ladministrat ion unt i l the loan had been repaid (Kedah Documento f 16 June 1905) . On h is re tu rn to A lo r S tar the Ra ja Mudawas made Pres ident o f a S ta te Counc i l , cons t i tu ted by ordero f the Su l tan (Kedah Document o f 23 Ju ly 1905) w i th cons ider -ab le powers o f f inanc ia l con t ro l .
The Adviser to Kedah was appointed by Bangkok under theterms of the Anglo-Siamese Declarat ion and Draft Agreement of1902 (cp. p. I96) by which Kelantan had accepted a SianeseAdv iser . The or ig ina tor o f th is scheme had been S i r F rankSwet tenhan (Governor and H igh Comniss ioner 1901-04) . Hehad undoubted ly v isua l i sed Adv i -sers w i th the same sor t o fpowers as Br i t i sh Res idents in the FMS and had ac tua l l yhoped tha t they wou ld be se lec ted f rom the Malayan C iv i lServ ice . In fac t , the S iamese Adv isers ass igned f i rs t toKe lan tan and then, in 1905, to Kedah and Per l i s were Eng l ish-men in Siamese employment. Sir John Ancierson (Governor andHigh Commiss ioner 1904-11) opposed the appo in tnent o f theKedah Adv iser because he s t rong ly d isapproved o f the ac t iv i -t ies o f the o f f i cer a l ready pos ted to Ke lan tan and becausehe wanted more direct control over Kedah from Singapore,Anderson genu ine ly bu t incor rec t ly be l ieved tha t S iameser igh ts in a1 I the nor thern Sta tes were un i fo rm and tha t theAdviser sent to Kedah would have powers comparable to thoseof the Res idents sent by Br i ta in to the FMS. These fa lseassunpt ions i -nduced Anderson to be anxious about the extento f the Adv iser fs au thor i ty dur ing the remain ing years o fS iamese over lo rdsh ip , and, once S ianese suzera in ty had beent rans fer red to Br i ta i -n , 1ed h in and h is successor to a mis -taken in te rpre ta t ion o f tha t o f f i cer rs leg i t imate ro le inKedah.
t57
By Ar t i c le i o f the Ang lo-s iamese Treaty o f 1909 (cp .p .332 ) the S iamese Government t rans fer red to Br i ta in "a11r igh ts o f suzera in ty , p ro tec t ion , admin is t ra t ion and cont ro lwhatsoever which they possessrt over Kedah and the othernor thern Sta tes . Constan t Ang lo-Malay f r i c t ion fo l lowedover the prec ise na ture o f these r igh ts espec ia l l y in Kedah,where Malays were ser ious ly o f fended by the fa i lu re o f theSiamese Government to consult them over the transfer nego-t ia t ions . I * Moreover , desp i te the lu r id p ic tu re pa in teJ o fKedah by Europeans, tha t S ta te was be t te r o rgan ised and mores tab le than o ther west -coas t S ta tes a t the t ime o f Br i t i shintervent ion, and during the early twent ieth century theMalay rul ing class in Kedah confronted the Bri t ish on anychange that threatened to di lute their power in the Stateor to absorb i t in to the FMS.2
Anderson se lec ted W.G. Maxwel l as h is f i rs t Adv iser inKedah and stTongly supported him when he acted with execut ivepowers ex tend ing we l l beyond the f inanc ia l sphere . A c r is isresu l ted in 1910, when the Sta te Counc i l and a l l Ma lay c iv i lservants re fused to co-opera te w i th Maxwel l and went b r ie f l yon s t r i ke .3 Anderson, Lacked by the Co lon ia l Of f i ce (wh ic i rapparent ly d id no t re fe r to the 1905 Documents ) , s tuck to h isin te rpre ta t ion o f the Adv iser rs ro1e, and Kedah Malays ,fear ing that Anderson might go so far as to abol ish the StateCounci l were they to cont inue their campaign of non-coopera-t ion , gave way.
A f resh c r is is occur red in 1913-14. When the Su l tanbegan to in te r fe re in mat te rs reserved fo r the Counc i l t sju r isd ic t ion , i t p roved poss ib le fo r Kedah no tab les to con-v ince the Br i t i sh o f the necess i ty o f dec la r ing a Regency .Then, having been declared Regent, Tengku Ibrahim refusedthe Governor fs ins t ruc t ions to becone Pres ident o f the Sta teCounc i l . Br i ta in a rgued tha t the Sta te Counc i l had beencreated by s iam to take the p lace o f the Ru ler (who in 1g05had already been non eompos mentis) and that therefore theRegent shou ld be i t s Pres ident . The Malays , fear ing fo rthe in tegr i t y o f the Sta te Counc i l , rep l ied tha t the Ru lerh imse l f had cons t i tu ted the Counc i l , tha t the Counc i l tookthe p lace o f the Waz i r o r V iz ie r normal ly found in Mos lemSta tes , and tha t the Regent as Head o f S ta te cou ld no tposs ib ly be a member o f i t .4 The ques t ion was whether o rno t Br i ta in had inher i ted f rom S iam the r igh t to in te r fe rein the cons t i tu t ion o f the Sta te Counc i l . Once aga in v ic to rywas the Governor -H igh Commiss ioner?s who ga ined Tengku Ib ra-h imrs compl iance on pa in o f depos i t ion . Th is t ime, however ,Kedah had car r ied her .case to London .and the .Co lon ia l Qt f iqeF o r f o o t n o t e s s e e p . 1 5 9
t 58
u
had a t las t checked the re levant documents and rea l i sed theweakness o f i t s pos i t ion . Thereaf te r , Kedahrs Adv iserswere ex tTemely tac t fu l un t i l the i r pos i t ion was regu la r isedby the 1923 T ' rea ty (p . i75) ; nor were there many d isputesi n l a t e r y e a r s .
Kedah 's res is tance to the Br i t i sh in te rpre ta t ion o f theAdv iser 's func t ions was impor tan t in the evo lu t ion o f a con-cept o f "Adv iser " as someone whose powers were a l togetherd i f fe ren t in ex ten t and qua l i t y f ron those o f a Res ident .
FOOTNOTES
See J . de V. A l len , "The E lephant and the Mousedeer -A N e w V e r s i o n : A n g l o - K e d a h R e l a t i o n s , 1 9 0 5 - 1 9 1 5 . ' fJMBRAS, 4 I , i (Ju1y 1968) , 54-94 .
Sharorn b Ahrnat, "Transit ion and Change in a Malay State:A Study o f the Economi -c and Po l i t i ca l Deve lopment o fK e d a h 1 8 7 9 - 1 9 2 3 , r ' P h D t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f L o n d o n ,1 9 6 9 , p . 1 5 0 a n d p . 2 9 2 .
C O 2 7 3 / 3 6 1 , A n d e r s o n t o C 0 c o n f i d e n t i a l , 9 J u n e 1 9 1 0 ,w i t h e n c l o s u r e s .
C O 2 7 3 / 4 1 6 , R e g e n t o f K e d a h t o F O , 9 J a n . 1 9 1 4 a n d 1 1A u g . 1 9 1 4 .
1 l la
I
r59
KEDAH DOCUMENT of 16 June, 1905
Loan Agreenent with Siaml*
Between the unders igned, H is Roya l H ighness Pr inceMahis ra Rachaharu tha i , M in is te r o f F inance to H is Ma jes tythe K ing o f S ian , ac t ing in the name o f and fo r account o fH is S iamese Majes ty 's Government , as lender , o f the one par t ,and Phya Seni Marong Kit i r (Tengku Abdul Aziz) Raja Muda ofKedah, ac t ing in the name o f and fo r account o f H is H ighnessChao Phya Kit i Songkram Rama Bhakdi Chao Phya Saiburi(Tengku Abdul Hamid) Sultan of Kedah, as borrower, of theother part .
I t i s a g r e e d a s f o l l o w s : -
The lender agreesTwo Mi l l ion S ix Hundredp e r c e n t . i n t e r e s t p e r
A r t i c l e i
to grant to the borrower a loan ofThousand Do l la rs a t the ra te o f s ix
annum.
A r t i c l e i i
The bor rower under takes on beha l f o f h imse l f as Su l tanof Kedah h is successors and ass igns to pay to H is S iameseMajes ty fs Government on the f i rs t day o f June o f each yearin te res t a t the ra te o f s ix per cent . per annum on thecap i ta l sum outs tand i -ng on the las t day o f the prev iousrnonth , v iz . , the th i r ty - f i rs t day o f May i t be ing unders toodtha t in te res t fo r the f i rs t year w i l l be reckoned f rom thedates on which the several sums making up the ful l amounto f the loan are p laced a t the d isposa l o f the bor rower o rare u t i l i sed in pay ing o f f the debts fo r the l iqu ida t ion o fwh ich the loan is ma in ly g ran ted .
A r t i c l e i i i .
The bor rower a lso under takes on beha l f o f h imse l f asSu l tan o f Kedah h is successors and ass igns to repay theamount o f the loan ment ioned in Ar t i c le i w i th in te res t a tthe ra te p rov ided fo r in the same Ar t i c le to H is S iameseMajestyrs Governnent from the revenues of the State of Kedah,and the amount of the instalments and the t i -mes at whichsuch ins ta lments o f the loan are to be pa id by the lenderto the borrower, and the amount of the instalments and the
* For foo tno tes see p .165
160
t imes a t wh ich the ins ta lments o f the loan are to be repa idby the bor rower to the lender , w i l l be incorpora ted in asubs id ia ry agreement to be s igned hereaf te r .
A r t i c l e i v
In cons idera t ion o f the loan here in re fe r red to thebor rower under takes on beha l f o f h inse l f as Su l tan o f Kedahh is successors and ass igns to accept , un t i l the loan (Cap i ta land In te res t ) sha l1 have been en t i re ly repa id , the serv icesof an Adv iser to be appo in ted by H is S iamese Majes ty rsGovernment to ass is t h in in the f i -nanc ia l admin is t ra t ion o fh is S ta te , and the bor rower fu r ther under takes on beha l f o fh imse l fas Su l tan o f Kedah, h is successors and ass igns tofo l low the adv ice o f such Adv iser i .n a l l mat te rs re la t ing tof inance. The sa la ry o f the Adv iser appo in ted by H is S iameseMajes ty 's Government sha l l be pa i -d ou t o f the revenues o fthe Sta te o f Kedah.
A r t i c l e v
The bor rower a lso under takes on beha l f o f h imse l f asSu l tan o f Kedah, h is successors and ass igns to re f ra in f roncont rac t ing any f resh loan or incur r ing any f inanc ia l l i ab i -l i t i es un t i l the loan here in re fe r red to (Cap i ta l and In te -r e s t J i s e n t i r e l y r e p a i d .
G iven and s igned in two ident ica l cop ies o f w i r i ch onesha l1 be kept by the lender and the o ther by the bor rower .
Signature of Lender IUAHISRA
Witness PHYA SRI SAHADHEB
Signature o f Bor rower ABDUL AZIZ
W i t n e s s e s H . F . W I L L I A M S O NA . C . S . W A R D
Signed at Bangkok on the 16th day of June in the yearOne Thousand Nine Hundred and Five.
l 6 l
KEDAH DOCUMENT of 23 Ju1y, 1905
the Su l tan o f Kedah fo r the Const i tu t ion o f a S ta teE d i c t bu n c i l
Whereas i t is expedient for the better government ofthe Sta te o f Kedah tha t there sha l1 be cons t i tu ted a Counc i lo f S ta te composed o f the lead ing o f f i c ia ls in my serv icewhose du ty i t sha l l be to ass is t ne in the admin is t ra t iono f a l l n u b l i c a f f a i r s .
Now I , Su l tan Abdu l Hamid Ha l imshah, Su l tan o f Kedah,do hereby command and proc la i rn tha t there sha l l be cons t i -tu ted fo r thwi th a Counc i l o f S ta te composed o f f i ve menbersto be appo in ted by ne f rom t ime to t i rne sub jec t to the con-f i rmat ion o f the Governnent o f H is S iamese Majes ty .
The pr incipal rnenber and President of this Counci lsha l l be H is H ighness Tunku Abdu l Az iz , Ra jah Muda o f Kedah,and of the remaining members one sha11 be the Chief Judge ofmy Suprerne Court and another the Adviser lent to this Stateby H is S iamese Majes ty?s Governnent . The o ther two memberswi l l be appo in ted by separa te o rder , sub jec t to the approva lof the Government of Siam.
And I , Su l tan Abdu l Hamid Ha l imshah, do hereby fu r thercommand and proclairn that the Counci l of State hereby con-s t i t u t e d s h a 1 1 e x e r c i s e t h e f o l l o w i n g p o w e r s a n d d u t i e s ,V L L . -
1 . T h e d i s p o s a l b y p u b l i c t e n d e r , s u b j e c t t o n y c o n f i r m a t i o n ,o f a l l revenue fa rms and s ta te monopo l ies wh ich mayhereaf te r fa l1 vacant .
2 . The d isposa l in such manner as may seem to the Counc i lp roper o f a l l o r any pe t i t ions by revenue fa rmers andothers fo r reduc t ion o f ren t o r mon ies due to theGovernment; for whatever reasons such reduct ions maybe urged, save as a fo resa id pe t i t ions fo r reduc t ion o fren ts and o ther dues must no t be en ter ta ined.
3 . T h e d i s p o s a l o f a l 1 q u e s t i o n s o f g i f t s o r d o n a t i o n si ,ntended or proposed to be made out of the revenues ofthe Sta te o f Kedah, by whomsoever such proposa l i s made,and the dec is ion o f the Counc i l i -n such cases sha l l bef ina l .
4 . The rece ip t and d isposa l , sub jec t to my conf i rmat ion ,o f a l l p e t i t i o n s f o r t h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e v a l u e o f l a n d ,l a n d r e n t s , q u i t r e n t s a n d a s s e s s m e n t s .
t62
6 .
7 .
The co l lec t ion and d isposa l o f a l l s ta te revenue andexpend i tu re and the f i x ing o f sa la r ies , a l lowances andother e rno lu rnents o f a l l s ta te o f f i c ia ls and enp loyees .The f ix ing of the al lowances to be drawn from the staterevenue by the var ious members of the Rul ing House ofKedah, o ther than those ho ld ing sa la r ied ap fo in tmentsunder the Government, but including the twb widows oft h e l a t e S u l t a n .
The enac tment o f a l l 1aws, sub jec t to my approva l , andthe pass ing on i t s own author i ty o f a l f - ru i l s , regu la_t ions and bye- raws requ i red fo r the proper admin is t ra t ionof the count ry .
G iven a t A lo r S tar on the 20 th day o f Jamadi l -awar rs2s ,cor respond ing to the 23rd day o f Ju ly 1905.
163
KEDAH DOCIJMENT of 9 Ju1y, 1909
Let te r f rom the Min is te r o f the In te r io r S i a m . n o t i f r l l
t\ of the 1 An 1 o - S i a n e s e Treat
His Royal Highness Krom Luang Damrong Rajanubhab, I t { in istero f the In te r io r , to Chow Phya R i t i Songkram, Su l tan o f Kedah.
S i r ,
I arn commanded by His Majesty to inform your Highnesstha t fo r some t ime pas t negot ia t ions have been car r ied onwhich have resu l ted in the s ign ing o f a t rea ty be tween H isMajes ty rs Governnent and the Br i t i sh Government on the 1Otho f M a r c h , 1 9 0 9 , a n d r a t i f i e d o n t h e 9 t h J u l y 1 9 0 9 .
By ar t i c le i o f th is t rea ty i t i s p rov ided tha t theSiamese Government transfers to the Bri t ish Government what-soever r igh ts o f suzera in ty , p ro tec t ion , admin is t ra t ion andcont ro l they fo rmer ly possessed over the Sta tes o f Kedahand Per l i s and the ad jacent i s lands .
I beg further to inform Your Highness that in determin-ing what should be the future boundarles between Siam andthe te r r i to r ies to the South o f i t , the pr inc ip le o f fo l low-ing permanent natural boundaries has been adopted. I neednot po in t ou t to your H ighness the advantages wh ich w i l lresult f rom such an arrangement. The new boundary is asf o l l o w s : -
Commencing from the most seaward point on the Northbank o f the es tuary o f the Per l i s R iver , then Nor th to therange o f h i l1s wh ich fo rm the watershed be tween the Per l i sR iver on the one s ide and the Pu joh R iver on the o ther ,then fo l low ing the watershed fo rmed by the sa id range o fh i l l s un t i l i t reaches the main watershed or d iv j -d ing l inebetween those r i vers wh ich f low in to the Gu l f o f S ia rn on theone s ide and in to the Ind ian Ocean on the o ther , fo l low ingth is na in watershed so as to pass the sources o f the Sunge iPat tan i , Sunge i Te lub in and Sunge i Perak .
The is lands known as Pu lo Langkawi together w i th a l li s le ts South o f the mid-channe l be tween Teru tau and Langkawia n d a l l t h e i s l e t s S o u t h o f L a n g k a w i s h a l 1 b e c o m e B r i t i s h .
Teru tau and the is le ts to the Nor th o f mid-channe l sha l1remain to S iam.
t64
With regard to the isLands c lose to the west coas t ,those ly ing to the Nor th o f the para l le l o f la t i tude wherethe nor th bank o f the Per l i s R iver touches the sea sha11remain to S iam, and those ly ing to the South o f the para l le lsha l1 becorne Br i t i sh .
Shor t l y a f te r the de l i very o f th is le t te r to you,B r i t i s h O f f i c i a l s w i l l a r r i v e a t A l o r S t a r w h o w i l l r e p l a c et h e S i a m e s e O f f i c i a l s .
' I t causes H is Ma jes ty deep regre t tha t the fo rmer re la -t ions be tween H is Ma jes ty fs Government and Kedah are aboutto cease. In fac t there was on ly one reason wh ich cou ldhave led H is Ma jes ty 's Government to take such ac t ion , be-cause they are conv inced tha t i t i s fo r the bes t in te res tso f Kedah herse l f tha t the change shou ld take p lace .
For nany years H is Ma jes ty rs Government has s tud iedwi th care and sympathy the in te res ts o f Kedah, as a resu l to f wh ich H is Ma jes ty ts Government has become conv inced tha tthe change w i l l p roduce a la rger measure o f p rosper i ty anddeve lopment fo r Kedah than a cont inuat ion o f the o1d cond i -t i o n s .
In c los ing H is Ma jes ty cornmands me to express to YourHighness H is apprec ia t ion o f the unwaver ing loya l ty wh ichyou have shown to Him and His House in the past and to con-vey to you H is bes t w i -shes fo r the we l fa re o f Your H ighnessand your S ta te in the fu tu re .
S ignature
I have the honour to be ,q ; -v L L ,
Your obedient servant
DAMRONG,I t l in is te r o f the In te r io r
FOOTNOTES
Copy in CO 273/361, enc1. in Anderson to CO conf . o f9 June 1910. There is a lso a copy da t ing f ton L922in the Kedah Sta te Arch ives .
M . 6 C . g i v e K i t i . C O 2 7 3 g i v e R i t i b o t h h e r e a n d i nthe t i t le o f the Ru ler o f Kedah in the 1909 KedahDocument .
165
C O 2 7 3 / 4 1 6 , e n c l1 9 1 4 .
in Regent of Kedah to Fo of 9 Jan
O r i g i n a l i n K e d a h A r c h i v e s , A l o r S t a r . I f t h i s l e t t e ris s im i la r to tha t sen t by the S iamese to the Ru lerso f a l l nor thern Malay Sta tes in th is year , i t i - s poss ib letha t the S iamese and Malay vers ions were somewhat d i f fe -r e n t : s e e C O 2 7 3 / 3 5 4 , F 0 t o C 0 o f 1 N o v . 1 9 0 9 r e g a r d i n gSiamrs le t te r to Trengganu.
166
ible
rng
Note on the Kedah Treaty of 4 March 1912
The Kedah-Perak boundary had been the topic of previousd isputes (see p ,368) . The cess ion o f Rahman to Perak bythe Ang lo-S iamese Treaty o f 1909, together w i th the necess i tyfor Perak to construct access roads to the new terr i tory(a l though i t was a long t ime be fore these ac tua l l y penet ra tedRahman i tsel f) reopened the quest ion. Kedah was very muchon the alert at this t ime for impingements upon her quasiindependent s ta tus . There had been a major cont roversyo v e r t h e r o l e o f t h e A d v i s e r i n 1 9 1 0 ( c p . p . 1 5 8 ) , a n d i nthe fo l low ing year Kedah had wanted , bu t had been re fused,a new vers ion o f the 1869 Treaty (cp . p .152) . Kedah hadins is ted upon Br i t i sh recogn i t ion o f cer ta in mat te rs o fp ro toco l : a t Kedahrs reques t the appo in t rnent o f TengkuIbrah im to the Sta te Counc i l had been made by H is Ma jes tyra ther than by H is Ma jes ty rs Government ;1 aga in a t Kedah 'srequest Sir Arthur Young (Governor and High Commissioner1911-19) had been s ty led H igh Conmiss ioner fo r the MalaySta tes and no t fo r the FMS a lone;2 f ina l1y , on 6 March 1912Young had reported to London that i t had been agreed thatthe Sta te o f Kedah, the Su l tan and the Pres ident o f theSta te Counc i l shou ld each have a separa te f1ag.3
In view of the ternper of Kedah opinion (and perhaps asa compensat ion for the rebuff over her request to renew the1869 Treaty) Kedah and Perak signed a treaty covering aminor border adjustment and the construct ion by the PerakGovernment of some roads in Kedah terr i tory (Kedah Treaty of1912) . I t i s wor th remark ing tha t , wh i le the Su l tan o fPerakrs sea l and s ignature were w i tnessed by h i -s Br i t i shRes ident , those o f the Su l tan o f Kedah were w i tnessed by h isMalay Secre tary .
FOOTNOTES
C o 2 7 3 / 3 7 2 , A n d e r s o n t o C 0 , I F e b . 1 9 1 1 .
C O 2 7 3 / 3 7 8 , A n d e r s o n r s m i n u t e o f 2 8 A u g . 1 9 1 1
C o 2 7 3 / 3 8 5 , Y o u n g t o C 0 , 6 M a r . I 9 I 2 .
IaL
7
167
KEDAH TREATY of 4 March, l9I2
r *
Boundary Treaty with Perakr
An Agreement made th is 15 th day o f Rab ia l -awa1, 1330, cor -respond ing w i th the 4 th day o f March , 1912, be tween H.H.The Su l tan o f Perak and H.H. The Su l tan c f Kedah regard ingthe boundary between Kedah and Perak in the neighbourhoodof Bal ing and Tasek and the construct ions of roads fromBal ing to Padang Sera i in Kedah.
H . H . T h e S u l t a n o f P e r a k a g r e e s t o c o n s t r u c t a m e t a l l e dcar t road o f the f i rs t c lass as fa r as Kua la Ket i l (on theMuda R iver ) in Kedah te r r i to ry (a d i -s tance o f about 22 mi les)wh ich sha1 l be in cont inuat ion o f the road wh ich the Govern-ment o f Perak is a l ready cons t ruc t ing be tween K l ian In tanin Upper Perak and Ba l ing in Kedah.
Th is Road sha1 l be cons t ruc ted en t i re ly a t the expenseof the Perak Government.
The Perak Government wi l l pay for the resurnpt ion of al la l iena ted land requ i red fo r the purposes o f the road bu tthe Kedah Government sha l l p rov ide a l l the Sta te Land re -o u i r e d f r e e o f c o s t .
When the road has been completed the Perak Governnentw i l l hand i t over to the Kedah Government .
In cons idera t ion fo r the above H.H. The Su l tan o f Kedaha g r e e s a s f o l l o w s : -
F i rs t tha t the Governnent o f Kedah w i l l ma in ta in and up-keep the Road after i t has been handed over in the same waytha t i t ma in ta ins and upkeeps o ther f i rs t c lass roads inKedah.
Second ly tha t the Governrnent o f Kedah w i l l cons t ruc t af i rs t c lass meta l led road to cont inue the sa id road to bebui l t by the Government of Perak as far as Padang Serai int h e K u l i n d i s t r i c t o f K e d a h a d i s t a n c e o f a b o u t 1 2 m i l e sand tha t i t w i l l ma in ta in and upkeep the sa id road in thesarne way as i t ma in ta ins and upkeeps s imi la r roads in Kedah.
Th i rd ly tha t the Government o f Kedah w i l l cede to theGovernment o f Perak a l l the land j -n the bas in o f the Ba l ingand Tengah Rivers above the Goa Bal ing so that in future theboundary between Kedah and Perak in the upper_sountry, of tbe* F o r f o o t n o t e s e e P . 1 6 9
r68
Bal ing R iver sha l l fo l low the l ine o f the h i l l s as markedwi th a red l ine in the map a t tached to th is Agreement .
Sea l and S ignature o f Su l tan IDRIS BIN ISKANDAR of
Wi tness OLIVER MARKS, PERAK'
A c t i n g B r i t i s h R e s i d e n t .
Seal and Signature of
Wi tness INCHE MOHD.Secre tary to
Sultan ABDUL HAMID HALIM SHAIIKEDAH.
A R I F F I N ,H . H . t h e S u l t a n o f K e d a h .
o f
FOOTNOTE
P r o v e n a n c e : M . q G . , p . 2 2 0 .no t the t rea ty i t se l f , i s in
The accompanying map, butthe Kedah Arch ives .
r69
Note on the Kedah Treaty and Docurnents of 1923
Dur ing the per iod fo l low ing 1909 Br i ta in rs pos i t ion inKedah remained i11-de f ined and Malays were cons tan t ly on thelookout for Br i t ish infr ingements of what they regarded asKedah 's semi - independent s ta tus . S i r Laurence Gu i l lemard(Governor and H igh Comniss ioner 1919-27) was d issa t is f iedwith the vague si tuat ion that obtained in Kedah and, havingbeen informed that the Bri t j -sh Government were unwil l ing toincorpora te the UMS wi th in the Federa t ion fo r fear o f s t rongoppos i t ion f rom Johore and Kedah ln par t i cu la r , Gu i l lenardset about regu la t ing h is re la t ions w i th Kedah. In 1923 theBr i t i sh pos i t ion w i th Kedah was de f ined by a t rea ty and somesurat akuan.
For Kedah the most impor tan t p rov is ion was Ar t i c le i i io f the t rea ty where i t was s ta ted tha t Kedah wou ld no t bed isposed to another power o r nerged w i th another S ta te o rw i th the St ra i ts Set t lements "w i thout the wr i t ten consento f H is H ighness the Su l tan in Counc i l . r r Th is Ar t i c le wast o b e o f s p e c i a l s i g n i f i c a n c e i n 1 9 4 5 - 4 6 . T h e t r e a t y a l s oprescr ibed the procedure for appointment to the State Counci lwh ich haC been the source o f so nuch cont roversy in 191.4-15 .For Br i ta in the key c lause was Ar t i c le v wh ich de f ined ther o l e o f t h e B r i t i s h A d v i s e r . W . P e e 1 , t h e B r i t i s h A d v i s e rwho w i tnessed the negot i -a t ion o f th is t rea ty and o f theacconpanying surat akuan, subsequent ly recorded that the Re-gent was I 'most reasonab le except on one po in t r ' : a f te r theusua l phrase (Ar t i c le v ) about Kedah tak ing the adv ice o fthe Br i t i sh Adv iser in a l l mat te rs save those per ta in ing toNIaIay rel igion and custom , Tengku Ibrahim wished to insertthe words "p rov ided tha t he , the Ru ler , agree w i th such ad-v ice" . On th is po in t the Regent was descr ibed as t 'most
in t rans igent . . . ow ing to h is hav ing had some unfor tunated isagreements w i th cer ta in adv isers who had fa i led to rea l i set h a t s m a l 1 c o n c e s s i o n s o f t e n a c h i e v e b i g r e s u l t s . . . r t P e e lf ina l l y persuaded h im to accept in p lace o f th is s t ipu la t ionthe wr i t ten guarantee tha t in the event o f a d i f fe rence o fop in ion be tween Ru ler and Adv iser , the fo rmer cou ld appea lto the H igh Comniss ioner o r even to the K ing in Br i ta in ." T h e r l g h t o f a R u l e r t o m a k e s u c h a n a p p e a l r f r P e e l n o t e d ,"was inherent , so there was no impor tan t concess ion . r r l *
I t i s wor th no t ing tha t the amendment wh ich Kedah f i rs tsought was a lmost iden t ica l to the one des i red by the Ru lero f T r e n g g a n u a n d h i s S t a t e C o u n c i l l o r s i n 1 9 1 9 ( c p . p . a 7 O )and tha t the dev ice used to overcome Malay ob jec t ions 'wasthe same in bo th ins tances , except . tha t in Kedahr .s case the* F o r f o o t n o t e s s e e p . 1 7 1
170
1nthe
safeguard was wr i t ten in to the t rea ty and pub l ished. Th iswas probab ly a w ise precaut ion fo r , a l though Pee l migh t havebe l ieved tha t the r igh t o f appea l was inherent in a l l t rea-t ies , the mat te r was open to doubt . The Trengganu Ru lerrece ived shor t shr i f t when, soon a f te r s ign ing the 1919Treaty , he had a d isagreement w i th h is Adv iser (a l though i ti s t rue tha t he does no t seem fo rmal ly to have appea led toL o n d o n ) . A g a i n , i n 1 9 3 5 t h e S u l t a n o f S e l a n g o r , w h o s ev is i t to London was known to be connected w i th h is d isappro-va l o f Br i t i - sh in te r fe rence in the Se langor l ine o f succes-s ion , was^proh ib i ted f ro rn d iscuss ing the a f fa i r w i th K ingGeorge V.z The no t ion tha t any Ru ler in t rea ty re la t ionswi th Br i ta in had the r igh t to pe t i t ion the Br i t i - sh monarch ,or a t any ra te the Secre tary o f S ta te , can be t raced back to1903 when the Su l tan o f Perak asked fo r a guarantee tha t hewou ld be a l lowed to have recourse to such an appea l in theevent o f d ispu tes w i th bo th h i .s Res ident and the H igh Com-miss ioner . The Malay Ru lers ser ious ly cons idered a jo in tsubmiss ion to the K ing (no t the Secre tary o f S ta te ) a t thet i m e o f t h e M a l a y a n U n i o n c r i s i s i n 1 9 4 6 .
Dur ing the Ang lo-Kedah negot j -a t ions o f 1923, i t appearstha t i . t was some t ime be fore the Kedah Government cou ld bepersuaded to re legate a number o f po in ts they w ished inc ludedin the t rea ty to sura t akuan, fo l low ing the pa t te rn p rov idedby the Johore Trea ty and suv ,a t akuan o f I9 t4 (cp . p .104) ,and they refused to transfer to suv'at akuan, as had Johore,the c lause lay ing down tha t Nta lay shou ld be an o f f i c ia lS ta te language. Before commi t t ing Kedah to the t rea ty ,Tengku Ib rah im despatched a sura t akuan suggest ing cer ta inl i n e s o f p o l i c y w h i c h G u i l l e m a r d a c c e p t e d o n t h e d a y t h et rea ty was s igned. Between them the t rea ty and the sura takuan gover led Ang lo-Kedah re la t ions un t i l the Japaneseoccupat ion . J
FOOTNOTES
S i r W i l l i a m P e e l , " C o 1 o n i a 1 S e r v i c e N o t e s , 1 8 9 7 - 1 9 3 5 , "R h o d e s H o u s e C o l l e c t i o n , B o d l e y M s s . B r i t . E m p . S 2 0 8 .
Sir Frank Swettenham, Footpnrnts in MaLaga, London,1 9 4 2 , p . 9 8 ; J . d e V . A l l e n , T h e M a L a y a n U n i o n , N e wH a v e n , 1 9 6 7 , p p . 7 - 8 . O n t h i s s u c c e s s i o n d i s p u t e s e eYeo K im Wah, "The Se langor success ion d ispute 1933-8" ,Journa l o f Southeas t As ian Stud ies , 2 , i i (Sept . 1971) ,p p . 1 . 6 9 - 8 4 .
The negot iat ions surrounding the suz,at akuan and the
as
t7 l
L923 Treaty are cleal t with in Sharon Ahmat, "Transit ionand Change in a Malay Sta te : A Study o f the Econorn icand Po l i t i ca l Deve lopment o f Kedah 1879-19231 ' , PhDt h e s i s , L o n d o n U n i v e r s i t y , 1 9 6 9 , p . 2 8 8 f .
t72
KEDAH DOCUI\, IENTS of September-November, 1923
Surat Akuan attached to 1923 Treatyl*
( i ) Regent of Kedah to Governoro f the St ra i ts Set t lements
A lor S tar , Kedah
25th September , 1923
YOUR EXCELLENCY,
In v iew o f the contenp la ted Trea ty be tween Kedah andGreat Bri tain I have the honour to enquire whether the fo1-lowing l ines o f po l i cy neet w i th Your Exce l lencyrs approva land concur rence: -
2 . I t rus t tha t I sha l l a lways be in fo rmed before anyone whom i t i s p roposed to send as Br i t i sh Adv iser in th isSta te i s ac tua l fy appo in ted .2
3 . European Of f i cers w i l l be appo in ted or seconded tothe Kedah serv ice on ly a f te r re fe rence to the Sta te Counc i land w i th Your Exce l lency ts concur rence, bu t I wou ld ask tha ta f te r they have been so appo in ted they shou ld be regarded asKedah Of f i cers fo r the t ime be ing and shou ld be expec ted towear the Kedah wh i te un i fo rm in accordance w i th the ru les info rce in Kedah. Th is w i l l no t app ly to the Adv iser .
4 . I assr rme tha t i f I am not sa t is f ied w i th any secon-ded Off icer i t is open to me to recommend his removal f romthe serv ice o f the Sta te o f Kedah.
5 . The admin is t ra t ion o f th is S ta te sha1 l so fa r as i sposs ib le , be car r ied ou t by l t la lay Of f i cers , p re fe rence be ingg iven genera l l y to Ma lays domic i led in Kedah and rnore espe-c ia l l y to the na t ives o f the Count ry . The Sta te Counc i lmay se lec t annua l ly na t ives o f the CountTy to be sent fo rh igher educat ion to Europe or Arab ia o r o ther s imi la r coun-t r ies w i th a v iew to the i r ho ld ing Government appo in tments .SThe Governnent sha l l in such cases pay the i r expenses .
6 . The Malaysbe t rea ted on te rms
and Europeans in the Kedah service shouldo f e q u a l i t y
F o r f o o t n o t e s s e e P . 1 7 6
173
7 . The present Secretary to Government and Chief lv lalayJudge sha l1 cont inue to be members o f the Sta te Counc i l solong as they ho ld these appo in tnents .
I h a v e t h e h o n o u r t o b e , S i r ,
Your obed ien t Servant ,
S ignature IBRAHIM.
( i i ) Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t lementsto Regent o f Kedah.
Government House,S ingapore .
ls t Novenber , 1923.
S i r ,
I have the honour to acknowledge Your H ighness ts le t te ro f t h e 2 5 t h S e p t e m b e r , 1 9 2 3 , o n t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e p o l i c y t obe adopted in cer ta in mat te rs in v iew o f the proposed de f in i -t ion by t rea ty o f the re la t ions be tween H is Br i tann ic Ma jes ty rsGovernment and the State of Kedah, and to inform you that Iagree w i th and accept Your H ighnessrs suggest ions on a l l thepo in ts dea l t w i th in your le t te r .
I have the honour to be , S i r ,
Your obed ien t Servant ,
L . N . G U I L L E M A R D .
t74
rt0
ln1 -
KEDAH TREATY of 1 November, 1923
Treaty p rov id ing fo r a Br i t i sh Adv iser4
Agreement to de termine the f r iend ly re la t ions be tweenHis Br i tann ic Ma ' ies ty?s Government and the Mohamedan Sta teo f K e d a h .
Made between H is Exce l lency S i r Laurence Nunns Gu i l1e-n a r d , K . C . B . , K . C . M . G . , G o v e r n o r o f t h e S t r a i t s S e t t l e m e n t sand H igh Commiss ioner fo r the l ' {a lay S ta tes on beha l f o f H isMajes ty the K ing o f Great Br i ta in :
A n d H i s H i g h n e s s T u n k u I b r a h i n , C . M . G . , R e g e n t i n t h ep l a c e o f H i s H i g h n e s s S u l t a n A b d u l H a m i d H a l i m s h a h , K . C . M . G . ,on h is own beha l f and on beha l f o f the descendants o f Su l tanAbdul Hamid Hal imshah who may succeed him as Sultan andRuler o f Kedah.
1 . The Sta te o f Kedah sha l l con t inue to be under thepro tec t ion o f H is Br i tann ic Ma jes ty who sha11 exerc ise ther i g h t s o f s u z e r a i n t y .
2 . H is H ighness the Su l tan o f Kedah sha l l have nopo l i t i ca l dea l ings w i th any fo re ign power o r po ten ta te , ex-cept th rough the med iurn o f H is Br i tann ic l r {a jes ty rs Govern-m e n t .
3 . H is Br i tann ic Ma jes ty w i l l no t t rans fer o r o therw ised ispose o f h is r igh ts o f suzera in ty over the Sta te o f Kedahto another power and w i l l no t merge or combine the Sta te o fKedah or her te r r i to r ies w i th any o ther S ta te o r w i th theColony o f the St ra i ts Set t lements w i thout the wr i t ten consento f H i s H i g h n e s s t h e S u l t a n i n C o u n c i l .
4 . T h e s u c c e s s o r t o t h e S u l t a n a t e s h a l l a l w a y s b e ad i rec t descendant o f Su l tan Abdu l Han id Ha l imshah or o f h isances tors chosen by the Sta te Counc i l and accepted by H isB r i t a n n i c M a j e s t y .
5 . T h e S u l t a n o f K e d a h a n d h i s s u c c e s s o r s w i l l r e c e i v eand prov ide a su i tab le res idence fo r a Br i t i sh Adv iser toadv ise on a l l mat te rs connected w i th the Government o f theSta te o ther than mat te rs re la t ing to Ma lay cus tom or Mohamedanre l ig ion , and w i l l accept such adv ice , p rov ided tha t no th ingin th is c lause sha l l in any way pre jud ice the r igh t o f theSu l tan or h is successors to address the H igh Commiss ionerfo r the Malay Sta tes or H is Br i tann ic Ma jes ty i f the Su l tans o d e s i r e s .
Ithe
t75
The cos t o f the Br i t i sh Adv iser w i th h is es tab l i shmentsha11 be de termined by the H igh Comniss ioner fo r the MalaySta tes and sha l1 be a charge on the revenues o f Kedah.
6 . The Sta te o f Kedah sha l l be governed by H is H ighnessthe Su l tan w i th the ass is tance o f a S ta te Counc i l wh ich sha l1cons is t o f H is H ighness the Su l tan as Pres ident , th ree o therMalay members se lec ted by name or o f f i ce by H is H ighness w i ththe approva l o f H is Exce l lency the H igh Commiss ioner andanother member who sha l1 be the Br i t i sh Adv iser . Prov idedthat by mutual consent of the High Comnissioner for the MalaySta tes and H is H ighness the Su l tan add i t iona l member . : may beadded to the Counc i l fo r any spec i f i c per iod . In the ab-sence o f H is H ighness a Malay nember se lec ted by H is H ighnesss h a 1 1 p r e s i d e o v e r t h e C o u n c i l .
7 . The Malay language, w i th Jawi charac ter in the caseof wr i t ten language, sha l1 be the o f f i c ia l language, in a l ldepartments of the Government of Kedah except where i t isp rov ided in the law o f the Sta te o f Kedah or by spec ia lauthorj- ty of Government that any other language rnay be used.
In w i tness whereof H is Exce l lency S i r Laurence NunnsG u i l l e m a r d , K . C . B . , K . C . M . G . , a n d H i s H i g h n e s s T u n k u l b r a h i n ,C . M . G . , R e g e n t o f K e d a h , h a v e s e t t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e s e a l s a n ds ignatures .
D a t e d a t S i n g a p o r e , t h i s l s t d a y o f N o v e m b e r , 1 9 2 3 ,cor respond ing to the 21s t day o f Rab i A lawa l , 1 .342.
S e a l o f H i g h C o m m i s s i o n e r .
Signature LAURENCE N. cuiLLEI{ARD
W i t n e s s e s W . P E E LA . F . R I C H A R D S
S e a l o f R e g e n t .
Signature iBRAIIIM
Witnesses MANSURMOHMED IDID
FOOTNOTES
O r i g i n a l i n K e d a h A r c h i v e s ; s e e a l s o C O 7 I 7 / 2 7 .I
t76
3 .
The importance of sending to the Unfederated MalaySta tes an Adv iser who was acceptab le to the Ru ler hadbeen no ted in 1916 in connect ion w i th the Ke lan tanRis ing o f the prev ious year : CO 273/444, Young to COconf . o f 25 Mar . 1916 c i t ing Su l tan o f Ke lan tan to Youngo f 8 F e b . 1 9 1 6 . I n e a r l i e r y e a r s , a t 1 e a s t , i t w a s n o tthought necessary to de fer to the Ru ler ' s w ishes inappo in t ing Res idents to Federa ted Sta tes : COD/C 1901,C 0 t o S i r F . A . S w e t t e n h a m o f 2 1 M a y 1 9 0 1 .
T h i s h a d b e e n p r e v i o u s l y a g r e e d i n 1 9 1 1 : C O 2 7 3 / 3 1 3 ,W.G. Maxwel l rs memo in Anderson to C0 238 o f 9 June1 9 1 1 .
Or ig ina l in Kedah Arch ives .
t7' l
Note on the Kedah Treaty o f 1945
F o r a g e n e r a l n o t e o n t h e M a c M i c h a e l T r e a t i e s s e e p . 1 1 7
MacMichae l rs n iss ion to the four nor thern Sta tes wascompl ica ted by the fac t tha t the Ru lers o f these Sta tes hadd ied dur ing the Japanese per iod and the i r successors had no tye t rece ived o f f i c ia l Br i t i sh recogn i t ion . Both Malays andt h e B r i t i s h o f f i c e r i n K e d a h , E . V . G . D a y , s u b s e q u e n t l y m a i n -ta ined tha t MacMichae l had th rea tened HH Bad l ishah w i the x i l e i n o r d e r t o o b t a i n h i s s i g n a t u r e . H i s H i g h n e s s , s u p -por ted by h is t rus ted adv iser , H j Moharned Sher i f f , appea ledto the 1923 Agreement by wh ich any t rans fer o f sovere ign tyor un ion w i th o ther s ta tes w i thout the wr i t ten consent o fthe Su l tan in Counc i l was express ly p roh ib i ted . For somedays there was dead lock . Eventua l l y Bad l ishah gave wayand, when the Sta te Counc i l had g iven i t s fo rna l consent tothe new Treaty , he was o f f i c ia l l y recogn ised as Su l tan andthe Trea ty was s igned on 2 December . As MacMichae l movedo n t o P e r l i s , B a d l i s h a h s e n t a t e l e g r a m o f p r o t e s t t oWhi teha l 1 .
178
KEDAH TREATY of 2 December, 1945
MacMichae l Trea ty l *
Agreement be tween H is Ma jes ty fs Government w i th in theUnited Kingdom of Great Bri tain and Northern Ireland and theS t a t e o f K e d a h .
Whereas mutual agreements subsist between His Bri tannicMajes ty and H is H ighness the Su l tan o f the Sta te o f Kedah:
And whereas i t i s exped ien t to p rov ide fo r the cons t i -tu t iona l deve lopment o f the Malay Sta tes under the pro tec t ionof His Majesty and for the future government of the State ofKedah:
I t i s hereby agreed be tween S i r Haro ld MacMichae l ,G . C . M , G . , D . S . O . , t h e S p e c i a l R e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f H i s l t l a j e s t y r sGovernment within the United Kingdon of Great Bri tain andNor thern I re land on beha l f o f H is Ma jes ty and H is H ighnessTunku Badl ishah ibni Almarham Sultan Abdul Hamid Hal imshah,K . B . E . , C . M . G . , 2 t h e S u l t a n o f t h e S t a t e o f K e d a h f o r h i m -s e 1 f , h i s h e i r s a n d s u c c e s s o r s : -
H is H ighness the Su l tan agrees tha t H is Ma jes tysha l1 have fu l1 power and ju r isd ic t ion w i th in theSta te o f Kedah.
Save in so far as the subsi-st ing agreements areincons is ten t w i th th is Agreement o r w i th suchfu ture cons t i tu t iona l a r rangements fo r Ma laya asmay be approved by H is Ma j es ty , the sa id agree-ments sha l l remain in fu l1 fo rce and e f fec t .
S igned th is 2nd day o f D e c e m b e r , 1 9 4 5 .
H . A . M A C M I C H A E L , S p e c i a lRepresenta t ive o f the Br i t i sh Government
H . T . B O U R D I L L O N
BADLISHAH, Su l tan o f Kedah3
M . S H E R I F FYAACOB
Signature
Wi tness
Signature
Wi tnes s es
For foo tno tes see p .180
t79
FOOTNOTES
There is in the Malays ian Nat iona l Arch ives a copy onwhich i -s a dec la ra t ion s igned by Major Leonard Owen,Notary Pub l ic o f Eng land, tha t th is i s an exac t copyo f t h e o r i g i - n a l .
The use o f "Tunku" here and in the case o f Ke lan tan ,bu t no t in the case o f the Trengganu MacMichae l Trea tynor in any o f the o thers , i s jus t poss ib ly wor thy o fno te . ALmanhqm is spe l led thus in the Arch ivesv e r s i o n .
The Kedah Sta te Sea l does no t seem to have been a f f i xed .
180
ixed.
Note on the Kedah Treaty of 1948
As a resu l t o f Ma lay oppos i t ion to the Malayan Un ionscheme and the MacMichael Treat ies the Bri t ish entered intonegot ia t ions w i th the Ru lers and the leaders o f UMNO.These d iscuss ions went th rough severa l s tages be tween Ju ly1946 and ear ly 1948, and, a l though cer ta in Ma lay rad ica l andnon-Ma1ay groups condemned as undemocrat ic both the consul-ta t i ve p rocess and the cons t i tu t iona l p roposa ls , i t wasdec ided: - ( i ) to revoke the Malayan Un ion Order in Counc i l ,1946, ( i i ) to rep lace the MacMichae l Trea t ies by new Sta teAgreements , and ( i i i ) to es tab l l sh a pen insu la r federa t ion .
The n ine a lmost iden t ica l S ta te Agreements were s ignedand sea led be tween the Ru lers and Gent (on beha l f o f H isMajes ty ) on 2 l January - the day wh ich a lso saw the conc lu -s ion o f the Federa t ion o f Ma laya Agreernent (see p .100) .Under these Sta te Agreements the ju r isd ic t ion o f the Crownwas conf ined to ex terna l a f fa i rs and de fence. However , theMalay Ru lers were s t i11 bound to accept the adv ice o f Br i t i shAdv isers (no te : the same t i t le was adopted by the pr inc ipa lBr i t i sh o f f i c ia ls pos ted to the Malay Sta tes) "on a l l mat te rsconnected with the government of the State other than mattqsre la t ing to the Mus l im Re l ig ion and the Custom o f the Malays" .In add i t ion The i r H ighnesses were now sub jec ted to wr i t tencons t i tu t ions wh ich prov ided fo r a leg is la tu re (Counc i l o fS ta te ) and an Execut ive Counc i l in each Sta te . Up to th ist ine on ly Johore and Trengganu had possessed wr i t ten cons t i -tu t ions (see Johore Document o f 1895 p .77 and TrengganuD o c u m e n t o f 1 9 1 I p . 4 7 4 ) .
l 8 l
KEDAH TREATY of 2I January, 1948
t *
State Agreement revoking the MacMichael Treatyt
Agreenent made the twenty-f i rst day of January, 1948,b e t w e e n S i r G e r a r d E d v r a r d J a m e s G e n t , K . C . M . G . , D . S . 0 . , 0 . 8 . E . ,M.C. , on beha l f o f H is Ma jes ty and H is H ighness TungkuBad l ishah ibn i A l rnarhun Su l tan Abdu l Hamid Ha l imshah, K .C. l ' ' 1 .G. ,K . B . E . , S u l t a n o f t h e S t a t e o f K e d a h f o r h i m s e l f a n d h i ss u c c e s s o r s :
Whereas mutua l agreements subs is t be tween H is Ma jes tyand H is H ighness :
And whereas i t has been represented to H is Ma jes tythat f resh arrangements should be made for the peace, orderand good government of the State of Kedah:
And whereas H is Ma jes ty in token o f the f r iendsh ipwh ich he bears towards H is H ighness , the sub jec ts o f H isHighness , and the inhab i tan ts o f the Sta te o f Kedah, hasbeen pleased to make fresh arrangements to take effect onsuch day as His Majesty nay by order in Counci l appoint(here ina f te r ca l1ed I ' the appo in ted day" ) :
And whereas i t is expedient to provide for the const i-tut ional development of the State of Kedah under the protec-t ion of His Majesty and for i ts future government:
Now, there fore , i t i s agreed and dec la red as fo l lows:
Shor t t i t le andconmencement.
In te rpre ta t ion
1. Th is Agreement may be c i ted as theKedah Agreement , 1948, and sha l l come in tooperat ion on the appointed day immediatelyafter coming i .nto operat ion of the Orderin Counc i l a fo resa id . Not i f i ca t ion o fthe appo in ted day sha11 be pub l ished inthe MaLayan Union Gazette together with acopy o f th is Agreenent .
2 , In th is Agreement :rrEnactment 'r means any law enacted by
His H ighness w i th the adv ice and consent o fa Counc i l o f S ta te cons t i tu ted in accor -dance with this Amendment;
* For foo tno te see p .186
r82
Protec t ionand externala f f a i r s .
rrFederal Governmentrf means the Govern-ment o f the Federa t ion ;
t ' the Federa t ionr r means the Federa t ion o fMalaya to be ca11ed in Malay rrPersekutuan
Tanah Melayu ' r , wh ich is to be es tab l i shedon the appointed day;
rrFederat ion Agreementrr means the Agree-ment which is to be made between His Majes-ty and The i r H ighnesses the Ru lers o f theMalay Sta tes o f Johore , Pahang, Negr iSembi lan , Se langor , Perak , Kedah, Per l i s ,Kelantan and Trengganu for the establ ish-ment o f the Federa t ion , and inc ludes anyamendment thereof;
' r the High Commissioner" means the HighCommiss ioner fo r the Federa t ion ;
"His Highness" means the Sultan of Kedahand H is Successors ;
I 'H is H ighness in Counc i l " means H isHighness ac t ing a f te r consu l ta t ion w i ththe Sta te Execut ive Counc i l to be cons t i -tuted in accordance with this Agreement,bu t no t necessar i l y in accordance w i ththe adv ice o f such Counc i l nor necessar i l yin such Counc i l assembled ;
t?Secre tary o f S ta te" means one o f H isM a j e s t y r s P r i n c i p a l S e c r e t a r i e s o f S t a t e .
3 . ( 1 ) H i s M a j e s t y s h a 1 l h a v e c o m p l e t econt ro l o f the de fence and o f a l l the ex-ternal af fairs of the State of Kedah andHis l t {ajesty undertakes to protect theGovernrnent and State of Kedah and al l i tsdependenc ies f ron ex terna l hos t i le a t tacksand for this and other simiLar purposesHis Majes ty rs Forces and persons au thor isedby or on beha l f o f H is Ma jes ty 's Govern-nent sha l l a t a l l t imes be a l lowed f reeaccess to the State of Kedah and to employa l l necessary means o f oppos ing sucha t t a c k s .
(2 ) H is H ighness under takes tha t , w i th -out the knowledge and consent of His Ma-jes ty rs Government , he w i l l no t rnake anyt rea ty , en ter in to any engagenent , dea l inor cor respond on po l i t i ca l mat te rs w i th ,
r83
Br i t i shA d v i s e r .
C o s t o f B r i t i s hA d v i s e r .
Appointmento f B r i t i s hA d v i s e r .
Federa 1O f f i c e r s .
When Federa lOff icers mayper fo rm Sta tefunc t ions .
S t a t eConst i tu t ion
C o u n c i l s t obe cons t i tu ted
or send envoys to , any fo re ign Sta te .
4 . H i -s H ighness under takes to rece ive andprov ide a su i tab le res idence fo r a Br i t i shAdv iser to adv ise on a l l mat te rs connectedwith the government of the State other thannat te rs re la t ing to the Mus l im Re l ig ion andthe Custon o f the l {a1ays , and under takes toaccept such adv ice ; p rov ided tha t no th ingin th is c lause sha l l in any way pre jud icethe r igh t o f H is H ighness to address theHigh Commiss ioner , o r H is Ma jes ty th rougha S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e , i f H i s H i g h n e s s s od e s i r e s .
5 . The cos t o f the Br i t i sh Adv iser w i thh is es tab l i shment sha11 be de termined bythe H igh Commiss ioner and sha l1 be a chargeon the revenues o f the Sta te o f Kedah.
6 . t l i s H i g h n e s s s h a l l b e c o n s u l t e d b e f o r eany o f f i cer whom i t i s p roposed to sendas Br i t i sh Adv iser i s ac tua l l y appo in ted .
7 . H is H ighness under takes to rece ive w i th -in h is S ta te such o f f i cers o f the Federa lGovernment as that Government may requireand to permi t such o f f i cers to exerc ise suchlawfu1 authori ty and powers and to performsuch 1awfu1 funct ions as may be necessaryfo r the purposes o f the Federa l Government .
8. Any off icer of the Federal Governmentmay, with the concurrence of the High Com-miss ioner , per fo rm wi th in the Sta te o fKedah such Sta te du t ies and may exerc isesuch State powers as may be imposed or con-fe r red upon h im by H ls H ighness in Counc i lo r by Enactment .
9 . H is H ighness under takes to govern theSta te o f Kedah in accordance w i th the pro-v is ions o f a wr i - t ten Const i tu t ion wh ichsha l l be in conformi ty w i th the prov is ionsof th is Agreement and o f the Federa t ionAgreement and which sha11 be granted andpromulga ted b1 'H is H ighness as soon as con-ven ien t ly nay be e i ther in who le o r , i fH is H ighness th inks exped ien t , in par tsf rom t ime to t ime.
10 . In pursuance o f the under tak ing con-ta ined in C lause 9 o f th is Asreement and
184
thanand
t0
in conformi-ty with the provisions of theFedera t ion Agreenent H is H ighness under -takes fo r thwi th to cons t i tu te
(a) a Ma j l i s Meshuara t Kera jaan, to bec a 1 l e d i n E n g l i s h S t a t e E x e c u t i v eCounci 1 :
( b l a M a j l i s M e s h u a r a t N e g r i , t o b e c a l 1 e di n E n g l i s h C o u n c i l o f S t a t e .
1 1 . H i s H i g h n e s s , u n l e s s h e s h a 1 1 o t h e r -w i s e d i r e c t , s h a l 1 b e c o n s u l t e d b e f o r e a n yof f i cer i s pos ted by or on the au thor i tyo f the H igh Comrn iss ioner to any pos t borneon the Sta te Es t imates .
12 . A I1 persons o f whatsoever race in thesarne grade in the serv ice o f the Sta te o fKedah sha1 l , sub jec t to the te rms and con-d i t ions o f the i r employmen! be t rea tedimpar t ia l 1y .
1 3 . H i s H i g h n e s s d e s i r e s a n d H i s M a j e s t yagrees tha t i t sha l1 be a par t i cu la rcharge upon the Governnent of the Stateof Kedah to provide for and encourage theeducat ion and t ra in ing o f the Malay inhab i -tan ts o f the Sta te o f Kedah so as to f i tthem to take a ful l share in the economicprogress , soc ia l we l fa r :e and governmento f the Sta te and o f the Federa t ion .
14 . (1 ) The Agreenent made on the 2nd dayo f D e c e n b e r , 1 9 4 5 , b e t w e e n H i s M a j e s t y r sGovernment within the United Kingdom ofGreat Br i ta in and Nor thern I re land and H isHighness Tunku Badl ishah Ibni AlmarhumS u l t a n A b d u l H a m i d H a l i m s h a h , K . B . E . ,C . M . G . , t h e S u l t a n o f t h e S t a t e o f K e d a h ,fo r H imse l f , H is He i rs and Successors i shereby revoked.
(2 ) A I1 Trea t ies and Agreements subs is -t ing immedia te ly p r io r to the mak ing o fthe a fo resa id Agreement o f the 2nd day o fDecember , 7945, sha1 l con t inue in fo rce
His H ighness tob e c o n s u l t e d b e -fo re pos t ing o fo f f i cers byHigh Commiss ion-e r t o p o s t sborne on Sta tee s t i m a t e s .
Impar t ia lt rea tment .
Educat ion andt ra in ing o fM a l a y s .
PreviousAgreements
r85
Soverei gntyo f the Ru1er .
Language ofAgreement.
save in so far as they are inconsistentwith this Agreenent or the Federat ionAgreement.
15 . The prerogra t ives , power and ju r isd ic -t ion o f H is H ighness w i th in the Sta te o fKedah sha l l be those wh ich H is H ighnessthe Su l tan o f Kedah possessed on the f i rs tday o f December , 194I , sub jec t never the-less to the prov is ions o f the Federa t ' ionAgreement and this Agreement.
16 . Th is Agreenent sha l l be expressed inboth the Eng l ish and the Malay languages;but, for the purposes of interpretat ion,regard shaI1 be had on ly to the Eng l ishvers ion .
In witness whereof Sir Gerard Edward Jarnes Gent,K . C . M . G . , D . S . 0 . , 0 . B . E . , M . C . , h a s h e r e u n t o s e t h i s h a n dand sea l fo r and on beha l f o f H is Ma jes ty , and H is H ighnessTunku Badl ishah ibni Alrnarhum Sultan Abdul Hamid Hal imshah,K . C . M . G . , K . B . E . , S u l t a n o f t h e S t a t e o f K e d a h , h a s h e r e u n t oset h is hand and sea l the day and year f i rs t above wr i t ten ,corresponding to the tenth day of the nonth of Rabiulawalthe Ha j i ra o f the Prophet (on whom be bened ic t ion and Peaceof God) one thousand three hundred and sixty-seven.
Signature ands e a l o f
Wi tnes s
Signature ands e a l o f
Wi tnes ses
G . E . J . G E N T f o rH i s M a j e s t y
E . V . G . D A Y
BADLISHAH ,Su l tan o f Kedah
M . S H E R I F FYACOB
and on beha l f o f
t .
FOOTNOTE
Provenance: Statutony fnstrwments foz, 1948, I , i , no108, The Federa t ion o f Ma laya Order in Counc i l , 1948
186
Kelantan
Kelantan became a Musl im state in the f i f teenth cen-tury when her overlord, the Ki-ngdom of Patani, was convertedto Is lam by Malacca. As Patan i dec l ined, S iam asser tedvarying degrees of authori ty over Kelantan and her southernneighbour, Trengganu. Although the Sultans of both MalaySta tes sent the bunga mas to Bangkok , they res is ted S iameseaggression as much as they dared and, after the arr ival ofthe East India Conpany on the West Coast, they sought Bri t i*rhe lp in the i r s t rugg le fo r independence. Whi le S t ra i tso f f i c ia ls were eager to s tem S iamese expans ion down thePeninsula, in the early nineteenth century, the governmentof India prohibi ted intervent ion - hence the ambiguous de-f in i t ion o f the s ta tus o f Ke lan tan and Trengganu as supp l iedi n a r t i c l e 1 2 o f B u r n e y r s T r e a t y ( p . 3 1 7 ) . F r o m 7 8 2 7 , S i a m ,hav ing abandoned her des igns on the west -coas t S ta tes , con-cent ra ted on those on the eas t , and Ke lan tan , be ing weakerand c loser to S iam, was nore e f fec t i ve ly sub jugated than wasTrengganu.
Meanwhi le , though inh ib i ted by the i r masters , Governorss u c h a s C a v e n a g h ( 1 8 5 9 - 6 7 ) , O r d ( 1 8 6 7 - 7 3 ) a n d W e l d ( 1 8 8 0 - 8 7 )a t tempted to b lock th is ex tens i -on o f S iamese cont ro l over theMaLay States. Towards the end of the nineteenth centuryr iva l ry w i th the French in Indo-Ch ina and, a f te r 1896, fearo f German des igns on Ke lan tan , caused Br i ta in to appeaseBangkok over the northern Malay States. By the secret Anglo-S iamese Convent ion o f 1897 (p .327) Br i ta in guaranteed S iamrster r i to r ia l in tegr i t y in exchange fo r a p ron ise by Bangkoknot to par t w i th any te r r i to ry w i thout Br i t i sh consent .Indeed, in the 1890rs Br i ta in was more fu11y commi t ted , bo thb y o b l i g a t i o n a n d i n c l i n a t i o n , t o r e c o g n i s e S i a m r s c l a i m s o fsuzera in ty over the nor thern Malay Sta tes than ever be fore .
Of f i c ia ls on the spot b i t te r ly opposed the 1897 Conven-t ion , rna in ta in ing as a lways tha t S iamrs c la ims had l i t t le o rno subs tance. They were cer ta in ly wrong about Ke lan tan a ttha t da te : in 1896 i t s Ru ler had to ld the Governor -H ighCommiss ioner tha t he , l i ke h is fa ther and e lder b ro ther be-fo re h im, was I 'an o f f i cer o f S iam" .1* Moreover , a S iameseCommiss ioner was res ident in Kota Bahru . By 1900, however ,London opinion too was turning against the 1897 arrangernentand the ideas o f Chamber la i "n , who was less commi t ted to S ianrsin tegr i t y than some o f h is Cab ine t co l leagues, were beg inn ingto p reva i l in the Fore ign and Ind ia Of f i ces as we l l as in theC o l o n i a l O f f i c e . 2
1 8 7
1 .
2 .
FOOTNOTES
C O 2 7 3 / 2 1 7 : M i t c h e l l t o C 0 , 1 4 S e p t . 1 8 9 6 a n d e n c l o _s u r e s .
Eun ice Th io , I 'B r i t i sh po l i cy in the Malay pen insu la ,1 8 8 0 - 1 9 0 9 " , P h D t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f L o n d o n , 1 9 5 6 ,p . 4 2 8 f f .
188
Note on the Kelantan Document of 1900
The Duf f Concess ion o f 1900, wh ich gran ted to an ind i -vidual Engl ishman (who later set up a Company) extensivepo l i t i ca l and economic r igh ts over an area compr is ing morethan ha l f the Sta te , was a dominat ing fac to r in Ke lan tanrsh is to ry r igh t up to the t ime o f i t s f ina l cance l la t ion in1930. We have, however , in te rpre ted i t as s ign i f i can t lya f fec t ing Br i ta in rs re la t ions w i th the Ke lan tan Malays cn lyup to 1909, when by the Ang lo-S iamese Treaty Br i ta in ac-qu i red u l t imate r igh ts o f con t ro l over Ke lan tan wh ich t rans-cended any rnere concess ion r igh ts he ld by a p r iva te company.Before 1909 the Duf f Concess ion l im i ted the sovere ign ty o fthe Ke lan tan Ru ler in h is own Sta te , and tha t o f h is S iameseover lo rds , because i f i t s te rms were ignored there was aser ious r i sk o f Br i t i sh in te rcess ion on the Companyrs be-ha1f . I t was a lso s ign i f i can t tha t the sovere ign r igh tsthus los t to the Ru ler were bes towed upon an Eng l ishman,a lbe i t one who he ld no o f f i c ia l pos i t ion in the Br i t i shGovernrnent . A f te r 1909 the au thor i ty o f the Malay Ru lerand h is Br i t i sh Adv iser was l in i ted by the Concess ion on lyin so fa r as the Br i t i sh au thor i t ies - inc lud ing under tha tte rm the Cour ts in Br i ta in as we l l as the St ra i ts Government- c h o s e t h a t t h e y s h o u l d b e . P o w e r , i n e f f e c t , w a s a l l , o rp o t e n t i a l l y a l l , i n B r i t i s h h a n d s , a n d a l t h o u g h t h e r e w a ssome dispute about uhich Bri t ish hands, the lv lalays were notd i rec t l y a par ty in th is d ispu te . The tug-o f -war be tweenthe two Br i t i sh s ides anyway rap id ly dec l ined in to a f inan-c ia l wrang le , the Company seek ing to ex tor t as much as poss-ible from the Kelantan Governrnent (who in turn got the money,on Br i t i sh o rders , f ro rn the Governments o f the St ra i ts andtheFMS) in exchange fo r r igh ts and pr iv i leges i t knew i t cou ldnot sus ta in . The ques t ion o f ju r i sd ic t ion over the popu la-t ion o f the Sta te was no longer re levant as i t had beenbefore 1909. We have there fore omi t ted a l l the var iousDeeds o f Cance l la t ion and new Agreements wh ich fo l lowed tha tda te , and conten ted ourse lves w i th a more or less fac tua laccount o f deve loprnents (cp . Note on Ke lan tan Documents o f1 9 0 3 , 1 9 0 4 a n d 1 9 0 5 ) .
D u f f h a d v i s i t e d K e l a n t a n w i t h C l i f f o r d ' s 1 8 9 5 e x p e d i -t ion aga ins t the Pahang rebe ls , fo r wh ich London had soughtS i a m r s p e r m i s s i o n a n d a s s i s t a n c e , t h e r e b y p e r h a p s c o n s o l i -d a t i n g B a n g k o k r s p o s i t i o n a t l e a s t i n K e l a n t a n . H e w a sinva l ided ou t o f the Se langor C iv i l Serv ice in 1900 andthereupon formed a syndicate and announced his intent ion ofapp ly ing fo r a concess ion in Ke lan tan . The Br i t i sh
189
Government ins is ted he shou ld seek S iamese approva l , asunder the lB97 Convent ion they were bound to do. His own,somewhat buccaneering account of how he got the Raja ofKe lan tan to s ign the concess ion in sp i te o f S iamese a t temptsto p revent h im, and subsequent ly inve ig led the S iamese in torecogn is ing the Ra jars abso lu te r igh t to make such a gran t ,surv ives ;1* bu t in the absence o f any conf i rmat ion f romSiamese sources i t shou ld be t rea ted w i th caut ion . What i sc l e a r i s t h a t i n O c t o b e r , 1 9 0 0 , t h e R a j a s e a l e d , i n t h e p r e -sence o f h is Counc i l , a concess ion g iv ing Duf f enormouseconomic power over a huge area (Ke lan tan Document o f 1900) ,al though the bestowal of I 'very comprehensive adninistrat ivepowers the whole of the adninistrat ive powers of theinter ior"2 can be deduced only frorn the absLnce of rnent ionin the agreement o f any o ther a r rangement , I t i s a lsonoteworthy that the Agreement purported to provide for somesor t o f par tnersh ip be tween Duf f and the Ra j a .
Hav ing ob ta ined th is document and a lso a le t te r f romthe Siamese Government admit t ing (so Duff averred) the Su1-tanrs r igh t to make such concess ions , Duf f con f ron ted theBr i t i sh Government w i th a thTeat to f loa t h is Company e lse-where i f they wou ld no t suppor t h im. (He la te r named Par isand St . Petersburg as the a l te rna t ives he h in ted a t , bu t a tthe t ime he seems to have ment ioned Ber l in too . )3 TheColon ia l Of f i ce be l ieved he was b lu f f ing bu t were no t sure .They there fore endorsed h is concess ion , ask ing h im to havei t ra t i f ied once more by S iam in sp i te o f h is p ro tes ts tha tthe S iamese had no r igh t to in te r fe re . I t i s no t c learf rom h is own account tha t he re -app l ied to Bangkok , bu tLondon w ished the rna t te r to be c leared up and in 1902 even-tua l l y go t uncond i t iona l S ia rnese recogn i t ion fo r h im.4 Byth is t ime Duf f was ensconced in Ke lan tan and had ev ident lyen tered in to a l l iance w i th S i r F rank Swet tenham, who had a tf i rs t wanted h is concess ion cance l led . ) S i r F rank Swet ten-hamrs ac t iv i t ies in Ke lan tan dur ing 1902 were a source o fsome embar rassment to London (see Note on Ke lan tan Trea ty o f1902) bu t there is no s ign i f i can t ev idence tha t Duf f p layeda maJor par t in them, and, even i f he d id , they d id no t leadd i rec t ly to the 1902 Treaty as s igned (wh ich , i ron ica l l yenough, conf i rmed ra ther than weakened the S iamese pos i t ion) .Up to 1902, there fore , there is no subs tance fo r Duf f rsla te r c la im tha t h is Company p layed any major par t in b r ing-ing Ke lan tan in to the Br i t i sh Empi re .b
F o r f o o t n o t e s s e e p . 1 9 1
190
I
A
FOOTNOTES
A. Wright and T.H. Rei-d, The Malay PenirsuLa, London,1 9 1 2 , p p . 1 5 3 - 1 6 1 .
I b L d . , p . 1 5 7 .
C p , T h i o , o p c i t . , p . 4 0 9 .
COD/C 36 o f 1902, F0 to C0, 11 June 1902 in CO toSwet tenham, 20 June 1902, S ingapore Nat iona l L ib rary .
GDIC 1901-1902, S i r F rank Swet tenhan to C0, 20 Nov.I 9 0 l ; c p , G D / C 1 9 0 0 , J . A . S w e t t e n h a m t o C O , 1 9 N o v .1900, wh ich enc loses sone documents re levant to theconcess ion . S i r F rank Swet tenham d iscussed Duf f ' sconcess ion w i th the K ing o f S iam in S ingapore on 16Ju ly 1901, see GDIC 1901 -7902, S i r F rank Swet tenhamto C0, 23 Ju ly 1901, S ingapore Nat iona l L ib rary .
R. Ernerson, Malaysi.a: a Study in Diz,ect and fndiy,ectR u L e , K u a l a L u m p u r , 1 9 6 4 , p . 2 5 6 .
5 .
6 .
l 9 l
KELANTAN DOCLiMENT of 10 October, 1900
. l *l j u t t uoncess lon -
(Trans 1 at ion)
The document below wri t ten, made in the town of KhotaBahru , on the 15 th day o f the month Jemadi lach i - r ,2 in theyear 1318, by the re ign ing Ra jah o f Ke lan tan , who is in goodhea l th , and who has su f f i c ien t ly cons idered the underment ion-ed de ta i l s , and consu l ted w i th the Ra jah Muda, w i th a l l thePr i -nces o f the Roya l B lood. and w i th members o f h is Counc i l .
Whereas the above-ment ioned par t ies have (as the resu l to f the i r consu l ta t ion) one and a l l dec ided to s ign an Agree-ment w i th an Eng l ishman naned Rober t Wi l l iam Duf f , by wh ichwe, the re ign ing Ra jah o f Ke lan tan , g ran t to the sa id Rober tWi l l iam Duf f two por t ions o f land in the Sta te o f Ke lan tanin o rder tha t he sha l l work such land in par tnersh ip w i th usand w i th o thers ; and in these two d is t r i c ts g ran ted fo rth is purpose the sa id Rober t Wi l l iam Duf f has the r igh t towork minerals and t imber and every other kind of work inurha tever nanner he p leases , and in no case whatsoever mayanyone e lse under take any work in those two d is t r i c tsexcept w i th the pe : :miss ion o f the re ign ing Ra jah o f Ke lan tan ,together rv i th the sa id Rober t Wi l l i -am Duf f . And the fo11ow-ing are the par t i cu la rs o f the above under tak i ,ng : -
The f i rst distr ict : The northern boundary - f rom KualaKus ia l , fo l low ing tha t s t rearn to i t s source , then s t ra igh tto the Legeh boundary. And on the east the boundary isthe main r i ver f rom Kua la Kus ia l , fo l low ing the r i ver ups t reanto Kuala Sitom, and the boundary on the south is from KualaS i tom, fo l low ing tha t r i ver to i - t s source , thence s t ra igh tto the boundary of Perak and Kelantan. And on the west theboundary j -s the boundary between the State of Kelantan andthe Sta te o f Perak and Leseh.
And the second d is t r i -c t i s as fo l lows: 0n the eas tinc lude the main r i ver f rom Kua la Leb i r ups t ream to Kua laAmpul, to i ts source where i t reaches the Pahang boundary,and the boundary o f the west inc ludes the r i ver f rom Kua laLeb i r ups t ream to Kua la Bong, thence up tha t s t ream to theboundary of Pahang, and the boundary on the south is theboundary between Kelantan and Pahang.
And the re ign ing Ra jah o f Ke lan tan hereby empowers the
F o r f o o t n o t e s s e e p . 1 9 4
192
sa id Rober t w i11 i -am Duf f to work the above descr ibed landfor the space o f fo r ty years , and moreover the sa id Ra jah o fKe lan tan gran ts to the sa id Rober t w i l l i am Duf f the r ig t r t toform companies for the purpose of working rninerals and otherth ings in these two d is t r i -c ts in such manner as he p leases ;bu t a l l such conpan ies w i r l be bound by the te rms o f th isAgreement . And the sa id Rober t w i l l i am Duf f agrees to fu r -f i l the severa l cond i t ions inposed hereunder .
2 . On en ter ing the Sta te to commence work the sa idRober t w i l l i a rn Duf f under takes and promises to pay 20 ,000do l la rs to the Government o f Ke lan tan .
3 . The sa id Rober t w i l l i am Duf f under takes as regardsthe share o f the Ra jah o f Ke lan tan , who is a par tner in th isconcern ' tha t in every twenty - f i ve shares in the concern oneshare sha1 l be g iven to the Kerantan Government . But thesa id Rober t w i l l i am Duf f agrees tha t the Ra jah o f Ke lan tanis no t to pay any money, e i ther p r inc ipa l o r in te res t ; suchmonies are to be pa id by the sa id Robe i t w i t l iam Duf f h imse l f .
4 , In the event o f any n inera l be ing found such as gord ,t i n , s i l v e r o r d i a n o n d s , o r o t h e r p r e c i o u s s t o n e s , o r a n yt imber worked in these two d is t r i c t i , the sa id Rober t w i t i iamDuf f agrees and under takes to pay du ty a t the ra te o f one int w e n t y ( 5 p e r c e n t . ) , e i t h e r i n m o n e y o r i n k i n d , t o t h eKe lan tan Government . But e lephants ' tusks and rubber andra t tans in these two d is t r i c ts a re no t inc luded in th is Agree-rnent , and the sa id Rober t w i l l i am Duf f o r h is representa t : i_vemay no t work these produc ts , bu t he may work such ra t tansas he chooses fo r use on the proper ty .
5 . I f t h e s a i - d R o b e r t w i l l i a m D u f f o r h i s s u b s t i t u t eunder takes p lan t ing opera t ions or o ther work the sa id Rober tw i l l i am Duf f under takes to pay expor t du ty on the produce o fone in twenty , ad Da lonem, to the Ke lan tan Government .
6 . T h e s a i d R o b e r t W i l l i a m D u f f a g r e e s , i n r e s p e c t o fany persons w i th in the two d is t r i c ts , tha t any ac t ion tha tm a y a r i s e m a y b e s e t t l e d i n t h e p o l i c e c o u r t i n K e l a n t a n ,and tha t no case may be taken fo r se t t rement ou ts ide Ke lan tan ,and moreover the po l i -ce o f Ke lan tan may ar res t any ev i l -doerw i t h i n t h e t w o a f o r e s a i d d i s t r i c t s .
7 . F rom the da te o f th is document , i f the sa id Rober tw i l l i am Duf f o r h is representa t ive does no t en ter Ke lan tanto work w i th in f i f teen months th is document sha l1 become nu l land vo id , and the sa i .d Rober t w i l r iam Duf f o r h is representa-
r93
t i ve may no t se1 l o r sub-1et o r g ive away the land, exceptw i th the consent o f the Ra jah o f Ke lan tan .
8 . In the event o f the sa id Rober t Wi l l iam Duf f o r h isrepresenta t ive conmenc ing work as a fo resa id , and, a f te r work-ing , ceas ing to cont inue do ing so , he is a l lowed twenty - fourmonths. At the expirat ion of the twenty-four months there ign ing Ra jah o f Ke lan tan may resume the land and g ive i tto whomsoever he p leases . And the sa id Rober t Wi l l iem Duf for any shareholders in any conpany which nay have providedcap i ta l may no t take ac t ion fo r the recovery o f any losswhich may have been su f fe red . But any goods or chat te lso f va lue may be so ld by the sa id Rober t Wi l l iam Duf f o r h isrepresenta t ive to whomsoever i s w i l l i ng to buy . And i f anys tone houses have been bu i l t , the owners nay no t se l1 themexcept to persons who are under the ru le o f Ke lan tan , bu tthe land in wh ich they are bu i l t may on ly be so ld w i th theconsent o f the Ke lan tan Government .
9 . I f the sa id Rober t Wi l l iam Duf f w ishes to appo in tany subs t i tu te in th is work he must b r ing such subs t i tu tebefore the Kelantan Government and register hi .s nane in theSta te . And such subs t i tu te sha1 l be bound by a l l the con-d i t ions o f th is Agreement .
Sea led by the Su l tan w i th bo th h is sea ls and s igned byR.W. Duf f in the presence o f Sa iy id Hussa in and Neh Hassan.
Present a t the s ign ing , the Ra jah Muda and a l l theCounci 1 .
Seals of Sultan MUHAMMAD of KELANTANS i g n a t u r e R . W . D U F F
FOOTNOTES
C o p y e n c l . i n C O 2 7 3 / 3 I 4 , F 0 t o C O , 8 A p r . 1 9 0 5 . I nC O 2 7 3 / 3 I 5 , R . P a g e t ( B r i t i s h M i n i s t e r a t B a n g k o k ) t oF 0 , 1 5 J u n e 1 9 0 5 , e n c l o s e d i n F 0 t o C O , 1 A u g . 1 9 0 5 ,a le t te r f rom Duf f i s quoted in wh ich he says tha t the
"or ig ina l ' f agreement (sc . the one the Ra ja ac tua l l ys e a l e d ) w a s i n M a l a y . I n t h e l e t t e r i s e n c l o s e d at rans la t ion d i f fe r ing "very s l i -gh t ly r r f ron the o f f i c ia lone - i .e . the one here g iven.
The prec ise da te o f the or l .g ina l concess ion is unc lear .2 .
194
In the papers at CO273/ 314 i t appears var iously uiz:on this document, as 15th Jemadi lachir , on the documentso f 1903 and 1904 (see p .2O8and p .2 IL ) as 13 th Jemadi -lach i r th roughout , and in the 1905 Agreement (see p .212)i t appears f i rs t as 15 th Jenad i lach i r and then as 13 thJenad i lach i r .
I t i s poss ib le tha t the cop ies in CO273/314 are in -correct but i t is probable that there is another reasonfor the d isc repancy . 10 October 1900, was ac tua l l ythe 16 th day o f Jemadi lach i r (Jumada A l -Ukhra) . HadDuf f t r ied to work the Is lamic equ iva len t ou t h imse l f ,he might have forgotten that 1900 was a leap-year andso ar r i ved a t 15 th Jemadi lach i r . How he subsequent lya r r i v e d a t l 3 t h a s w e l l i s n o t c l e a r . I t s e e m s p c s s i b l etha t the o f f i c ia l t rans la t ion was no t made f rom theMalay or ig ina l bu t f rom Duf f rs copy o f i t .
r95
Note on the Kelantan Treaty and Documents of 1902
The s ign ing o f the 1902 Agreement be tween S ian anCKelan tan , over wh ich Br i ta in in a sense pres ided, was accom-panied by an almost unprecedented anount of diplomatic con-fus ion and i -n the end a t leas t th ree separa te vers ions o fthe t rea ty had been s igned. W; - thout go ing in to undue de-ta i1 , i t can be sa id tha t th is confus ion arose f ro rn twob a s i c r e a s o n s . F i r s t o f a l l , t h e d e g r e e o f S i a m e s e c o n t r o lin Kelantan was very di f ferent from the degree of such con-trol in Trengganu (and di f ferent again from the si tuat ion' : - n ^ + ^ - : \ ^ ^ ' r c u m s t a n c e w h i c h n e i t h e r S i a m e s e n o r B r i t i s hL t I r d L d t t L ) t d v L
were prepared to admi t . Second ly , negot ia t ions on the Br i -t i sh s ide were car r ied on by a t leas t two groups w i th veryd i f fe r ing pr lo r i t ies and be l ie fs . In London the Fore ignOf f i ce were much more concerned w i th the in te rna t iona l imp l i -ca t ions o f any over t p ressure on S iam than w i th the s i tua-t ion in the Malay Pen insu la , and were inc l ined to be l ieve(or a t leas t commi t ted by the 1897 Ang lo-S iamese Convent ionand the 1899 Ang lo-S iamese Treaty to accept ) tha t S iam hadconplete sovereignty over Kelantan and Trengganu as wel l asPatan i . In S ingapore , however , the Governor -H igh Commis-s ioner S i r F rank Swet tenham worked on the assumpt ion tha tS iam had no r igh ts in Ke lan tan and Trengganu and ( fo r mosto f the per iod) deserved none in Patan i , and pursued a ser ieso f la rge ly independent negot ia t ions des igned to ex tend Br i -t i sh cont ro l to a t leas t Ke lan tan and Trengganu by a lmostany means. The fac t tha t Trengganu u l t imate ly re fused tos ign any t rea ty was a sad comnentary on S iamese pre tens ions :the fac t tha t the Ke lan tan Ru ler eventua l l y s i -gned th reewas a judgement on Londonrs w isdom in cont inu ing to negot ia te ,th rough Swet tenham in sp i te o f abundant ev idence o f h is i r re -spons ib i l i t y . Th is re l iance on the Governor was in tu rn theconsequence of an increasing tendency in London, through they e a r s 1 9 0 0 t o 1 9 0 3 , t o l e a v e S i a m e s e a f f a i r s t o t h e C o l o n i a lOf f i ce , who, though they cou ld no t endorse a l l the S ingaporeschemes, were more in te res ted in the ex tens ion and conso l i -da t ion o f Br i t i sh in f luence than in the rna in tenance o f S iam'st e m i t o r i a l i n t e g r i t y .
Swettenham had long been an extreme exponent of thev iew tha t S iam had no ju r isd ic t ion over Ke lan tan and Trengganuand tha t the Malays o f those Sta tes needed, and on the who lewanted,Br i t i sh in te rvent ion . That S iam had sone ju r isd ic -t i o n o v e r K e l a n t a n , a t l e a s t s i n c e 1 8 9 0 , i s c e r t a i n , a n d i ti s equa l ly cer ta ln tha t the popu la t ion o f Trengganu a t leas thad no des i re fo r Br i t i sh over lo rdsh ip . The St ra i ts Govern-
196
nent never the less s t rong ly opposed the secre t 1899 Treatybetween Br i ta in and S iam and the Ang lo-S iamese Convent ionwhich preceded i t (see S j -am Treat ies o f 1897 and 1899) bywhich Br i ta in guaranteed S iamrs te r r i to r ia l in tegr i t y inexchange for promises that Siarn would not part with anyter r i to ry w i thout Br i ta in rs consent nor permi t o ther powersto w in concess ions in her southern dependenc ies wh ich migh tharm Br i t i sh in te res ts in Ma laya. The Duf f Concess ion( q . u . ) h i g h l i g h t e d a w e a k n e s s o f t h i s a r r a n g e m e n t , a s L o n d o neventua l l y con fessed: tha t s ince no o ther power than Br i -ta in recogn ised S iamts au thor i ty in Ke lan tan and Trengganu,no fo re ign concess ionar i .es except Br i t i sh ones wou ld fee lob l iged to app ly , fo Bangkok fo r ra t i f i ca t ion o f concess ionsi n t h o s e S t a t e s . l B r i t a i n ' s " s a f e q u a r d s ' t w e r e t h u s h a r d l ys a f e g u a r d s a t a l l .
Once London was conv inced o f the danger to Br i t i sh in -terests in l r{alaya - and Germany, to some extent Russia, and,i f S w e t t e n h a m i s t o b e b e l i e v e d , t h e U . S . A . h a d a l l e x p r e s s e dinterest in the region - they sought a fresh formula whichw o u l d n o t p r e j u d i c e S i a m r s u l t i n a t e s u z e r a i n t y . T h e y s e i z e don a suggest ion o f Swet tenham tha t i f Br i ta in wou ld no tannex Ke lan tan and Trengganu (wh ich he wou ld in f in i te lyhave pre fer red) S iam might agree to send to those Sta tesadv isers o f Br i t i sh na t iona l i t y on the ana logy o f the Br i -t i sh Res idents in the Federa ted l r la lay S ta tes .2 There canbe no doubt that Swettenham, and less ernphat ical ly London,v isua l i sed such adv isers as hav ing the same powers as Br i -t i sh Res idents en joyed in the FMSJ and as be ing u l t imate ly ,i f cover t l y , answerab le to the S ingapore Governor . Th isS iam re fused to accept and when, in August o f tha t year ,London became impatient of delay and threatened to sendSwettenham to sign treat ies with Kelantan and Trengganuindependent ly o f Bangkok , they agreed to s ign the dra f tsa l ready submi t ted on1,y p rov ided they were accompan ied bySecre t Notes guarantee ing tha t the adv isers shou ld be " fa -vourably known to the Siamese Government 'r (Kelantan Documentso f 1902) . Before then, however , there had beer i a number o fcompl ica t ions owing to Swet tenham's unauthor ised in i t ia t i ves .
A l though he had f i rs t p roposed the idea o f adv isers o fBr i t i sh na t iona l i t y , Swet tenham was fa r f rom sa t is f ied w i thLondonrs hand l ing o f the bus iness and suggested tha t heshou ld be au thor ised to car ry ou t the negot ia t i -ons h imse l f .London cont inued to dea l d i rec t l y w i th Bangkok , bu t when theSiamese K ing Chu la longkorn v is i ted S ingapore in February1902 the Governor was au t i ro r ised to u rge h im to ge t the twot rea t ies s igned. Th is he d id so s t rong ly , th rowing in an(unauthor ised) suggest ion tha t S iam shou ld cede to Br i ta in* For foo tno tes see DJ99
t9'l
al l the is lands off Trengganu and Kedah, that the King de-par ted prec ip i ta te ly much o f fended. Whi le these conversa-t ions were go ing oD, S iamrs agent in Patan i deposed the MalayRaja and a l l h is vassa ls , g iv ing Br i ta in too cause to suspec tperf idy. Final1y, in May Swettenham entertained the Rajaof Kelantan with what Bangkok declared to be the honours dueonly to an independent monarch, and Siam brief ly suspendedany idea o f send ing adv isers o f Br i t i sh na t iona l i t y . Swet -tenhamrs conversa t ions w i th the Ke lan tan Ru ler , neanwhi le ,were fo l lowed by a ser ies o f inc idents in tha t S ta te .According to the Governor, the Raja at f i rst denied anySiamese suzerainty in Kelantan and said he would rather f ightthan subnit to an agreenent which accepted i t . He returnedto Kelantan with 700 r i f les. Then in June he asked forBr i t i sh p ro tec t ion and a Br i t i sh Res ident , add ing tha t i fthe f i rs t was imposs ib le he wou ld accept the second a lone.In Septenber occurred the I 'Kelantan Incidentr ' - the Frenchpress a l leged tha t the Sta te had been occup ied by Br i t i shsoldiers, and there certainly seems to have been some sortof armed disturbance, in which the Ruler was possibly invol-ved, a iming a t e jec t ing the S iamese. Aga ins t th is back-ground i t is not surpr is ing to learn that negot iat ions inL o n d o n m a d e 1 i t t 1 e p r o g r e s s . +
When Siam eventual ly signed the draft t reat ies i t wasSwet tenham whom London se lec ted to go and co l lec t the sea lsof the Kelantan and Trengganu Rulers, in spi te of the Siamesepro tes ts over h is p rev ious v is i t . He was we lcomed by theKelantan Ruler, who signed both the Engl ish- language draft(Kelantan Treaty of 1902) and a Malay version prepared by
Swettenham which, however, the Colonial Off ice subsequent ly
dec la red inva1 id .5 The Su l tan o f Trengganu ' however , re -
fused to admi t to S iamese suzera in ty by s ign ing e i ther d ra f t ,
and when the S iamese, na tura l l y susp ic ious o f Swet tenhamrsintent ions, sent a commissioner with theiy, version of the
Treaty the Trengganu Ruler refused to sign that ei ther, a1-
though the Ra ja o f Ke lan tan gave h is sea l as usua l . The
quest ion was no t c losed, however . A l though the Secre t Notes
provided that the advisers should be ' t favourably known to the
Siarese Governmentr ' , Br i tain cont inued to try and insist that
they shou ld be recru i ted f rom the C iv i l Serv ice in Ma laya.I t was no t un t i l 1903, when the s iamese Anbassador in Par is
made a strong protest about the Governor of the Strai ts seek-
ing to dictate to the Ki-ng of Siam on this matter, that Lans-
downe f inal ly overruled the colonial of f ice and agreed to
the appo in tment o f W.A. Graham, a Br i t i sh o f f i cer in theSiamese Government, as Kelantanrs f i rst Advi-ser under the
new Treaty.
198
l .
2 .
3 .
4 .
FOOTNOTES
COD/C 35 o f 1901, C0 to Swet tenham, 29 Mar . I90 I1 , cp ,G D / C 1 9 0 0 , J . A . S w e t t e n h a m t o C 0 , 1 9 N o v . 1 9 0 0 .
C O 2 7 3 / 2 7 4 , C 0 t o F 0 , 2 8 D e c . 1 9 0 1 i c p . T h i o , o p . e i t . ,p p . 4 2 3 - 4 2 7 .
CO 273/298, Swet tenham to Duf f , 6 Dec. 1902, quoted inD u f f t o C 0 , 2 2 M a r . 1 9 0 3 .
GD/C 8 o f 1901-02, pass im; GD/C 10 o f 1902, Swet tenhant ' s e m i - o f f i c i a l r r t o L u c a s , 1 5 M a y 1 9 0 2 , S w e t t e n h a m t e 1 .to C0, 16 June 1902, Swet tenham to C0, 2 Ju Iy 1902,Swet tenham pr . to Chamber la in , 15 Ju ly 1902, Swet tenhamt o C 0 , 1 4 A u g . 1 9 0 2 ; C O D / C 3 7 o f 1 9 0 2 , C 0 t e 1 . t oSwettenham, 14 July L902, C0 to Swettenham, 30 July1 9 0 2 6 e n c l s .
COD/C o f 1903, C0 to Swet tenham, 31 Ju ly 1903.5 .
t99
The unders igned du ly au thor ised byGovernments, af ter careful examinat ion ot ion o f the Sta tes o f Ke lan tan and Trengarrangements which i t is expedient to mathe i r admin is t ra t ion , have agreed upon t.Agreement of which a copy is annexed tobe conc luded be tween H is S iamese Majes tythose Sta tes . I t i s agreed tha t th is Donce communicated with the Rajas for thethe i r adhes ion to i t . As the common obments th roughout the negot ia t ions has besecur i ty and s tab i l i t y o f the K ingdom o f
-t dencies and to promote the good governme
t c ies , and the conten t rnent and prosper i tyf , t l i s Br i tann ic Ma jes ty fs Government under
S ; j the i r representa t ives and o f f i cers in thg i , , i coopera te cord ia l l y fo r the success fu l wf I a m e n t . H i s S i a m e s e M a j e s t y ? s G o v e r n m e n tg E e t a k e t h a t i t s p r o v i s i o n s s h a 1 1 b e f a i t h f* .ol therr ot trcers, and that there sha\\ be
' ! the a f fa i rs o f the two Sta tes o therw ise
3. i i n the Agreement .E
KELANTAN DOCUMENTS of 6 October, 1902
Preanb le and Secre t Notes a t tached to the 1902 Treaty l
D e c l a r a t i o n .
the i r respec t ivef the present cond i -ganu, and of theke w i th regard tohe terms of a Draftt h i s D e c l a r a t i o n , t o
and the Ra jahs o fr a f t s h a l l b e a tpurpose of procuring
jec t o f bo th Govern-en to ma in ta in the
Siam and i t s depen-n t o f those dependen-
o f t h e i r p e o p l e s ,take to ins t ruc te Malay Pen insu la toork ing o f the Agree-
on the i r par t under -u 1 1 y o b s e r v e d b yno in\-erf erence \nthan is p rov ided fo r
S e c r e t N o t e s .
Secre t Note f ro rn Lord Lansdowne to S iamese Commiss ioner
The unders igned, H is Br i tann ic l t {a jes ty 's Secre tary o f S ta tefo r Fore ign Af fa i rs , has the honour to make the fo l low ingcommunica t ion to Phya Sr i Sabadheb, Spec ia l Envoy o f H isMajes ty the K ing o f S ia rn , in regard to the Agreement re la t i veto the S ia rnese Dependenc ies o f Ke lan tan and Trengganu, theterms o f wh ich have been ar ranged be tween H is Br i tann icl ' {a jes ty rs Governnent and tha t o f H is S iamese } ' la jes ty :
The Br i t i sh Government hav ing th roughout these negot ia -t ions been ac tua ted by the same s incere des i re to respec t theTreaty r igh ts o f H is Ma jes ty the K ing o f S iam in the MalayPen insu la , and to p romote the s tab i l i t y and secur i ty o f theKingdom o f S ia rn and i t s dependenc ies , tha t has h i ther tocharac ter j -sed the po l i cy o f Great Br i ta in , under take to in -s t ruc t the i r representa t ives in the Malay Pen insu la to use* For foo tno tes see p .205
I I
200
the i r in f luence to secure the peacefu l adopt ion by the Ra jasof Kelantan and Trengganu of the Draft Agreement, on theunderstanding that the Siarnese Government on their part wi l ls t r i c t l y observe i t s te rms and ins t ruc t the i r o f f i cers tofa i th fu l l y car ry them out . The unders igned th inks i t r igh t ,however , to observe tha t in o rder to ensure the success fu lworking of the Agreenents and having in view the inrnediateprop inqu i ty o f the Malay Sta tes under Br i t i sh Pro tec t ion tothe two Sta tes in ques t ion , i t w i l l be essent ia l tha t theof f i c ia ls appo in ted to be the Adv isers and Ass is tan t Adv iserso f the Ra jas , as ment ioned in Ar t i c le i i o f the Agreement ,sha l1 be o f Br i t i sh na t iona l i t y , and tha t the concur rence o fH is Br i tann ic Ma jes ty ts Government shou ld be conf ident ia l l yob ta ined fo r the i r se lec t ion , remova l , and the renewal o fthe i r appo in tments .
Secret Note frorn the Siamese Commissioner to Lord Lansdowne
The unders igned, Phya Sr i Sabadheb, Spec ia l Envoy o f H isMajes ty the K ing o f S iam, has the honour to acknowledge therece ip t o f the no te o f the Marquess o f Lansdowne o f th is d*ein regard to the Agreements re la t i ve to the S iamese dependen-cies of Kelantan and Trengganu, the terms of which have beenar ranged be tween H is S iamese Majes ty 's Government and tha to f H is Br i tann ic Ma jes ty , and in rep ly to the assurances andcons idera t ions there in se t fo r th he is au thor ised by h isGovernrnent to g ive the fo l low ing conf ident ia l assurances :In v iew o f the in te res t wh ich H is Br i tann ic Ma jes ty rs Govern-ment must necessar i l y have in the peace, o rder and good go-vernnent of these States on account of their propinquity tothe St ra i ts Set t lements and to the Malay Sta tes under Br i t i shpro tec t ion , and in cons idera t ion o f the nu tua l re la t ionswhich have been es tab l i shed by prev ious t rea t ies be tweenGreat Br i ta in and S iam in respec t o f the Malay Pen insu la ,H i s S i a m e s e M a j e s t y ' s G o v e r n m e n t r v i 1 1 a p p o i n t o f f i c i a l s o fBr i t i sh na t i -ona l i t y to be the Adv iser and Ass is tan t Adv iserso f the Ra jas o f Ke lan tan and Trengganu ment ioned in Ar t i c lei i o f the Agreement . These o f f i c ia ls w i l l be se lec ted f romamong persons o f Br i t i sh na t iona l i t y who have seen serv iceunder the Siamese Government or are also favourably known tothe Siamese Government, and who are also favourably known tothe Br i t i sh Government by serv ice or o therw ise . And H isS i a m e s e M a j e s t y r s G o v e r n m e n t w i l l i n a l l c a s e s p r e v i o u s l yconsu l t H is Br i tann ic Ma jes ty ts Government in regard to the i rse lec t ion , remova l and the renewal o f the i r appo in tnents byconf ident ia l communica t ions w i th H is Br i tann ic Ma jes ty rsRepresenta t ive a t Bangkok . The appo in tmentswi l l be made in
201
each case for a term of not less than three nor more thanf ive years subject to renewal by the siamese Government, andthe sa la r ies to be pa id by the Ra jas w i l l be approx imate lyon the fo l low ing sca le :
Adviser Kelantan
Ass is tan t Adv iser
A d v i s e r T r e n g g a n u . . .
A s s i s t a n t A d v i s e r . . .
e 1 , 0 0 0
i5 00
8 8 0 0
r500
t o 1 1 , 1 0 0
t o
to
f600
r900
8600t o
Done a t London the 6 th day o f October , IgO2
Seal and Signature LANSDOWNE,Secre tary o f S ta te fo rForeign Affairs
PHYA SRI SABADHEB,S iamese Commiss ioner
Seal and Signature
202
KELANTAN TREATY of October, 1902
Agreement w i th S iam fo r an Adv iser o f Br i t i sh Nat iona l i t y2
Whereas the Sta te o f Ke lan tan has been recogn ised tobe a Dependency o f S iam, and whereas i t i s des i rab le to de-f ine the pr inc ip les under wh ich the Government o f tha t S ta teis in fu tu re to be_conducted , i t i s hereby agreed be tweenPhya Sr i Sabadheb,J represent ing H is Ma jes ty the K ing o fS iam, and Muhammad, the Ra jah o f Ke lan tan , as fo l lows:
A r t i c l e i
The Ra jah o f Ke lan tan engages to have no po l i t i ca lre la t ions or po l i t i ca l dea l ings w i th any fo re ign Power o rCh ie fs o f S ta tes , except th rough the med ium o f the Govern-m e n t o f H i s M a j e s t y t h e K i n g o f S i a m .
A r t i c l e i i
H is Ma jes ty the K ing o f S iam reserves the r igh t tonominate o f f i cers to be Adv iser and Ass is tan t Adv iser in theSta te o f Ke lan tan to ac t as the Representa t ive (o r Agent ) o fH is Ma jes ty . The Ra jah o f Ke lan tan engages to pay theAdv iser and Ass is tan t Adv iser such sa la r ies as may be re -q u i r e d b y H i s S i a m e s e M a j e s t y ' s G o v e r n m e n t . T h e R a j a h a l s ounder takes to p rov ide them wi th su i tab le res idences , and tof o 1 1 o w t h e a d v i c e o f t h e A d v i s e r , a n d , i n h i s a b s e n c e , o ft h e A s s i s t a n t A d v i s e r , i n a l l m a t t e r s o f a d m i n i s t r a t i o nother than those touching the Mahommedan rel igion and Malayc u s t o m .
A r t i c l e i i i
The Ra jah o f Ke lan tan engages no t to en ter in to anyagreement w i th , o r to g ive any concess ion to , o r to a1 lowany transfer to or by, any individual or Company other thana na t ive or na t ives o f the Sta te o f Ke lan tan , and no t toe m p l o y i n a n o f f i c i a l p o s i t i o n , w i t h a f i x e d s a l a r y o f n o r ethan f .400 per annum, l t y ind iv idua l o ther than a na t ive o fKe lan tan , w i thout hav ing prev ious ly ob ta ined the consent inw r i t i n g o f H i s S i a m e s e M a j e s t y r s G o v e r n m e n t . P r o v i d e d t h a t ,shou ld the area o f the Grant o r Concess ion no t exceed 5 ,000a c r e s o f a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d o r 1 , 0 0 0 a c r e s o f m i n i n g l a n d ,the wr i t ten consent o f the Adv iser sha l l be su f f i c ien t .Such wr i t ten consent sha11 a lso be su f f i c ien t fo r the
203
employment o f o f f i c ia ls o f a lower rank , who are no t na t iveso f K e l a n t a n .
A r t i c l e i v
As soon as , and whenever , the gross revenue o f Ke lan tanarnounts to 100,000 do l la rs , one- ten th o f the gross revenuesha l l be annua l ly pa id in to H is S iamese I ' , la jes ty?s Treasury ,Provided that the maximum amount thus payable on account ofa n y o n e y e a r s h a l L n o t e x c e e d t h e s u m o f 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 d o l 1 a r s .So long as , and whenever , the gross annua l revenue o f Ke lan tani s l e s s t h a n 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 d o l 1 a r s , t h e u s u a l B u n g a M a s s h a l l c o n -t i n u e t o b e s e n t t o H i s M a j e s t y t h e K i n g o f S i a m .
A r t i c l e v
His S iamese Majes ty?s Governrnent under takes no t to in -te r fe re w i th the in te rna l admin is t ra t ion o f the Sta te o fKe lan tan , o therw ise than as prov ided fo r in th is Agreement ,so long as no th ing is done in tha t S ta te cont ra ry to theTreaty r igh ts and ob l iga t ions tha t H is Ma jes ty has w i thfo re ign Governments , and so long as peace and order a re main-ta ined w i th in the Sta te , and i t i s governed fo r the benef i to f i t s inhab i tan ts w i th modera t ion , jus t i ce and humani ty .
A r t i c l e v i
The Depar tments o f Pos ts , Te legraphs and Ra i lways , asbe ing par t o f the in te rna l admin is t ra t ion o f the Sta te o fK e l a n t a n , w i l l b e u n d e r t h e c o n t r o l o f t h e R a j a h o f K e l a n t a n ,bu t the Ra jah o f Ke lan tan engages to co-opera te4 w i th theGovernment o f H is S iamese Majes ty in the cons t ruc t ion andmanagement o f any sec t ion o f a t runk l ine o f ra i lway orte legraph wh ich may come wi th in the conf ines o f Ke lan tan .The cond i t ions o f such co-opera t ion sha l1 in each case bethe sub jec t o f spec ia l a r rangement . Shou ld any s tamps beused, they sha l l be procured f rom Bangkok , and sha11 beart h e e f f i g y o f t h e K i n g o f S i a m , b u t t h e y s h a l 1 b e i s s u e dso1e1y by the Ra jah o f Ke lan tan and the revenue der ivedf ro rn them shaL l accrue so le ly to the Sta te o f Ke lan tan .The Rajah further undertakes not to grant to any Company orpr iva te ind iv idua l any pr iv i lege fo r the cons t ruc t ion o fra i lways in Ke lan tan w i thout the wr i t ten consent o f H isS ia inese Majes ty rs Governrnent . Th is s t ipu la t ion , however ,s h a l 1 n o t a p p l y t o p r i v a t e l i n e s o f r a i l w a y c o n s t r u c t e d b ythe owners o f concess ions wh ich have been gran ted underAr t i c le i i i , and in tended fo r the conveyance o f rn inera ls o ro ther na tura l p roduc ts .
204
A r t i c l e r r i i
No th ing in th is Agreement i s in tended to cur ta i l any o fthe powers or au thor i ty now he ld by the Ra jah o f Ke lan tan ,nor does i t a l te r , o therw ise than as prov ided fo r in th isAgreement , the re la t ions now ex is t ing be tween the Ra jah andH i s S i a m e s e M a j e s t y r s G o v e r n r n e n t .
S e a l o f MUHAMMAD,Ruler o f Ke lan tan
Sea l and S ignature o f PHYA SRI SABADHEB,S iamese Commiss ioner
FOOTNOTES
These documents a re taken f ron Swet tenhamrs conf ident ia ld e s p a t c h t o t h e C O , 9 O c t . 1 9 0 2 , G D / C 1 9 0 2 . O n l y t h ed a t e a n d t h e s e a l s a r e t a k e n f r o m M . & G . , p . 8 6 . N ' 1 . 6 G .d o n o t i n c l u d e t h e S e c r e t N o t e s .
Th is vers ion o f the Trea ty and Documents was te legraphedto Swet tenham and he acknowledged rece ip t on 9 Oct .( G D / C 1 9 0 2 , S w e t t e n h a n c o n f . t o C O , 9 O c t . 1 9 0 2 ) . T e ndays la te r Swet tenham repor ted tha t the Ke lan tan Ru lerhad s igned i t (LbLd. , Swet tenham to CO, 19 Oct . f902) .We have been unab le to ascer ta in the exac t da te o f thes ignature ; p resumably i t had been s igned by the S iameserepresenta t ive sone days ear l ie r and was to be s ignedaga in , when presented to the Ke lan tan Ru ler by theS i a m e s e d e l e g a t e , s o r n e d a y s 1 a t e r . M . & G . , p . 8 6 , g i v e6 October as the da te when Lansdowne and the S iameseCommiss ioner s igned.
The dra f t cab led to Swet tenham does no t con ta in theSiamese Commiss ioner rs name: we have assumed i t f romt h e S e c r e t N o t e s , w h e r e i t i s g i v e n , a n d f r o n M . 6 G . ,w h e r e j . t i s m i s s p e l t ( c p . M . & G . , p . 7 0 2 ) .
I n t h e M . g G . v e r s i o n t h e p h r a s e ' t a t a n y t i m e ' t o c c u r sa f te r the word ' rco-opera te" . I t i s o rn i t ted in theG D / C v e r s i o n w h i c h i s f o l l o w e d h e r e .
205
Note on the Ke lan tan Documents o f 1903, 1904 and 1905
As has been observed (p .190) the or ig ina l Duf f Conces-s ion was fa r f rom exp l i c i t about the ex ten t o f Duf f ' s adn in i -s t ra t i ve and execut ive powers w i th in h is own concess ion , bu tDuf f h imse l f seems to have regarded then as cons iderab le , i fno t un l im i ted . I t d id no t take long be fore W.A. Graham,the Adv iser o f Br i t i sh na t iona l i t y appo in ted by the S iameseGovernment under the terms of the Kelantan Treaty of 1902,c lashed w i th Duf f on th is na t te r . There fo l lowed two co-d ic i l s to the 1900 Agreement des igned to c lear up some o fthe areas o f misunders tand ing (Ke lan tan Documents o f 1903a n d 1 9 0 4 ) .
By the end of 7904, however, Duff and Graharn were onceaga in a t loggerheads; th is d ispu te was over the Ke lan tanGovernment ts r igh ts to levy cus toms dues . Duf f a rguedtha t no th ing spec i f i c had been sa id in the or ig ina l agree-ment about the Government I s r ights in this f ie ld and thatimpor t dues had never been lev ied un t i l Grahamrs ar r i va l in1903. Grahan, incensed by Duf f ts ins is tence tha t he shou ldbe permi t ted a reduc t ion o f impor t du t ies (o r , a l te rna t ive ly ,o f roya l t ies on minera ls ) s imp ly because he re fused to paythem, demanded a reaff i rmation of the pr inciple that theKelantan Government had the r ight to impose any taxes i tp leased, un less they in f r lnged wr i t ten agreements , regard lessof what Duff wanted to pay. The American General Adviserto the S ia rnese Government , S t robe l , and the Br i t i sh Min is te rin Bangkok , Paget , summoned both men to t ry to se t t le the i rd i f fe rences and ins is ted tha t a new Agreement be negot ia tedbinding on both sides. This Agreernent (Kelantan Docurnento f 1905) incorpora ted po in ts f rom a l l p rev ious ones , wh ichi . t cance l led , and made some concess ions to Duf f on themat te r o f pay ing impor t du t ies and roya l t ies . The S iameseauthor i t ies ob jec ted to the or ig ina l phras ing o f Ar t i c le v ,wh ich was e labora te ly emended so as to appear l i ke an und ig-n i f ied specu la t ion on S iam's par t , and then ra t i f ied the newAgreement . So la te r d id Duf f and the Ra ja . l *
The Agreement o f 1905, however , by no neans se t t ledonce and fo r a l l the reLat ionsh ip be tween the Ke lan tanGovernment and the Duff Development Company. 0n the con-tTary , the ra i lway deve lopment tha t fo l lowed the t rans fero f Ke lan tan f rom S iamese to Br i t i sh ju r isd ic t ion in 1909provided grounds for further content ion. The Siamese andthe FII{S planned to extend their rai lways southwards andnor thwards respec t ive ly and e f fec t a junc t ion a t the Ke lan tan
* For footnotes see rt .2O7
206
but1 I
border . For geograph ica l reasons and because o f the grea tarea o f the Duf f Concess ion the FMS cou ld no t ge t the i r ra i l -way th rough Ke lan tan w i thout pass ing th rough the Concess ion .Meanwhi le, however, the Kelantan Government and the Conpanywere locked in a rgument over the i r respec t ive r igh ts tobu i ld ra i lways . A f te r p ro t rac ted negot ia t ions a Deed o fCance l la t ion was s igned in Ju ly , 1912, whereby the d isputedrai lway r ights were straightened out, the Company gave upcer ta in lands and rece ived the r igh t to se lec t o thers , andthe Sta te pa id the Company t300,000 (wh ich was advanced toKe lan tan by the FMS) . The conf l i c t rev ived when the Companycha l lenged the Government rs au thor i ty to bu i ld the ra i lwayon any l ine save tha t des i red by the Company. The po in twas re fe r red to a rb i t ra t ion in 1915 and the Ke lan tan Govern-n e n t w o n o n a l l p o i n t s o n 1 0 A p r i l 1 9 1 6 . U n d e t e r r e d , t h eCompany embarked on another tack and asked the Governmentfo r L125,000 in re tu rn fo r wh ich the Company wou ld wa ive i t sr igh t o f ac t ion fo r non-comple t ion o f a road to meet thera i lway , and wou ld a lso sur render cer ta in ou ts tand ing r igh tsunder the Deed. The Government re fused the o f fe r .
Then in 1917 the Company claj"med that the Governnentwas gu i l t y o f b reach o f con t rac t in as much as i t had fa i ledto connect i - t s l ine w i th tha t o f the Company w i th in the Con-c e s s i o n a s s t i p u l a t e d i n t h e D e e d s o f C a n c e l l a t i o n o f i 9 1 2 .Once aga in an arb i t ra to r was appo in ted bu t th is t ime he gaveh is award aga ins t the Ke lan tan Government . The Ke lan tanGovernment took the case as far as the House of Lords buta t every leve l i t s appea l was th rown out . Never the less ,K e l a n t a n , o r r a t h e r t h e C o l o n i a l O f f i c e , t r i e d t o d o d g e t h epayment o f the award (L378,000) and cos ts on the grounds o fsovere ign ty : though Ke lan tan had contes ted the Companytsc la i rns in Eng l ish cour ts , i t was now argued tha t the Govern-ment o f tha t au tonomous Sta te was no t sub jec t to the ju r is -d ic t ion o f Eng l ish cour ts . Eventua l l y the Government accep-ted l iab i l i t y fo r the payments (wh ich were advanced by theFMS and St ra i ts Governments ) and in 1930 a new deed wass igned by Ke lan tan , the Company, and the FMS Ra i lways Admin i -s t r a t i o n . 2
FOOTNOTES
C O 2 7 3 / 3 1 4 , P a g e t t o F O , 7 A p r . 1 9 0 5 , i n F O t o C O o f8 A p r . 1 9 0 5 .
R . E r n e r s o n , M a l a y s t a , K L , 1 9 6 4 , p p . 2 5 2 - 2 6 2 .
207
KELANTAN DOCUMENT of 12 August, 1903
Exp lanatory Document concern ing Duf f Concess ion l *
Whereas , in the document da ted the 13 th day o f Jemadi -lach i r , 1318r2 there occur cer ta in phrases wh ich appear tobe in need o f exp lanat ion , H is H ighness the Ra jah o f Ke lan tanand Mr Rober t Wi l l iam Duf f , the par t ies to the sa id document ,have agreed to adopt this Supplementary Agreement as a ful1def in i t ion , bu t in no way as an a l te ra t ion , o f the sa idp h r a s e s .
1 . t r , l r Rober t Wi l l iam Duf f c la ims no r igh ts o f governmentw i th in the l im i ts o f h is concess ion , p rov ided tha t p rev iousto the en forcement o f any new 1aw wi th in the sa id l im i ts thesa id Mr Rober t Wi l l iam Duf f o r h is representa t ive sha l l beconsu l ted regard ing the sane, and sha l l s ign i fy h is approva lt h e r e t o .
2 . Noth ing conta ined in the document da ted the 13 th day o fJ e m a d i l a c h i r , 1 3 1 8 , s h a l l b e u n d e r s t o o d a s i n t e r f e r i n g w i t hthe r igh t o f the Ra jah to I 'banch i "3 the inhab i tan ts o f thelands in the sa id concess ion in accordance w i th the Regu la-t ions a t p resent in fo rce . The sa id Regu la t ions prov idetha t every adu l t ma le Malay sha11 pay 7 do l la r every th reeyears , and tha t every adu l t ma le Ch inese sha l l pay 3 do l la rsevery th ree years , p rov ided tha t in cer ta in d is t r i c ts to behereaf te r spec i f ied the above tax sha1 l be 4 do l la rs fo revery adu l t na le Malay and 12 do l la rs fo r every adu l t Ch inese.The sa id tax to beg in a f te r th ree years r res idence in theSta te . Wi th regard to the spec i f ied d is t r i c ts in wh ich theh igher ra te sha l1 ob ta in , H is H ighness the Ra jah under takesto have compi led a comple te l i s t o f the same wi th in s ixmonths f rom th is da te , a copy o f wh ich l i s t sha1 l be supp l iedwi thout de lay to Mr Rober t Wi . l l i am Duf f .
3 . Noth ing conta ined in the docurnent da ted 13 th day o fJ e m a d i l a c h i r , 1 3 1 8 , s h a l 1 b e u n d e r s t o o d a s i n t e r f e r i n g w i t hthe r igh t o f the Ra jah to assess and co l lec t the taxesknown as r rHas i l pad i " , "Has i l dur ian" , and "Has i l nyor "th roughout the lands inc luded in the sa id concess ion inaccordance w i th the Regu la t ions a t p resent in fo rce . Thesa id Regu la t ions prov ide tha t a l l persons cu l t i va t ing pad isha l l pay 5 ' rgantangs" per hundred per year , tha t a l l dur iant rees o f th ree spans or more in c i rcumference sha l1 be asses-sed a t 12 | cen ts per t ree , and every coconut t ree bear ingf r u i t s h a 1 1 b e a s s e s s e d a t 1 5 " k e p i n g " p e r y e a T . P r o v i d e dtha t these taxes sha11 be assessab le on ly
: , " 1 " "d_ : . . "p1"d
_* F o r f o o t n o t e s s e e p . 2 1 7
208
previous to the grant ing of the said concession, and renain-ing in the possess ion o f a na t ive o f Ke lan tan , e i ther Ma layor Ch inese.
4. Nothing contained in the docunent dated the 13th day ofJemadi lach i r , 1518, sha l1 be unders tood as convey ing anyr igh t to the sa id Mr Rober t Wi l l iam Duf f , o r h is representa-t i ve , o f e jec t ing the ho lders o f any lands w i th in the l im i tso f the sa id concess ion a l ready occup ied fo r agr icu l tu ra l o rbui lding purposes at the date on which the document camein to fo rce , except on payment to the sa id ho lders o f fa i rand reasonab le compensat ion , the amount o f wh ich sha l l bef ixed in case o f d isagreement by th ree arb i t ra to rs , one o fwhom shal l be appointed by each party, and the third byconmon consent o f bo th par t ies . A l i s t o f the sa id land-ho lders , w i th the necessary par t i cu la rs , sha l l be preparedby H is H ighness the Ra jah w i th in s ix months o f the presentdate, and a copy of the same shal l be suppl ied to Mr RobertWi l l iam Duf f w i thout de lay .
5. The neaning of the words t 'akan membri dua tanah yangd ida lam negr i Ke lan tan kepada Tuan Rober t Wi l l iam Duf fsepaya bu l ih Tuan Rober t Wi l l iam Duf f berkongs i dengan k i tadan la in la innya membuat perker ja -an ga l i -ga l i -an kayu danlain lainnya didalam tempat i tu dibenar br i-Tuan RobertWil l iam Duff i tu bekerja buat dengan apa apa ka-suka-nya makat iada bu l ih ska l i ka l i o rang la in membuka peker ja -an apa apadidalam tempat i tu j ika t idak dengan ka benaran yang mahamul ia Ra jah Ke lan tan dan Tuan Rober t Wi l l iam Duf f ser ta kongs ikongsi-nya' t in the document dated the 13th day of Jemadi lachir ,1318, sha l l be de f ined as convey j_ng to Mr Rober t Wi l l iamDuf f , o r h is representa t ive , the fo l low ing r igh ts w i th in thel im i ts o f the sa id concess ion : The so le r igh ts over min ing ,agr icu l tu re , fo res t ry , jung le p roduce, water , communica t ionby road or ra i1 , the sub- leas ing o f land fo r bu i ld ing oro ther purposes , and the co l lec t ion o f land ren ts there for ,and a l l o ther under tak ings o f a comnerc ia l na ture , wh ichla t te r sha l1 be deemed to inc lude the es tab l i shment o f mono-po l ies o r fa rms, such as those fo r the sa le o f op iun orsp i r i t s o r fo r gambl ing and pawnbrok ing .
The above de f in i t ion in no way a f fec ts the Ar t i c les es-pec ia l l y excepted in the sa id Document , namely i vory and in -di-genous gutta and rattan.
6 . In the case o f any doubt a r is ing as to the in te rpre ta t ionof th is Agreement , these two vers ions , one in Eng l ish and onein Malay , sha l1 be deemed to be the sane.
209
Iv lade at Khota Bahru, th is
S e a l o f t h e R a j ao f K e l a n t a n .
A u g u s t , 1 9 0 S .
R . W . D U F F
C . E . W I L K I N
7 2 t h d a y o f
S ignature
W i t n e s s
210
KELANTAN DOCUMENT of l r{arch, 1904
Clar i f i ca t ion o f Duf f Concess ion Boundar ies4
(Trans I a t ion)
Whereas i t appears tha t misunders tand ing migh t poss ib lyar ise as to the exac t pos i t ion o f cer ta in boundar ies o f theconcess ion gran ted under the documents da ted 1s th Jemadi la -c h i r , 1 3 1 8 , 5 b y H i s H i g h n e s s t h e R a j a h t o M r R . W . D u f f w i t h -in the Sta te o f Ke lan tan :
Now there fore H is H ighness the Ra jah is p leased to makethe fo l low ing s ta tement p rov id ing fo r the c lear de f in i t iono f the sa id boundar ies : -
l . The sa j "d boundar ies sha l1 be accura te ly demarca ted a tthe ear l ies t oppor tun i ty by an o f f i cer appo in ted to representH is H ighness fo r the purpose, ac t ing in agreenent w i th Mr R.W. Duf f o r h is du ly accred i ted representa t i -ve , such demarca-t ion be ing e f fec ted where na tura l landmarks are insu f f i c ien tb y m e a n s o f p i l l a r s .
2 , Wherever the present boundary o f the sa id concess i -onf o l l o w s a r i v e r o r w a t e r c o u r s e , t h e n a t u r a l b e d , i n c l u d i n gbeaches o f such r i ver o r watercourse , sha l l be unders tood asly ing w i th in the sa id concess ion , the boundary-1 ine runn ingalong the edge of the natural bank of such bed furthest f romthe in te r io r o f the sa id concess ion . Such boundary to re -main unaf fec ted by any subsequent a l te ra t ion in the f low o fthe water in such r i ver o r watercourse .
2tl
KELANTAN DOCUIvIENT of May, 1905
Second Agreement regarding Duff Concession6
Agreement between the Government of His Highness theRajah o f Ke lan tan , (here ina f te r ca l led the Government ) ,sub jec t to the ra t i f i ca t ion o f H is Ma jes ty the K ing o f S iam,of the one part ; and the Duff Development Company (Limited),a corpora t ion , o f 15 , George St ree t , London E.C. (here ina f te rca l led the Conpany) , o f the o ther par t , w i tnesseth :
Whereas an Agreement was made between His Highness theRajah o f Ke lan tan and Rober t Wi l l iam Duf f on the 15 th day o fJemadi lach i - r7 (cor respond ing to the 1Oth day o f October ,1900, o f the Chr is t ian Era) , and a document exp lanatory o fthe said Agreement was made between the same part ies on thel2th day of August, 1903, and under these documents certainr ights were granted in the State of Kelantan to RobertWi l l iam Duf f by the Ra jah o f Ke lan tan ; and
Whereas the Company has acquired the r ights and hasunder taken the l iab i l i t ies o f the sa id Rober t Wi l l iam Duf funder the said documents; and
Whereas by the said documents the said Conpany is inpossess ion o f cer ta in admin is t ra t i ve r igh ts i -n the temi to rygran ted by the sa id documents ; and
l{hereas certain provisions of said documents are regard-ed as no t c1ear , and cer ta in o ther p rov is ions , as those re -ferr ing to royalty and export dues, are regarded as burden-some to the Company; and
Whereas i t i s des i rab le fo r the advantage o f the Sta teof Kelantan, and of the Company, that both should work inharmony w i th each o ther , the one a id ing the admin is t ra t ionof the Sta te , and the o ther fac i l i ta t ing the commerc ia loperat ions of the Company;
Now there fore i t has been agreed to cance l the sa iddocuments above descr ibed and subs t i tu te in p lace thereo fthe fo l low ing Agreement , wh ich in fu tu re sha11 f i x de f in i te lythe re la t ions be tween the Government o f Ke lan tan and theCompany; provided that nothing in this Agreement containedsha l1 a f fec t the ownersh ip o f the Government o f 8 ,000 fu11ypa id shares in the Company, o r impose any ob l iga t ion on theGovernrnent to repay any par t o f the 20 ,000 do l la rs pa id underA r t i c l e 2 o f t h e d o c u m e n t o f t h e 1 3 t h J e m a d i l a c h i r , 1 3 1 8 .
2t2
I t i s a g r e e d b y t h e p a r t i e s h e r e t o a s f o l l o w s : -
1 . The Agreement o f the 13 th Jemadi lach i r , 1318, and theexp lanatory document o f the 12 th August , 1903, a re herebyc a n c e l 1 e d .
2. The Government hereby grants to the Company for theper iod end ing the 10 th October , 1940, the so le commerc ia lr igh t w i th in two d is t r i c ts in the Sta te o f Ke lan tan wh ichd i s t r i c t s a r e b o u n d e d a s f o l l o w s : -
The First Distr ict - The northern boundary is the r iver from@wing tha t r i ver to i t s source , and thencestraight up to the bounda-ry of the Province of Legeh; onthe eas t the boundary i s the main r i ver f rom Kua la Kes ia l ,fo l low ing the r i ver (Sunge i Ke lan tan) ups t ream to Kua laSitong; the boundary on the south is from the mouth of theSi tong R iver to i t s source and thence due west to the boun-dary of Perak; and on the west the boundary is that of theState of Perak and the State of Kelantan and the Provincesof Rahman and Legeh.
The Second D is t r i c t - 0n the eas t inc ludes the main r i ver@tream to Kuala Ampul, and thence theAmpul River to i ts source where i t reaches the Pahang boun-dary . On the west the boundary inc ludes the r i ver ups tTeamto Kuala Bong, and thence that stream to the boundary ofPahang. The boundary of the south is that between Kelantanand Pahang.
In o rder tha t no misunders tand ing can poss ib ly a r ise asto the exac t pos i t ion o f the boundar ies , where no t a l readydenarca ted under the Decree issued by H is H ighness the Ra jahin l {a rch , 1904, the boundar ies sha l l be accura te ly demarca tedat the ear l ies t oppor tun i ty by an o f f i cer to be appo in ted torepresent H is H ighness the Ra jah fo r tha t purpose, ac t ingin agreenent w i th a du ly accred i ted representa t ive o f theCompany.
Wherever the boundar ies o f concess ions fo l1ow a r i veror watercourse the na tura l bed, inc lud ing such r i ver o rwatercourse , sha l l be unders tood as ly ing w i th in the sa idconcess ion , the boundary l ine runn ing a long the edge o f thenatural bank of such bed furthest f rom the inter ior of theconcess ion ; and such boundar ies sha11 remain unaf fec ted byany subsequent a l te ra t ion in the f low o f the water o f suchr iver o r watercourse .
213
3. The so le comrnerc ia l r igh ts w i th in the two d is t r j -c tsa foresa id sha1 l be de f ined as convey ing to the Company, ex-cept as here ina f te r p rov ided, the so le r igh ts over n in ing ,agr icu l tu re , fo res t ry , jung le p roduce, communica t ions byroad or ra i l , the sub- leas ing o f land fo r bu i ld ing or o therpurposes , and the co l lec t ion o f land- ren ts there fo t , and a l lo ther under tak inss o f a conmerc ia l na ture .
The so le r igh t o f the Government to work i vory , ind i -genous rubber , and ro t tans in these two d is t r i c ts i s no ta f fec ted by th is Agreement , bu t the Company or i t s ass ignsrnay take such rottans as they require for use on their ownproper ty .
4 . I t i s fu r ther agreed tha t the Government sha l1 be a tl iber ty to se lec t su i tab le a reas o f reasonab le s ize fo r theerect ion of Government bui ldings, and that the Governmentsha l l be a t l iber ty to cons t ruc t roads w i th in the Company 'sconcess ion fo r admin is t ra t i ve purposes , wh i -ch sha l1 be opento the inhab i tan ts o f the Sta te , and tha t the Company w i l lno t ques t ion or in te r fe re w i th any pub l ic r igh t o f way wh ichex is ted w i th in the Companyrs concess ion a t the t ime o f thes ign ing o f th is Agreenent .
5 . As here ina f te r de f ined, the Company sha1 l have the r igh tto the ne t p roceeds o f the monopo l ies o r fa rms fo r the sa leof spir i ts and opium and for gambl ing and pawnbroking withinthe l im i ts o f the two d is t r i c ts de f ined above, p rov ided a l -ways tha t a t the exp i ra t ion o f the ex is t ing leases fo r fa rmsgranted by the Government ou ts ide the concess ion the fo l low-ing ar rangements sha l l be made: -
Beg inn i -ng a t the nor thernmost po in t o f the concess ionon the Legeh boundary , a l ine sha l l be drawn across theSta te fo l low ing the l ine o f the concess ion to the R iverKe lan tan , and a long tha t r i ver to Kua la Krah; thence thel ine sha l l be drawn in a genera l sou theas ter ly d i rec t ion tothe Besut boundary in such a manner that the Bukit Merbauc o n c e s s i o n s h a 1 1 f a l l t o t h e n o r t h o f t h e l i n e . I t i s i n -tended tha t th is l ine sha1 l as fa r as poss ib le t raverse themost th in ly inhab i ted te r r i to ry .
A t the exp i ra t ion o f the present lease gran ted by theGovernment fo r the monopo ly o f the sa le o f op ium outs ide thepresent concess ion , the Government sha l l es tab l i sh a fa rmfor the impor t , cook ing and sa le o f such op ium wi th in thewho le o f tha t par t o f the Sta te l y ing to the south o f thea b o v e - d e s c r i b e d 1 i n e , w h i c h s h a l 1 b e s u b j e c t t o r e g u l a t i o n s
214
prov ided by the Government , wh ich regu la t ions sha1 l takedue cons idera t ion o f the Companyrs r igh ts on the one hand,and on the o ther hand o f the es tab l i shment o f o ther conces-s ions w i th in the area south o f the l ine above descr ibed andouts ide the Conpanyrs concess ion . In mak ing regu la t ionsfor th is purpose there sha11 be no undue d isc r im ina t ion infavour of one farm against another. The Government shal lw i th in a reasonab le t i rne pr io r to the exp i ry o f the ex is t inglease ca l l fo r tenders fo r the r igh t to impor t , cook andse1 l op ium wi th in the sa id a rea south o f the sa id 1 ine , and,a f te r consu l ta t ion w i th the sa id Company, i t sha11 acceptsuch tender as i t nay cons ider shou ld be accepted , a lwaysbear ing in mind as one o f the e lements fo r cons idera t ionthe commerc ia l in te res ts o f the Company.
Immedia te ly on the exp iTy by lapse o f t ime or o therw iseof the ex is t ing Government fa rms ou ts ide the Companyrs con-cess ion fo r gambl ing , pawnbrok ing , and the sa le o f sp i r i t srespec t ive ly , the Government w i l l es tab l i sh the same sys temin the area south o f the 1 lne fo r the purpose o f con t ro l l ingthe r igh t to gamble , the r igh t to es tab l i sh pawnbrokers fs h o p s , a n d t h e r i g h t t o s e l 1 s p i r i t s . A f t e r t h e e s t a b l i s h -ment o f fa rms fo r op ium, gambl ing , pawnbrok ing and sp i r i t srespec t ive ly has been e f fec ted , the ne t p roceeds o f suchfarms shal l be handed over to the Cornpany unt i l such t ime asthe sum o f the ne t p roceeds o f such fa rms sha l l exceed thenet p roceeds o f o ther s imi la r fa rms in tha t par t o f theSta te wh ich l ies nor th o f the sa id l ine , when such surp lussha11 be equa l ly d iv ided be tween the Government and theCompany.
6 . The Company sha1 l pay to the Government a roya l ty o f 10p e r c e n t . a d u a l o r e m o n t i n a n d 3 | p e r c e n t . o n g o l d a n do t h e r m i n e r a l s .
7. The Company shal l pay to the Government 2!2 per cent. aduaLoz,em export duty on al l agr icul tural produce except paddy,cocoa-nuts and dur ians expor ted f rom the Sta te . 0 f thesa id 2 r l per cent . , the Government sha1 l remi t to the sa idC o n p a n y o n e - h a l f , o r 1 l p e r c e n t . , o n a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c e'expor ted
f rom the Sta te .
8. The Company shal l pay to the Government an export dutyo f 5 per cent . on jung le p roduce and the produce o f any o therwork no t covered by these c lauses .
9 . The Company sha l l accept the laws known as I 'Has i1 Pad i " ,r rHas i l Nyor " and r rHas i l Dur ianr ' . Bu t the Government under -
215
takes to remit to the Company one-half of the royalty onpaddy.
10 . In cas6where roya l ty i s imposed, expor t du ty w i l l no tbe i rnposed.
11 . The Company, i t s subs id ia r ies , and i t s and the i r ass ignssha11 pay import dues in accordance with the Tari f f at pres-ent in force on al l art ic les imported, except on any art ic lesimported for the own use of the Company and i ts direct em-p1oy6s , o r fo r the own use o f subs id ia ry Min ing Compan ieso r t h e i r e m p 1 o y 6 s .
12 . The Company sha l l par t i c ipa te in the genera l pub l i cr ight to cut f i rewood on unoccupied Governnent lands; buti t shal l not be a cause of complaint i f the Government con-s iders i t necessary to p roh ib i t the Company f rom cu t t ingf i rewood in par t i cu la r loca l i t ies .
13 . The Government w i11 , on reques t by the Company, cons iderthe enac tment o f regu la t ions w i th pena l t ies fo r purposeswhich the Government may consider reasonably necessary forthe sa t is fac to ry adrn in is t ra t ion o f the concess ion .
14 . I t i s c lear ly unders tood tha t the Company and i t s r igh tswi th in the concess ion sha l l be sub jec t to the genera l leg is -la t ion o f the Sta te except as here in p rov ided. The Govern-ment undertakes not to enforce any new laws relat ing to landor n in ing w i th in the concess ion wh ich sha11 a f fec t the Com-pany as leaseho lders , except such as may be necessary topro tec t the in te res ts o f persons dwe l l ing ou ts ide the l im i tsof the concession against darnage by the Company.
15. The Government agrees not to impose any land taxes ortaxes upon the mining industry other than those herein abovedescribed, and i t wi l l not at any t ime i-mpose any other tax-at ion discr iminat ing against the Company as compared witho ther persons in those par ts o f the Sta te l y ing w i thout thec o n c e s s i o n .
16 . In case the Company, fo r a per iod o f two years , fa i l sto cont inue opera t ions in good fa i th on a su f f i c ien t sca leto enp loy cont inua l l y 100 coo l ies o r power -dr iven mach inery ,the Government may resume the land and give i t to whomsoeveri t p leases , and the Company, o r i t s subs id ia r ies o r ass igns ,or any shareholders in the Company which may have providedcap i ta l , may no t take any ac t ion fo r the recovery o f anyloss which may have been suffered. But any goods or
2t6
chat te ls o f va lue may be so ld by the Company, o r i t s subs i -d ia r ies o r ass igns , to whomsoever i s w i l l i ng to buy . Andi f any s tone houses have been bu i l t , the owners may no t se l lthem except to persons who are under the ru le o f Ke lan tan .No land may be sold without the consent of the Government.
17 . I f the sa id Company w ishes to appo in t any subs t i tu te inth is work , i t must b r ing such subs t j - tu te be fore the Govern-ment and reg is te r h is name in the Sta te . And such subs t i -tu te sha l l be bound by a l l the cond i t ions o f th is Agreement .
18 . Noth ing conta ined in th is document sha1 l be unders toodas conveying any r ight to the Cornpany, or i ts representat ives,o f e jec t ing the ho lders o f any lands w i th in the l im i ts o fthe sa id concess ion a l ready occup ied fo r agr icu l tu ra l o rbu i ld ing purposes a t the da te a t wh ich th is document comesinto force except on payment to the said holders of fair andreasonab le compensat ion , the amount o f wh ich sha1 l be f i xedin case o f d isagreenent by th ree Arb i t ra to rs , one o f whomshal l be appointed by each party and the third by commonc o n s e n t o f b o t h p a r t i e s .
FOOTNOTES
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .-
A
7 .
E n c l o s e d i n C O 2 7 3 / 3 L 4 ,
See Kelantan Document of
I . e . t o e n u m e r a t e a s b y
E n c l o s e d i n C 0 2 7 3 / 3 I 4 ,
S6e Kelantan Document of
E n c l o s e d i n C O 2 7 3 / 3 I 4 ,
See Kelantan Docunent of
FO to CO, 8 Apr .
1 9 0 0 , f o o t n o t e
c e n s u s .
F 0 t o C 0 , 8 A p r .
1900, foo tno te
F0 to CO, 8 Apr .
1900, foo tno te
1 9 0 5 .
2 , p . 1 9 4 .
1 9 0 5 .
2 , p . I 9 4 .
1 9 0 5 .
2 , p . I 9 4 .
217
Note on the Ke lan tan Trea ty o f 1910
Af te r the 1909 Ang lo-S iamese Treaty i t was the in ten-t ion o f the Governor -H igh Commiss ioner , Anderson, to makesepara te t rea t ies w i th a t leas t Ke lan tan and Trengganu ass o o n a s p o s s i b l e . I t w a s p r e s u n a b l y f e l t l e s s n e c e s s a r y t os ign separa te t rea t ies w i th Kedah and Per l i s because theya l ready had the pos t o f Adv iser j -n the i r S ta te Governmentsunder the 1905 Treat ies w i th S iam (whose r igh ts Br i ta in hadi .nher i ted) .
The Raja and populat ion,*of Kelantan appear genuinely tohave opposed the 1909 Treatya a l though London was inc l inedto ascr ibe a l l s igns o f oppos i t ion to Graharn or to Ma layra jas who had some loss o f perqu is i tes to fear f rom the im-pos i t ion o f the new r6g ime.2 The Ra ja was par t i cu la r lyincensed by the boundary- t rea ty wh ich severed par t o f t ra -d i t iona l Ke lan tan f rom h is ru le (see Note on S iam BoundaryTreaty o f 1909 p .336) . However , he seems to have nadel i t t1e t roub le about s ign ing the 1910 Treaty (Ke lan tanT r e a t y o f 1 9 f 0 ) , a l t h o u g h h e p a r t i c u l a r l y a s k e d t h a t i t sword ing shou ld fo l low tha t o f the 1902 Treaty he had a l readys i g n e d w i - t h S i a n ( q . u . ) a s c l o s e l y a s p o s s i b l e . H e p a r t i c u -l a r l y a s k e d , t o o , t h a t A r t i c l e i v o f t h e 1 9 0 2 T r e a t y s h o u l dbe re ta ined - i .e . tha t wh i le Ke lan tanrs revenue remainedless than $100,000, the bunga mas shou ld be sent to theB r i t i s h K i n g , b u t i f i t s u r p a s s e d t h a t s u m , l 0 % o f t h e t o t a lshou ld be sent ins tead. Anderson preva i led upon h im toaccept the new vers ion .3 Another suggest ion o f Andersontswas less we l l rece ived: the Ru ler had asked tha t he migh tb e r e c o g n i s e d b y t h e B r i t i s h a s S u l t a n , a t i t l e h e h a d n o tassumed under the S ia rnese,4 tha t he shou ld be regarded asent i t led to a 17-gun sa lu te , and tha t h is e ldes t son shou ldbe recogn ised as he i r apparent . The Governor -H igh Comrn is -s j -oner suggested in exchange tha t the o f f i cer he was to re -c e i v e s h o u l d b e c a 1 l e d B r i t i s h R e s i d e n t . T h i s p r o p o s a l s oalarmed the Ruler that Anderson dropped i t and conceded theother po in ts anyway, except tha t the C0 wou ld no t le t theRuler assume the t i t le o f Su l tan fo r a shor t per iod and hewas ob l iged to s ign the Trea ty as Tuan Long Sen ik b inA l rnarhum Su l tan Muhanmad. ) Anderson does no t seem to havehad any u l te r io r mot ive - he d id no t a t th is s tage h imse l fregard the ro le o f the Adv isers as be ing any d i f fe ren t f romthat o f the Res idents and to ld London tha t he be l ieved theI 'm isapprehens ion ( tha t Adv isers were in fe r io r wou ld) soond isappear " .6 0n one o ther po in t the Ru ler had h is waydur ing the negot ia t ions : he to ld Anderson, who passed therequest on to London, tha t he w ished to have h is head on
F o r f o o t n o t e s s e e p . 2 1 9
218
Kelan tan s tamps. In due course the Genera l Pos t Of f i ce inLondon, pu f fed up w i th i t s own impor tance a t be ing consu l tedin so de l i ca te a mat te r o f d ip lo rnacy , no t i f ied S ingaporet h a t ' t i n v i e w o f t h e p o l i t i c a l n e c e s s i t i e s o f t h e c a s e r r t h i sw o u l d b e n e r n i t t e d . /
FOOTNOTES
1. The T imes (London) , 24 May 1909.
2 . C O 2 7 3 / 3 4 3 , F O t o C 0 , 2 8 M a y 1 9 0 8 .
3 . C O 2 7 3 / 3 6 3 , A n d e r s o n t o C 0 , 2 6 O c t . 1 9 1 0 .
4 . W . A . G r a h a r n , K e L a n t a n , G J . a s g o w , 1 9 0 8 , p . 5 3 .
5 . C O 2 7 3 / 3 6 2 , A n d e r s o n t o C 0 t e 1 s . , 2 8 S e p t . 1 9 1 0 & 3 0S e p t . 1 9 1 0 ; G D / C , A n d e r s o n t o C O , 8 2 o f 2 5 O c t . 1 9 1 0& 8 3 o f 2 6 O c t . 1 9 1 0 .
6 . IbLd.
7 . C O 2 7 3 / 3 5 0 , A n d e r s o n p r i v a t e t o S t u b b s o f C 0 , 2 8 J u l y1 9 0 9 ; C O 2 7 3 / 3 5 5 , G P O t o C 0 , 6 N o v . 1 9 0 9 .
219
KELANTAN TREATY of 22 October, tnto 1*
Treaty p rov id ing fo r a Br i t i sh Adv iser^
Whereas the Sta te o f Ke lan tan has been recogn ised tobe under the pro tec t ion o f Great Br i ta in , and whereas i t i sdes i rab le to de f ine the pr inc ip les on wh ich the Governnento f tha t S ta te sha l l be conducted in fu tu re , i t i s herebyagreed be tween H is Exce l lency the H igh Commiss ioner fo r thePro tec ted Malay Sta tes represent ing the Government o f GreatBr i ta in and H is H ighness Tungku Long Sen ik , the Ra ja o fK e l a n t a n , f o r h i m s e l f h i s h e i r s a n d s u c c e s s o r s , a s f o l l o w s : -
A r t i c l e i
The Ra ja o f Ke lan tan engages to have no po l i t i ca l re la -t ions or po l i t i ca l dea l ings w i th any fo re ign power o r po ten-ta te , except th rough the med ium o f H is Ma jes ty the K ing o fEng land.
A r t i c l e i i
H is Ma jes ty the K ing o f Eng land reserves the r igh t toappo in t o f f i cers to be Adv iser and Ass is tan t Adv iser in theSta te o f Ke lan tan to ac t as the representa t ive (o r agent ) o fH is Ma jes ty the K ing o f Eng land. The Ra ja o f Ke lan tan en-gages to pay the Adv iser and Ass is tan t Adv iser such sa la r iesas H is Ma jes ty rs Government sha l1 de termine, and to p rov idethem wi th su i tab le res idences ; and the Ra ja o f Ke lan tanfurther undertakes to fol low and gi-ve effect to the adviceof the Adv iser , o r in h is absence, o f the Ass is tan t Adv iser ,in a l l na t te rs o f admin is t ra t ion o ther than those touch ingthe Mohamrnedan rel igion and Malay custom.
A r t i - c 1 e i i i
The Ra ja o f Ke lan tan engages no t to en ter in to anyagreement concern ing 1and, o r to g ran t any concess ion to , o rto a11ow any transfer to, or by, any individual or companyother than a nat ive or nat ives of the State of Kelantan, andnot to appo in t any o f f i c ia l , o ther than a na t ive o f Ke lan tan ,w i th a sa la ry o f more than t400 per annum, w i thout p rev ious lyobta in ing the consent in wr i t ing o f H is Ma jes ty rs Government ;p rov ided tha t , shou ld the area o f the gran t o r concess ionn o t e x c e e d 5 , 0 0 0 a c r e s o f a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d o r 1 , 0 0 0 a c r e sof min ing 1and, the wr i t ten consent o f the Adv iser there to
* Fo:r footnote see P.222
220
sha l1 su f f i ce ; andfor the appointmentnat ives o f Ke lan tan .
such wr i t ten consent sha lo f subord ina te o f f i c ia ls
Ar t i c le i v
1 a lso su f f i cewho are not
As soon as and whenever the gross revenues of the Stateo f Ke lan tan sha1 l amount fo $100,000, the K ing o f Eng landmay require the Raja of Kelantan to establ ish and naintainat the cost of Kelantan a body of l {alay or Indian troops forthe purpose o f ass is t ing in the de fence o f H is Ma jes ty rsTer r i to r ies and Pro tec tora tes in the Malay Pen insu la .
A r t i c l e v
H is Ma jes ty rs Government under take no t to in te r fe rewi th the in te rna l admin is t ra t ion o f the Sta te o f Ke lan tanotherwise than as provided for in this agreement, so longas no th ing is done in tha t S ta te cont ra ry to the Trea tyr igh ts and ob l iga t ions tha t H is Ma jes ty rs Government havewith foreign Governments, and so long as peace and orderare main ta ined in the Sta te o f Ke lan tan , and i t i s governedfor the benef i t o f i t s inhab i tan ts w i th modera t ion . ius t i ceand humanity.
A r t i c l e v i
l4a t te rs re la t ing to Pos ts and Te legraphs , and Ra i lwaysbe ing rna t te rs concerned w i th the admin is t ra t ion o f the Sta teo f Ke lan tan , sha l l be under the cont ro l o f the Ra ja o fKe lan tan ; bu t the Ra ja o f Ke lan tan engages to co-opera tewith His l ,4ajestyrs Governnent in the construct ion and manage-ment o f any sec t ion o f a t runk l ine o f ra i lway or te legraphwhich may come wi th in the conf ines o f the Sta te o f Ke lan tan .The cond i t ion o f such co-opera t ion sha l1 , in each case, bethe sub jec t o f spec ia l a r rangement .
A r t i c l e v i i
Fur ther the Ra ja o f Ke lan tan under takes no t to g ran t toany Company, Synd ica te , o r ind iv idua l , dny pr iv i leges fo rthe cons t ruc t ion o f a ra i lway in the Sta te o f Ke lan tan , w i th -ou t the wr i t ten consent o f H is Ma jes ty rs Government . Th iss t ipu la t ion , however , sha l l no t app ly to shor t ra i lway l inescons t ruc ted by the owners o f concess ions wh ich have beengranted under Ar t i c le i i i , w i th in the conf ines o f such con-cess ions and in tended fo r the conveyance o f minera ls andother na tura l p roduc ts .
221
A r t i c l e v i i i
No th ing in th is agreernent sha l l a f fec t the admin is t ra -t i ve au thor i ty now he ld by the Ra ja o f Ke lan tan . Except asprov ided fo r in th is agreement , the re la t ions be tween t i reRa ja o f Ke lan tan and H is l {a jes ty rs Government sha l I be thesame as those wh ich prev ious ly ex is ted be tween the Ra ja o fKe lan tan and H is S iamese Majes ty ts Government .
Two cop ies sha l l be made o f th is agreement , one inEng l ish and one in Ma lay bear ing the same in te rpre ta t ion .
Done in Ke lan tan on the twenty -second day o f October ,1 9 1 0 .
S ignature and sea l o f JOHN ANDERSON,Governor o f the St ra i tsS e t t l e n e n t s .
W i t n e s s e s H . M . J A C K S O N , C o l o n e lR . E . S T U B B S
Signature and sea l o f TUAN LONG SENIK BINALT{ARHUM SULTAN MUHAMMAD.R u l e r o f K e l a n t a n .
W i t n e s s e s TENGKU SRI INDRA MAHKOTATENGKU CHIK TUAN ABDULLAH( In jau i . sc r ip t . )
FOOTNOTE
C o p y e n c l o s e d i n C O 2 7 3 / 5 6 3 .
222
Note on the 1945 Kelantan Treaty
For a genera l no te on the MacMichae l Trea t ies , seeN o t e o n J o h o r e 1 9 4 5 T r e a t y ( p . I l 7 ) .
MacMichael arr ived in Kelantan on 15 December and wasmet by a peacefu l dernons t ra t ion o f Ma lays sa id to be 10 ,000s t rong, the tenor o f whose p lacards was I 'B r i ta in , yes :Malayan Un ion , no ! r t He conducted negot ia t ions w i th theSu l tan in the presence o f some o f h is S ta te Counc i l lo rs andla te r recorded h is apprec ia t ion o f the Ru ler rs very appos i tecr i t i c isms. Accord ing to Tan Sr i N ik Ahmed Kami l , who wasp r e s e n t , t h e R u l e r w a s p a r t i c u l a r l y c r i t i c a l o f t h e i d e athat Chinese from Singapore who did not reside in the MalayanUnion migh t have Un ion c i t i zensh ip . A number o f o ther ob-jec t ions were ra ised bu t in the end - accord ing to the samewi tness - i t was dec ided tha t Ke lan tan had be t te r adheres ince most o ther S ta tes had a l ready done so .
223
KELANTAN TREATY of 17 December. 1945
MacMichael Treatyl
Agreement be tween H is Ma jes ty 's Government w i th in theUni-ted Kingdom of Great Bri tain and Northern Ireland and theSta te o f Ke lan tan .
Whereas on the 22nd day of October 1910 an agreement(here ina f te r ca11ed the 1910 Agreernent ) was conc luded be tweenHis Exce l lency the H igh Commiss ioner fo r the Pro tec ted MalayStates represent ing the Government of Great Bri tain and HisHighness the Ra ja o f Ke lan tan :
And whereas i t i s exped ien t to p rov ide fo r the cons t i -tut ional development of the I ' la lay States under the protect ionof His Nlajesty and for the future government of the State ofKe 1 antan :
I t i s hereby agreed be tween S i r Haro ld MacMichae l ,G . C . M . G . , D . S . 0 . , t h e S p e c i a l R e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f H i s N t a j e s t y r sGovernment within the United Kingdom of Great Bri tain andNor thern I re land on beha l f o f H is l t la jes ty and H is H ighnessTengku Ib rah im ibn i A1-Marhum Su l tan Mohammed IV , C. l '4 .G. ,the Su l tan o f the Sta te o f Ke lan tan fo r h imse l f , h is he i rsa n d s u c c e s s o r s : -
H is H ighness the Su l tan agrees tha t H is Ma jes ty sha l lhave fu l1 power and ju r isd ic t ion w i th in the Sta te o fKe lan tan .
Save in so fa r as the 1910 Agreement i s incons is ten twith this Agreement or with such future const i tut ionalarrangements for Malaya as may be approved by HisMajes ty , the 1910 Agreement sha11 be o f fu l l fo rce ande f f e c t .
S igned th is 17 day o f December 1945.
S ignature H.A. l \ IACMiCHAEL, Spec ia l Representa t iveof the Bri t ish Government
2 .
Witness H
Signature
W i t n e s s e s
. T . B O U R D I L L O N
I BRAH IM,Su l tan o f Ke lan tan
TENGKU INDRA PETRANIK MMED KAMIL
F o r f o o t n o t e s e e p . 2 2 5
224
S e a l o f t h e S t a t e o f K e l a n t a n
FOOTNOTE
A copy in the Nat iona l Arch ives o f Ma lays ia bears anote s igned by Major Leonard Owen, Notary Pub l ic o fEng land, tes t i f y ing tha t i t i s an exac t copy o f theo r i g i n a l .
225
Note on the Ke ian tan Trea ty o f 1948
As the result of Malay opposit i -on to the l . , la layan Unionscheme and the MacMichae l Trea t ies the Br i t i sh en tered in torregot iat ions with the Rulers and the leaders of LJMNO. Thesed iscuss ions went th rough severa l s tages be tween Ju ly 1946and ear ly 1948, and, a l though cer ta in Ma lay rad ica l and non-Malay groups condemned as undemocrat ic both the consultat ivep r o c e s s a n d t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o p o s a l s , i t w a s d e c i d e d : -( i ) to revoke the Malayan Un ion Order in Counc i l , L946, ( i i )to rep lace the MacMichae l Trea t ies by new Sta te Agreements ,a n d ( i i i ) t o e s t a b l i s h a p e n i n s u l a r f e d e r a t i o n .
The n ine a lmost iden t ica l S ta te Agreements were s ignedand sea led be tween the Ru lers and Gent (on beha l f o f H isMajes ty ) on 2 l January - the day wh ich a lso saw the conc lu -s ion o f the Federa t ion o f Ma laya Agreenent (see p- f ia f f )Under these Sta te Agreements the ju r isd ic t ion o f the Crownwas conf ined to ex terna l a f fa i rs and de fence. However , theMalay Ru lers were s t i l l bound to accept the adv ice o f Br i t i shAdv isers (no te : the same t i t le was adopted by the pr inc ipaLBr i t i sh o f f i c ia ls pos ted to the Malay Sta tes) ' ron a l l mat te rsconnected with the government of the State other than mattersre la t ing to the Mus l in Re lLg ion and the Custon o f the l r {a1aysr r .In add i t ion The i r H ighnesses were now sub jec ted to wr i t tencons t i tu t ions wh ich prov ided fo r a leg is la tu re (Counc i l o fS ta te ) and an Execut i -ve Counc i l in each Sta te . Up to th ist ine on ly Johore and Trengganu had possessed wr i t ten cons t i -tu t ions (see Johore Document o f 1895, p .77 and TrengganuD o c u m e n t o f 1 9 1 1 p . 4 7 4 f f ) .
226
KELANTAN TREATY of 27 January, 1948. ! *
State Agreement revoking the MacMichael Treaty^
Agreernent made the twenty - f i rs t day o f January , 1948,b e t w e e n S i r G e r a r d E d w a r d J a m e s G e n t , K . C . M . G . , D . S . O . ,O . B . E . , M . C . , o r b e h a l f o f H i s M a j e s t y a n d H i s H i g h n e s sTengku Ib rah i rn ibn i A l rnarhum Su l tan Mohaned IV , D.K. ,S . P . M . K . , S . J . M . K . , C . M . G . , S u l t a n o f t h e S t a t e o f K e l a n t a nfor H i -mse1f and H is Successors :
Whereas mutua l agreements subs is t be tween H is Ma jes tya n d H i s H i g h n e s s :
And whereas i t has been represented to H is Ma jes tythat f resh arrangements should be nade for the peace, orderand good governrnent of the State of Kelantan:
And whereas His l t {ajesty in token of the fr iendshipwh ich he bears towards H is H ighness , the sub jec ts o f H isHighness , and the inhab i tan ts o f the Sta te o f Ke lan tan , i spleased to rnake fresh arrangements to take effect on suchday as H is Ma jes ty may by Order in Counc i l appo in t (here in -a f t e r c a l 1 e d " t h e a p p o i n t e d d a y " ) :
And whereas i t i s exped ien t to p rov ide fo r the cons t i -tu t iona l deve lopment o f the Sta te o f Ke lan tan under the pro-tec t ion o f H is Ma jes ty and fo r i t s fu tu re government :
Now, t he re fo re , i t i s ag reed and dec la red as f o l l ows :
Shor t t i t le andcommencement.
In te rpre ta t ion
1. Th is Agreement may be c i ted as theKe lan tan Agreement , 1948, and sha l1 comeinto operat ion on the appointed day imme-d ia te ly a f te r the corn ing in to opera t ion o fthe Order in Counc i l a fo resa id . Not i f i ca-t ion o f the appo in ted day sha l l be pub l ishedin the Malayan Union Gazette together witha copy o f th is Agreement .
2 . I n t h i s A g r e e m e n t :t 'Enac tment " means any 1aw enac ted by H isHighness w i th the adv ice and consent o fa Counc i l o f S ta te cons t i tu ted in accor -dance w i th th is Agreement ;
"Federal Government f t means the Governmentof the Federa t ion :
* F o r f o o t n o t e s e e p . 2 3 1- 227
I nt erpretat ion
Pro tec t ion andexternala f f a i r s .
I ' the Federa t ionr r neans the Federa t ion o fMalaya to be ca l led in Ma lay "PersekutuanTanah l {e layu ' r , wh ich is to be es tab l i shedon the appointed day;rrFederat ion Agreement 'r means the Agreementwh ich is to be made between H is l r la jes tyand Their Higl inesses the Rul"ers of theN1alay States of Johore, Pahang, NegriS e m b i l a n , S e l a n g o r , P e r a k , K e d a h , P e r l i s ,Ke lan tan and Trengganu fo r the es tab l i sh-ment of the Federat ion, and l-ncludes anyamendment thereof;r r the H igh Commiss ioner r r means the H ighCommiss ioner fo r the Federa t ion ;r fH is H ighness" means the Su l tan o f Ke lan tana n d H i s S u c c e s s o r s ;
"H is H ighness in Counc i l r r means H is H ighnessac t ing a f te r consu l ta t ion w i th the Sta teExecut ive Counc i l to be cons t i tu ted inaccordance with this Agreement, but notnecessar i l y in accordance w i th the adv iceof such Counc i l nor necessar i l y in suchCounc i l assernb led ;
t rSecre tary o f S ta te f r means one o f l - l i - sM a j e s t y t s P r i n c i p a l S e c r e t a r i e s o f S t a t e .
3 . ( 1 ) H i s M a j e s t y s h a l 1 h a v e c o r n p l e t e c o n _t ro l o f the de fence and o f a l l the ex terna la f fa i rs o f the Sta te o f Ke lan tan and l l i sMajes ty under takes to p ro tec t the Govern-ment and Sta te o f Ke lan tan and a l l i t s de-pendenc ies f ron ex terna l hos t i le a t tacksand fo r th is and o ther s imi la r purposesH i s M a j e s t y t s F o r c e s a n d p e r s o n s a u t h o r i s e dby or on beha l f o f H is Ma jes ty 's Governments h a l 1 a t a l l t i n e s b e a l l o w e d f r e e a c c e s sto the Sta te o f Ke lan tan and to employ a l lnecessary means o f oppos ing such a t tacks .
(2 ) H is H ighness under takes tha t , w i thoutt h e k n o w l e d g e a n d c o n s e n t o f H i s M a j e s t y ' sGovernment , he w i l l no t make any t rea ty ,en ter in to any engagement , dea l in o r cor_respond on po l i t i ca l mat te rs w i th , o r sendenvoys to , any fo re ign Sta te .
228
B r i t i s hA d v i s e r .
C o s t o fBr i t i shA d v i s e r .
Appointmento f B r i t i s hA d v i s e r .
Federa lo f f i c e r s .
hhen Federalo f f i cers nayper fo rm Sta tef u n c t i o n s .
Sta teLOnSt l tU t l 0n
4. H is H ighness under takes to rece ive andprov i -de a su i tab le res idence fo r a Br i t i shAdv iser to adv ise on a l1 mat te rs connectedwith the government of the State otherthan mat te rs re la t ing to the Mus l im Re l i -g ion and the Custom o f the Malays , andunder takes to accept such adv ice ; p rov i -ded tha t no th ing in th is c lause sha l l inany way prejudice the r ight of Hj-s Highnessto address the H igh Commiss ioner , o r H isMajes ty th rough a Secre tary o f S ta te , i fH i s H i g h n e s s s o d e s i r e s .
5 . The cos t o f the Br i t i sh Adv iser w i thh is es tab l i shment sha l l be de termined bythe H igh Commiss ioner and sha l l be a charpon the revenues o f the Sta te o f Ke lan tan .
6 . H is H j -ghness sha l1 be consu l ted be foreany off icer whom i t is proposed to sendas Br i t i sh Adv iser i s ac tua l l y appo in ted .
7 . H is H ighness under takes to rece ivewi th in h i "s S ta te such o f f i cers o f theFederal Government as that Government mayrequ i re and to per rn i t such o f f i cers toexercise such 1awfu1 authori ty and powersand to perform such lawful funct ions asmay be necessary fo r the purposes o f theFedera l Governnent .
8 . Any o f f i cer o f the Federa l Governmentnay , w i th the concur rence o f the H ighConmiss ioner , per fo rm wi th in the Sta te o fKe lan tan such Sta te du t ies and may exerc isesuch Sta te powers as may be imposed orconferred upon him by l l is Highness inCounc i l o r by Enactment .
9 . H is H ighness under takes to govern theSta te o f Ke lan tan in accordance w i th theprov is ions o f a wr i t ten Const i tu t ion wh ichsha l l be in conformi ty w i th the prov is ionsof this Agreement and of the Federat ionAgreement and which shal1 be granted andpromulga ted by H is H ighness as soon asconven ien t ly may be e i ther in who le o r , i fH is H ighness th inks exped ien t , in par tsf rom t ine to t ime.
229
C o u n c i l s t o b ec o n s t i t u t e d .
H is H ighnessto be consu l tedbefore pos t ingo f o f f i c e r s b yHigh Commiss-ioner to pos tsborne on Sta tee s t i m a t e s .
Impar t ia lt rea tment .
Educat ion andt ra in ing o fM a l a y s .
Prev iousAgreements
10. In pursuance o f the under tak ing con-taineci in Clause 9 of this Agreement andin conformity with the provisions of theFedera t ion Agreement H is H ighness under -takes fo r thwi th to cons t i tu te
(a) a Ma j l i s Meshuara t Kera jaan, to beca l led in Eng l ish Sta te Execut iveCounci 1 ;
(b ) a Ma j l i s Meshuara t Negr i , to be ca l ledin Eng l ish Counc i l o f S ta te .
1 1 . H i s H i g h n e s s , u n l e s s h e s h a 1 1 o t h e r -w ise d i rec t , sha l l be consu l ted be fore anyof f i cer i s pos ted by or on the au thor i tyof the High Comnissioner to any post borneon the Sta te Es t imates .
12 . A11 persons o f whatsoever race in thesame grade in the serv ice o f the Sta te o fKe lan tan sha l1 , sub jec t to the te rms andcond i t ions o f the i r employment , be t rea tedimpar t ia l 1y .
1 3 . H i s H i g h n e s s d e s i r e s a n d H i s M a j e s t yagrees tha t i t sha l l be a par t i cu la rcharge upon the Governnent of the State ofKelantan to provide for and encourage theeducat ion and t ra in ing o f the Malay inhab i -tan ts o f the Sta te o f Ke lan tan so as tof i t them to take a fu11 share in the econo-mic p rogress , soc ia l we l fa re and govern-nent o f the Sta te and o f the Federa t ion .
14 . ( l ) The Agreement made on the 17 th dayo f D e c e m b e r , 1 9 4 5 , b e t w e e n H i s M a j e s t y r sGovernment within the United Kingdom ofGreat Br i ta in and Nor thern I re land and I I i sHighness Tengku Ibrahim lbni AlmarhumS u l t a n M o h a m e d I V , C . M . G . , t h e S u l t a n o ft h e S t a t e o f K e l a n t a n , f o r H i m s e l f , H i sHe i rs and Successors i s hereby revoked.
(2 ) A11 Treat ies and Agreements sub-s is t ing immedia te ly p r io r to the mak ing o fthe a fo resa id Agreenent o f the tT th day o f
230
Sovere ign ty o ft h e R u l e r .
Language ofAgreement .
1 .
16 . Th is Agreement sha l lbo th the Eng l ish and thebut , fo r the purposes o fregard sha11 be had on lyvers ion .
be expressed inl4a1ay languages;in te rpre ta t ion ,t o t h e E n g l i s h
Decernber , 1945, sha l l con t inue in fo rcesave in so fa r as they are incons is ten tw i th th is Agreement o r the Federa t ionAgreement .
1 5 . T h e p r e r o g a t i v e s , p o w e r a n d j u r i s d i c -t ion o f H is H ighness w i th in the Sta te o fKe lan tan sha l l be those wh ich H is H ighnessthe Su l tan o f Ke lan tan possessed on thef i rs t day o f December , I94 I , sub jec tnever the less to the prov is ions o f theFedera t ion Agreement and th is Agreement .
In w i tness whereof S i r Gerard Edward James Gent ,K . C . l . { . G . , D . S . 0 . , O . B . E . , M . C . , h a s h e r e u n t o s e t h i s h a n dand sea l fo r and on beha l f o f H is Ma jes ty , and t { i -s H ighnessTengku Ib rah im Ibn i A lmarhum Su l tan Mohamed IV , D.K. ,S . P . M . K . , S . J . M . K . , C . M . G . , S u l t a n o f t h e S t a t e o f K e l a n t a n ,has hereunto se t h is hand and sea l , the day and year f i rs tabove wr i t ten .
S ignature and sea l o f
W i t n e s s R . J . F . C U R T I S
Signature and sea l o f
W i t n e s s e s N . A . K A I { I LH. ZAINAL
G . E . J . G E N T ,fo r and on beha l f o f H is Ma. ies tv
I BRAHIM,Su l tan o f Ke lan tan
FOOTNOTE
Provenance: Statutory fnstruments for 7948, I , i , no1 0 8 , T h e F e d e r a t i o n o f M a l a y a O r d e r i n C o u n c i l , 1 9 4 8
231
Negri Sembilan
In the sixteenth century Malays from Menangkabau inSumat ra began to se t t le in the area wh ich la te r came to beknown as Negri Sembilan. They brought with them theircustoms and inst i tut ions, known as adat pez,pateh, which ab-sorbed o lder ru l ing fami l ies and surv ived the over lo rdsh ipof the Malaccan Sultans and subsequent interference from thePor tuguese, the Dutch and the Bug is . The essent ia l fea tureo f Menangkabau t r iba l o rgan isa t ion was mat r i l i nea l descentin cont ras t to the pa t r i l i nea l sys tems in o ther l t {a lay S ta teswhere au thor i ty was usua l ly exerc ised on te r r i to r ia l l i nesra ther than th rough k insh ip t ies . I t i s t rue tha t abovethe Menangkabau c lan sys tem there was a te r r i to r ia l au thor i tybu t the d j -s t r i c t ch ie f ass imi la ted Menangkabau cus tom tosuch an ex ten t tha t e l ig ib i l i t y fo r o f f i ce came to descendthrough the female 1 ine .
A l though Negr i Sembi lan means "N ine Sta tes" , th is co1-lec t ion o f pe t ty s ta tes f requent ly changed i t s compos i t ionand, by the very na ture o f the l ineage and te r r i to r ia l o rga-n i s a t i o n s o f e a c h d i s t r i c t , i t l a c k e d a c e n t r a l a u t h o r i t y .An a t tempt was made, however , to conso l ida te the group inthe 1770 ts when the four p r inc ipa l ch ie fs (Undangs) o fSungei Ujong, Rembau, Johol and Jelebu accepted a l r{enangkabauas lang di,-Pertuan Besay, or Iam Tuan Besaz: (he who has beenmade lo rd) . The powers o f the Yam Tuan Besar , ho l /ever ,were c i rcumscr ibed: h is execut ive au thor i ty was l in i ted tothe roya l cap i ta l a t Sr i N lenant i wh i le on rna t te rs re levantto the confedera t ion as a who le he was expec ted to acceptt h e n a j o r i t y d e c i s i o n o f a l l t h e d i s t r i c t c h i e f s . M o r e o v e r ,h is e f fo r ts to conso l ida te a pa t r i t inea l roya l dynas ty de-pended on the support of the four Undangs and, when as in1 8 6 9 , t h e y f a i l e d t o a g r e e o n t h e s u c c e s s i o n t o t h e o f f i c eo f Yam Tuan Besar , the confederacy began to d is in tegra te .Fur thermore the conf l i c t be tween the Yam Tuan and the d is -t r i c t ch ie fs was mi r ro red a t a lower leve1 as d isputes occur -red be tween the Undang and the c lan ch ie fs w i th in h is te r r i -t o r i a l j u r i s d i c t i o n .
232
Note on the Je lebu Treat ies a n d D o c u m e n t s o f 1 8 7 7 1 8 8 31 8 8 4 - 5 a l 8 8 6
Af te r the breakdown o f cons t i tu t iona l un i ty in Negr iSernbi lan in 1869, there was no lang di Pertuan Besan (IamTuan Besaz,) of the ent ire confederat i -on, the Yam Tuan of Sr iMenant i be ing supreme in h is own d is t r i c t on ly . Je lebu hadits own Iam Tuan Muda, Tengku Abdul lah, and Syed Hamid ofTampin claimed recognit ion as lam Tuan Muda of Rembau. Thet i t le Iam Tuan Muda, accord ing to Weld , imp l ied a c la im tosucceed as lam Tuan Besar of Sr i Menant i or of the whole
. 1 xconfedera t ion . l Je lebu a lso had a Dato Penghu lu , Syed A l ib in Z in a1 Ja f r i , and there was f r i c t ion be tween the twoch ie fs . To th is f r i c t ion was par t l y a t t r ibu ted the depopu-l a t i o n o f t h e r e g i o n , w h i c h w a s b e l i e v e d r i c h , l a t e r n o t e db y t h e R e s i d e n t o f S u n g e i U j o n g . 2
I n 1 8 7 7 , i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h J e r v o i s r g e n e r a l p o l i c y o fmak ing minor ch ie fs in the Negr i Sembi lan area subord ina teto the l , ' laharaja of Johore, Anson, Off i -cer Administer ing theGovernment o f the St ra i ts , had the Yam Tuan o f Je lebu s ignan undertaking to conduct the government peaceably and toask instruct ions and advice from the Maharaja in the evento f d i s p u t e s a r i s i n g w h i c h h e c o u l d n o t s e t t l e ( 1 8 7 7 J e l e b uTreaty ) . The Yam Tuan d id no t consu l t the Penghu lu and h isfac t ion be fore s ign ing th is agreement , and unres t con t inued.In 1880 the Yam Tuan was sa id to have had one o f the Penghu lu?smen put to death w i thout consu l ta t ion , and the Penghr lu 'spar ty de termined to " roo t h i rn up" . The Penghu lu d ismissedsome chiefs fr iendly to the Yan Tuan, who began an intr iguewi th Pahang. In Apr i l 1883 bo th s ides , perhaps th roughfear o f Pahang, appea led to Weld fo r he lp .3 Weld summonedboth Yan Tuan and Penghu lu , together w i th a number o f ch ie fs ,to meet h im a t the Sunge i U jong Res idency . He re fused toI ' root up" the Yam Tuan on the grounds that he had been recog-n ised by the 1877 Agreernent ; appor t ioned revenues and r igh tsbetween h im and the Penghu lu ; re fused to send a Res ident bu tpron ised tha t the Sunge i U jong Res ident wou ld adv ise andass is t in rna t te rs o f admin is t ra t ion and revenue; and agreedto se t t le the prob lem o f the boundary w i th Pahang (Agreemento f 1 8 8 3 ) . T h i s a g r e e m e n t , W e l d a s s u r e d t h e C o l o n i a l O f f i c e ," c o m m i t s u s t o n o r e s p o n s i b i l i t y " . 4
The las t ob jec t was ach ieved, w i th the he lp o f Swet ten-han, by means o f a cor respondence be tween Weld ts deputy ,Clenent i Snith, and the Bendahara of Pahang over the t lvofo l low ing years (Je lebu Boundary Trea ty w i th Pahang, 1884-5) ,
* For foo tno tes see P, 234
233
a l though no t w i thout some d i f f i cu l ty , s ince the Bendaharaaf f i rmed tha t a l l o f Je lebu had a lways been a par t o f Pahang,"as anyone might know who observed the work of God, for wasnot the r i ver Tr iang t r ibu tary to Pahang?"S But the res to f the 1883 Agreement was regarded by the Br i t i sh as a fa i -1ure , s ince a l ready in 1884 the Yam Tuan was ob l iged tosign a bond undertaking to abide by i - t . When he died atthe end o f 1884 and the Penghu lu and ch ie fs dec ided toabo l ish the o f f i ce the Br i t i sh d id no t demur .
The mere f i ve rn i les o f road necessary to connect Je lebuwi th Sunge i U jong were comple ted in 1885 - i t nay have beenbecause the Sta te was so sna l l and so near to Sunge i U jong,wh ich a l ready had a Res ident , tha t Weld re fused to g ive i to n e i n 1 8 8 3 - a n d a B r i t i s h C o l l e c t o r w a s s t a t i o n e d i n t h eSta te . But th ree la rge concess ions were d iscovered to havebeen granted on irregular terms to a German merchant inS ingapore and in the fo l low ing year a new t rea ty was negot ia -ted (1886 Je lebu Treaty ) secur ing the Sta te 's fo re ign a f fa i rsi n B r i t i s h h a n d s a n d i n c r e a s i n g t h e C o l l e c t o r r s p o w e r . oAf te r 1887 Je lebu was de fac to admin is te red by Sunge i U jong,un t i l bo th - ' io ined the la rger Negr i Sembi lan confedera t ion in1 8 9 5 .
Cp. Rembau Agreernents o f 1877 (March) , 1883, and 1887;Negr i Sembi lan Agreement o f 1895.
FOOTNOTES
G D / C , W e l d t o C O c o n f . , 1 4 D e c . 1 8 8 2 .
C O 2 7 3 / 7 2 2 , W e l d t o C O , 3 6 9 S e p t . 1 8 8 3 , a n d H . AO r B r i e n , " J e l e b u " , J S B R A S , X L V , D e c . 1 8 8 4 .
Lady Alice Lovat , The Lt fe of Sir Fv'ederick WeLdL o n d o n , 1 9 1 4 , p . 3 6 4 , q u o t i n g W e l d ' s d i a r y .
C O 2 7 3 / 1 2 2 , W e I d t o C O , 3 S e p t . 1 8 8 3 .
W.L . L inehan, ' rH is to ry o f Pahang" , JMBRAS, X IV, i i( 1 9 3 6 ) , p . 1 0 5 .
C O 2 7 3 / 1 4 1 , W e l d t o C 0 c o n f . , 1 6 O c t . 1 8 8 6 .
q
6 .
234
JELEBU TREATY o f 27 Apr i l , 1877
1 ) k
A n s o n t s T r e a t y '
(Trans la t ion)
27th Aptt l 1877
Whereas on the above mentioned date, I Yamtuan ofJe lebu came and presented myse l f be fore H is Exce l lency theAdmin is t ra to r (Co lone l Anson) who governs the th ree coun-t r ies , S ingapore , Penang and l r . la lacca , w i th a v iew to mak ingth is agreement fo r g iv ing qu ie tness and peace to the count rywh ich I ru1e. I gave th is agreement so tha t i t may be atoken o f my t ru th .
2 . I w ish to l i ve peaceab ly in ny own count ry , and Idec la re tha t I w i l l no t g ive any t roub le to the ad jo in ingc o u n t r i e s , i . e . S u n g e i U j o n g , S r i M e n a n t i , J e m p o l , J o h o l a n dother p laces wh ich were jo ined to s r i Nr tenant i and under theru le o f Yamtuan Antah .
3 . I d e c l a r e t h a tin to ny country for theo r Ch inese o r any o the rwi 1 I not haras s thern .
i f there are peop le who w ish to comepurpose o f t rad ing , e i ther Ma layspeop le , they may do so f ree ly , and I
4 . I p romise tha t shou ld any d ispute ar ise in my coun-t ry o r in the ad jo in ing count r ies wh ich I may no t be ab le tos e t t l e , I d e s i r e t o a s k a d v i c e a n d i n s t r u c t i o n s f r o m H i sHighness the Mahara ja o f Johor .
S i g n a t u r e s A . E . H . A N S O N ,Act ing Governor o f the St ra i tsS e t t l e m e n t s
Chop o f
ABU BAKAR,Mahara ja o f Johore ( in jaa i . sc r ip t )
TENGKU ABDULLAH,Yam Tuan Muda of Jelebu
For foo tno tes see p .244
235
JELEBU TREATY o f 24 August , 1883
W e l d ' s F i r s t T r e a t y 2
The Yarn Tuan o f Je lebu, Tunku Abdu l lah b in Tunku Rad in ,_and the Datoh Penghu lu o f Je lebu, Syed A l i b in Z tn a I Ja f r i , Jhave bo th separa te ly app l ied to H is Exce l lency S i r F reder ickA l o y s i u s W e l d , K . C . M . G . , G o v e r n o r o f t h e S t r a i t s S e t t l e m e n t s ,fo r adv ice and ass is tance and have asked h im to appo in t aBr i t i sh Res ident fo r Je lebu, and have fu r ther reques ted h imto arb i t ra te , and ar range the d i f fe rences wh ich have fo rmany years existed between them, and rnoreover to f ix theboundary between Jelebu and Pahang, and these requests havebeen suppor ted by many Ch ie fs and headnen o f Je lebu w i thouta n y d i s s e n t i e n t v o i c e .
H is Exce l lency a f te r some pre l i rn inary in te rv iews, hasnow rnet thern at Seramban in Sungei Ujong, and in the presenceo f W . F . B . P a u 1 , E s q u i r e , B r i t i s h R e s i d e n t o f S u n g e i U j o n g ,has , a f te r care fu l l y cons ider ing the mat te rs b rought be foreh i m , c o m e t o t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n c l u s i o n s : -
That i t i s inexped ien t a t the present t ime to send aR e s i d e n t t o J e l e b u .
That the Yam Tuan is recogn ised by the Trea t ies andtha t no no t i f i ca t ion o f h is depos i t ion has been made to theBr i t i sh Government , and i t does no t appear tha t such depos i -t ion has ever been comple te ly e f fec tua l o r i s va l id ; conse-quent ly the Yam Tuan, Tunku Abdul lah bin Tunku Radin is st i l lYarn Tuan of Jelebu, and that the Datoh Penghulu is bound soto acknowledge him and to do him proper homage, and that areasonab le share o f revenue sha l l be ass igned h im fo r h issuppor t and tha t he sha l l be consu l ted on the la rger mat te rso f S ta te , such as proper ly apper ta in to a Ra ja .
But , tha t cons ider ing a l l the c i rcumstances o f the case,the Yam Tuan sha11 not interfere in the ordinary administra-t ion o f the count ry , wh ich sha l l be le f t to the Penghu lu ,nor sha l l the Yam Tuan c la im dues wh ich have been h i ther tod iv ided amongst the Datohs .
The Res ident o f Sunge i U jong w i l l adv ise and ass is tunder the d i rec t ion o f the Government4 bo th in rna t te rs o fadmin is t ra t ion and revenue as reques ted , and shou ld any ad-vances be made to Je lebu to open ou t roads to mines or fo rthe maintenance of government and order or for any other
236
purposes , such advances sha1 l be recoverab le ou t o f the f i r$Tevenues direct ly or indirect ly accruing from such expendi-tu re , and fo r the purpose the Res ident o f Sunge i U jong, o rsuch o f f i cer as may be appo in ted , sha l l exerc ise a due con-t ro l e i ther by co l lec t ion o f modera te f ron t ie r dues or o ther -w ise as may be ar ranged.
After such just c laims and the wants of the Statc aresa t is f ied the surp lus , i f any , o f the revenue, sha l l be d iv i -ded amongst the Rulers and headmen of Jelebu or appl ied tofurther purposes of publ ic works or preservat ion of order orsuppression of cr ime as may be then agreed upon.
As a t p resent the revenues co l lec ted in Je lebu are verysma11, i t s minera l r i ches be ing a lmost unworked fo r want o froads and protect ion, the Governor agrees that unt i l a proptrprovision can be given out of the revenue to the Yam Tuan,an a l lowance sha l l be made to h im o f $1 ,200 year ly , on con-d i t ion tha t he w i l l in no way in te r fe re w i th the tTanspor to f t in in to Sunge i U jong or e lsewhere w i thout the consent o fthe Governor, and that he wi l l levy no dues on i t or on tra-ders, and that fair and legi t imate dues now received by theDatoh Penghu lu and the headmen w i l l no t be in te r fe red w i th ,bu t w i l l re rna in as here to fo re , un less new sources o f revenueand an a l te red s ta te o f a f fa i rs sha1 l render a l te ra t ions ad-v isab le w i th the genera l consent o f the headmen and peop le .
Moreover, at the request ofof His Highness the Bendahara oftake s teps amicab ly to a r range aJ e l e b u .
the headmen of Jelebu andPahang, the Governor w i l lboundary between Pahang and
Si gnature
SignatureWi tness
Signature
Wi tnes s
Mark ofWi tness
F r e d . A . W E L D ,Governor of the Strai ts2 4 t h A u g u s t , 1 8 8 3 .
TENGKU ABDULLAHW . F . B . P A U L ,Br i t i sh Res identSunge i U jong.
S Y E D A L I B I N Z I N A L -JAFRI
I4II.,I. WILLES DOUGLAS,Superintendent ofP o l i c e , S u n g e i U j o n g .
TALIB, DATO MA}IRAJINDAl^/l\.{. WiLLES DOUGLAS,Super in tendent o f Po l i ce ,Sunge i U jong.
Set t lements ,
Sea l o f the YamTuan Muda ofJ e l e b u .
S e a l o f t h eDato Penghu luo f J e l e b u .
237
Mark ofWi tness
Mark ofWi tness
Mark ofWi tness
Mark ofWi tness
Si-gnatureW i t n e s s
SignatureW i t n e s s
Mark ofWi tnes s
SignatureWi tness
DATOH MENTRID . F . A . H E R V E Y ,o n b e h a l f o f B r i t i s h R e s i d e n t ,S u n g e i U j o n g .
DATOH MENGIANGD . F . A . H E R V E Y ,o n b e h a l f o f B r i t i s h R e s i d e n t ,S u n g e i U j o n g .
DATOH CHINCHANGD . F . A . H E R V E Y ,o n b e h a l f o f B r i t i s h R e s i d e n t ,S u n g e i U j o n g .
DATOII SENDARAD . F . A . H E R V E Y ,o n b e h a l f o f B r i t i s h R e s i d e n t ,S u n g e i U j o n g .
DATOH UMBID . F . A . H E R V E Y ,o n b e h a l f o f B r i t i s h R e s i d e n t ,Sunge i U jong.
RAJA BALANGH . A . O ' B R I E N ,A c t i n g R e s i d e n t , S u n g e i U j o n g . 5
MAHARAJA INDA DOLAH6D . F . A . H E R V E Y ,o n b e h a l f o f B r i t i s h R e s i d e n t ,S u n g e i U j o n g .
PADUKA MENTID . F . A . H E R V E Y ,o n b e h a l f o f B r i t i s h R e s i d e n t ,Sunge i U jong.
238
JELEBU DOCLJMENTS o f 1884-1885
Correspondence regarding Jelebu-Pahang Boundary'
Act ing Governor Clementi Smith to the Bendahara of Pahang,da ted 11 November , 1884.
Af te r Compl iments .
We beg to inform our fr iend that we have met our fr iendtsenvoy, Haj i Mahoned Nur, and have spoken with him concerningthe quest ion of the boundary of Jelebu and Pahang. We areglad to have been able to meet Haj i Mahomed Nur, as i t gaveus an oppor tun i ty o f d iscuss ing the who le ques t ion . Inorder to p reserve peace i t i s necessary tha t there shou ldbe a f ixed boundary between Jelebu and Pahang. At presenthowever , i t seems imposs ib le to f i x i t exac t ly , as ourf r iendrs envoy is no t fu rn ished w i th fu11 powers : and so asthe l4onsoon w i l l soon c lose up the mouth o f the Pahang R iver ,we have thought i t best to arrange a provisional boundarywith our fr iendts envoy Haj i Mahomed Nur. From what we havebeen told by him, by the Penghulu and Yam Tuan of Jelebu andby our off icer who has examined the local i ty, we gather thatthere is at present no dist inct boundary between Jelebu andPahang. So we have thought i t best to arrange the provi-sional boundary on the grounds of expediency for the presentrather than on those of ancient custom, the lat ter being in-vo lved in doubt . As the peop le f rom Kwala Glami down toJeram appear to favour the c la ims o f Je lebu, wh i le thosefrom Gantong Labu to l ' lerant i Sembilan seern incl ined to sub-mi t to our f r iendrs ru le , we have agreed tha t the prov is iona lboundary shal l be a straight l ine drawn east and west towhere the Sunge i Dua fa l l s in to Jeram, wh ich is midway be-tween Gantong Labu and Jeram.
Les t you shou ld be d isp leased w i th your envoy Ha j iMahomed Nur for coming down to Singapore to discuss thematter, we beg to inforn you that he did so at the expresswish o f the Res ident o f Sunge i U jong and ourse lves , and tha this coming here has rendered this matter much easier tos e t t l e .
As the people in the upper reaches of the Tr iang dependfor their subsistence to a gteat extent upon the r ice thatcones up the r i ver we have asked the Penghu lu o f Je lebu toabstain fron levying a duty on r ice in Jelebu and we hope
239
that our fr iend wi l l do the sarne in Pahang, for the doubletax is a g rea t a f f l i c t ion to the peop le . For our f r iend tsinformation we send herewith a map of the course of the r iverTriang, with the pr incipal places marked on i t , and theproposed provisional boundary marked in red ink.
11 th Novernber , 1884.
B. Bendahara of Pahangdated 25 February,
A f te r Cornp l inents .
to Act ing Governor Clementi Snith,I 8 8 5
l o t h J e m a d i l A w a l , 1 3 0 2 .
Our f r iendrs le t te r o f the I l th November , 1884, hasreached us and we unders tand a l l i t s con ten ts , s ta t ing tha tour fr iend has seen our Ambassador Haj i Mohaned Nur and hasspoken to him about the boundary between Jelebu and pehang.As regards the measures which our fr iend has been so pleasedto take for the advantage of this coultry, no doubt ourf r iendrs ass is tance w i l l secure peace. But our Ambassadorwho came to our fr iend had not suff ic ient authori ty to actas Agent w i th fu11 powers , there fore , he cou ld no t se t t lethe mat te r by h inse l f . We hope fo r our f r iend ts a id incons ider ing the mat te r w i th jus t i ce . We unders tand tha t i r tthe t ime o f our ances tors there was no d is t inc t ion be tween8Jelebu and Pehang. But now we hope our fr iend wi l l acceptand agree to our reques t tha t i t w i l l be su f f i c ien t i fboundary-marks are put up at Kenabui to make the borxrdarieso f Je lebu and Pehang.
I t l i th regard to other let ters of our fr iend we are notable to answer them because our Clerk has gone up the r iverand has not returned yet.
Our best wishes to our fr iend
Act ing Governor Clementi Smith to the Bendahara of Pahangd a t e d 2 3 M a y , 1 8 8 5 .
After Conpl iments,.
We inform our fr iend that we have seen Mr Swettenharnthe Resident of Perak, and he has informed us that our fr iend
C .
240
i s w i l l i ng tha t the boundaryshou ld be as proposed to ourNovember , 1884, a t Sunge i Dua
between Pahang and Jelebuf r iend in our le t te r o f the t l th. We are very p leased a t th is .
23rd l ' lay, 1885 .
241
JELEBU TREATY of September, 1886
oWeldrs Second Treaty"
Agreement made be tween H is Exce l lency S i r F .A . Weld , Governorand Commander - in -Ch ie f o f the Co lony o f the St ra i ts Set t le -ments and i t s dependenc ies on the one s ide and Syed A l i b inZ in a l -Ja f r i , Datoh Penghu lu o f Je lebu, in con junc t ion w i ththe f ive Waris and three Lernbagas const i tut ing the Governmento f Je lebu on the o ther s ide .
I . A year having now passed during which the Governmento f Je lebu has been ass is ted by a Br i t i sh Of f i cer s ta t ionedin the count ry the Government o f Je lebu hav ing sa t is f ied i t -se l f o f the advantages der ived f rom such ass is tance w ish nowto enter into an Agreement by which they may be assured ofi t s con t inuance. Such a document has a lso become necessaryowing to the death of the late Yan Tuan Abdul lah of Jelebuwho was a party to a former Agreement in 1883 and the dr: ter-minat ion of the Governnent of Jelebu not to elect . r : tother.
I I . The Government of the Strai ts Sett lenents andJ e l e b u w i l l a t a l l t i m e s c o r d i a l l y c o - o p e r a t e i n t h e s e t t l e -ment o f a peacefu l popu la t ion and in the preserva t ion o fpeace and se t t led Government in the i r respec t ive te r r i to r iesand in the mutua l sur render o f persons accused or conv ic tedof any cr ime or offence under such condit ions as may beamanged between the two Governments.
I I I . I t i s fu r ther agreed by the a fo resa id Datoh Pen-ghulu of Jelebu and the f ive l {ar is and three Lenbagas thatshould there be occaslon for any arrangements or correspon-dence w i th any Fore ign Sta te i t shou ld be conducted th roughthe Br i t i sh Government and tha t no gran t o r concess ion sha l1be made to o ther than Br i t i sh sub jec ts , o r Br i t i sh cornpan iesor persons of the lv l ,alay, Chinese, Indian or other OrientalRaces no t be ing sub jec ts o f any non-Or ien ta l na t ions w i thoutthe assent o f the Br i t i sh Governnent o r i t s representa t ives .
IV . So long as the Roya l ty on T in (o therw ise Has iLTarnh) is not commuted by the payment from the Revenues ofthe Sta te o f a month ly sun in l ieu o f i t , such Roya l ty a tthe ra te o f $1 .50 fo r each bhara o f smel ted t in sha1 l bec o l l e c t e d b y t h e B r i t i s h C o l l e c t o r i n J e l e b u a n d b y h i mhanded to the f i ve War is in whose land such t in sha l1 haveb e e n r a i s e d .
242
[The three Lenbagas get an al lowance but do not sharein the Hast l Tanah. l ru
V. The Datoh Penghulu of Jelebu and the Waris and Lem-bagas above-ment ioned w i l l i f reques ted by the Governor o fthe St ra i ts Set t lements under take to co-opera te in mak ingarrangements for faci l i tat ing trade and communicat ions over-land th rough the Sta te .
V I . Such a l lowances w i l l be made to the Penghu lu andWaris and Lembagas of Jelebu as the state of the Revenue mayadmi t o f , hav ing in v iew the present l iab i l i t y o f the count ry .
V I I . I t i s agreed fu r ther tha t the issu ing o f Grants tooccupy Sta te lands whether fo r min ing , agr icu l tu ra l o r bu i l -d ing purposes sha1 l be le f t in the hands o f the Br i t i shOf f i cer in Je lebu, and a lso the co l lec t ion o f land and o therRevenue. A11 gran ts to occupy land w i l l be fore issue ob ta inthe sanc t ion o f the Datoh Penghu lu and w i l l bear h is sea l asw e l l a s t h a t o f t h e B r i t i s h O f f i c e r .
IX . The War is may s t i l l ad jud ica te in C iv i l and Cr imina lcases in the i r own d is t r i c ts up to a cer ta in l im i t to bef ixed hereaf te r bu t as they rece ive an a l lowance f rom theRevenue o f the Sta te the f ines , fees and fo r fe i tu res , co l lec -ted by them wi l l be pa id in to the Sta te Treasury , each per -s o n g e t t i n g o n e - t e n t h o f h i s c o l l e c t i o n s .
V I I I . T h e B r i t i s hJe lebu w i l l ho ld cour tcases bu t a I1 d isputesw i l l b e s e t t l e d b y t h e
Signature
S ignatureMark ofSignatureS ignatureSignatureSignatureMark ofMark ofMark of
Wi tness to
Of f i cer s ta t ioned in the count ry o fto ad jud ica te in C iv i l and Cr in ina linvolving quest ions of Mohamedan 1awproper Nat ive Of f i cers .
FRED. A. IVELD,Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t lementsDATO PENGTIULUDATO MAHRAJA INDADATO PADUKADATO UMBIDATO RAJA BALANGDATO MENTIDATO CHINCHANGDATO SENDARADATO MIANG1l
the above signaturesF . C . W H I T E ,A c t i n g C o l l e c t o r , J e l e b u ,
243
I .
FOOTNOTES
Provenance: Trea t ies and ) ther Papers . . . , S ingapore ,1 8 8 8 , p . 7 . A n s o n w a s A c t i n g G o v e r n o r o f t h e S t r a i t sf rom Jervo is r depar tu re , 3 Apr . 1877, un t i l the ar r i va lo f h i s s u c c e s s o r , R o b i n s o n , 2 9 O c t . 1 8 7 7 .
P r o v e n a n c e : i b n d . , p . l 7 .
l u l . & C . , p . 5 5 , g i v e J a f r a , b u t t h e c o r r e c t s p e l l i n gappears on p.55, and in Treat ies and )thez, Papers.
s e . o f t h e S t r a i t s S e t t l e m e n t s .
The var ie ty o f peop le ho ld ing the pos t o f Res ident ,Sunge i U jong, suggests i t took some t ime to co l lec t a l lthe s ignatures to the t rea ty .
The Mahara ja Inda Do lah was ev ident ly a d i f fe ren t per -son f rom the Mahra j inda Ta l ib , cp . Agreement o f 1886,p . 2 4 3 .
Provenance: Treat ies and )thev, Papez,s, pp.21-24.
L i t e r a l l y ' f N o t h i n g b e t w e e n " a c c o r d i n g t o M . & G . , p . 2 1 5 .
O r i g i . n a l e n c l o s e d i n C 0 2 7 3 / I 4 I , W e l d t o C 0 c o n f . ,16 Oct . 1886. The or ig ina l has no da te ; Tz ,ea t ' fes and) ther Papens and M.G G. g ive September as the month .I t i s perhaps a l i t t1e odd tha t the Dato Penghu lu shou ldhave si-gned though not sealed this document but the ideamay have been put to hin more nearly on the same levelas the War is and Lembagas, who d id no t sea l the 1883 onewhen the Dato Penghulu and the Yam Tuan N1uda did.
Th is appears to be in in te rpo la t ion in Weld 's own hand.
M.G. Swi f t , Ma lag Peasant Soc ie ty in Je lebu, London,1 9 6 5 , p . I 4 , g i v e s t h e f o l l o w i n g a s t h e p r e s e n t t i t l e so f the Lenbagas: -
Dato Mentr i Shahnangkualam RajasahariDato Ombi Pangka l Mahara ja le laDato Maharaja IndaDato Ra ja Ba langDato Paduka Mentr iDato Chinchang Maharaja LelaDato Senara AngsaDato Mangiang Merah Bangsa '
Of these the firsi five were also waz"is bt'duanda o'r
uaris negri.
)
4
-
7 .
8 .
9 .
6 .
10
11
244
Note on the Joho l -Ma lacca Boundary Agreement o f 1833
In 1832 the Governnent o f Benga l sen t ins t ruc t ions toGovernor Ibbetson regarding the Naning War then in progressreminding hirn that there was to be no quest ion of the exten-s ion o f Ma lacca te r r i to ry . Ibbetson regarded the de l im i ta -t ion o f the f ron t ie r be tween Joho l and Malacca as an exce l -len t oppor tun i ty to show I ' tha t access ions o f te r r i to ry andencroachments upon their r ights is the furthest f rom ourv lews and in ten t ionsr r . The s t r ip o f land be tween the twowhich had fo rner ly been c la imed by bo th was be l ieved r i ch int in and go ld ( i t inc luded Mt . Oph i r ) , and a l though the Pen-ghu lu o f Joho l was no t a t the t ime lay ing c la im to i t - onthe contrary, he may have offered i t to l* la1acca, and i t maynot be co inc identa l tha t i t was shor t l y independent aga inas Tanpin - Ibbetson awarded i t to Johol by this agreement. r
FOOTNOTE
L.A. Mi1 Is , Bnt t i sh Malaya 1824-67, Kua la Lunpur , 1966,p . 1 7 7 .
245
JOHOL TREATY of 26 August, 1833
Joho l -Ma lacca Boundary Agreement ( t rans la t ion) 1
We, the Hontb le Rober t Ibbetson, Governor in Counc i l o fPenang, S ingapore , and Malacca, and the Honrb le Samuel Gar -1 ing , Res ident Counc i l lo r o f Ma lacca, the deput ies on thepar t o f the Br i t i sh Government , and Datu Panghu lu Joho le ,Le la Perkasa, have agreed a t th is t ime, and f i xed the boun-dary be tween the te r r i to r ies o f Ma lacca and Joho le , asf o l l o w s : -
l s t . F ron Buk i t Pu tus in a s t ra igh t l ine to Buk i tHu lu Batang Malacca, thence in a s t ra igh t l ine to GunongLedang (Mount Oph i r ) , the land on the r igh t be ing the te r r i -to ry o f Ma lacca, and on the le f t the te r r i to ry o f Joho1e.We have se t t led th is cont rac t be tween the Br i t i sh and Joho leGovernments, and, as long as the sun and moon exist , thisse t t lement cannot be undone or a l te red as above wr i t ten , andin fu tu re whoever ru les in the te r r i to r les o f Ma lacca andJ o h o l e s h a 1 1 f o l l o w w h a t w e h a v e s e t t l e d .
Moreover , we have f rom th is t ime se t t led and ar rangedal l the documents and tradi t ions concernins the boundary ofM a l a c c a a n d J o h o l e .
Of th is b ind ing agreement a re made two cop ies w i thouta l te ra t ion in the words , one to be kept in Ma lacca and onei n J o h o l e .
That i t may be sure and c lear as above wr j - t ten , we se tour sea ls and s ignatures upon th is paper in the presence o fHad j i Abas Kader , and Had j i Ahmed b in Jana ld in .
Si gnature
S ignature
ROBERT IBBETSON,Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t lements
DATO JOHOL
FOOTNOTE
246
Note on the 1884 Johol Agreement
In 1883 Governor S i r F reder ick Weld had a ser ies o fconversat ions with the Yam Tuan of Sr i N{enant i (Tengku Antah),Syed Hamid of Tampin and other chiefs regarding the affairso f the th ree smal l s ta tes o f Inas , Gemencheh and Joho1, wh icha l leged ly accepted the Yam Tuan as supreme. I t mater ia l i sedtha t Tengku Antah was no t sa t is f ied w i th h is pos i t ion inthem, s ince he cou ld ex t rac t l i t t le o r no th ing in the way o ftaxes , and fo r th is s ta te o f a f fa i rs he was inc l ined to b la f iESyed Hamid . He o f fe red to permi t the Br i t i sh to admin is te rthem in exchange fo r a regu la r a l lowance fo r h imse l f f romthe St ra i ts Government . Weld re fused, and ar ranged ins teadthat Tengku Antah shoutd meet Syed Hamid in his presence.The two of then agreed that Syed I lamid should adninister thethree s ta tes on the Yam Tuanrs beha l f , the revenue be ingshared be tween them. Weld was unders tandab ly unwi l l ing toset his seal upon this arrangement without the agreement ofthe Datos concerned, bu t a l though the Datos o f Inas andGemencheh appeared, the Dato of Johol excused hirnself ongrounds o f o ld age and i1 l hea l th , say ing he wou ld sendPang l ima Puteh as h is representa t ive . Ins tead o f Pang l imaPuteh, however, the Dato Jenang of Johol appeared and he andthe Dato o f Inas , c la in ing to represent the Dato o f Joho1,in the presence of the Yam Tuan and Syed Hamid accepted thep r o p o s e d t r a n s f e r w i t h a l a c r i t y . S t i l i a l i t t l e l o a t h , W e l dlh" t t ugr "ed prov is iona l l y to the change. l *
Pred ic tab ly the Dato o f Joho l re jec ted the en t i re agree-ment and th rea tened v io lence to Syed Hamid i f he ever en teredJoho l . Weld b lamed the in f luence o f the Mahara ja o f Johorefor th is , and - s ince the Mahara ja h imse l f was abroad - sen tfor his brother and the Mentr i Besar of Johore and demandedt h e i m m e d i a t e e n d o f p r e s s u r e s o n J o h o l . 2 T h e p o s s i b i l i t yo f reconc i l ing the Dato o f Joho l to the Yan Tuan and SyedHamid , however , seemed remote , so he accepted the ch ie f rs' rspontaneous" o f fe r to s ign an agreement w i th the Res identC o u n c i l l o r o f M a l a c c a i n s t e a d ( A g r e e m e n t o f 1 8 8 4 ) . I n d e -fence o f th is ex tens ion o f Br i t i sh cont ro l Weld argued tha ti t was adv isab le fo r Br i ta in to ma in ta in " the c loses t poss ib lere la t ions cons is ten t ly w i th the avo idance o f any respons ib i -l i t y tha t migh t become in any way inconven ien t ' r because o f thes ta te fs un ique ly impor tan t geograph ica l pos i t ion ' He wasprobab ly th i ,nk ing , no t so much o f i t as the rou te fo r an im-por tan t road, as o f i t as the main channe l fo r Johore?s in -f luence in the Negr i Sembi lan area , wh ich he was anx ious toc u r b . T h e C o l o n i a l O f f i c e d i d n o t , 4 e m u r .* For foo tno tes see p . 248
247
1. Enc losures in CO
2 . C O 2 7 3 / 1 2 6 , W e l d
FOOTNOTES
2 7 3 / 1 2 I , W e l d
t o c o , 1 0 J a n .
t o C O , 8 J u l Y 1 8 8 3 '
1 8 8 4 .
248
J0H0L TREATY of 2I March, 1884
Agreement w i th Res ident Counc i l lo r , Ma lacca l
(Trans la t ion)
1s th (S th Month) 1301
2 1 s t M a r c h , 1 8 8 4 .
0n the above dates we Dato Johan Pahlawan Lela PerkasaSet iawan have made th is agreement , hones t ly and w i11 ing1yentrust ing the Government of our country of Johol and al l i tsprovinces (Gemencheh, Punggor, Ayer Kuning and Batang Malaka)to the Honrb le Res ident Counc i l lo r , Governor o f the Br i t i shSett lement of Malaka, to carry out decisions of Governrnentwith reference to arranging the affairs of our country inthe bes t way accord ing to h is judgement , to b r ing aboutpeace and prosper i ty in our count ry , i .e . to rnake roads andp o l i c e s t a t i o n s e t c . , a s i n E n g l i s h S e t t l e m e n t s a n d h e a l s oshal I prepare and arrange means for exact ing our revenue.
Now to any s ing le mat te r wh ich seems good to h im we w i l lg ive no oppos i t ion , bu t abso lu te ly p romise to agree and too b e y e x a c t l y .
Moreover with respect to the above-mentioned agreement,i t sha l l no t be changed t i1 l the t ime o f our pos ter i t y bu ts h a l l r e m a i n a s i t i s c o n t i n u a l l y .
Now as proof and a token ofa f f i x our sea l a t the end o f th is
S i g n a t u r e D . F . A . H E R V E Y ,R e s i d e n t C o u n c i l l o r ,M a l a c c a .
pub l ic i t y o f the above wes h e e t .
Chop of DATO JOHOL
FOOTNOTE
C o p y e n c l o s e d i n C O 2 7 3 / 1 2 7 , S r n i t h t o C O , 1 A p r . 1 8 8 4 ;ep. E. Thio, Br i t ish Pol icy ' in the MaLay Peninsula1 B B 0 - 1 9 1 0 , v o 1 . I , K u a l a L u n p u r Q S i n g a p o r e , 1 9 6 9 , p . 5 3
249
{TJa
!E
3fI. b - t
l i rs* 4
d t d 3'rr l{-gg
Note on the Nan ing Trea ty o f 1801
During the eighteenth century Naning became independento f the Johore Su l tanate , as d id the o ther S ta tes o f Negr iSembi lan , bu t i t remained to some ex ten t sub jec ted to theDutch a t Ma lacca. l A t the t ime o f the Br i t i sh occupat ionof Ma lacca dur ing the Napo leon ic Wars , Nan ing was regardedas conquered te r r i to ry bu t 1 i t t le a t ten t ion was pa id to i texcept fo r a t rea ty s igned w i th the hered i ta ry ch ie f o rPenghuLu (Trea ty o f 1801) . Thomas Bradde l l la te r wro tetha t th is t rea ty showed tha t Nan ing was ' r t rea ted ra ther asa pro tec ted Sta te than as par t o f Ma lacca, as the EuropeanGovernments in these count r ies do no t make t rea t ies w i ththe i r own sub jec ts . "2 Indeed, i t s Penghu lu cont inued toexerc ise exc lus ive ju r isd ic t ion in Nan ing , even to the powero f l i f e a n d d e a t h , t i 1 1 f 8 0 7 w h e n t h e B r i t i s h R e s i d e n t a tM a l a c c a f o r b a d e h i m t o p a s s s e n t e n c e s o f d e a t h . M i l l srecords that there was no evidence that the Penghulu and hisChiefs came to pay their yea'r ly homage in Malacca duringt h i s p e r i o d .
l lowever , when the Br i t i sh re tu rned to occupy Malaccapermanent ly in 1825, Fu l le r ton (Governor Penang \824-27,Governor S t ra i ts Set t lenents 1827-30) regarded the 1801Treaty as c lear ev idence tha t Nan ing was an in tegra l par t o fMa lacca. Th is ln te rpre ta t ion and the a t tempts to g ivee f fec t to i t ( in par t i cu la r the rev iva l o f the r igh t to co l -lec t f rom the inhab i tan ts o f Nan ing a t i the wh ich , as subse-quent research revealed, had been commuted by the Dutch aslong ago as 1765 in to a smal1 annua l t r ibu te) led to theNan ing War o f 1831-32. The East Ind ia Company, though loa thto ge t invo lved ln Ma lay a f fa i rs , eventua l l y won th is contes t .One resu l t o f the war was the absorp t ion o f Nan ing by Malacca,another was the ser i -es o f t rea t ies wh ich Br i ta in - anx iousto sp l i t the a l l iance be tween Nan ing and Rembau - conc ludedwi th Rembau (see Rembau Treat ies o f 1831, 1832 and 1833,p . 2 s 6 f f ) .
FOOTNOTES
See L .A. Mi ILs , Br i t i sh Malaya 1824-67, Kua la Lumpur ,1 9 5 6 , p . 1 1 5 f f , a n d C . M . T u r n b u l l , T h e S t r a i t s S e t t l e -m e n t s 1 8 2 6 - 6 7 , L o n d o n 1 9 7 2 , p . 2 6 3 t t .
2. Jounnal of the Indi.an Archipelago and Eastern Asia,( n e w s e r i e s ) I , 1 9 9 .
250
NANING TREATY of 16 Ju1y, 1801
Treaty lead j .ng to the Nan ing War o f 1831-18321
Treaty en tered in to in 1801, by the Br i t i sh Res ident a tMa lacca, L ieu tenant -Co lone1 Tay lo r , w i th the Panghu lu o fNan ing .
Ar t i c les and cond i t ions d ic ta ted by L ieu tenant -Co lone1Aldwel1 Taylor, Governor and Commandant of Malacca, for andin beha l f o f the l {onourab le the Governor o f For t S t . George,w i t h R a j a h M e r a C a p t a i n P a n g h u l u , & c . , c a 1 1 e d D h o l 1 S y e d ;and Le la U luh Ba lang and Mou lana Hak im, ca1 led the la teOrangkaya; Kech i l , ca l1ed Musah; and Menobon jon-kaya, ca l -1ed Konch i l ; and Mahara jah Anka ia , ca1 led Sumuna; andMulana Garan,2 Min is te rs and Ch ie fs o f Nan ing , and the c i r -cumjacent v i11ages, who have so lonn ly accepted and swornt o t h e f o l l o w i n g A r t i c l e s : -
A r t i c l e i
The sa id Capta in , o r Panghu lu , Min is te rs , and Ch ie fs ,promise and swear, in the name and in behalf of the wholecommunity of Naning, to be fai thful and submissive to theabove-mentioned the Honourable the Governor in Counci l ofFort Saint George, l ikewise the Governor and Commandant ofthis Town and Fortress, and al l Commandants that are, or mayhereaf te r be , appo in ted under them, and, moreover , w i l l dothe i r u tmost to conduct themse lves in a l l cases w i th obed ierceto the Br i t i sh Author i ty , as i s requ i red o f a l l du t i fu l sub-jec ts , w i thout con jo in t l y o r severa l l y a t tempt ing any hos t i lemeasure aga ins t the sa id Governor , e i ther d i rec t l y o r i -nd i -rec t l y , and the fo l low ing Ar t i c les sha l l be so lemnly ands t r i c t l y observed, and a l l o ther cont rac ts and covenantstha t have been prev ious ly passed w i th another na t ion3 to thep r e j u d i c e o f t h e B r i t i s h s h a l 1 b e a n n u l 1 e d .
A r t i c l e i i
In case any persons a t Nan ing , ch i ld ren o f the Menan-kabaus and Malays , sha l l v io la te the conten ts o f th is Con-t rac t , o r sha l l be d isobed ien t to the Governor o r h is Of f i -cers, the Panghulu and Chiefs shal l , at the dernand of theGovernor , de l i ver them up to be pun ished as they deserve .
For foo tno tes see p .255
251
A r t i c l e i i i
The Panghulu, Chiefs, and inhabitants of Naning, Menan-kabaus, as we l l as Malays , a re bound to de l i ver one- ten th o fthe produce of their r ice and al1 frui ts to the East IndiaConpany; but in considerat ion of their indigent circumstan-ces , the sa id Company has reso lved tha t the Panghutu shat lcome in person, every yeat , o r cause one o f h is Ch ie fs tocome to Malacca, in order to pay their homage to the Company,and, as a token o f the i r submiss ion , they sha l l p resent tothe Company from the f i rst f rui ts of the crop one-half coyanof paddy (400 gantangs) .
Ar t i c le i v
The inhabitants of Naning, when quit t ing the country, inorder to proceed to Malacca, sha11 produce to the Shah-Bundara wr i t ten permiss ion f rom the Panghu lu , s igned and sea ledwi th h is sea l ; and l i kewise a l l persons who may w ish to p ro-ceed from Malacca to Naning, are directed to produce to theauthor i ty there s imi la r documents , s igned (by order o f theGovernment) by the Shah-Bunder, otherwise both part ies shal1be ob l iged to send such persons back ; bu t when prov idedwi th the requ i red Cer t i f i ca tes , they w i l l be permi t ted tores ide a t Nan ing and ad jacent v i l lages , and to seek the rneansof l i ve l ihood by agr icu l tu ra l pursu i ts in p lan t ing be te1 ,0c. , provided they adhere and conform to the customs andusages of the place in the same manner as the other inhabi-t a n t s .
A r t i c l e v
The Penghulu and Chiefs promise, that al l the t in brougfrtf rom Sri-Menant i , Sungei Ujong, Rumbowe, and other places inthese d is t r i c ts to Nan ing , sha11 be immediare ly sent and de-l ivered to the Company, for which they sha1l receive 44 RixDo l la rs in cash, fo r every bhar o f 300 ca t t ies , payab le inSura t Rupees.
A r t i c l e v i
They a lso promisethe ad jacen t d i s t r i c t s ,to the Company, at the
to de l i ver thewhen any great
p r i c e o f 1 2 R i x
A r t i c l e v i i
pepper of Naning andquant i t y i s to be had,D o l l a r s p e r b h a r .
The Panghu lu , Ch ie fs , and the peop le o f Nan ing sha l l
252
have no au thor i ty to negot ia te o r t ra f f i c w i th any in landnat ion , bu t sha l1 b r ing the i r goods down the r i ver o f Ma lacca,naki-ng use, under no pretext whatever, of any other passageorf conveyance, nor holding any comnunicat ion with any suchin land na t ion , in the R iver Panag ie , on pa in o f fo r fe i t ingthe i r l i ves and proper ty .
A r t i c l e v i i i
The Panghulu and Chiefs promise, in the narne of tnesaid Cornmunity of Naning, that whenever the Chief Rulershappen to resign the Government, or any misfortune befal1them, they sha l l , in such case, p ropose one o f the neares tand nos t qua l i f ied o f h is fami ly , to the Governor o f Ma lacca,fo r h is successor ; bu t i t i s no t to be expec ted tha t sucha proposa l must a lways meet the Governor rs approbat ion ; onthe cont ra ry i t i s op t iona l w i th h im whom he th inks properto appo in t .
A r t i c l e i x
Any s laves be long ing e i ther to the Honourab le Company,or the inhab i tan ts o f Ma lacca, tha t may take she l te r inNan ing , o r the c i rcumjacent v i l lages or p laces , the Panghu lu ,Ch ie fs , and inhab i tan ts (none excepted) sha11 b ind themse lvesto apprehend and imrnediately send to Town such fugit ives,that the same may be del ivered to their masters, and a demandof 10 R ix Do l1ars , and no t more , as a reward , sha11 be exac tedf rom the owners .
A r t i c l e x
Any male or female s laves , tha t may be en t iced awayfrom Naning to come to Malacca, in order to embrace theChr is t ian fa i th , the propr ie to r o f such a s lave sha l1 rece ive ,as compensat ion , one-ha l f the amount o f the pr ice o f thes1ave, accord ing to the appra isement o f the Commi t tee wh ichthe Government sha11 appo in t .
A r t i c l e x i
But any person who se l l s any Chr is t ian s laves or f ree-men o f Ma lacca to a Mussu lman or Heathen, e i ther w i th the i rown consent, or seduced, or carr ied away by force fron theirmasters , more espec ia l l y those who induce such Chr is t ians laves or f reemen to be c i rcumcised, o r use v io lence to per -suade them to become Mohamedans, sha l l fo r fe i t the i r l i vesand proper ty .4
253
Ar t ic le x i i
And that the contents of the said Art ic les may be inviol-ably observed, the Panghulu and Chiefs promise and swear, inthe name of the whole nult i tude, that they wi l l i rnmediatelyrestore and del iver to the Honourable the Governor al1 suchrunaway slaves that are in Naning or other places.
A r t i c l e x i i i
Last ly the Panghulu and Chiefs prornise and swear on theKoran, in the name of the community of Naning, that they wi l lin every respect solemnly observe and rnaintain the orders setfo r th in these Ar t i c les , and do b ind themse lves to de l i verup any transgressors of the said orders to the said EastIndia Company, in order that punishment may be inf l icted onsuch persons .
For the due ful f i lment of what has been herein pronisedand agreed, I have hereunto set my usual s ignature.
Done and sworn in the Town and Fortress of Malacca,1 6 t h o f J u l y , 1 8 0 1 .
S igned A. TAYLOR
Sworn to by the Panghulu and Chiefs of Naning. We,Captain or Panghulu and Chiefs, promise and swear, as wel lfor ourselves as in the nane and behalf of the Comnunity ofNaning, to be fai thful and sincere to the Governor in Counci lof Fort Saint George, the Governor and Comrnandant of Malacca,and al l Conrnanders that are, or may hereafter be appointedunder then, and furthermore, to be punctual and str ict inobserving their orders and commands, that have, or may here-after be issued, and conduct ing ourselves in future, towardsthe East India Cornpany, in such a manner as is required ofa1 l du t i fu l and fa i th fu l sub ' iec ts and vassa l .
A i t c h i s o n , T r e a t i e s I , p p . 3 9 5 - 3 9 6 . C . O . B l a g d e n t sromanised Malay vers ion was pr in ted in the or ig ina le d i t i o n o f L . A . M i l . 1 , s , " B r i t i s h M a l a y a 1 8 2 4 - 6 7 , , ,JMBMS, 3 , i i (1925) , and is d iscussed in Pen in jauS e j a r a h , I I , 2 ( O c t . 1 9 6 7 ) , p p . 5 4 - 5 5 .
The tex t here is a lnos t cer ta in ly cor rup t . Cons iderab led i f f i cu l ty a r ises f rom the c i rcumstance tha t the Br i t i shvers ion a t tempts to ang l i c ise the spe l l ing o f the Malay(abor i -g ina l ) names and t i t les wh i le the Malay s igna-to r ies thernse lves make no a t tempt to do so . But th isdoes no t exp la in why a Trea ty shou ld have been s ignedwi . th , among o thers , the r r la te 0 rangkaya" who does no tappear to be among the s ignator ies . D. Lewis , " Inas :A S t u d y o f L o c a l H i s t o r y t ' , J M B R A S , X X X I I I , i ( 1 9 6 0 ) ,p .81 , records a s to ry tha t in the 1870s the Yam TuanBesar sent a deputy to Inas who, fo r reasons o f h isown, to ld the Je la i ch ie fs tha t they shou ld abandonthe i r o ld s ty les and n icknames i f they w ished theBr i t i sh to take then ser ious ly , and shou ld adopt suchSumat ran t i t les as Lembaga, Dato Set ia Ra ja and Lembaga,Dato Bag inda Ra ja . He was probab ly cor rec t .
i . e . t h e D u t c h .
I t i s in te res t ing to cont ras t the in to le ran t and prose-ly t i s ing a t t i tude towards Mus l ims re f lec ted in thesec lauses w i th the a t t i tude re f lec ted in the Agreementso f 1874 and therea f te r .
3 .
4 .
255
Note on the Rembau Treat ies o f 1819 1 8 3 1 1 8 3 2 a n d 1 8 3 3
When the Dutch re tu rned to Ma lacca in 1818, they a tonce se t about res to r ing the i r ne twork o f t rea t ies and t radeengagements w i th the ne ighbour ing Sta tes . Desp i te Br i t i sha t tempts to fo res ta l l them (see Perak Trea ty o f 1818 p . . i72and Se langor Trea ty o f 1818 p .436) , in l8 l9 the Governmento f Ma lacca rev ived i t s fo rmer t rea ty re la t ionsh ip w i th theRuler o f Se langor , wh i le , a t the same t ime, i t s igned anagreement with Rembau whereby i t resurrected a treaty of1759 and acqu i red a comple te monopo ly o f t in (Renbau Treatyo f 1 8 1 9 ) . H o w e v e r , b o t h t h e s e t r e a t i e s o f 1 8 1 9 w e r e d i s -a l lowed by Batav ia , wh ich d id no t w ish to reasser t t in mono-po l ies in th is a rea , and therea f te r w i th regard to Rembauthe Dutch were descr ibed, as be ing I ' con ten t w i th vagues u z e r a i n t y o v e r R e m b a u t ' . r " W h e n , t h e r e f o r e , i n 1 8 3 1 t h eBr i t i sh s igned a t rea ty w i th Rembau (Renbau Treaty o f 1831)waiving any r ights which they might have inheri ted from theD u t c h u n d e r t h e 1 8 2 4 s e t t l e m e n t ( s e e p . 2 B B ) , t h e y w e r e n o tin fact l iberat ing Rembau frorn bonds imposed upon i t in 1819,a l though - s ince the phras ing o f the 1831 Treaty seens spe-c ia l l y des igned to cont ' ras t Br i t i sh generos i ty w l th theharshness of Dutch overlordship - they rnay have thought theywere or , more p laus ib ly , may have w ished to g ive the impres-s ion tha t they were .
The Rembau Treaty o f 1831 arose ou t o f the c i rcumstancesof the Nan ing war . The Br i t i sh a t tempt to co l lec t a t i thef rom the inhab i tan ts o f Nan ing was regarded as a b reach o ffa i th , no t on ly by Nan i .ng bu t a lso by o ther ne ighbour ingMalay Sta tes who were a f fec ted by the t rans fer o f Dutchr igh ts over them to Br i ta in in 1824: Rembau, fo r one, o f fe r -ed Nan ing a id and the f i rs t Br i t i sh a t tack on Nan ing was re -pu lsed w i th some ignominy . The East Ind ia Company au thor l -t ies were incensed to f ind themse lves invo lved in a war a r i -s ing out of a misunderstanding, and were anxious to terrninatei t a s q u i c k l y a s w a s w i t h d i g n i t y p o s s i b l e . T h e f i r s t s t e pwas to de tach Rembau f ron her a l l iance w i th Nan ing and in -v o l v e h e r o n B r i t a i n r s s i d e . N e g o t i a t i o n s b e g a n i n S e p t e m -ber , 1831, and a t the end o f the November an agreenent wasreached by wh ich the Br i t i sh recogn ised " the au thor i t ies o fRumbowe and i ts dependencies as an independent State. "
A t th is po in t the complex i t ies o f Rembaurs in te rna lp o l i t i c s a f f e c t e d t h e p i c t u r e . L i k e t h e D u t c h i n 1 8 1 9 , t h eB r i t i s h i n 1 8 3 1 h a d s i g n e d t h e i r t r e a t y w i t h R a j a A 1 i , a sRuler of Rembau, the Penghulu Lela Maharaja and the four
* F o r f o o t n o t e s s e e n . 2 5 7
256
suku or Lembaga (p r inc ipa l ch ie fs ) o f Rembau H i l i r . Ra jaA l i t s a m b i t i o u s s o n - i n - 1 a w , S y e d S h a a b a n , h o w e v e r , w i s h e drecogn i t ion as a power in Rembau before he wou ld ass is t theBr i t i sh aga ins t Nan ing . Moreover , there lvas a lso a t )? i -ca l1y Menangkabau d ispute over the we igh t o f the 1831 docurment wh ich d id no t bear the mark or s ignature o f a l l e igh tLembaga, i .e . inc lud ing those o f Rembau U1u. There fore ,the 1831 agreement was rep laced on 28 January 1832 by another(Rembau Treaty o f 1832) , s im i la r ly bu t somewhat more succ inc t -1y worded, wh ich was sea led by Syed Shaaban as we l l as byRaja A1 i and s igned by four add i t iona l suku. Ra ja A l i thenassumed the o f f i ce o f Yam Tuan Besar and re l inqu ished tha to f Yam Tuan Muda to Syed Shaaban, who, thus sa t is f ied , len th is suppor t to the Br i t i sh cause in the Nan ing War .
A f te r the war a th i rd agreement - th is t ime to de f inethe Malacca-Rembau boundary - was concluded (Renbau Treatyo f 1 8 3 5 ) . I t w a s s i g n e d b y R a j a A l i , S y e d S h a a b a n , t h e t w oPenghu lus (u iz . Le la Mahara ja and Sed ia Ra ja) and the e igh tsuku. Ra ja A1 i was s ty led as Yang D i -Per tuan Besar (ando n t h e M a l a y o r i g i n a l h e u s e d a s e a l i n s c r i b e d ' r s u l t a n 4 1 i t t ; zand Syed Shaaban was s ty led Yang D i -Per tuan Muda. The seedsfor future quarrels over authori ty in Rembau were thereby5 0 w n .
In 1833 Syed Shaaban a t tacked L ingg i and he and h isf a t h e r - i n - 1 a w , R a j a A 1 i , w e r e e v e n t u a l l y r e p u l s e d a n d d r i v e nout o f Rembau to seek re fuge in Ma lacca in 1836. Br i ta inre fused a id to re ins ta te then on the grounds tha t t rea tyob l iga t ions were no t invo lved. When in 1847 Syed Shaabanwas inv i ted by a fac t ion to re tu rn to Rembau, the Br i t i shperrni- t ted him to go but withdrew his pension in order toemphas ize the s t r i c tness o f the i r po l i cy o f non- invo lvementin internal l ' la lay affairs no matter how deservi-ng ofhe lp ind iv idua l , par t ies migh t be .J Unt i l h is death tn 1872Syed Shaaban was conf ined to Tampin .
FOOTNOTES
N. Tarl ing, Anglo-Dutch Riualny in the Malay t loz,Ld,1 7 8 0 - 1 8 2 4 , B r i s b a n e , L o n d o n a n d N e w Y o r k , 1 9 6 2 , p . 8 7 .
The ed i to rs w ish to thank Mr J .M. Gu l l i ck and, v ia TanSr i Mub in Sheppard , the fami ly o f Ra ja A l i fo r he lp inconnect ion w i th the Malay or ig ina ls o f the RembauT r e a t i e s o f 1 8 3 2 a n d 1 8 3 3 . S e e a l s o J o h n G u 1 l i c k , r r T h e
T a m p i n S u c c e s s i o n t ' , J M B R A S , 4 9 , i i ( i 9 7 6 ) p p . 1 - 3 5 .
2 .
257
3 . L .A. MiL ls , Br i t i sh Malaga,p . 1 7 8 .
1"824-67, Kuala Lumpur, 1966,
258
REMBAU TREATY o f 5 June, 1819
1 *Treaty w i th the Dutch^
Treaty o f ever las t ing f r iendsh ip and a l l iance be tweenthe Supreme Governrnent of Netherlands India, and Rajah Al i ,the Panghu lu , and the Ampat Sukus . 0n beha l f o f the Nether -lands Government the Honourable J.S. Timmermann Thyssen,Governor o f Ma lacca and i t s dependenc ies , and on beha l f o fthe kingdom of Rumbowe the above-named Rajah 41i, the Panghuluand Anpat Sukus.
The Supreme Government of Netherlands India, wishing tog ive proo f o f the good in ten t ions o f H is Nether lands Majes tytowards a l l h is sub jec ts , renew, by th is , the fo rmer Trea tyof the Supreme Government of India, with Dain Cambodia, madein the year 1759, l i kewise a l1 tha t has proceeded f rom suchconsequent ly with the forrner Panghulus and Arnpat Sukus, nowentered in to w i th Ra jah A l i , the Panghu lu and Ampat Sukus ast h e i r s u c c e s s o r s .
A r t i c l e i
The Supreme Government acknowledge Rajah A1i, thePanghulu and Ampat Sukus, to be the administrators of theKingdom of Rurnbowe.
A r t i c l e i i
Ra jah A1 i , the Pangku lu and Ampat Sukus , acknowledgethe Supreme Government of Netherlands India to be their pro-tec to r , and they l i kewise do promise and swear , as we l l fo rthense lves ind iv idua l l y as fo r a l l the i r sub jec ts , to be a ta l l t imes fa i th fu l and honest , as i t i s expec ted f ro rn goodand fa i th fu l vassa ls , and never to ac t in any way, d i rec t l yor ind i rec t l y , aga ins t the Nether lands Government , and a ta l l t imes to cons ider the f r iends o f tha t Government to bethe i r f r iends , and the i r enemies to be the i r enemies , andthey do moreover b ind themse lves to p rov ide the sa id Govern-nent with men and arms whenever such should be reouired bvthe Governor o f Ma lacca and i t s dependenc ies .
A r t i - c 1 e i i i
The Netherlandssuppor t Ra jah A l i and
Government do engage to naintain orh is successors , l i kewise the Panghu lu
For foo tno tes see p .272
259
a n d h i s s u c c e s s o r s , i n t h e i r r i g h t s , l e a v i n g , h o w e v e r , t h elaws and cus toms o f the count ry in the i r fu l l fo rce - bu t ,in case o f the decease o f Ra jah A1 i , o r the Panghu lu , h isor the i r successor o r successors be ing chosen, he or theysha l1 no t , however , ac t nor be acknowledged as such by anybody, un t i l the sa id non ina t ion be conf i rmed by the Governoro f Ma lacca and i t s dependenc ies , and th is Trea ty hav ing beensl.vorn to by them.
That in case any Europeans or Nat ives , be ing in the ser -v ice o f the Nether lands Government , shou ld happen to run awayor abscond, w i th i -n the te r r i to ry o f Runbowe, o r j -n the ju r is -d ic t ion o f Ra jah A1 i , the Panghu lu and Anpat Sukus , and suchhav ing corne to the i r knowledge they sha l l , w i thout any cons i -dera t ion fo r the rank or s ta te o f such persons or person, anda lso no t a l low ing them to embrace the Moharnmedan re l ig ion ,cause them to be apprehended and sent fo r thwi th to the Gover -n o r o f M a l a c c a .
A r t i c l e i v
That the Ra jah A l i , the Panghu lu and Ampat Sukus , sha11not grant any protect ion under any pretence whatever to anyof the i r sub jec ts who sha11 be suspec ted o f hav ing seduceds laves , o r to have commi t ted any c r im ina l o f fence, bu t sha l lde l i ver them over , on good fa i th , to the Governor o f l r , la lacca ,or to the F isca l o f Ma1acca, who may send fo r thern by theorder o f the Governor , in o rder tha t such de l inquents sha l lbe t r ied a t Ma lacca, and dea l t w i th accord ing to the na tureand c i rcuns tances o f the c r ime.
A r t i c l e v
That Ra jah A l i , the Panghu lu and Anpat Sukus , sha l lfo r thwi th de l i ver over a l l those s laves who have run away,and are found to have absconded within the terr i tory of Run-bowe, s ince the 21s t o f September , 1818, be ing the day o fthe re -es tab l i shrnent o f the Nether lands Government a t Ma lacca,and l i kewise tha t those s laves who may hereaf te r abscond,sha l l be de l i vered over upon the fo l low ing cons idera t ion , tow i t , tha t fo r every s lave de l i vered over sha1 l be pa id Spa-n i s h d o l l a r s 1 4 , t o b e d i v i d e d , v i z : S p a n i s h d o l l a r s 7 f o rthe Panghulu and Ampat Sukus, and the other half to be givenas a reward to those who sha11 apprehend the s laves .
A r t i c l e v i
0n the app l ica t ion o f Ra jah A l i , the Panghu lu and Arnpat
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Sukus, to the Governor o f Ma lacca and i t s dependenc ies , theGovernor engages to issue orders for the apprehension ofsuch persons, as may have absconded fron Rumbowe, and concea-led themse lves w i th in the ju r isd ic t ion o f Ma lacca, and toforward them to Rajah At i , the Panghulu and Ampat Sukus.The sane manner of proceeding shal 1 be adopted in case ofslaves who may have absconded frorn Rumbowe to Malacca, withth is cond i t ion , tha t fo r every s lave sha1 l be pa id 14 Span ishd o l l a r s b y t h e o w n e r s .
A r t i c l e v i i
That Ra jah A l i , the Panghu lu and Ampat Sukus , sha11 de-l i ver to the Government o f Ma lacca, a l l the t in , w i thout anyreserva t j -on whatsoever , wh ich sha l1 be co l lec ted e i ther onthe i r own account o r by the i r sub jec ts , and such be ing theproduce of Lingie, Sungie Ujong, Rurnbowe and other dependen-c ies ; the Government engage to pay 40 do l la rs per bhar o f300 ca t t ies , o r 375 Dutch lbs . fo r the same. The Government 'however , reserve to thernse lves the r igh t o f con f isca t ing sLrcht in as may be found to have been smugg led , and o f ac t ing inaccordance w i th the Trea tv o f 1759.
A r t i . c l e v i i i
The Ra jah A1 i , the Panghu lu and Ampat Sukus , sha1 l inno way ass is t nor p ro tec t any p i ra tes , o r ac t o f p i racy , bu tprevent the sane by al l the means in their power, in order toa id and promote the connerce and nav iga t ion o f the St ra i ts ;and tha t they sha l1 , a t a I1 t imes, be he ld respons ib le fo rany ac t o f p i racy commi t ted by any o f the i r sub jec ts .
A r t i c l e i x
That should any malevolent persons rnake preparat ion forh o s t i l i t i e s , a n d t h e f a c t c o m e t o t h e i r k n o w l e d g e , t h e y w i l lendeavour to p revent i t s p rogress , and br ing the same fo r th -w i t h t o t h e n o t i c e o f t h e G o v e r n o r o f M a l a c c a .
A r t i c l e x
That every vesse l , w i thout any except ion o f i t s owner ,p roceed ing e i ther f rom the West to the Eas t , o r f rom theE a s t t o t h e W e s t o f M a l a c c a , s h a l l n o t b e a l l o w e d t o p a s sMalacca w i thout pu t t ing in to tha t por t , and tak ing ou t a re -gu la r por t c learance, on fa i lu re o f wh ich , such vesse l andc a r g o w i l l b e c o n f i s c a t e d .
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A11 vesse ls be long ing to Rumbowe, o r to i - t s dependenc ies ,in case they sha l l neet a t sea a rnan-o f -war , o r c ru iser o fany other Government, which may f i re a signar gun towardsthem, must instant ly, at the report of the g,r . , , h"r .re to,and produce the i r passes , tha t they may be i r lowed to p roceedunmoles ted and no t be cons idered as p i ra tes , bu t , in case o fd isobed ience to the s igna l , they sha l l be cons idered as p i -ra tes and dea l t w i th accord ing ly .
Ra jah A l i , the Panghu lu and Ampat Sukus , do so lemnlyunder take , as we l l fo r themse lves ind iv idua l l y as fo r the i rh e i r s a n d s u c c e s s o r s , a n d l i k e w i s e f o r a l l t h e i r s u b j e c t s ,the true and rninute performance of this Treaty, without anydeviat ion from the same, and that as long as the sun andn o o n s h a 1 l s h i n e .
The Governor o f Ma lacca and i t s dependenc ies l i kewisepromises , fo r , and on beha l f o f the Nether lands Government ,to ac t accord ing to the conten ts o f th is Trea ty .
rn w i tness whereof , th is Trea ty has been so lemnly swornto on the A lcoran , by the here present Ra jah A1 i , the panghu luand Ampat Sukus , and they have se t the i r hands and sea ls , -annexed to those o f the Governor ; and th ree s imi la r cop i " ,o f the same have been drawn up, v iz : - l s t copy to be fo r_warded to H is Exce l lency the Governor -Genera l o f Batav ia ;the 2nd copy to be depos i ted in the Governnent secre tary fsOf f i ce a t Ma lacca; the 3rd copy to be he td by Ra jah A l i ,the Panghulu and Ampat Sukus.
Conc luded a t Nan ing , on th is 5 th day o f June, 1g19.
Seal and Signature of J. TII \O4ERMANN THYSSEN,Governor o f Ma lacca and i t sDependenc ies
Seal and Mark of RAJA ALI of RembauMark of LELA MAHARAJA, penghulu of RembauMark of GEMPA MAHARAJA )Mark of MARABANGSA I tne Four SukusMark of SANGSURA PAHLAWAN ) of RembauMark of BANGSA BALANG )
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Ies, REMBAU TREATY of 30 November, lg3l
F i rs t T rea ty o f Fr iendsh ip w i th Br i ta in2(Transl at ion)
Treaty o f perpe tua l f r iendsh ip and a l l iance be tween theSuprene Government of Br i t ish rndia and Rajah A1i, the pan-ghulu, and Ampat Sukus, governing the country of Runbowe andi t s d e p e n d e n c i e s .
l . 0n the par t o f the Br i t i sh Government , Rober t Ibbet_s o n , E s q . , R e s i d e n t o f S i n g a p o r e , p r i n c e o f W a l e s r I s l a n d ,and Malacca, and dependencies; and, on the part of Rurnboweand i t s dependenc ies , and sa id Ra jah A1 i , th ; panghu lu , andAmpat Sukus.
2 , In token o f the good w i l l and d ispos i t ion o f thesupreme Government o f Br i t i sh Ind ia , as we l l as ind ispos i -t ion to g rasp a t the possess ion o f nore te r r i to ry than canfa i r l y be c la imed f rom long es tab l i shed cus tom and usage,beyond the poss ib i l i t y o f m isapprehens ion , they hereby wa ivea l l c la im tha t migh t be urged to the obed ience o f the Rum-bownese, as sub jec ts o f the Br i t i sh Government , founded onformer treat ies between them and the Dutch Governrnent, andare p leased, f rom th is da te to cance l such in te rpre ta t ion ,and to t rea t w i th the au thor i t ies o f Rumbowe and i t s depen-denc ies as an independent S ta te .
A r t i c l e i
The supreme Government of Br i t ish India hereby acknow-ledge Ra jah AI i , the Panghu lu , and Ampat Sukus , as the ch ie fso f Rumbowe and i t s dependenc ies .
A r t i c l e i i
The Engl ish and Rumbownese engage in fr iendship withmutual t ruth, s inceri ty and candour. The Rumbownese mustno t med i ta te o r commi t ev i l aga ins t the Eng l ish in anymanner . The Eng l ish must no t med i ta te o r comrn i t ev i lagainst the Rumbownese in any manner. The Rumbownese mustno t mo les t , a t tack , d is tu rb o r se ize any p lace , te r r i to ryor boundary be long ing to the Eng l ish . The Eng l ish must no tm o l e s t , a t t a c k , d i s t u r b , s e i z e o r t a k e a n y p 1 a c e , t e r r i t o r y ,or boundary, subject to the Rumbownese. The Rumbownesesha l l se t t le every rna t te r w i th in the Rumbownese boundar iesaccord ing to the i r own w i l l and cus tom.
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A r t i c l e i i i
Shou ld any p lace or count ry sub jec t to the Eng l ish doanything that may offend the Runbownese, the Rumbownesesha l1 no t go and in ju re such p lace or count ry , bu t sha l lf i r s t repor t the mat te r to the Eng l ish , who sha l l examinein to i t w i th t ru th and s incer i ty ; and i f the fau l t 1 iewi th the Eng l ishr the Eng l ish sha l l pun ish accord ing to thefau l t . Shou ld any p lace or count ry sub jec t to the Rumbow-nese do any th ing tha t may o f fend the Eng l ish , the Eng l ishsha l l no t go and in ju re such p lace or count ry , bu t sha1 lf i rs t repor t the na t te r to the Rumbownese, who w i l l examinein to i t w i th t ru th and s incer i ty , and i f the fau l t l i e w i ththe Rumbownese, the Rumbownese sha1l punish according tothe faul t . Should any Rumbownese place or country, thatis near an Eng l ish count ry , co l lec t a t any t ime an army,or f lee t o f boats , i f the Ch ie f o f the Eng l ish enqu i re theob jec t o f such fo rce , the Ch ie f o f the Rumbownese count rymust dec la re i t . Shou ld any . Eng l ish p lace or count ry , tha t i snear a Rumbownese count ry , co l lec t a t any t ime an arny , o ra f lee t o f boats , i f the Ch ie f o f the Rurnbownese count ryenqu i re the ob jec t o f such fo rce , the Ch ie f o f the Eng l ishcount ry must dec la re i t .
A r t i c l e i v
In p laces be long ing to the Rumbownese and Eng l ish , l y ingnear the i r mutua l borders , i f the Eng l ish en ter ta in a doubtas to any boundary tha t has no t been ascer ta ined, the Ch ie fon the s ide o f the Eng l ish must send a le t te r , w i th some menand people, to go and enquire fron the Runbohrnese Chief, whos h a l 1 d e p u t e s o m e o f h i s o f f i c e r s a n d p e o p l e t o g o w i t h t h emen be long ing to the Eng l ish Ch ie f , and po in t ou t and se t t lethe mutua l boundar ies , so tha t they may be ascer ta ined onboth s ides in a f r iendJ .y mat te r . I f the Rumbownese en ter ta ina doubt as to any boundary that has not been ascertai-ned, theChie f on the s ide o f the Rumbownese must send a le t te r , w i thsome men or peop le , to go and enqu i re f rom the Eng l ish Ch ie f ,who sha l l depute sone o f h is o f f i cers and peop le to go w i ththe nen be long ing to the Runbownese Ch ie f , and po in t ou t andset t le the mutua l boundar ies , so tha t they may be ascer ta inedon bo th s ides in a f r iend ly manner .
A r t i c l e v
Should any Rumbownese subjectw i th in the boundar ies o f the Eng l i
run away, and go and l ivesh, the Rurnbownese must not
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i n t rude, en ter , se ize or take such person w i th in the Eng l ishboundaries, but must report , and ask for him in a propermanner , and the Eng l ish sha l l be a t l iber ty to de l i ver theparty or not. Should any Engl ish subject run, and go andl ive within the boundaries of the Rumbownese, the Engl ishmust no t in t rude, en ter , se ize or take such person w i th inthe Rumbownese boundaries, but must report , and ask for hinin a proper manner, and the Rumbownese shal l be at l ibertyto de l i ver the par ty o r no t .
A r t i c l e v i
Merchants sub jec t to the Eng l ish , and the i r junks andboats, [aI have intercourse and trade with any Rumbownesecountry, and the Rumbownese wi l l a id and protect them, andpermi t them to buy and se l l "w i th fac i l i t y . Merchants sub jec tto the Rumbownese, and their boats and junks, may have inter-course and t rade w i th any Eng l ish count ry , and the Eng l ishwi l l a id and pro tec t them, and permi t them to buy and se l1wi th fac i l i t y . The Rumbownese des i r ing to go to an Eng l ishcountry, or the Engl ish desir ing to go to a Rumbownese coun-try, must conform to the custom of the place or country one i ther s ide ; shou ld they be ignorant o f the cus toms, theRumbownese or Engl ish 0ff icers must explain them. Rumbow-nese sub jec ts who v is i t an Eng l ish count ry must conduct them-se lves accord ing to the es tab l i shed laws o f the Eng l ish coun-t ry in every par t i cu la r . Eng l ish sub jec ts who v is i t a Rum-bownese country must conduct themselves according to the es-tab l i shed laws o f the Rumbownese countTy in every par t i cu la r .
A r t i c l e v i i
Ra jah A1 i , the Panghu lu , and Ampat Sukus , w i th a v iewto promote the sa fe ty o f t rade and nav iga t ion , sha11 no tto le ra te p i racy , bu t on the cont ra ry , they sha l l exer t the i rutmost efforts, by causing the offender to receive an exem-p la ry pun ishment , to suppress i t , and the Eng l ish w i l l dothe same.
A r t i c l e v i i i
That in the event o f the i r be ing appr ized o f any hos t i leunder tak ing be ing in contempla t ion , they sha l l endeavour todefea t the ob jec t o f the enemy and in fo rm the Eng l ish Ch ie fo f Ma lacca ins tan t ly o f the c i rcumstance.
The e igh t Ar t i c leslanguage, are concluded
of th is Trea ty , wr i t ten in the Malayanand agreed upon on the 30th November,
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1831; there are two cop ies , bo th sea led and a t tes ted by R.I b b e t s o n , E s Q . , o n t h e p a r t o f t h e E n g l i s h , a n d R a j a h A l i ,the Panghulu, and Ampat Sukus, on the part of Rumbowe andi ts dependenc ies ; another copy w i l l be t ransmi t ted fo r thera t i f i ca t ion o f the Governor -Geneta l o f Benga l , wh ich , whenre turned, a no te to tha t e f fec t sha1 l be fu r ther a f f i xed tothe two cop ies now a t tes ted , in token tha t i t i s to las t aslong as heaven and earth shal l endure. But the Treaty, inthe meant ime, i s to be scrupu lous ly ac ted on by bo th par t ies
266
R.t
t0asin
REMBAU TREATY of 28 January, 1832
A
Second Treaty of Fr iendship with Bri tain*
A Treaty made in fr iendship, to last as long as the Sunand Moon revo lve , be tween the Ru lers o f Ind ia under the Eng-l ish on the one part , and Rajah A1i, and the Panghulus) andthe eight Sukus rul ing over Rumbowe and i ts dependencies onthe o ther Dar t .
0n the par t o f the Eng l ish the Honourab le Rober t Ibbet -son Esq. , Res i -dent a t S ingapore , Pu lo Penang, and Malacca,and dependencies, and on the part of Rumbowe and i ts depen-denc ies Ra jah A1 i , and the Panghu lus and the e igh t Sukus ,that these countr ies, both those under the Engl ish and underthe Ch ie fs , may hereaf te r be ru led w i th jus t i ce , and accord-ing to the i r severa l cus toms, and no t to in f r inge upon ther igh ts o f each o ther .
The Engl ish Governnent by these presents cancel andannul al l former Treat ies and Agreements made between Rumboweand the Dutch Government, and the present Government of theEngl ish, and make this Treaty with the Rurnbowe Chiefs as aGovernment o f i t se l f , exc lud ing a l l o thers .
F i rs t l y - 0n the par t o f the Eng l ish Government theyhereby acknowledge Rajah Al i and the present Panghulu ande igh t Sukus as the ru le rs o f Rumbowe and i t s dependenc ies .
Secondly - The Engl ish Government and that of Rurnbowedo hereby forn a fr lendship to last for ever, and the RumboweGovernnent w i l l never do any th ing o f fens ive aga ins t theEng l ish Government , and the Eng l ish Government p romise ontheir part to be equal ly fr iendly towards the Governnent ofRumbowe, e i ther by a t tack ing each o ther , o r tak ing possess ionof the ten i to r ies o f e i ther par ty .
The Rumbowe Government w i l l be a t l iber ty to ru le w i th ini ts own te r r i to r ies accord ing to the laws and usages o f tha tcount ry .
Th i rd ly - I f , in any o f the p laces under the Eng l ishGovernment , they shou ld i11- t rea t any peop le o f Rumbowe, theGovernment of Runbowe sha1l not at tack or f ight against thatp1ace, but the Runbowe Government wi l l f i rst inform the Eng-l i sh Government o f i t , who w i l l enqu i re in to the causes andsee tha t jus t i ce be done - i f the fau l t l i es on the par t o f
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the Eng l ish , jus t i ce sha1 l be accorded accord ing to the Eng-l ish Law; and i f the same should happen on the part of theRumbowe peop le , towards tha t o f the sub jec ts o f the Eng l ish ,the Eng l ish Government sha11 no t take upon i t se l f to a t tackor des t roy tha t count ry , bu t sha l l , in the f i rs t p lace , ac-quai"nt the Rumbowe Chiefs of the aggression and the Chiefsof Rumbowe sha11 inquire into the causes and do just ice,and i f the fau l t l i es on the par t o f the Rumbowe peop le ,they shal l be puni"shed according to the nagnitude of theiro f f e n c e s .
Should any of the places in the neighbourhood of theEng l ish te r r i to r ies be prepar j -ng fo r war fa re by assenb l ingmen or vessels, and should the Engl ish Government enquirethe cause o f do ing so , the Ch ie fs o f Rumbowe sha l1 s ta te thereasons for doing so; on the part of the Engl ish Governmentthey promise to do the same to Runbowe.
Fourthly - With regard to the boundaries which dividethe terr i tor ies of Runbowe frorn those of the Engl ish, shouldthe la t te r be a t a loss to f ind ou t the exac t p laces , theperson govern ing on the par t o f the Eng l ish w i l l wr i te andsend persons on their part to Rumbowe, and the lat ter wi l lsend the i r o f f i cers , and the sa id o f f i cers fo r bo th par t ieswi l l ascer ta in the boundar ies , and se t t le them on the mostamicab le te rms; shou ld the Government o f Rumbowe be s imi la r lys i tua ted , and w ish to ascer ta in the exac t boundar ies , theywj -1 l ac t in the same manner , and send the i r o f f i cers to theEng l ish Government , who w i l l in the same manner go to thespot , and ascer ta in the same in the most f r iend ly manner .
Fi f thly - Should any of the inhabitants of Rumbowe runaway to the te r r i to r ies o f the Eng l ish Government , i t w i l lnot be lawful for any Rumbowe people to fol low and seizethem wi th in the Eng l ish te r r i to r ies , bu t the Rumbowe peop lecan give information and demand them of the Engl i -sh Govern-ment i -n a proper nanner, and the Engl ish can del iver up orno t , as they nay th ink p roper .
I f , on the o ther hand, any Eng l ish inhab i tan ts shou ld goand se t t le in the Rumbowe count r ies , the Eng l ish may no tfo l low and se ize such wh i ls t in the Rurnbowe te r r i to ry , bu tthe Engl ish shal l give information and demand then in af r iend ly manner , and the peop le o f Rumbowe wi l l de l i ver themup or no t , as may be deemed proper .
Sixthly - Engl ish merchants in wangkangs and ptorr6 ""r tt rade backwards and forwards in any of the Rumbowe terr i tor ies,
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and the Rumbowe Government shal1 assist such traders, sothat they can traff ic wi- thout danger, and Rumbowe traders inwangkangs and prows can trade in any Engl ish Ports, and theEngl ish Government shal1 protect them. When any Rumbowepeop le w ish to go to p laces under the Eng l ish , o r , on theother hand, any Eng l ish w ish to go to p laces under Rumbowe,they sha11 be gu ided by the cus toms and usages o f thosep laces , and shou ld they , on e i ther par t , be ignorant o f suchcus toms and usages, the Of f i cers o f such p laces sha11 in fo rmthem; further, al l inhabitants of Rumbowe who go to placesunder the Eng l ish Government , sha l l be gu ided by the orderstha t they may have g iven to them in those d is t r i c ts , and theEng l ish inhab i tan ts who may go to p laces under Rumbowe sha l1a l s o d o t h e s a m e .
Seventh ly - Ra jah A l i , the Panghu lu and the e igh t Sukussha l l no t a1 low p i ra tes to remain in the i r por ts , bu t do a l lin the i r power to g ive sa fe ty to t raders , thereby des t roy ingthese ev i l -d isposed peop le , and the Eng l ish on the i r par tsha1 l p romise to do the same.
E igh th ly - I f Ra jah A1 i , the Panghu lu and the e igh tSukus sha l l hear o f any ac ts o f the enemy, they sha l l do a l lin the i r power to p revent the i r car ry ing them in to execut ion ,and sha l l g ive in fo rmat ion o f the sane.
These e igh t s t ipu la t ions are wr i t ten in the Malay lan-guage, and are se t t led and de termined upon on the 28 thJanuary , 1832, equa l to the Arab ic ca lcu la t ion o f the 18 thday o f Shaban, 1247, and two cop ies o f the same tenor anddate , sea led and acknowledged by Rober t Ibbetson, Esq. , onthe par t o f the Eng l ish Government and Ra jah A l i , the Panghu luand e igh t Sukus on the par t o f Rumbowe and i t s dependenc ies .
Another copy o f th is Trea ty sha1 l be made and sent toBengal for the purpose of being approved of by the RightHonourab le the Governor -Genera l , and when the sane sha l l bere turned and conf i rmed, no t ice sha l1 be made o f i t in wr i -t ing in these two cop ies , tha t they may never be changed andmay be l i te ra l1y in te rpre ted as long as the wor ld may las t .
Fur ther , these Engagements sha1 l be fo l lowed in goodfa i th by the cont rac t ing par t ies .
R . I B B E T S O N ,Res ident o f S ingapore , Pr inceo f W a l e s I s l a n d a n d M a l a c c a
Signature and sea l o f
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W i t n e s s e s
S e a l o fMark of
Mark ofMark ofMark ofMark ofMark ofMark ofMark ofMark of
W . T . L E W I S ,Ass is tan t Res ident
J . B. WESTERHOUT
SYED (SHERIF) SHMBANLELA MAHARAJAH,Penghulu of Rembau
We, Rober t Ibbetson Esq. , Governor in Counc i l o f Pu loPenang, S ingapore and Malacca, Samuel Gar l ing , Esq. , Res identCounc i l lo r o f Ma lacca, on the par t o f the Eng l ish Eas t Ind iaCompany, and the Eang de per Tuan Besar of Rumbowe, RajahAl i , and the Eang de per Tuan Muda Sheri f Saban bin IbrahimA1-Kadaree, together w i th the Datu Panghu lus Le lah Mahara jah ,and Sed iah Ra jah , and the Datus , e igh t Sukus o f Rumbowe, v iz , ,Datu Gampar Maharajah, Datu Marrabangsa, Datu Sangsoera,Datu Bangsah Ba l lang, Datu Saumia Ra ja , Datu Andekah, DatuMandaleka and Datu Sendah Maharajah, who are at this presentda te about to se t t le the boundar ies be tween the te r r i to ry o fMalacca and that of Rumbowe, which is done with the mutualconsent o f the par t ies so assembled , and the sa id boundar iesa r e f i x e d a s s t a t e d b e l o w , a s f o l l o w s : -
First ly - From the mouth of the River Jenni to BukitBertam, frorn thence to Bukit Jelootong, from thence to BukitPutus, f rom thence to Jegrat Kanchee, from thence to LubboTa l lahn, f rom thence to Dusoon Pr in jee , f rom thence to DrsoonKahpur , f rom thence to Boo loo Sanka l , f rom thence to Buk i t pu tus
The above are the boundaries between Rumbowe and Malacca,wh ich we have ascer ta ined w i th s incer i ty , and to be so longas the Moon and Sun exist , between the Engl ish Conpany andRumbowe. They are never to be a l te red , nor can th is Deedbe a l te red f rom what has been se t fo r th above.
Further - From thenceforth whosoever should be at thehead oFJhE-Covernnent of Malacca, or that of Rumbowe, theywi l l respec t and fo11ow the Engagement here in made.
Fur ther - F rom th is da te , w€, the two cont rac t ing par -t ies,-Ei i i lT-a11 former Engagements and Deeds regarding theboundaries of Malacca and Rumbowe.
Th is Engagement i s made in dup l i ca te , bo th o f the sametenor and date, the one to renain with the Malacca Government,and the other with Rumbowe.
Wr i t ten by Abdu lN a n i n g , i n t h e v i l l a g eLord 1833, on the 9 th1 2 4 8 , o n t h e l 9 t h d a y
Wahid b in Abdu l rahman o f Ma lacca, a to f Sunge i -Soopoot , in the year o f Our
day of January, and in the Malay yearof the month Shaban.
271
Seal and S ignature o f R. IBBETSON,9Governor , S t ra i ts Set t lements
Signature of
Sea l o f RAJA ALI ,Besar o f
Mark ofMark ofMark ofMark ofMark ofMark ofMark ofMark of
l .
Dato GEMPADato IUIARABANGSADAIO SANGSURADato BANGSA BALANGDAIO SAUMIA RAJADAIO ANDIKADAIO MENDELIKADAIO SENDA
SAMUEL GARLING,Res ident Counc i I lo r , Ma lacca
Yang d i -Per tuan Sea l c f SYED (SHERIF)Rembauru SHAABAN, Yang-
d i -Per tuanMuda of Rembau
Seal of Penghulu LELA MAFI,ARAJAH Mark of Penghulu SEDIARAJA1 1
Witnesses MATTHEW P00LE,L ieu tenant ,Quarter Master General I s Department
J . T . N E W B O L D ,25rd Madras Light Infantry
J .E . WESTERHOUT
FOOTNOTES
W e h a v e f o l l o w e d M . 6 G . , p p . 3 9 - 4 2 , i n t a k i n g t h i s t r a n s -lat ion fron T.J. Newbold, PoLit ieal and Stat ist iealAeeount of the British SettLements in the Sty,aits ofMaLaeca, London, 1839.
P r o v e n a n c e : M . & G . , p p . 4 3 - 4 5 .
I t i s no t shown in M.& G. whose sea ls and s ignatureswere attached to the docurnent but presumably they werethose o f Ra ja A l i , the Penghu lu Le la Mahara ja and thefour sukus s ince the t rea ty was la te r ra t i f ied . Theymay we l l have been exc ised la te r on when the 1852 Treatywas s i -gned by a d i f fe ren t l i s t on the Malay s ide .
4 . Provenance: A i tch ison, Trea t ies , I , pp .415-20. TheMalay ( jaw i ) o r ig ina ls o f the 1832 and 1853 Rembau
?
5 .
272
Treat ies are now in the possession of the descendantso f Ra ja A l i . We have no t been ab le to see these docu-ments , wh ich , we are to ld , a re very f rag i le , bu t weare indebted to Tan Sri Mubin Sheppard who has sent usphotographs of the documents and seals. These photo-graphs a lso i l l us t ra te John Gu l l i ck 's a r t i c le in JMBRAS,49, i i (1976) , though tha t o f the 1832 Treaty fac ingpage 28 has been incor rec t ly cap t ioned: t rT rea ty be tweenRenbau and the Br i t i sh in November 1851r r .
5 . M.& G. and the Malay or ig ina l g ive I 'panghu lus i l here bu trfpanghulutr in Art ic les vi i and vi i i . Though two Penghu-lus s igned the Trea ty o f 1833 on ly one was a par ty toth is agreement .
6. r?Wangkangs and prows" (prahus) - ie Chinese junks andM a l a y b o a t s .
7. Though the photographic copy of the Malay or iginal( i t se l f very worn) i s ind is t inc t , i t wou ld appear tha tth ree par t ies p laced sea ls on th is t rea ty : Ibbetson,R a j a A l i a n d S y e d S h a a b a n . M . G G . , p . 4 8 , o m i t l b b e t s o n ' ssea l and c red i t Ra ja A l i w i th a r rnark r r on ly ; moreover ,the la t te r i s ambiguous ly p laced as though i t cou ldre fe r to r rPenghu lu Le la Mahara ja ' r .
8 . P r o v e n a n c e : M . & G . , p p . 2 0 8 - 9 . T h e N I a T a y U a w i ) o r i g i n a li s i n t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f t h e d e s c e n d a n t s o f R a j a A l i ,see no te 4 above.
9. The signature and seal of Ibbetson appear on the or igirala t the head o f the t rea ty .
10 . The sea l o f Ra ja A l i i s much c learer here than on the1852 Treaty . I t i s in te res t ing to no te tha t Ra ja A1 ipresunes to descr ibe h imse l f as "Su l tan t r .
I I . M.6 C. re fe r here to l t the sea ls o f the two Panghu lusr lbu t on ly the sea l o f the Penghu lu Le la Mahara ja , theUndang of Rembau, appears on the Malay version.
2'r3
Note on the Rembau Agreements o f 1877 (March and September ) ,
B y t h e e a r l y 1 8 7 0 s R a j a A l i r s f a m i l y h a d s u n k i n t o o b -scur i ty bu t a son o f the la te Syed Shaaban, Syed Han id ,t r ied to es tab l i sh h is au thor i ty in Rembau as c la imant tothe t i t le Yam Tuan Muda. Although Rembau had been indepen-dent o f any o ther S ta te s ince the d is in tegra t ion o f theNegr i Sembi lan confedera t ion , i t was d iv ided by a tuss le be-tween the Yam Tuan Muda, o r ra ther the c la imant to tha t t i t le ,and the Dato Penghu lu , Ha j j - Sah i l . I t seems tha t in o rderto fu r ther h is a im Syed Hamid sponsored Ha j i Mustapha asUndang of Renbau and/or supported the aspirat ions of TengkuAntah of Sr i Menant i to be recognised in Rembau as Yam TuanBesar . I {a j i Sah i1 , however , s tood in oppos i t ion to SyedH a m i d t s c l a i m s , h i s s p o n s o r s h i p o f H a j i M u s t a p h a a n d h i ssupport for Tunku Antah. Haj i Sahi l even disputed SyedHamidrs pos i t ion in Tampin . Now Ha j i Sah i l was a p ro t6g6of the Mahara ja o f Johore , and a t th is t ime i t was the po l i cyo f Governor Jervo is to subord ina te the Negr i Sembi lan Sta tes(except Sunge i U jong) to the Ru ler o f Johore . I t i s no tsurpr is ing , then, tha t Ha j i Sah i l won th is round and on 31March 1877 a t rea ty was s igned be tween Jervo is , Abu Bakarand Sah i1 , in wh ich Ha j i Sah i l under took to ru le Rembaupeacefu l l y and to re fe r d ispu tes to the Mahara ja (RembauTreaty o f March 1877) . H is pos i t ion as Dato Rembau wasstrengthened when he ceded Sirnpang to the Strai ts Governmentin September of the same year (Rembau Treaty of September1877) . In 1880 Ha j i Sah i l was emboldened (perhaps encouragedby Johore and Ac t ing Governor Anson) to a t tack Syed Hamidin Tampin.
As soon as he ar r i ved in the St ra i ts Set t lements , Weld( G o v e r n o r , 1 8 8 0 - 8 7 ) o r d e r e d S a h i l r s i n v a s i o n t o c e a s e . T h e nhe se t about revers ing Jervo is t po l i cy towards the Sta tes o fNegr i Sernb i lan . The new governor took except ion to thepos i t ion wh ich the Mahara ja o f Johore had a t ta ined in theaf fa i rs o f Negr i Sembi lan and he was de termined tha t theMalay ru le rs o f tha t reg ion shou ld accept Br i t i sh "gu idancer ' .With regard to Rembau, where the feud between Hamid and Sahi lcon t inued to smou lder , Weld was no t a t f i r s t p repared to takethe part of Syed Hamid even though Harnid was considered apoten t ia l suppor te r o f the Br i t i sh whereas Sah i l was the ack-nor*led,ged, dependant oi Jobrore. lndeed, the programme forthe pacif icat ion of Rembau, which l ' r leId suggested in Decernber1882, ind ica tes the weakness (a t leas t in Br i t i sh eyes) o fSyed Hamidrs lega l pos i t ion no t on ly in Rembau but in Tampina s w e l l :
274
We might qu ie ten rna t te rs by conf i rm ing Syed Hamid 'st i t le to Tampin and Kru , by ourse lves g iv i -ng h im com-pensat ion fo r losses incur red in consequence o f theat tack on h im, nade w i th the tac i t sanc t ion o f theA c t i n g G o v e r n o r . . . W e m i g h t , i f a l l c o n s e n t e d , b u ya piece of land cutt ing off Tampin from Rembau, betweenMalacca and Sunge i U jong. . . de fer r ing the Yam Tuan Mudaquest ion and dec la r ing our mora l suppor t fo r Ha j i Sah i1 ,ask the peop le to g ive h im a fu r ther t r ia l wh ich mayprobably be accompanied by our sending an off icerf rom t ime to t ime to adv ise and see tha t jus t i ce bedone, and so fa r as poss ib le , tha t the revenue bemore equ i tab ly used and d is t r ibu ted . Our in te r -fe rence wou ld be as l i t t1e as poss ib le bu t i t m igh tmend mat te rs . . . i f the Dato Penghu lu accepted th isgu idance. 1*
However , when Weld rea l i sed tha t F Ia j i Sah i l wou ld beun l ike ly to accept Br i t i sh ' rgu idance" and when he was in -fo rmed by the Res ident Counc i l lo r , Ma lacca, tha t "most o fthe people of Rembaui l favoured Syed Hamid as their I 'ChiefRa jahr r , Weld was ready to r r recogn ize the r igh t o f Syed Hamidto l ive in Rernbau" qrd prepared to compensate Haj i Sahi lf rom St ra i ts funds . l Weld , a rmed w i th in fo rna t ion ga theredb y D . F . A . H e r v e y , R e s i d e n t C o u n c i l l o r o f M a l a c c a , h a s t e n e dto conv ince the Co lon ia l Of f i ce o f the necess i ty fo r in te r -vent ion in Renbau on beha l f o f Syed Hamid . He used themurder (car r ied ou t apparent ly a t the ins t iga t ion o f Ha j iSah i l ) o f one o f Hamid fs suppor te rs as the f ina l a rgument towin London round to h is new course .
At the end o f March 1883, Weld summoned to Ma lacca a l lin te res ted par t i -es : - Syed Hamid , Ha j i Sah i1 , Ha j i Mustapha,and 23 out of the 24 ent i t led to elect the Undang of Rembau.H e a l s o i n v i t e d t o t h i s m e e t i n g R a j a I d r i s o f P e r a k , R a j aKahar b in Su l tan Ismai l o f Se langor , Tengku Antah (Yang D i -Per tuan Besar o f Sr i Menant i ) , the Dato K lana and Dato Shah-bandar o f Sunge i U jong, the Dato Muda o f L ingg i , the Br i t i shRes idents o f Sunge i U jong and Se langor , and the Res identCounc i l lo r o f Ma lacca. "Such an assembly o f Tepresenta t ivesof severa l Ma lay Sta tes to dea l w i th the a f fa i rs o f one Sta tewas unprecedented . "3 In the presence o f th is augus t ga ther -ing , Weld d isavowed Jervo is r Trea ty o f 1877.4 However , hed id no t , as he had once in tended, appo in t a Br i t i - sh Res identto Rembau. Moreover , he d id no t rep lace Ha j i Sah i l by SyedHamid or even by Ha j i Mustapha, who had been in Hamidrs camp.Certainly Sahi l was deposed on grounds of misgovernment(Ar t i c le i o f Rembau Treaty o f 1883) bu t , ' the Datohs and
275
ch ie f men who have the r igh ts o f e lec t ing the Penghu lu"chose, w i th the Governor rs approva l , one Serun b in Sa id in( A r t i c l e i i J .
Syed Harn id 's c la i rns to Rembau had been re jec ted . Pos-s ib ly he was found to be i -ne l ig ib le accord ing to Rembau cus-tom. A t any ra te he s igned the 1885 agreement w i th thedes ignat ion "Ra ja o f Tampin" . When he met Weld on 11 June1883, the Governor refused to restore him to Rernbau and, whenWeld concluded a second agreement with the chiefs of Rembauon 17 September 1887, Syed Hamid was no t ca l led to s ign th isdocument (Rembau Treaty o f f887) . I t seems tha t Weld wasanxious that Hamid be regarded as a non-Rembau chief. SyedHan id was, however , conpensated w i th the award o f Inas ,Gemencheh and Johol whose administrat ion was transfemedfron Tengku Antah to Syed Hamid "of Tampin" in the presenceof the Governor. However, as Weld's memorandum on the meet-ing makes plain, Hamid acquired nothing approaching sover-e ign ty over the th ree te r r i to r ies . The ch ie fs o f the areasinvolved are said to have accepted the arrangement at thet ine but the Penghulu of Johol later withdrew his support andthrea tened Hamidrs l i fe i f he were ever to come to Joho1.Weld ascr ibed th is to the in f luence o f Johore wh ich la idc la im to Joho l (see Notes on the 1884 Joho l Agreement p .247and the Sr i Menant i Agreement o f 1883 p .286) .
A f te r Syed Han id 's d iscomf i tu re in 1883 i t seerns henever revived his bid for Rembau. Indeed, Tampin was subse-quent ly regarded by the Bri t ish as separate fron Renbau andother S ta tes ; i t s Ru ler s igned the 1889 Negr i Senb i lanAgreement (p .323) , the 1895 Federa t ion Trea ty (p .558) anda l l la te r docunents a f fec t ing Negr i Sembi lan , as a s ignatoryin his own r ight. But uncertainty renains as to what exact lythi-s I ' r ight" was, and the issue is compounded by the oni-ssionof any mark, s ignature or seal f rom the representat ive ofTampin on the 1895 Negri Sembilan Agreement (p.324) eventhough Tampin is spec i f i ca l l y ment ioned in i t s tex t .
FOOTNOTES
E. Th io , Br i t i sh Po l icg in the Malag Pen insu la , vo l . I ,p p . 3 2 - 3 .
Gu l I i . ck , "The Tampin Success ion" , p . 13 .
Weld reasoned tha t , because the e igh t sukus whose assent
)
/1
276
5 .
6 .
was required by custorn had not part ic ipated in the 1887cont rac t , tha t agreement remained inva l id (see Weld tsnote o f 6 Apr . 1883 appended to March 1877 Treaty ) .
C O 2 7 3 / 1 2 1 , W e l d t o C 0 , 8 J u l y 1 8 8 3 .
C O 2 7 3 / 1 2 6 , W e l d t o C 0 , 1 0 J a n . 1 8 8 4 .
277
REMBAU TREATY o f 31 March , 1877
J e r v o i s ' T r e a t y ( i n v a l i d a t e d b y W e t d ) l *
(Trans la t ion)
Whereas on the above-ment ioned da te I , Datoh RembauLe la Mahara jah , came and presented nyse l f be fore H i .s Exce l -lency the Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t lements fo r mak ingth is agreement fo r g iv ing qu ie tness and peace to the count ryw h i c h I r u l e .
My w ish is to s tay qu ie t l y in my own count ry ,and I dec la re tha t I w i l l never cause anyt roub le to the ne ighbour ing count r ies , v iz .Sunge i U jong, Je lebu, Sr i Menant i , Jempol ,Joho l and the o ther p laces wh ich were jo inedto Sri Menant i , and under the rule of YamtuanAntah.
And I a lso dec la re tha t i f good peop le w ishto t rade in my count ry as Malays , Ch inese orany o ther na t iona l i t ies they can do so f ree lya n d t h e y w i l l n e v e r b e b a d l y t r e a t e d b y m e .
And I a lso pron ise tha t i f any d ispute ar isein my own country or in the neighbouringc o u n t r i e s w h i c h I m a y n o t b e a b l e t o s e t t l e ,I des i re to ask adv ice and ins t ruc t ions f romHis H ighness the Mahara ja o f Johor .
2 .
S ignature
Sea l and S ignature
S ignature
Y\rM. F. DRUMMOND JERVOIS,Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t lements
ABU BAKAR,Mahara ja o f Johore ( in jau i sc r ip t )
I ]AJ I SAHIL ,Dato Renbau Lela Maharaj a ( in j .aui
scrr.pt .)
[Th is Trea ty i s no t s igned by the e igh t Suku Datohs o fRembau and no th ing can be more cer ta in than tha t the i r s ig -na ture , o r a t a l l events tha t o f a la rge major i t y o f them,is essent ia l to the va l id i ty o f any t rea ty o r engagementpro fess ing to dea l w i th the r igh ts o r in te res ts o f the Sta teof Rembau.
Signature FRED A. I \ 'ELD,Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t lements
A p r i l 6 t h . r 8 8 3 . l .* For foo tno tes see P.283-
278
REMBAU DOCUMENT of 27 September, 1877.)
Cession of Land at Simpang-
(Trans lat ionl
Whereas I , Ha j i Sae l Dato Rembau Le la Mahara jah w i thal l the Lembagas or Sukus (Chiefs) whose names are at thefoo t o f th is , now be ing the Ru lers o f Rembau and a l l i t sdependenc ies , dec la re tha t a p iece o f land ca l led S impangwhich be longs to me and a l l the Lembagas, conta in ing an areaof 94 acres and 6 po les as per p lan a t tached. That on th isday I and al l the Lembagas have with pleasure handed overth is sa id p iece o f land to the Government o f H.M. the QueenHer He i rs and Successors .
No one for the future can claim thissa id land; fo r i t i s qu i te t rue and c learthat I have hereunto f ixed my seal andsigned my_name together with the Lembagasor Sukus . J
Dated the 27 th September , 1877 .
Sea l o f theDATO REMBAULELA MAHARAJA
279
REMBAU TREATY of 31 March, 1883
W e l d ' s F i r s t T r e a t y 4
(Trans lat ion)
Whereas many dissensions have ar isen in the country ofRembau and the people of Renbau are constant ly complainingto the Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t lements say ing tha t theo1d customs are not fol lowed and that many things which arenot r ight are al lowed and that many cr imes have been commit-ted without the offenders being punished and are consequent lyd issa t is f ied w i th the present s ta te o f a f fa i rs , a l1 the ch ie fmen and Datohs who are ent i t led to have a voice in the matterhave met at Malacca on the date nent ioned hereafter.
1 . I t i s c lear tha t Ha j i Sae l the Penghu lu o f Rembaudoes not regard the o1d customs and const i tut ion of Rembauand has done many things which are not at al l r ight and manyDatohs and people of Rembau do not want to obey Haj i Saelany longer: on this account the Datohs and chief men ofRernbau with the approval of the Governor have deposed Haj iSae l who no longer cont inues to be Penghu lu o f Rembau.
2. The Datohs and chief men who have the r ights ofe lec t ing the Penghu lu have agreed to choose Seron b in S id inas Penghulu of Rembau and His Excel lency the Governor onbeha l f o f the Br i t i sh Government has recogn ised Seron b inS id in as Penghu lu a fo resa id .
3 . Whenever there is t roub le o r d issens ion in the coun-try of Rembau, the Penghulu and Datohs and other inhabitantso f Rembau des i re to make re fe rence to H is Exce l lency theGovernor o f the St ra i ts Set t lements , and whatever dec is ionrnay be g iven by the Governor , a l l the persons who have s ignedtheir names at the end of this Agreement wi l l accept ando b e y .
q
Signature" FRED A. WELD,Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t lements
W i t n e s s D . F . A . H E R V E Y ,R e s i d e n t C o u n c i l l o r , M a l a c c a
Mark o f Dato Penghu lu Sed ia Ra jah SERUN BIN SAIDINMark of Dato Gempa Maharaj a AMINMark of Dato Mer Bangsa SALLEHMark of Dato Sangsura Pahlawan HAJI JAYAHSignature of Bangsa Balang HAJI ABDUL KARIM
280
Mark ofMark ofMark ofMark ofMark ofMark of
SignatureSignature
Signature
Signature
SignatureSignatureSignature
Dato Sri Maharaj a LEI,{ANDato Senda Maharaja DOLAHDato Andika SHARIFDato Mendel ika BAKARDato Mende l ika SAHIL6TENGKU ANTAH,Yang d i -Per tuan Besar o f Sr i Menant iof RAJA IDRIS BIN ISKANDAR of Perakof RAJA KAHAR BIN YANG DI-PERTUAN SFLANGOR,
Agent of Sultan ABIJUL SAMAD of Selangorof RAJA LAUT BIN SULTAN ABDUL SAII,IAD Of
Se langorof SFTARIF (SYED) HAMil l BIN SFIARIF (SYED)
SHAABAN AL-KADRI of Tampinof Dato Klana MOFIAMED YUSOF of Sungei Ujongof Dato Bandar AHMAD of Sungei Ujongof the DATO MUDA LINGGI
Dated a t Ma lacca on 3 1 s t D a y o f M a r c h , 1 8 8 3 .
281
REMBAU TREATY of 17 SePtember, 1887'7
Weld 's Second Treaty '
Memorandun of Agreement between His Excel lency Sir FrederickA l o y s i u s W e 1 d , G . C . M . G . , G o v e r n o r a n d C o m m a n d e r - i n - C h i e f o fthe Colony of the Strai ts Sett lernents, and the Datoh PenghuluSed ia Ra ia and Ch ie fs o f Rembau.
1. That the Datoh Penghulu and Chiefs of Renbau agreeto leave a l l Revenue ques t ions to H is Exce l lency the Gover -nor rs Of f i cer , who w i l l a t the same t ime consu l t w i th Penghu luand Ch ie fs in Counc i l on a l l S ta te mat te rs o f impor tance.
2 . That the Penghu lu and h is Ch ie fs sha l l g ive everyass is tance in the i r power to H is Exce l lency the Governor rsOf f i cer in a l l ques t ions o f Revenue and Po l ice admin is t ra t ionin carrying out al l the forms prescr ibed by the Rembau Courte i ther c iv i l o r c r im ina l .
3 . That the cont ro l o f a l l du t ies on tap ioca , pe f 'per ,gambier , co f fee and t in , together w i th the fa rm ren ts , shou ldbe abso lu te ly le f t to the Of f i cer appo in ted by H is Exce l lencythe Governor ; in the case o f du t ies to be co l lec ted f romwaste 1ands, ques t ions regard ing the admin is t ra t ion o f ances-tral occupied lands to be carr ied out only with the Penghului n C o u n c i l .
4 . That H j -s Exce l lency the Governor sha l l se lec t suchOf f i cers as he deems adv isab le to ass is t in the adrn in is t ra t ionof the Sta te o f Rembau.
5 . That in cons idera t ion o f the exac t fu l f i lment by theDato Penghulu and Chiefs of the State of Rembau of the aboveparagraphs , H is Exce l lency the Governor agrees tha t one- th i rdof the total yearly Revenue should be paid to the Datoh Pen-ghulu in Counci l once every three months and that the Penghulusha l l fu rn ish a l i s t showing the compara t ive par t i c ipa t ion o feach individual Chief in the Revenues of the State in absoluteaccordance w i th the cons t i tu t ion r igh ts o f each Ch ie f .
Sea l and S ignature o f FRED A. WELD,Governor o f the St ra i tsSet t l ements
Seal of DATO PENGHULU SEDIA RAJA of Rembau
282
2 .
7
Mark or Signature of DATO PERBAMark or Signature of DATO MENTRI LELA PERKASAS
Wi tnesses MARTIN L ISTER,Co l lec to r and Mag is t ra te , Sr i Menant iLEOP. CAZALAS
Signed on the 17 th day o f September , 1887, cor respond-i n g t o t h e 2 8 t h D a y o f D o l h i j a , A . H . 1 3 0 4 .
FOOTNOTES
Provenance: Treaties and )then Papez,s.1 8 8 8 , p . 4 .
, S ingapore ,
I b i d . , p . 5 .
Accord ing to Tv ,ea t ies and ) ther Papers and M.& G. , p .49 ,no names of lembagas or sukus appeared on the or iginalt r e a t y . T h i s f a c t , b y W e l d r s o w n c o n f e s s i o n ( s e e p r e -v ious t rea ty ) , wou ld seem to inva l ida te i t .
P r o v e n a n c e : M . & G . , p p . 5 0 - 5 1 . T h e t e x t d i - f f e r s f r o mt h a t c o n t a i n e d i n W e l d r s r e p o r t t o t h e L e g i s l a t i v eC o u n c i l o f 4 A p r . a n d ' h i s d e s p a t c h t o t h e C 0 o f 7 A p r .w h i c h r e a d s a s f o l l o w s : -
f '1 . Whereas d i f f i cu l t ies have ar isen in Rembau andthe peop le o f Rembau have repeated ly compla ined to theGovernment o f the St ra i ts Set t lements tha t the i r o1dcus toms were no t be ing fo l1owed, tha t in jus t i ce wasdone, cr imes committed without due punishment of thegu i l t y , and genera l l y they were no t sa t is f ied w i thpresent a r rangenents - a l l the Ch ie fs hav ing now assem-b led a t Ma lacca on th is da te and i t hav ing been madeev ident tha t the Penghu lu o f Rembau, Ha j i Sah i l , d is re -gards the es tab l i shed cus toms and laws o f Rembau, andhas commi t ted many un jus t i f ied ac ts , and many o f h isHeadmen and Ch ie fs a re de termined no longer to fo1 lowh is ru le - they do now, w i th the consent o f the Govern-ment , depose Ha j i Sah i l , and he is no longer Penghu luof Rembau.' r2 . The e lec t i ve Ch ie fs and peop le o f Rembau do now un-an imous ly se lec t Serun b in Sa id in to be Penghu lu o fRembau, and H is Exce l lency the Governor , on beha l f o fthe Br i t i sh Government , hereby acknowledges Serun b inSa id in to be the Penghu lu o f Rembau.
4 .
283
r ' 3 . I n a L 1 c a s e s o f d i f f i c u l t y o r d i f f e r e n c e , t h eSignator ies to this engagement agree to refer to theGovernor of the Strai ts Sett lernents, and to abide byh i s d e c i s i o n .r r4 . I t i s hereby agreed by a l l whose sea ls o r s ignaturesare aff ixed to this docunent, that they wi l l abide bythe te rms o f th is engagement , and w i l l nu tua l l y ass is tin maintaining i ts provisions and in punishing anyonewho cont ravenes any o f the sa id a r t i c les . t t
The s ignatures and sea ls on th is t rea ty gave been d is -cussed by Gu l l i ck ( "The Tanp in Success io f l " , pp .16-17)who comments: -
rThere then fo l low ( in Weld fs despatch) the s ignaturesor seals of ten Rembau chiefs and of eight other Malayrepresenta t ives , p re faced by Weldrs s ignature as Gover -nor . The pr in ted tex t o f the Leg is la t i ve Councr l p ro-ceed ings wh ich is incorpora ted in Weldrs despatch isincomplete and certain addit ions were made in manuscriptwhen the text was sent to London. These manuscriotaddit ions are underLined :-
tr f approvei l( S i g n e d ) F r e d . A . W e l d
Governor and Cornmander in Chief S.S.( S i g n e d ) D . F . A . H e r v e y
Res ident Counc i l lo r o f Ma lacca
' t1. . The Datuk Penghulu 1. The Yam Tuan of Sr ielect, Datuk Penghulu Menanti , Antahsed ia Ra ja , serun b in , . The ch ie f Judge o f perak ,Syed ls ie l Dr is
i lSignature or marks ofthe Datuk of Rembauil
rr2. The Datuk GempaMaharaja Anin
fr5. The Datuk MerbangsaSa1 leh
rr4. The Datuk SangsaraPahlawan Jait
r '5. The Datuk BangsaBalang Abdul Karim
'16 . The Datuk Sr itrlaharaj a Leman
Signatures and marks of Rajasand others represent ing SriMenant i , Perak, Selangor andSunge i U jong
3. Son o f the Su l tan o fSe langor , Kahar
4 . Son o f the la te Su l tan o fSe langor
Datuk Klana of SungeiU jong, Dosoh
Datuk Bandar of SungeiUjong, Ahmad
Datuk Muda of Linggi
6 .
7
284
"7 . The DatukMaharaj a
?r8 . The DatukShari ff
"9. The DatukB a k a r ( l J
r '10 . The DatukS a i l ( 2 )
S indaD o 1 1 a h
Andika
Mandal ika
Manda I ika
8 . Syed Han id , Ra ja o fTampin wj-11 sign
ttThe Sultan of SeLangor and the Regent of Penak aiLLconfirm the acts of thei,r plenipotent'Larteet'
The underl ined addit ions, in manuscript , suggest (Weldmakes no cornment) that certain signatures, includingthat of Syed Hanid, were not obtained at the ceremonyon 31st March and had not been obtained on 4th Apri1,when Weld repor ted to the Leg is la t i ve Counc iL . One won-ders whether Hamid at f i rst demurred at jo ining in adocument wh ich by i t s s i lence on h is c la im to be YamTuan l {uda e f fec tua l l y ended i t . A l te rna t ive ly , d id Hamidwish to s ign , because o f the genera l recogn i t ion wh ichi t m igh t g ive o f h is s ta tus as a ru le r , and was a t f i r s tden ied the chance to do so? In the tex t o f the t rea tyreproduced in l r{axwe11 and Gibson (Treat ies and Engage-ment affect ing the l t {alay States and Borneo; 1924 atpp .50-5 I ) the s ty le o f cer ta in s ignatures in the r igh t -hand column is di f ferent in detai l f rorn that given inWeld ts despatch ; Ra ja Laut i s named as the secondSelangor s ignatory and a f te r h im, as f i f th in o rderbefore the Datuk K lana, cornes t ' sher i f Hamid b in Sher i fShaaban Alkadri (Tampin) ' r . There seems to be noquest ion but that Hamid was a signatory ( i t has beensuggested to the wr i te r tha t he s igned mere ly as awi tness - bu t th is i s no t so) bu t there is someth ingto be exp la ined o f when and how he cane to s ign . I
I t may be presumed that both the Dato Mendel ika Bakarand the Dato Mende l ika Sah i l c la imed to represent oneof the e igh t c lans ( the Melenggang c lan) thereby br ing-ing the number of Rembau Chiefs (apart f rom the Undange lec t ) en t i t led to s ign f rom e igh t to n ine .
Provenance: Ty,eat ies and )ther Papez.s, p.40,
I t seems a l i t t le susp ic ious tha t , whereas n ine Ch ie fso f Rembau as we l l as the Penghu lu shou ld have s ignedthe 1883 Treaty , on ly two and the Penghu lu s igned th isagreement .
6 .
7 .
6 .
285
Note on Sr i Menant i Agreements o f 1876, 1883, 1886 and 1887
I 'Sr i Menant i ' r was no t a cons tan t en t i t y : i t was o f tenused to represent the area over which, at any one monent,the lang di'Pertuan Besan (Ian Tuan Besar,) was recognisedas Ru ler . There was, o f course , the te r r i to ry o f Sr i Menant ii t se l f , the d is t r i c t g iven to the Menangkabau pr inces whenthey were f i rst invi ted from Sunatra to the Negri Sembilanarea. This was the permanent minimum. But when the con-federat ion broke up, there was a constant corning and goingof o ther d is t r i c ts in to and ou t o f the Yam Tuants rea lm.For this reason i t was found necessary in most agreementss igned dur ing the 1870s and 1880s to de f i .ne Sr i Menant i .And when the whole area was federated in such a way that thesovere ign ty o f the Ru ler was no t recogn ised in a l l spheres ,the o lder t i t le Negr i Sembi lan (N ine Sta tes , used in i t sEng l ish t rans la t i "on in the 1876 Agreement ) was found moreappropr ia te . There is a tendency , however , wh ich Maxwel land Gibson exempl i f y , to use the t i t les in te rchangeab ly .Th is i s no t necessary . The Treat ies themse lves make i tqu i te c lear tha t the name Sr i N lenant i was app l ied to theareas recognising the supremacy of the Yan Tuan up to 1889.In tha t year they confedera ted w i th s ta tes no t tecogn is ingthe Yam Tuanrs supremacy, and the name changed.
In 1875, a t the end o f the Sunge i U jong War , the Br i -t i sh were in cont ro l o f Sr i Menant i d is t r i c t , U1u Muar andJempol . Jervo is p roposed t rea t ies w i th each Sta te andsubs id ies to p ronote good ru le , bu t the Co lon ia l Of f i ceve toed th is schene and ordered h im to ex t r i ca te Br i ta infrom the area. l* In November a number of chiefs net andrecognised as Yam Tuan Tengku Antah, who was not the Gover-n o r r s o w n c a n d i d a t e , b u t i n w h o m h e a c q u i e s c e d . z J e r v o i s 'po l i cy was now to es tab l i sh the supremacy o f the Mahara jao f Johore over a l l the Negr i Sembi lan area except Sunge iU jong, and in 1877 Anson met the Sr i Menant i Ch ie fs a tSegamat w i th a v iew to impress ing th is upon them.3 Sosuccess fu l was he tha t when Weld reversed Jervo is r po l i cyand met the Ch ie fs a t Buk i t Pu tus in 1881, Tengku Antahasked that in future the Governor should communicate onlyth rough the Mahar l ja , s ince he be t te r unders tood Malayways and cus toms.4 The Yam Tuan?s mot ives are no t c lear :he must have had serious reservat ions about the JohoreRuler fs over lo rdsh ip in h is own reg ion ; bu t perhaps hefeared Weld 's in ten t ions more - o r perhaps he was gu ided byf inanc ia l mot ives . L ike the Yam Tuan Muda o f Je lebu andthe c la imant to tha t t i t le in Rembau, he faced the prob lem. F"t f"" t"" t" t *" prSB
286
tha t wh i le , as Yan Tuan, he was expec ted to fu l f i l cer ta info re ign po l i cy and re l ig ious ro les , he was no t endowed w i tha su f f i c ien t ly la rge source o f revenue to do so . Perhapsth is was why, in 1883, he o f fe red to hand over th ree smal1s ta tes under h im, Joho1, Inas and Gemencheh, to the Br i t i shin exchange fo r a f i xed income - an o f fe r wh ich Weld re fused.S
In 1876 the ch ie fs o f Jempol , Terach i , Gunong Pas i r ,fnas , U lu Muar , and Joho l had a l l accepted Tengku Antah asYarn Tuan Besar (Sr i Menant i Agreement o f 1876) . In 1883,when Weld re fused to accept Inas , Gemencheh and Joho l , TengkuAntah gave them instead to Syed Hamid of Tampin, whoseclains to be Yam Tuan Muda of Rernbau were rejected in thatyear (Sr i Menant i Agreement o f 1883) . The Ch ie fs o f a l lthree states are said to have accepted the arrangement atthe t ime, bu t the Penghu lu o f Joho l la te r w i thdrew h isacceptance and th rea tened Syed Harn id rs l i fe i f he came toJoho l . Weld ascr ibed th is to the in f luence o f Johore , wh idrc la imed Joho l , and - in the absence abroad o f the Ru ler o fJohore - sent for his brother and the Mentr i Besar and toldthem tha t Johore 's c la ims o f over lo rdsh ip in the Negr i Sern-b i lan were now re jec ted once and fo r a l l . He then de-rnanded the withdrawal of Johore pressure from Joho1,6 andJoho l made an agreement w i th the Res ident Counc i l lo r , Ma lacca(Joho l 1884 Agreement ) ins tead.
In 1886 what remained o f Sr i Menant i (wh ich seens s t i l lto have inc luded Inas , bu t no t Gemencheh) accepted a t rea tywhereby Br i ta in cont ro l led concess ions to fo re igners , de ter -n ined fo re ign re la t ions and de fended the Sta te i f need be .Th is t rea ty (Sr i Menant i 1886 Agreement ) was mode l led on theJohore one o f the prev ious year and the Co lon ia l Of f i ce com-plained that the clause guaranteeing that the two governmentswou ld co-opera te ' r in jo in t de fence o f the i r te r r i to r ies f romexternal at tacki l was inappropriate in an agreement with sucha sma11 s ta te : indeed i t had on ly been permi t ted in Johore 'scase as an except iona l favour , and the Johore 1885 Treatyhad had to be la id be fore the Queen on account o f i t . Thet rea ty was a l lowed to s tand fo r the moment bu t in 1887, whena su i tab le oppor tun i ty a rose to make a change w i thout caus ingsusp ic ion , the ob jec t ionab le phrase was rep laced w i th another(Sr i Menant i 1887 Agreement ) . / By the 1886 and 1887 Agree-nents the ch ie fs o f Inas , U1u Muar , Jempol , Terach i , GunongPas i r and (once aga in) Joho l recogn ised Tengku Antah as YamTuan Besar and - perhaps more important - the Bri t ish recog-n ised Tengku Antah 's son, Engku Besar Muhanmed "and h is leg i -t i m a t e s u c c e s s o r s a f t e r h i m " a s h e i r s t o t h e t i t l e . H i t h e r -to Yam Tuans had been e lec ted , and w i th the preva lence in
287
the reg ion o f a mat r ia rcha l sys tem success ion f rom fa ther toson had been, to say the leas t , p rob lemat ic . Engku BesarMuhannad succeeded Tengku Antah, but exact ly what was meantby "h is leg i t imate successors r r remained a bone o f con ten t ion .
At the t ime o f the 1887 Treaty , then, Inas , U lu Muar ,Terach i , Jempol , Gunong Pas i r and (somewhat doubt fu l l y ) Joho land Gemencheh recognised Tengku Antah as Yan Tuan Besar, andh is son was a t leas t known to be recogn ised by Br i ta in ash is successor . A t th is po in t Sr i Menent i con federa ted w i thSta tes wh ich d id no t recogn ise Tengku Antah as the i r sovere ign ,and the name o f the confedera t ion became Negr i Sembi lan (seeN e g r i S e m b i l a n T r e a t y o f 1 8 8 9 p . 3 2 0 ) .
FOOTNOTES
Pav'Liamentarg Papens, C. 1709 of 1877, Jervois to CO,1 3 l r { a y 7 8 7 6 & C 0 t o J e r v o i s , 1 9 A u g . 1 8 7 6 .
I b i d . , J e r v o i s t o C 0 , 1 3 D e c . 1 8 7 7 .
C O 2 7 3 / 9 I , A n s o n t o C 0 , 2 5 A u g . 1 8 8 7 .
C O 2 7 3 / 1 0 8 , W e l d t o C O , 9 A p r . 1 8 8 1 .
C O 2 7 3 / 1 2 1 , W e l d t o C O , 8 J u l y 1 8 8 3 a n d e n c l o s u r e s .
C O 2 7 3 / 1 2 6 , W e l d t o C 0 , 1 0 J a n . 1 8 8 4 .
F o r d e t a i l s s e e C O 2 7 3 / 1 3 9 , W e l d t o C 0 , 5 A p r . 1 8 8 6 ;C O 2 7 3 / 1 4 0 , C 0 t o W e l d , 1 6 S e p t . 1 8 8 6 ; ' C O 2 7 3 / 7 4 5 ,W e l d t o C 0 c o n f . , 1 5 J u l y 1 8 8 7 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
q
6 .
7 .
288
SRi MENANTI TREATY of 23 November, 1876
J e r v o i s ' T r e a t y l *
We, the unders igned, have appeared be fore H is Exce l lency ,the Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t lements , w i th a v iew to ma-king an agreement for securing the peace and tranqui l i ty ofthe count r ies over wh ich we govern , o r wh ich we represent .We g ive th is paper as a token o f our good fa i th , and prorn isea s f o l l o w s : -
2 . We des i re to l i ve in peace in our own Sta tes , andto recognise Tuanku Antar as Ean Tuan of Sr i Menant i , havingauthor i ty over Sr i Menant i , Joho le , Moar ,2 Jompole , Terach i ,Gunong Pass i r , and Eenas.
3 . W e p r o m i s e t h a t w e w i l l i n n o w a y m o l e s t t h e n e i g hbour ing Sta tes , Rumbowe, Sungh ie U jong, and Je l labu, who donot desire to forn part of the confederat ion under the EamTuan Besar , and i t i s unders tood tha t these th ree Sta tesa r e w h o l 1 y d i s t i n c t .
4 . We promise tha t peacefu l persons , whether Ma laysor Ch inese or o thers , des i rous o f t rad ing in our count r iessha l l have fu1 l l iber ty to do so , and sha l1 be unmoles ted .
5 . We fu r ther expr fess our regre t a t the la te d is tu r -bances wh ich have happened in the N ine Sta tes ,J and we pro-mise tha t those persons who have been f r iend ly to the Br i t i shGovernment dur ing or s ince those d is tu rbances sha l l be inn o w a y m o l e s t e d .
6 . And we agree tha t in case o f any d ispute or d i f f i -cu l ty a r is ing among our S ta tes wh ich we are unab le to se t t le ,we w i l l re fe r fo r adv ice to H is H ighness the Mahara jah o fJohore .
7 . We agree tha t f rom th is t ine the Eam Tuan w i l l useno o ther chop than one worded as fo l lows: -
"Alwathick Birabi l Ghafoor, Eam Tuan Tunku Antar SriMenant i ebn A lmurhom Ean Tuan Ra jah Rad in , Sonat , 1293. t lexcept on the present occas ion , the chop no t be ing ready .
Mark of DATO JEMPOLMark of DATO TERACHIMark of Renresentat ive of the DATO GUNONG PASIR
For foo tno tes see D.294
289
Mark of
Chop ofChop o fChop o f
Representat ive of the DATO INAS
the DATO ULU MUARthe DAT0 JOHOLTENGKU ANTAH,Yang d i -Per tuan Besar o f Sr i Menant i
290
SRI MENANTI TREATY of 23 June, 1883
Cession of Inas, Gemencheh and Johol to Syed Hamid of Tampin4
(Trans la t ion)
Tunku Antah agrees to hand overth ree Sta tes , namely Inas , Gemenchehsharing revenue equal ly after deductcountry.
admin is t ra t ion o fJohol to Syed Harnid,
expenses o f the
theand
ing
291
SRI MENANTI TREATY of March or Aprl1, 1886
W e l d ' s F i r s t T r e a t y 5
Agreement made be tween H is Exce l lency S i r F .A . Weld ,G . C . M . G . , G o v e r n o r a n d C o n n a n d e r - i n - C h i e f o f t h e C o l o n y o fthe St ra i ts Set t lements and i t s dependenc ies on the one s ideand His Highness Tengku Antah Yam Tuan of Sr i Menant i withthe consent o f (o r in con junc t ion w i th ) the Dato Penghu luo f the Sta tes o f Joho1, Inas , Moar , Jempol , Terach i andGunong Pas i r on the o ther .
I . The two Governrnents w i l l a t a l l t imes cord ia l l y co-operdein the se t t lement o f a peacefu l popu la t ion in the i r respec t ivene ighbour ing te r r i to r ies and in the jo in t de fence o f thoseter r i to r ies f rom ex terna l hos t i le a t tacks and in the nu tua lsurrender of persons accused or convi-cted of any cr ime oroffence under such condit ions as nay be arranged between thetwo Governnents.
I I . H is H ighness the Yam Tuan o f Sr i Menant i and the DatoPenghulu of such States before named as may be concernedundertake, i f requested by the Government of the Strai tsSet t lements , to co-opera te in mak ing ar rangements fo r fac i l i -tat ing trade and communicat ion overland through their States.
I I I . I t i s fu r ther agreed by H is H ighness the Yam Tuan o fSri Menant i and the Dato Penghulu of the States above-namedthat should there be any occasion for any arrangement orcor respondence w i th any fo re ign Sta te i t sha l l . be conductedthrough the Bri t ish Government and that no grant or conces-s ion sha11 be made to o ther than Br i t i sh Compan ies or personsof the lulalay, Chinese, Indian or other Oriental races notbe ing sub jec ts o f any non-Or ien ta l na t ion w i thout the assento f the Br i t i sh Governrnent o r i t s representa t ive .
IV. The Government of Her Majesty the Queen and Empressacknowledges Engku Muhamrnad, the son of Tengku Antah, to beh is successor as Yam Tuan o f Sr i Menant i and h is leg i t ina tes u c c e s s o r s a f t e r h i m . 6
292
SRI MENANTI TREATY of 4 June, 1887
Weld 's Second TreatyT
Agreernent made this fourth day of June in the year ofOur Lord one thousand e igh t hundred and e igh ty -seven (1887) ,b e t w e e n H i s E x c e l l e n c y S i r F r e d e r i c k A l o y s i u s W e 1 d , G . C . M . G . ,Governor and Commander- in-Chief of the Colony of the Strai tsSet t lements and i t s dependenc ies on the one s ide , and H isHighness Tengku Antah Yam Tuan of Sr i Menant i with the con-sent o f (o r in con junc t ion w i th ) the Dato Penghu lu o f theSta tes o f Joho l , Inas , Moar , Jempol , Terach i and GunongPas i r on the o ther .
I . T h e t w o G o v e r n m e n t s w i l l , a t a l l t i m e s , c o r d i a l l ycoopera te in the se t t lement o f a peacefu l popu la t ion inthe i r respec t ive ne ighbour ing te r r i to r ies , and in the preser -va t ion o f peace and se t t led Government in those te r r i to r iesand in the mutua l sur render o f persons accused or conv ic tedof any cr ine or offence under such condit ions as may beamanged between the two Governments.
I I . His Highness the Yam Tuan of Sr i Menant i and theDatoh Penghulu of such of the States before-named as nay beconcerned undertake, i f requested by the Governor of theSt ra i ts Set t lements , to co-opera te in mak ing ar rangementsfor faci lat ing trade and communicat ions overland throught h e i r S t a t e s .
I I I . I t i s fu r ther agreed by H is H ighness the Yam Tuanof Sri Menant i and the Datoh Penghulu of the States above-named that should there be occasion for any arrangement orcor respondence w i th any Fore ign Sta te , i t sha l l be conductedthrough the Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t lements , and tha tno gran t o r concess ions sha l l be made to o ther than Br i t i shCompan i .es o r persons o f the MaIay , Ch inese, Ind ian or o therOr ien ta l races , no t be ing sub jec ts o f any Non-Or ien ta l na-t ions , w i thout the assent o f the Governor o f the St ra i tsS e t t l e m e n t s .
IV. The Government of Her Majesty the Queen and Empress,acknowledges Engku Besar Muhammad the son of Tengku Antah tobe h is successor as Yam Tuan o f Sr i Menant i and h is leg i t i -na te successors a f te r h im.
S e a l a n d s i g n a t u r e o f F R E D . A . W E L D ,Governor o f the St ra i tsSet t lements
293
W i t n e s s J . F . D I C K S O N ,Colon ia l Secre tary o f the St ra i tsSett 1 ement s
Seal and signature of TENGKU ANTAH,Yang d i -Per tuan Besar o fSri Menant i
Wi tness MARTIN L ISTER,Superintendent of Sr i Menant i
4 t h J u n e 1 8 8 7 .
FOOTNOTES
P r o v e n a n c e : M . & G . , p p . 6 0 - 6 f . A M a l a y v e r s i o n , i n t h epersonal papers of Tunku Besar Burhanuddin (Arkib NegaraMalays ia ) , i s t ranscr ibed in Pen in ; jau Se jarah , I I , i( A p r i 1 1 9 6 7 ) , P P . 3 6 - 3 9 .
I .e . U lu Muar , qu i te d i f fe ren t f rom (and no t even shar inga coinmon boundary with) the Johore sub-state of I ' luar orKesang-Muar .
T h e d i s t u r b a n c e s o f 1 8 7 5 ; u i d , C . N . P a r k i n s o n , B r i t i s hfnteruent ion in Malaya, Singapore, 1960, chapter xi .
C O 2 7 3 / I 2 I , e n c l . i n W e l d t o C O o f 8 J u l y 1 8 8 3 . T h et rea ty was fo rmal ised ra ther more fu1 ly in Ma1ay. Aspresented here i t i s mere ly an ex t rac t f rom Weldrsmemorandum o f the negot ia t ions . These were as fo l lows:
8 June 1883 Weld sees Tengku Antah and re fuses h is o f fe rto hand over Johol, Inas and Gemencheh in exchange foran a l lowance;11 June 1883 Weld sees Syed Hamid and re fuses to res to rehirn to Rembau;23 June 1883 Weld sees Tengku Antah and Syed Hamid to-gether. They report that each has given the other as e a l e d d o c u m e n t ( o f w h i c h D . F . A . H e r v e y r s t r a n s l a t i o nis reproduced in the memorandurn) and ask for Weld'sapprova l . The fo l low ing exchange is repor ted :I 'Governor : The proposa l as I unders tand i t i s no t tha tTunku Antar should give up his r ight as Yam Tuan Besarbut tha t Syed Hamid shou ld be h is L ieu tenant admin is -t e r i n g h i s r i g h t s o v e r t h e s e p l a c e s .
sa id , and Syed Hamid agreed, tha t these are
294
Tunku Antar
6 .
h is count r ies and w j - I l s t i l l be so ; tha t he g ives themto h is 'b ro ther r Syed Hamid to govern . 'He w i l l beunder ne accord ing to the o1d cus tom. r
Syed Hamid : 'Yes , l i ke the Governor and the L ieu tenantGovernor . | [We1d then ten ta t i ve ly accepted the ar range-nent p rov ided] the r igh ts o f the Penghu lus Ia re ] respec-ted and the headmen and sukus consulted according toanc ien t cus tom. r r
5 . C O 2 7 3 / 1 5 9 , W e l d t o C 0 c o n f . o f 5 A p r . 1 8 8 6 . T h e c o p ythere shown is undated.
The C0 273/139 copy omi ts sea ls and s ignatures . Presum-ably, as in 1887, only Tengku Antah signed on the Malays i d e .
C O 2 7 3 / 1 4 5 , W e l d t o C 0 c o n f . o f 1 3 J u l y 1 8 8 7 . T h i s t i n ethe copy is both dated and chopped and signed. A l r{a1ayversion, in the personal papers of Tunku Besar Burhanud-din (Arkib Negara Ma).aysia), is t ranscr ibed tn PeninjauS e j a z , a h , I I , 2 ( O c t . 1 9 6 7 ) , p p . 5 4 - 5 5 .
295
Note on the Sungei Ujong Treat ies and Documents of 1874 ( i Gi i ) , 1 8 7 7 , 1 8 7 8 ( i & i i ) a n d 1 8 8 0
Sunge i U jong was the la rges t s ing le S ta te in the Negr iSembilan confederat ion and, dur ing most of the nineteenthcentury , fa r the r i ches t in te rms o f t in , w i th a cons iderab lepopu la t ion o f res ident Ch inese miners as ear ly as 1830. Theproblems with which the Bri t ish attempted to deal i .n the de-cade after 1870 may be grouped under three headings: thoseconnected w i th the d is t r ibu t ion o f power be tween the Ch ie fs ,those connected with the Linggi revenues, and those connectedwi th the Se langor border ; and i t w i l l be use fu l to cons iderbr ie f l y the background o f each. l *
The main dispute over the Chief ly powers was betweenthe Dato Klana Petra (Dato Klana) and the Dato Shahbandar(Dato Bandar ) . In about 1849, i f no t be fore , they wereapparent ly more or less coequal, s ince i t was agreed in thatyear that each should get a third of the Linggi River shippiagdues and customs revenues, the remaining part going to theDato Muda Linggi. Dato Bandar (Ahmad) Tunggal, who heldthe pos i t ion f ron 1849 to 1874, was an o ld -s ty , le Ch ie f o fsome mil i tary prowess who nanaged to retain vir tual indepen-dence of the Dato Klana for his terr i tory on the middle Linggi( though not without some f ight ing) unt i l 1872, when Syed AbdrlRahman, who had powerful f r iends among the Malacca merchants,was e lec ted Dato K lana. The pos i t ion was compl ica ted , how-ever, by the posit ion of the Yang de-Pertuan Besar of Sr iMenant i , who c la imed over lo rdsh ip over the who le confedera-t ion , and a f te r 1869 there were two c la imants fo r th is pos t ,Tengku Antah and Tengku Ahmad Tunggal. The Dato Bandar didnot recogn ise e i ther , and the new Dato K lana was soon a tloggerheads with Tengku Antah over the Rembau Penghuluship.
The quest ion of the Linggi River dues was one which hadlong obsessed merchants in Ma lacca. The bas ic p rob lem wasthat, whereas most r iver waterways through which t in wasshipped out of the inter ior were squarely within one State(and so on ly taxed by the Ru ler , o r a t leas t on ly by one se to f Ch ie fs ) the L ingg i touched Rembau and poss ib ly Se langoras we l l as Sunge i U jong, and the mul t ip l i c i t y o f Ch ie fs whoc la imed the r igh t to exac t dues on i t a f fec ted the pro f i t sconsiderably. In 1833 Syed Shaaban, the Yam Tuan Muda ofRembau, had invaded Linggi, and peace did not return unt i lhe was dr iven out of both Linggi and Rembau (see Note onR e m b a u T r e a t i e s o f 1 8 1 9 , 1 8 3 1 , 1 8 3 2 a n d 1 8 3 3 ) . I n 1 8 7 3 t h eDato Muda o f L ingg i ' s te r r i to ry was once aga in invaded, th is
* For foo tno tes see p .300
296
t ime by the Dato Perba of Rembau (who was also one of thecand ida tes fo r the vacant Penghu lush ip ) , Ha j i Sah i l . Ha j iSahi l at this stage had the support of Yam Tuan Besar Antah,bu t h is r i va l fo r the Penghu lush ip , Ha j i Mustapha, was fa -voured by Syed Abdul Rahman, the new Dato Klana. The mer-chants o f l ' ' l a lacca pe t i t ioned S ingapore bu t Ordrs in te rvent ionwas ineffectual. When Clarke arr ived in Singapore, however,hopes were ra ised aga in , and no doubt the Dato K lana hopedfor a doub le v ic to ry , con f i rmat ion o f h is pos i t ion and thedefea t o f Ha j i Sah i l , when he sought the new Governor 's a id .C larke f i rs t summoned a l l par t ies concerned, bu t on ly DatoKlana (Syed Abdul Rahman) and the Dato Muda of Linggi appear-ed . Wi th them he s igned an Agreement (F i rs t 1874 Sunge iU jong Treaty ) dea l ing , among o ther th ings , w i th the open ingup o f the L ingg i R iver . S ince ne i ther Rernbau c la imant par -t i c ipa ted and the Dato Bandar den ied the Dato K lana?s r igh tto commi t Sunge i U jong on h is own, i t s chances o f successw e r e s l i g h t .
By th i -s t ime, too , there was a f resh compl ica t ion : theViceroy o f Se langor rs c la im tha t a t leas t par t o f the L ingg iwas w i th in the te r r i to ry o f h is S ta te . Dur ing the Se langorCiv i l War Tengku Z iaudd inrs enemies , Ra ja Mahmud and Ra jaMahd i ,hadbeen us ing the L ingg i as a back door th rough wh ichthey rece ived supp l ies . Between 1870 and 1872 Ord he ldra ther de l i ca te d iscuss io r is on th is na t te r w i th the V iceroyand the Chiefs of Sungei Ujong and Rembau, but these seem tohave le f t the prec ise boundary unset t led . As the V iceroyrspos i t ion improved, he ra ised i t once more and he too begant o s h o w i n t e r e s t i n t h e L i n g g i r e v e n u e s . C l a r k e r s F i r s tSungei Ujong Treaty purported to extend the boundary ofM a l a c c a v e r y s l i g h t l y s o t h a t i t i n c l u d e d t h e t r o u b l e - s p o tw i th in Br i t i sh te r r i to ry . But tha t Trea ty was so wordedas a lmost to de fy p laus ib le in te rpre ta t ion , and anyway, s incei t was no t s igned by anyone f ron Rembau, le t a lone Se langor ,and was repud ia ted by the Dato Bandar , was unworkab le . InMay the Governot h imse l f came to the area : once aga in hemet only the Dato Klana Syed Abdul Rahman, and al though hesucceeded w i th h is a id in demol ish ing some o f the o f fend ingR e m b a u b a r r i c a d e s , h e r e a l i s e d t h e i m p o s s i b i l i t y o f h i s p r e -v ious po l i cy . He there fore re fused the Dato K lana 's reques tfo r a Br i t i sh Res ident , recogn ised Ha j i Sah i l as Penghu lu o fRembau, and sent Swet tenham and P icker ing to meet the DatoBandar .
The Bandar was a l ready incensed by C larkers apparentrecogn i t ion o f the Dato K lanars r igh t to s ign a Trea ty onbeha l f o f Sunge i U jong ear l ie r in the year . He became more
297
openly def iant of Br i tain when Raja Mahmud and Raja Mahdi,bo th redoubtab le war r io rs , sough re fuge in h is te r r i to ry .In Novenber Pickering (who may not have been authorised todo so) managed to ge t bo th the Dato K lana and the DatoBandar , as we l l as twe lve o ther Sunge i U jong Ch ie fs , to s igna Trea ty purpor t ing to regu la r ise the re la t ionsh i "p be tweenthe two; each was to consu l t the o ther " in every case andin every ac t ion ' r , and i f the Dato Bandar d id no t consu l tthe Dato K lana h is ac t ion wou ld be inva l id (Second 1874Sunge i U jong Treaty ) . What the Trea ty d id no t spec i fy waswhat wou ld happen i f e i ther par ty , hav ing been consu l ted ,fa i led to agree. Never the less i t appeared to be a s tepforward. But alnost at once the Dato Klana, apparent lyw i th P icker ing 's encouragement , a t tacked the Dato Bandar ,and was ser ious ly repu lsed. P icker ing h inse l f then a t tackedthe Dato Bandar and, with the help of reinforcements fromMalacca, d rove h im in to Se langor where he gave h imse l f upand was deposed and ex i led to S ingapore . t l i s successorwas Ha j i Ahmad b in Mohammed A1 i , a f r iend and a l l y o f theD a t o K l a n a , w h o h e l d t h e t i t l e u n t i l h i s d e a t h i n 1 9 2 8 .
Dur ing the 1874-1875 Sunge i U jong campaign Capta inTatham was le f t w i th the Dato K lana as "adv iser " , and inDecember C larke announced h is appo in tment as Ass is tan t Res i -dent , Sunge i U jong. Whether the Governor hoped, by ca l l ingh i m o n l y I ' A s s i s t a n t R e s i d e n t r ' , t o m i s l e a d t h e C o l o n i a l O f f i c ein to be l iev ing tha t Sunge i U jong was par t o f Se langor asLaru t (wh ich a lso had an Ass is tan t Adv iser ) was par t o fPerak , o r whether he had h is doubts about Ta thamrs su i tab i -l i ty for the post we do not know. At any rate Murray wasappo in ted fu l1 Res ident in 1875, a l though h is au thor i ty wasnot based on any t rea ty bu t mere ly on the compl iance o f thel la to K1ana, whose supremacy was now once more es tab l i shed.There appears to have been no 1ega1 bas is fo r the pos i t iono f the Res ident un t i l the Sunge i U jong Sta te Counc i l wasf o r m e d i n 1 8 8 3 .
I f re la t ions be tween the Dato K lana and the Dato Bandarwere a t leas t temporar i l y se t t led , those be tween the i r S ta teand the Yam Tuan Besar were no t . I n 1 8 7 5 v a r i o u s C h i e f smet to e lec t Tengku Antah as Yam Tuan Besar o f the who leNegr i Senb i lan confedera t ion . The Dato K lana, who opposedh im, fa i led to a t tend and the meeet ing thereupon I 'deposed i l theDato and rep laced h i rn w i th another . The Br i t i sh , who a l readyhad a Res ident accred i ted to Syed Abdu l Rahman, re fused toaccept h is depos i t ion . In 1875 ar rned d is tu rbances brokeout afresh, and as a result of the defeat of Yam Tuan TengkuAntah by h is opponents w i th Br i t i sh a id Dato K lana Syed
298
Abdul Rahman was reconf irmed in off ice. He was by now ac-cepted as Undang o f a l l Sunge i U jong, and in 1878 h is sen io -r i ty to the Dato Bandar was conf i-rmed when Murray set up aCh ie fs t Counc i l to he lp h in run the Sta te whose rnembers werethe Dato Muda L ingg i and the Dato Bandar bu t no t the DatoK lana who, however , had to approve the Counc i l rs dec is j -onsas Ru ler (second Sunge i U jong Treaty o f 1878) .2 Meanwhi lethe cess ion o f S inpang, the key t roub le -spot in L ingg i , toMalacca, wh ich had been asser ted in the F i rs t 1874 Treaty ,was more appropr ia te ly sea led (Sunge i U jong Document o f 1877:cp. Second Rembau Document of 1877) .
What remained to be se t t led was the Se langor Boundary .I n M a y , I 8 7 6 , s h o r t l y a f t e r t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f h o s t i l i t i e s ,a Se langor -Sunge i U jong Boundary Commiss ion had been se t upc o n s i s t i n g o f S e l a n g o r ' s A s s i s t a n t R e s i d e n t ( S w e t t e n h a m ) ,the Sungei Ujong Resident (Murray) and the Surveyor-Generalo f the St ra i ts ( I rv ing) bu t i t ended in dead lock . Ear ly in1878, apparent ly under the compuls ion o f o f f i c ia l "adv icer ' ,the Su l tan o f Se langor and the Undang (Dato K lana) o f Sunge iUjong signed an agreernent whereby Selangor ceded Lukut andSungei Raya to Sungei Ujong and received Rekoh and Labu inre tu rn (Sunge i - U jong Treaty o f February 1878) . But th isd id no t end the na t te r . For in 1846 Lukut had been gran tedin perpetu i ty by the then Su l tan o f Se langor to a Rh iau mer -chant , Ra ja Jumaat , in exchange fo r ( f inanc ia l ) serv icesrendered. The document , an unusua l one, ran as fo l l .ows:
" In the year 1262 on the 10 th day o f the month o f Shabanat this t ime a document was made by IJ is l t {ajesty theYang d i -Per tuan Besar o f Se langor in the count ry o fMalacca bes towj -ng to Ra ja Jumaat ibn i Ra ja Jaafar o fRhiau the country of Lukut so far as Kuala Linggi forever that Lukut is under the governnent of our son,Ra ja Jumaat , the same is to descend to the ch i ld renand grandch i ld ren o f Ra ja Jumaat . I t became thegif t of us the Yang di-Pertuan that our heirs andsuccessors a re no t to c la i rn i t herea f te r because i tis thus in truth and in fact we have aff ixed our chopto th is paper "J
Th is document was la te r he ld to be u l t ra u iv ,es on thegrounds that no Sultan could nake such a grant beyond hisown l i fe t ime and tha t o f the rec ip ien t . Bu t meanwhi le Ra jaBot b in Ra ja Jumaat , the incumbent o f Lukut in the 1870s,engaged a lawyer and contes ted the Se langor Su l tan ts r igh tto t rans fer h is land to Sunge i U jong. He was jo ined inh is p ro tes t by Ra ja Daud, whose c la i rns to be hered i ta ryCh ie f o f Sunge i Raya appeared sonewhat weaker . Ra ja Bot
299
2 .
made c lear h is w i l l i ngness to re t i re on pens ion prov ided hecou ld p reserve cer ta in r igh ts , and an agreement a long thesel ines was eventua l l y reached in 1880 (Sunge i U jong Treaty o f1 8 8 0 ) . A b o u n d a r y w a s f i n a l l y s u r v e y e d i n 1 8 8 5 - 1 8 8 6 . T h eRuler o f Negr i Sembi lan , however , was no t a l together sa t is -f ied w i th th is a r rangement . As la te as 1924 he pe t i t ionedthe Br i t i sh K ing about i t in a v is i t to London, a l thoughw i t h o u t s u c c e s s .
FOOTNOTES
F u r t h e r r e a d i n g : C . N . P a r k i n s o n , o p . e i t . , c h . v i i ;J.M. Gul l ick, fndigenous PoLtt ieal Systems of WesternM a l a y a , L o n d o n , 1 9 5 8 , p p . 7 8 - 8 0 , a n d " S u n g e i U j o n g r r ,JMBRAS, XXI I , i i (1949) ; fo r the S impang and the L ingg iRiver quest ion see C.D. Cowan, Nineteenth Centuz,y Malaya,L o n d o n , 1 9 6 1 , p p . 4 0 , 1 0 9 - 1 0 , 1 9 2 - 9 7 t r 2 5 1 .
Th is Ch ie fs f Counc i l shou ld no t be confused w i th theSunge i U jong Sta te Counc i l wh ich met fo r the f i rs t t imei n 1 8 8 3 .
See Gu l l i ck , Ind igenous Po l i t i ca l Sys tems, p .96 no te .1 ""T>
,.!h*
i ' E tE / -
3 * *
q3Eb . o *
'ill3D{u
300
SUNGEI UJONG TREATY of 2I Apri .1 , 1874
Dato K lana 's 0b l iga t ion regard ing Sunge i L ingg i l *
Whereas d is tu rbances have a t var ious t imes ex is ted inthe te r r i to ry o f Sung ie U jong, and whereas cer ta in ev i l -d is -posed persons , w i thout co lour o f r igh t , have a t var ious t imesp laced s tockades on the banks o f the R iver L ing ie , and havethere by fo rce o f a rms prevented the f ree passage o f peace-fu1 traders with their merchandize up and down the said r iver,and whereas the Br i t i sh Government i s w i l l i ng , a t the re -ques t o f the Ch ie f o f Sung ie U jong, and fo r the pro tec t ionof the in te res ts o f i t s sub jec ts , fo r the advancement o ft rade, and fo r the prosper i ty o f the sa id te r r i to ry to ex-tend i ts guarantee to the Government of the said terr i tory:And whereas the recogn ized Ch ie f o f the sa id te r r i to ry o fSungie Ujong has endeavoured to free the said r iver of suchpersons and their unlawful exact ions and to that end hasordered a supply of warl ike arms and ammunit ion now ly ing inSingapore uttdlr ernbargo:2 And whereas i t has been represen-ted to H is Exce l lency the Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t lementstha t the sa id Ch ie f i s des i rous o f aga in a t tenpt ing to f reethe sa id r i ver , to the end tha t the t rade there in may beres tored and increased, and fo r th is purpose has asked tha tthe supply of arms and ammunit ion should be given up to hirn,to be taken to the sa id ten i to ry o f Sung ie U jong, and thesa id Governor , wh i le anx ious to a id the sa id Ch ie f in h isown 1awfu1 purpose o f c lear ing the sa id r i ver f rom a l l im-ped iments to f ree passage thereon, cons iders i t necessary ,be fore acced ing to the reques t o f the sa id Ch ie f , as to thegiving up to him of the said arns and amnunit ion, and ex-tend ing to h im the pro tec t ion o f the Br i t i sh Government ,that there should be good and suff ic ient guarantees that thesaid arms and arununit ion should not be used for purposesdangerous to the peace o f the sa id te r r i to ry , and in ju r iousto the in te res ts o f t raders and o thers f requent ing the sa idte r r i to ry , and tha t the Government o f the sa id te r r i to rywi l l be car r ied on by the sa id Ch ie f and h is o f f i cers , onpr inc ip les o f jus t i ce and equ i ty , and tha t the l i ves andproper t ies o f such t raders and persons sha l l be du ly p ro tec-ted by the sa id Ch ie f and h is o f f i cers ; And whereas thesa id Ch ie f and cer ta in o f h is o f f i cers a re w i l l i ng to en terin to an ob l iga t ion to tha t e f fec t .
Now these presents w i tness tha t we, whose names andsea ls a re hereunder se t , do acknowledge ourse lves to be he ldand f i rm ly bound to Her Ma jes ty V ic to r ia , o f the Un i ted* F o r f o o t n o t e s s e e p . 3 1 3
301
Kingdom o f Great Br i ta i -n and I re land, Queen, and so fo r th ,i n t h e p e n a l s u m o f 5 0 , 0 0 0 d o l l a r s , t o b e p a i d t o H e r s a i dMajes ty , Her He i rs , and successors , fo r wh ich paynent to bewel l and t ru ly made we b ind ourse lves and each o f us oursuccessors in o f f i ce , and our and each o f our he i rs , execu-to rs , and admin is t ra to rs , and any one, two, o r more o f them.And, on the understanding that so long as the condit ions oft h i s o b l i g a t i o n a r e f a i t h f u l l y k e p t b y t h e s a i d C h i e f a n dh is o f f i cers the rnora l and mater ia l guarantee and pro tec t ionof the Br i t i sh government w i l l be accorded to thern to securethe independence, peace and prosper i ty o f the te r r i to ly o fS u n g i e U j o n g .
The cond i t ion o f the above wr i t ten ob l iga t ion is suchthat i f the said obl igors and each of them, thej-r and eacho f t h e i r h e i r s a n d s u c c e s s o r s , s h a l l i n a 1 l t h i n g s w e l l a n dtruly carry on the Government of the terr i tory of SungieUjong, in so fa r as l ies in the power o f them, and each o ft h e m , o n p r i n c i p l e s o f j u s t i c e a n d e q u i t y , a n d w i I l p r o t e c tf rom in jus t i ce and oppress ion a l l persons f requent ing thesa id te r r i to ry and pass ing up and down the sa id R iver L ing ie ,peacefu l l y engaged in the i r lawfu l avocat ions , and w i l l keepthe sa id R iver L ing ie open to lawfu1 t ra f f i c and commerce,and wi1J. prevent any persons from interfer ing with the freepassage o f the r i ver , and f rom exac t ing du t ies o r taxes onthe nav iga t ion o f the sa id r i ver , under any pre tex t o r p re-tence whatever , o ther than the fa i r and reasonab le du t iesand taxes or ig ina l l y pu t on the nav iga t ion o f such r i vers ,fo r the pro tec t ion and conven ience o f t raders , by the au tho-r i t y o f the recogn ised Ch ie f o f the sa id te r r i to ry , and w i ththe sanct ion and the approval of the Government of the Strai tsSet t lements , and, on the requ is i t ion o f the sa id Governmentw i l l g ive up any o f fenders aga ins t the laws o f the sa idSett lements who may have taken refuge in, or be found in,the sa id te r r i to ry , and w i l l no t g ive re fuge to the enern ieso f the Br i t i sh Government , o r o f S ta tes and Ch ie fs in a1 l i -ance w i th , and a t peace w i th , the Br i t i sh Government , andwi l l no t per rn i t such persons to fo rn o r a t tempt to fo rm ex-ped i t ions , o r to co l lec t men or a rms in the sa id ten i to ryo f Sung ie U jong aga ins t the Br i t i sh Government o r aga ins tthe f r iends and a l1 ies o f the Br i t i sh Government , and tha tthey w i l l g ive ear ly and t rue in fo rmat ion to the Br i t i shGovernment o f a l l events o f po l i t i ca l and mercant i le impor -tance happen ing in the sa id te r r i to ry , and tha t the Sta t ion ,D is t r i c t o r Set t lement a t Sempang, w i th a l l the r i ver bankon bo th s ides o f the R iver L ing ie , f rom Sempang as fa r asPermatang Pas i r , sha l1 be p laced under the cont ro l , o rder ,and d i rec t ion o f the Br i t i sh Government ; then th is ob l iga t ion
302
t o b e v o i d ,
Done atA p r i l , 1 8 7 4 ,C l a r k e , C . B .
o therw ise to remain
Governnent House,in the presence o f
, K . C . M . G . , 6 c . , 6 c
in fu l l fo rce and e f fec t .
S i n g a p o r e , t h e 2 l s t d a y o fH is Exce l lency S i r Andrew
. , G o v e r n o r .
Sea l and S ignature o f
Sea l and S ignature o f
SYED ABDUL RAHT,IAN,Dato K lana o f Sunge i U jong
DATO I4UDA LINGGI
303
SUNGEI UJONG AGREEMENT of 10 Novembep, I874
Dato Klana's Agreement with Dato-BandarS
(Trans la t ion)
The Land of Sungei Ujong, under the hereditary rule ofthe Dato Klana Petra and the Dato Shahbandar.
In the year I29I, on the 5th day of Shawwal.
Th is docunent i s to tes t i f y tha t I , Tengku K lana Pet raSeyyid Abdul Rahman conf irm the unanj-mous decision of al lhereditary chiefs of the t tso moiet ies of land and sea.
Dato Raja and Dato Menika and Dato Peduka and RajaHussin and Mentri and Irnarn Perang Haji Abu Bakar - the abovementioned have agreed, and conf irmed the agreement with theirs ign manua l be fore me; on ny s ide ny sea l tes t i f ies w i ththat of the Pangl ina Besar Ahmad bin Haj i Moharnad A1i, theShahbandar, who has hereditary powers based on the ancientru l ings o f the e lders wh ich may in no way be changed.
Fur thermore th is i sShahbandar that I shal1,consu l t the Shahbandar .
and Sea l o f
and Seal of
DATO RAJADATO I.CNIKADATO PEDTJKARAJA RUSSINMENTRI
conf irm my agreement with theevery case and in every act ion,
t oin
The Dato Shahbandar shal l also in every act ion consultme. Otherw ise h is ac t ion is inva l id . Th is i s the ru l ingo f the e lders on th is po in t and th is i s how the K lana andBandar sha l l ru le the land.
Th is i s c lear ly se t ou t by the dec is ion o f the e lderswh ich dec is ion is a t tes ted by the fo l low ing hered i ta ry ch ie fswhose names appear be1ow.
This text was drawn and wri t ten by Haj i Abdul Rauf binL a t i f .
Signature
Signature
Mark ofMark ofMark ofMark ofMark of
SYED ABDUL RAHMAN,Dato K lana Pet raAHMAD,Dato Bandar
304
Mark ofMark ofMark ofMark ofMark ofMark ofMark of
Wi tness
IMAM PERANG HAJIDATO JUANRAJA SULONGDATO LELATO RAJA DI MUDATO MENJINDAPENGHULU DAGANG
W . A . P I C K E R I N G
1 0 . x i . I 8 7 4
ABU BAKAR
MOHAMAD
PAROI
305
SUNGEI UJONG DOCUMENT of 31 May, 1877
Cess ion o f S impang4
(Trans la t ion)
I Datoh Klana Petra Syed ABDULRAFMAN ALKADRI who ruleS u n g e i U j o n g a n d a l l i t s d e p e n d e n c i e s p r o c l a i m a s f o l l o w s : -
There is a p iece o f land under my ju r isd ic t ion ca1 ledSimpang, conta in ing 94 acres 1 rood 4 po les as narked in thep lan a t tached to th is document .5
Th is p iece o f land I , o f my own f ree w i l1 , cede to theQueents Government Her He i rs and Successors fo r ever to beunder the ju r isd ic t ion o f the Queenrs Government Her He i rsand Successors .
Moreover no one in the fu tu re sha l l be ab le to c la imt h i s n i e c e o f 1 a n d .
In token that this document is authent ic and val idput my chop and s ignature be low.
W r i t t e n o n t h e 3 1 s t M a y , 1 8 7 7 .
S i g n a t u r e A . E . H . A N S O N ,Off icer Administer ing the Governmento f the St ra i ts Set t lements
Seal and Signature SYED ABDUL RAHMAN,Dato K lana Pet ra o f Sunge i U jong
306
SUNGEI UJONG TREATY of 10-15 February, 1878
F i rs t Boundary Trea ty w i th Se langor6
(Trans lat ion)
This Agreement made between Sultan Abdul Samad Yang-dipertuan of Selangor of the f i rst part and Tunku Syed AbdulRahman Datoh Klana of Sungei tJ jong of the other part .
A r t i c l e i
T h a t b y t h e a d v i c e o f C a p t a i n B l o o m f i e l d D o u g l a s , R . N . R .the Bri t ish Resident of Selangor, the Sultan Abdul SarnadYang-d iper tuan o f Se langor fo r h imse l f , and h is son Ra jaMusa or whoever i s ins ta l led as Su l tan H is He i rs and Succes-sors , tha t f ron th is t ime a l l the land ca l led Lukut wh ich isnow under the ru le o f Ra ja Bot and a l l the land ca11ed Sunge iRaja which is now under the rule of Raja Daud and both ofwhich are under the powers of the said Sultan Abdul Samadnow have been granted to Syed Abdul Rahman Datoh Klana ofSunge i U jong h is he i rs and successors fo r ever .
A r t i c l e
That by the adv ice o f Capta in Mur ra I , R .N. , the Br i t i shResident of Sungei Ujong, Tunku Syed Abdul Rahman Datoh Klanaof Sunge i U jong fo r h imse l f h is he i rs and successors o r who-ever ru les Sunge i U jong by the t i t le o f Datoh K lana tha tfrom this t ime al l the land on the bank of the River Langatca l led Rekoh and a l l the land ca l led Labu (bu t the Labu landis only as far as the boundary l ine which was already f ixedby the Res idents o f Se langor and Sunge i U jong as per p lanat tached to th is Agreement ) , now have been gran ted to theSultan Abdul Samad of Selangor his heirs and successors forever .
A r t i c l e i i i
As w i tness to the sa id Agreement the Su l tan Abdu l SamadYang-d iper tuan o f Se langor , and the Res ident Capta in B loom-f i e l d D o u n g l a s , R . N . R . , h a v e h e r e u n t o s e t t h e i r s e a l s a n dhands in the presence of witnesses on the 15th day of Februaryin the year One thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight.
307
A r t i c l e i v
As witness to the said Agreement of land the Dato Klanaof Sunge i U jong and the Res ident Capta in Mur ray , R.N. , havehereunto se t the i r sea ls and hands in the presence o f w i t -nesses , on the 10 th day o f February , in the year one Thousande igh t hundred and seventy -e igh t .
Seal of Sultan ABDUL SAMADof Se langor
Seal of SYED ABDUL RAHMAN,Dato K lana Pet ra o f Sunge i U jong.
S ignature B. DOUGLAS,Br i t i sh Res ident o f Se langor
S ignature P.J . MURRAY,Br i t i sh Res ident o f Sunge i U jong
308
SUNGEI UJ0NG TREATY of 3 May 1878
Agreement to set up a Chiefs I Counci l
(T rans la t ion) 7
Truly a counci l has been set up by the government ofNegri Sembilan in order to consider each and every affairo f th is S ta te . Now the courc i l cons is ts o f the Res ident ,the Dato Muda Linggi, the Dato Bandar Ahnad and twoKap i tan Ch ina . Fur ther th is counc i l sha11 s i t each monthand a l l mat te rs there agreed sha l l be submi t ted to theTengku K lana Pet ra fo r h is approvaL.
Wr i t ten on the 3rd dav o f Mav 1878.
Seal and signature of ABDUL RAHMAN,Dato Klana
Seal and signature of P.J. I {URRAY,Res ident o f Sunge i U jong.
309
SUNGEI UJONG TREATY of 31 JuIy-Z August, 1880
Boundary Convent ion with Selangor, Lukut and Sungei Raya8
Approved.
Signature
8 September , 1880
FRED. A. WELD, Governor and Cornrnanderin Ch ie f o f the St ra i ts Set t lements .
A convent ion nade at Singapore the thir ty-f i rst day ofJuly One thousand eight hundred and eighty, through the ne-d i a t i o n o f H i s E x c e l l e n c y S i r F r e d e r i c k A . W e 1 d , K . C . M . G . ,Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t lements , be tween the Su l tan o fSe langor o f the f i rs t par t , the Datoh K lana o f Sunge i U jongof the second par t , Ra ja Bot , son o f the la te Ra ja Jemaatformerly of Lukut of the third part , and Raja Daud, son ofRaja Hussain of Sungei Raya of the fourth part .
Whereas in terrns of an arrangement entered into betweenthe Sultan of Selangor and the Datoh Klana of Sungei Ujongfor the rec t i f i ca t ion o f the boundar ies be tween the Sta teso f Se langor and Sunge i U jong, i t was dec ided, tha t the r i verand distr ict known as Lukut ( including Sungei Raya) as de-f ined in the sa id a r rangement d id and shou ld be long to , andbe a par t o f Sunge i U jong: and whereas Ra ja Bot , son o f Ra jaJemaat, was the Ruler of the said terr i tory of Lukut, andRaja Daud, son o f Ra ja Hussa in , was or c la i rned to be theRuler of Sungei Raya, under the sovereignty of the Sultan ofSelangor, and on the transfer of the sovereignty of the sai .dtenitory from the Sultan of Selangor to the Datoh Klana ofSunge i U jong the sa id Ra ja Bot has no t i f ied to the Governoro f the St ra i ts Set t lements h is des i re to re t i re f rom h isposit ion as Ruler i f sui table arrangements are made for thefuture maintenance and support of himself and those depen-dent on h im, and the Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t lements hascommunicated with the Sultan of Selangor and the Datoh Klanaof Sungei Ujong, who have several ly agreed to the arrangementhere ina f te r se t ou t :
Now therefore i t is st ipulated and agreed upon by andbetween the sa id four par t ies as fo l lows: -
l . A s u m o f $ f + , 0 0 0 i n c a s h s h a 1 1 b e p a i d t o t h e s a i d
310
Raja Bot from the revenues of Sungei Ujong on thes ign ing o f th is convent ion .
2 . A s u m o f $ 1 0 , 0 0 0 s h a 1 l b e p a i d t o r h e s a i d R a j aDaud fron the revenues of Sungei Ujong in mannerfo1 low ing : -Ten Bonds o f $1 ,000 each bear ing in te res t a t thera te o f s ix per cent . per annum payab le by theGovernment of Sungei Ujong and signed by HerMajes ty rs Res ident on beha l f o f the sa id Govern-ment o f Sunge i U jong sha1 l be g iven to the sa idRa ja Daud on the s ign ing hereof .
A grant of a port ion of land on the sea boardof the terr i tory of Lukut as del ineated in theannexed p lan and wh ich is es t ina ted to conta innot nore than 3 ,000 Eng l ish acres sha1 l be g i_venby the Government of Sungei Ujong to Raja Botto ho ld to h imse l f , h is he i rs and ass igns fo rever and free of al l rents and payments to thesaid Governrnent other than such expolr t dut iesas may be a t any t ime lev ied by the sa id Govern-ment on the export of the produce of lands inSunge i U jong, bu t the persons l i v ing on or occu-py ing the sa id lands sha l l be sub jec t to the lawsof Sungei Ujong and to such imposts and taxat ionas other persons l iv ing on or occupying lands inSunge i U jong may f rom t ine to t ine be sub jec t to .
The house and premises with the surrounding landnow occupied by Raja Bot in Lukut is hereby madeover to the Government o f Sunge i U jong w i th a l lhouses , sheds , hu ts and o ther bu i ld ings and erec-t ions on the said land together with the f j_xturesthereon and by way of compensat ion for the samethe Governnent of Sungei Ujong shal l pay to RajaB o t t h e s u m o f $ 3 , 0 0 0 .
The lands , tenements and hered i taments w i th theappurtenances thereon now held by the personsbe ing re la t ions o f o r dependents o f Ra ja Bot se tou t in the schedu le annexed here to sha l l be con-f i rmed to then to hold the same as of the sametenure as they are now he ld on , and sub jec t tothe laws o f Sunge i U jong in a l l respec ts as tothe property and persons l iv ing on or occupyingthe same as o ther lands are he ld , and as o therpersons l ive on and occupy pr ivate lands inSunge i U jong.
The ground on which the late Raja Jamaat father
5 .
6 .
3 l l
8 .
o f the sa id Ra ja Bot was bur ied in Lukut togetherwith such port ion of surrounding ground as may benecessary for ornamenting or preserving the gravenot exceed ing two acres sha l1 be gran ted by theGovernment o f Sunge i U jong to the sa id Ra ja Botand h is he i rs fo r ever to be preserved as theburial ground of Raja Jemaat, but without powerto the sa id Ra ja Bot and h is he j - rs to se11, mor t -gage or o therw ise a l ienate or encumber the same.
In cons idera t ion o f the pren ises , the sa id Ra jaBot and the said Raja Daud hereby gj .ve up andrenounce a l l c la ims wh ich they or e i ther o fthem may have had in any part of Lukut includingSungei Raya, whether as Ruler or proprietor ofproperty or otherwise therein and admit that theterr i tory of Lukut i -ncluding Sungei Raya now formspar t o f the Sta te o f Sunge i U jong sub jec t in a l lrespects to the laws and Government of SungeiU jong as fu l l y and e f fec tua l l y as any o ther par to f the te r r i to ry o f Sunge i U jong.
This Convent ion is hereby sanct ioned by His Ex-c e l l e n c y S i r F r e d e r i c k A . W e l d , K . C . M . G . , G o v e r n o ro f the St ra i ts Set t lements , as a f i t and properar rangement o f the d i f fe rences and d i f f i cu l t iesex is t ing in re la t ion to the pos i t ion o f Ra ja Botand Raja Daud in Lukut including Sungei Raya, andfor the be t te r secur ing the t ranqu i l l i t y o f theSta te o f Sunge i U jong and prov id ing fo r thefuture welfare of Raja Bot and Raja Daud, and iss igned and sea led by the par t ies there to asfo1 lows : -
S igned and sea led by theSultan of Selangor at Jugraon Sth August , 1880 in thepresence o f
Wi tness B. DOUGLAS,B r i t i s h R e s i d e n t ,Se langor
S igned and sea led by the DatoK lana Pet ra o f Sunge i U jongat Sunge i U jong, August 24 th ,1 8 8 0 , i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f
Wi tness P. MURRAY,B r i t i s h R e s i d e n t ,Sunge i U jong.
ABDUL SAMADSeal o f theSu l tan o f Se langor
YUSUF9Sea l o f Dato K lanaPet ra o fSunge i U j ong.
Signature
Signature
3t2
Signed and sea led by Ra ja Bot S ignaturea t S ingapore on 31s t Ju1y ,1880 in the presence o f
Witness JOHN BURKINSFLq,W,Advocate ,Singapore
Signed and sea led by Ra ja S ignatureDaud a t S ingapore on 3 ls t Ju ly ,1880 in the presence o f
Wi tness CECIL CLEMENTI SMITHColon ia l Secre tary ,S t ra i ts Set t lements
RAJA BOT BINRAJA JUMAAT( in jau t sc r ip t )Sea l o f Ra ja Bot
RAJA DAUDof SUNGEI RAYASeal o f Ra ja Daudof Sungei Raya
FOOTNOTES
P r o v e n a n c e : M . q G . , p p , 3 7 - 3 9 .
Before beconing Dato K1ana, Syed Abdul Rahman hadordered two brass f ie ld-guns and a hundred r i f les fronLondon , but these had been impounded in Singapore( P a r k i n s o n , p . 1 6 8 ; C o w a n , p . 1 9 3 ) .
A photocopy o f the or ig ina l o f th is t rea ty appears asan append ix to the Academic Exerc ise o f T . Che l1 iah ,Un ivers i ty o f Ma laya , S ingapore , 1955, en t i t led "Wari -n Negr i Sembi lan I874-1875" . The t rans la t ion wasdone fo r Mr Che l l iah by Dr Josse l in de Jong, then o fthe Department of Malay Studies in the same Universi tyand we are indebted to both for permission to reproducei t here . Accord ing to Gu l l i ck , "Sunge i U jong" , JMBRAS,X X I I , i i ( 1 9 4 9 ) , p . 6 7 , o n l y a n o t h e r p h o t o s t a t c o p L a n dnot the or ig ina l , was in the possess ion o f the DatoBandar in that year.
As o f ten w i th Ma lay Trea t ies , there is some ques t ionabout the da te . The Sth o f Shawwal 1291 was 15 November1874, no t 10 November . There is some poss ib i l i t y o ff raudu lence, s ince accord ing to Park inson (pp .176-7)Swettenham was sent back to Selangor on 15 Nov. andthe Dato K lana a t tacked the Dato Bandar the fo l low ingday. I t i s cer ta in ly uncharac ter is t i c o f Swet tenhamnot to have s igned as a w i tness had he been present .Yet the f igures 10 / ) ,1 /1874 appear qu i te c lear ly on thele f thand narg in oppos i te the e igh th Ch ie f ' s mark , andwhat appears to be 10 / I I /74 (bu t cou ld , admi t ted ly , be15/ I l /74 , the second f igure be ing smudged) i s inscr ibedonce more under P icker ing ts own s ignature . Poss ib ly
1 .
2 .
7
313
-
t h e f i r s t d a t e ( r e p r o d u c e d i n G u t l i c k , o p . c i t . p . 6 7 )is a la te r in te rpo la t ion , a g loss on the da te inser tedby P icker ing wh ich has been mis read.
4 . Provenance: Trea t ' tes and ) thev , Papens. . .&c . , S ingapore1 8 8 8 , p . 3 .
The map, accord ing to M.6 G. ( fo l low ing the 1888 S inga-p o r e p u b l i c a t i o n ) , w a s a l s o s i g n e d .
The Malay (rurni) version, which the editors translatehere , appears in J .M. Gu l l i ck , "Sunge i U jong" , JMBRASX X I I , i i ( i 9 4 9 ) , p . 6 8 , w h e r e h e c o n m e n t s : ' r T h e o r i g i n a l
i s in the possess ion o f the present Dato Bandar .I t bears the seal of Dato Klana Abdul Rahman and ofthe Res ident o f Sunge i U jong and is s igned by bo th .Desp i te the in te rna l ev idence tha t the tex t may no thave been drafted by a Malay (possibly Captain Murraydrafted i t ) i t appears to be genuine. The Jawi iswr i t ten w i th a p rac t ised hand. "
Th is Convent ion was pub l ished in the St ra i ts Set t lementso f f i c ia l pub l i ca t ion I rea t ' tes and o ther Papers . . . &c . ,S i n g a p o r e 1 8 8 8 , p p . 1 0 - 1 4 .
J . M . G u 1 l i c k , " S u n g e i U j o n g ' r , J M B R A S X X I I , i i ( 1 9 4 9 )p .34 , g ives c .1881 fo r the death o f Syed Abdu l Rahmanand success ion o f Yusof as Dato K1ana. From th is docu-nent i t appears this rnust have taken place at least ay e a r e a r l i e r .
6 .
7 .
314
Note on the Negri Sembilan Document of 1885
Governor Weld 's caut ious po l i cy o f expans ion in the Negr iSembi lan area has a l ready been no ted and w i l l be remarkedupon aga in (see Noteon Negr i Sembi lan Trea t ies o f 1889, 1895q 1899) . Th is memorandum represents no very de f in i te mi le -s tone in Weld 's po l i cy bu t i s typ ica l o f the sor t o f in fo rna-t ion he supp l ied to London on the mat te r . I t i s o f somein teres t tha t h is successor thought i t wor th pub l i sh ing inthe co l lec t ion o f t rea t ies and documents pub l i shed in S inga-p o r e i n 1 8 8 8 .
315
NEGRI SEMBILAN DOCUMENT of 23 Decenber, 1385
Weldrs Memorandum on the Negri Sembilan and other smal l inde-
I t i s unnecessary fo r me to recap i tu la te the recenth is to ry o f these Sta tes ; the war and the occupat ion by Br i -t i sh t roops o f Sr i Menant i ; the i r w i thdrawal and the recog-ni t ion of Tunku Antah, who had opposed our forces, as YamTuan of the confederat ion; the rneet ing I held at BukitPutus ; the l i t t le war be tween Ha j i Sae l and Syed Han id ;the Rembau troubles and their sett lement at the Conferenceof Ma lacca, when i t was agreed tha t the Sta tes o f Perak , o fSe langor , o f Sunge i U jong, o f the Negr i Sembi lan shou ld a taL1 t imes ass is t the Governor in ma in ta in ing peace and goodorder in any one o f the Nat ive Sta tes .
My ob jec t in dea l ing w i th these independent S ta tes hasbeen, whi lst avoiding unnecessary interference, to promoteorder and give securi ty for l i fe and property; to upholdBri t ish inf luence as the leading Malay power, and as a con-sequence to develop the resources of the country and fostertrade and commerce.
These ends are now in a fair way of accomplishment.The old Rembau feuds, and pol i t ical and dynast ic antagonismsare ext inct, and the Government of the country appears to me,a f te r care fu l persona l inves t iga t ion , to be we l l conductedby the present Datoh. I have, after pat ient enquiry andsepara te consu l ta t ion w i th a l l par t ies , made an ar rangementwh ich w i l l f ina l l y pu t an end to the d i f f i cu l t ies and d i f fe -rences which have so long existed between Tunku Antah, theYam Tuan of the Negri Sembilan confederat ion, and the Datohsand headmen o f h is S ta tes . Br i t i sh in f luence is f i rm lyes tab l i shed over count r ies in the aggregate th ree t inesla rger than the Malacca te r r i to ry and possess ing grea ternatural advantages, and the Chinese nerchants of MaTaccahave, by a deputat ion, inforrned ne that already a benef ic ialinf luence is being fet t in their t rade, and that they lookforward to g rea ter resu l ts w i th much conf idence i f my po l i cyis persevered in .
The effect already produced by one road through Joholto Kwala Pi lah on the Ulu Muar may be est imated by the facttha t a coo l ie , be fore the road was made, charged $2 .50 fo rcarrying a load of t in from Kwala Pi lah to the lulalacca fron-t , ie r rand tha t now the charge is reduced to $1 . Equa l ly sa t is -factory, is the result of the road-naking in Rembau. There
* F o r f o o t n o t e s e e p . 3 1 9
3r6
i s a l ready much t ra f f i c over the exce l len t road f rom L ingg iin Sungei Ujong to Lubok China in Malacca, where two yearsago I walked through swamp and jungle, and when the newroad from Lubok China to Sungei Bharu is completed a fewmonths hence, and a d i rec t l ine to the town o f Ma lacca iso p e n e d , t r a f f i c w i l l v e r y l a r g e l y i n c r e a s e , t h i s b e i n g aport ion of the future highway through the Peninsula. More-over , a long th is road, and a lso a long the Rembau br id le -pa th ,lead ing f rom our f ron t ie r a t J i ra l Gan je i to the Datoh tsv i l lage , tap ioca and gambier p lan ta t ions are be ing fo rmedon a la rge sca le and the inpu lse g iven to indus t ry i s veryremarkab le .
In my recent journey, I entered the States at Tampinand traversed Tampin, Johol and U1u Muar to Kwala Pi lah onthe upper waters o f the Muar R iver . Th is i s the l ine o four ma in road. I t has been we l l la id ou t and we l l executed .I ts s teepes t g rad ien t i s 1 in 20 . I t i s very much super io rin tha t respec t to the or ig ina l ma in roads o f Perak , o fSe langor and o f Ma lacca. I t has been cons t ruc ted a t areasonab le cos t ; i t i s open fo r about twe lve mi les fo r car tt ra f f i c as fa r as Kwala Temang - the Datoh o f Joho l rs res i -dence. The br idges and cu lver ts a re very subs tan t ia l andmade of the best t imber procurable. Frorn Kwala Temang toKwala P i lah there is a very good br id le -pa th 14 or 15 mi lesin length w i th on ly one cons iderab le h i l l w i th a g rad ien to f 1 i n 2 0 i n p l a c e s .
Kwala Pi lah is on the Muar River, here about 20 yardswide a t a d is tance probab ly o f over 150 mi les f rom i ts mouth .Boats formerly came up to Kwala Pi lah, but some obstruct ionshave been p laced in the s t ream. A few mi les lower down theriver is the point at which i ts waters are only separated bya narrow space of land from the head-waters of the SungeiH i l i r Ser t ing , wh ich is one o f the head-waters o f the PahangRiver . Th is d is t r i c t , there fore , f rom i ts cent ra l pos i t ion ,is o f g rea t impor tance po l i t i ca l l y and commerc ia l l y . KwalaPi1ah, si tuated on the Muar, here the boundary between Muarand Jempol and near the t in nines of Bet ing and the newlyfound Jempol mines said to be very r ich, must become a townof consequence in a few years , i f we car ry ou t the p lanstha t I p ropose. My des ign in re fe rence to th is d is t r i c t i sto p lace a Po l ice Sta t ion a t Kwala P i lah in o rder to a f fo rdthe pro tec t ion wh ich the Ch inese requ i re be fore they w i l linvest capital in the mines; to commence by making foot orbr id le -pa ths to the mines , so as to g ive be t te r access tothem; to co l lec t the ten ths on t in a t Kwala P i lah ; and torece ive the op ium and fa rm revenue. The Co l lec to r w i l l a lso
3t7
ass is t in se t t l j .ng d isputes and admin is te r ing jus t i ce . Theal lowance to the Raja (Yan Tuan) of the State and to theDatohs and headrnen in proport ion to their const i tut ional andcus tomary r igh ts w i l l be pa id ou t o f the revenue. They w i l lbe but very moderate for the present as only a very snal1revenue can be counted on, but the Yarn Tuan and the Datohsand headmen have given a hearty concurrence to al l thesear rangements . A t p resent revenues are i r regu la r ly co l lec tedand go to the s t ronges t i r respec t ive ly o f r igh t ; jus t i ce i . sbad ly admin is te red ; and the re la t ions o f the Yam Tuan andthe Datohsr S ta tes and the i r peop le a re s t ra ined and h igh lyunsat ls fac to ry . I t i s to pu t an end to th is s ta te o f th ings ,and induce capital to be invested in the country, that I havebeen unan imous ly reques ted to take the ar rangenents o f thesematters into my hands, and there is every ground for bel ieftha t i f th is be done, another year w i l l see a subs tan t ia linc rease to the revenue, and tha t th ree years hence theSta tes w i l l be se l f -suppor t ing and may conmence to pay in -te res t and gradua l ly to repay the loan. To enab le me tocarry out these views - to maintain the up-keep and thes l igh t ex tens ion o f roads I have ind ica ted fo r the Po l iceSta t ion a t Kwala P i lah , fo r super in tendence o f roads andadmin is t ra t ion and po l i ce where revenue is insu f f i c ien t , Ip r o p o s e t o a s k t h e L e g i s l a t i v e C o u n c i l f o r a l o a n o f $ 1 5 , 0 0 0which is the sna l les t poss ib le sum requ i red , and wh ich doesnot p rov ide fo r a Po l ice Sta t ion a t Kwala Temang in Joho l ,wh ich is asked fo r by the Datoh and is much needed, nor anye x t e n s i o n o f c a r t - r o a d o r e x t e n d e d m e t a l l i n g .
Speak ing in round numbers , the revenue to be co l lec tedby us for Ulu Muar, Terachi, Jempol and and Gunong Pasiri l&L a t p resent ra tes , be es t imated a t about $2r000, andthe al lowances to the Yam Tuan of Sr i Menant i to the Datohsand Lembagas to a sornewhat srnal ler sum, but i t may be assumedas cer ta in tha t as soon as the br id le -pa th i s ex tended to themines , the revenue w i l l la rge ly inc rease. I p ropose tospend about $12,600 in up-keep and ex tens ion o f roads . Addedto wh ich , there w i l l be the cos t o f cons t ruc t ion o f a Po l iceSta t ion a t Kwala P i lah , the sa la r ies o f the po l i ce , the ex-p e n s e o f c o l l e c t i o n , a n d o f t h e R e s i d e n t C o u n c i l l o r ' s v i s i t s ,mak ing up the sum asked fo r to $15,000.
I t w i l l b e o b s e r v e d t h a t I d o n o t p r o p o s e t o c o l l e c tthe revenue in Johol, Tampin and Renbau, as the same reasonsdo no t ex is t fo r do ing so as in Sr i Menant i p roper , nor doI p ropose now to co l lec t the smal l dues , wh ich cou ld no t bedone w i thout a cons iderab le s ta f f , and wou ld no t p robab lyrepay the cos t o f co l lec t ion a t p resent .
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I was very much pleased with the country through whichI passed dur ing my tour . The Ch ie fs and peop le were excee-dingly cordial and fr iendly, and the country i tsel f has greatcapab i l i t ies . In ex ten t i t i s about th ree t i rnes the s izeof the Province of Malacca, to which i t appears to be gene-ra l l y super io r in qua l i t y o f so i l , wh ich is in p laces exceed-ing ly r i ch . In Sr i Menant i more espec ia l l y there are mag-n i f i cen t s t re tches o f pad i -1and. Water -whee ls a re f requent lyused for purposes of i r r igat ion. Buffaloes abound in SriMenant i . I saw sp lend id spec imens o f go1d, bu t as ye t nomines are known to be r ich enough to repay European labour.Tin in Jempol is said to be very r ich, and Chinamen onlywa i t t i11 the s teps I now propose are taken to in t roducecapital and labour into the country.
I regret very much that I have been unable to vis i tJe lebu, bu t I have rece ived the most sa t is fac to ry accountso f i t s p rospec ts and progress . I t s revenue fo r 1886 ises t imated a t $5 ,055. The expend i tu re w i l l p robab ly exceedi t by about $5 ,000, wh ich sum I p ropose to ask the Counc i lto g ran t as a 1oan. I t i s expec ted tha t the Sta te w j -1 l beab le to commence to pay in te res t in 1887, land hav ing beentaken up both by Europeans and Chinese, and the t in minesbe ing undoubted ly r i ch .
Signature F R E D . A . W E L D ,Governor
FOOTNOTE
Treaties and other. papers eonneeted uith the NatiueStates of the MaLay Peninsula, Singapore, 1888. Thismemorandum was enc losed in Weldrs despatch to theC . 0 . , 2 6 D e c . 1 8 8 5 , C O 2 7 3 / 1 3 6 .
1 .
319
Notes on the Negr i -Sembi lan Trea t ies o f 1889, 1895 and 1898
Governor We1d, w i th the approva l o f the Co lon ia l Of f i ce ,fo rmula ted a po l i cy o f t ry ing , b I cau t ious s teps , to federa tea l l the minor S ta tes o f what i s now Negr i Sembi lan so tha tthey shou ld make a s ing le who le o f approx imate ly cornparab lepopu la t ion to Perak and Se langor ; and he hoped to b r ingth is about be fore h is re t i rement . The Sr i Menant i T rea tyo f 1887 was, however , as fa r as he go t , and i t was le f t toh is successor , C lement i Smi th , to persuade the ru l ing ch ie fsof Rembau and Tampin, without accept ing the general overal lsuzera in ty o f the Yam Tuan Besar o f Sr i Menant i , to jo in ina confedera t ion w i th those Sta tes wh ich d id , to be known asNegr i Sembi lan , in 1889. Th is b rought together , as we l las Rembau and Tampin, Johol (now including Gemencheh), fnas,Ulu Muar, Jempol, Gunong Pasir , Terachi and Sri Menant ii t s e l f : - n i n e S t a t e s i n a l l . T h e A g r e e m e n t , w h i c h w a ssigned by Smith, the Yam Tuan Besar Tengku Muhammad binTengku Antah (who had secceeded h is fa ther , as spec i f iedin 1887 Sr i Menant i Agreement bu t w i thout a meet ing o f , o re lec t ion by , the Undangs o f Negr i Sembi lan) , the Dato Penghu luo f Joho1, Syed Hamid o f Tampin and the Dato Sed ia Ra ja o fRembau, provided for Br i t ish protect ion and the acceptanceo f a B r i t i s h R e s i d e n t . I t a l s o s t i p u l a t e d t h a t n o R u l e rshou ld ' rexerc ise any o ther power o r au thor i ty in respec t o fany Sta te than tha t wh ich he now possesses . I ' The Co lon ia lOf f i ce recommended i t , in th is respec t in par t i cu la r , as amode l fo r the 1895 Federa t ion Agreement be tween Perak , Se-langor, Negri Sembilan and Pahang.
What was to become the present Negr i Sembi lan was a tth is s tage d iv ided fo r admin is t ra t i ve purposes be tween twoun i ts , Sunge i U jong and Je lebu cornpr is ing one and the re -rna inder , the 1889 or I 'o1dr t Negr i Sembi lan , the o ther . Eachhad a Sta te Counc i l and a Br i t i sh Res ident . In 1895 thesetwo un i ts were l inked when Sunge i U jong and Je lebu accededto the ex is t ing confedera t ion , aga in w i thout accept ing theovera l l suzera in ty o f the Yam Tuan Besar , and on th is occa-s ion the agreernent , wh ich prov ided fo r a s ing le Res identwhose adv ice must be fo l lowed on a l l mat te rs o ther thanthose touch ing the Mus l im re l ig ion , was s igned or sea led bythe Yam Tuan Besar , the Dato Penghu lu o f Joho l (on beha l fo f the smal le r S ta tes) , the Dato Bandar -o f Sunge i U jong(both in h is own r igh t and, on another da te , as Ac t ing DatoK lana the ac tua l Dato K lana be ing a minor ) , Syed A1 i ther rRu ler ' t o f Je1ebu, and the Dato Sed ia Ra ja o f Rembau. Norepresenta t ive o f Tampin s igned, a l though the Sta te wasspecif ical ly mentioned in the agreement, and i ts Tengku Deua
320
s igned the 1895 Federa t ion Agreement in Ju ly . And i t ap-pears tha t there was sone d i f f i cu l ty in co l lec t ing the o thers ignatures judg ing by the long per iods be tween the da tes onwhich they are recorded (Negr i Sembi lan Agreernent o f 1895) .
In 1898 the pos i t ion o f the Yam Tuan Besar o f Sr iMenant i , Tengku Muhanmad bin Antah, was regular ised through-out the ent ire new confederat ion by an agreement ( to whichBr i ta in was no t fo rmal ly a par ty ) be tween h im on one s ideand on the other the Dato Klana and Dato Bandar of SungeiUjong (the Dato Bandar being Undang but as he was st i l1 an inor the Dato K lana s igned fo r h im) , the Ru ler o f Je lebu,the Dato o f Joho l and the Dato Sed ia Ra ja o f Renbau. Thesefour were described as the Undnngs (Lawgivers) and as theappropriate people to elect a new Yam Tuan Besar accordingto the 1773 cons t i tu t ion . (They d id no t , i t may be no ted ,include the chief of Tanpin who was hinself of Yam Tuanorigin.) They accepted Tengku Muhamnad bin Antah as Raiao f the count ry bu t s t ipu la ted tha t he shou ld be ne i therhead o f the Mus l im re l ig i -on in the i r own areas (as o therMalay Ru lers were th roughout the i r S ta tes) nor en t i t led toin te r fe re in mat te rs o f Cus tom un less appea led to by theUndang o f the d is t r i c t concerned. As regards the success ion ,i t was st ipulated that the Undangs should elect future YamTuans, a reversal of the arrangenent made, for the specialcase of Yam Tuan Tengku Muhammad, by Bri tainrs 1887 Agreementw i th Sr i Menant i .
Deve lopments be tween 1887 and 1898 and re f lec ted inthese agreements le f t Negr i Sembi lan in a un ique pos i t ionamong the West Ma lays ian Sta tes . I t had a s ing le Ru1er , theYang d i -Per tuan Besar o r Yan Tuan Besar o f Negr i Senb i lan ,bu t he was ne i ther head o f re l ig ion nor supreme in most secu-Iar matters, having to share power with the Undangs. TheUndangs and the Tanpin Chief were to si-gn future treat ies.And there were severa l d ispu tes over success ions to a l lo f f i ces or over the c la i rns o f the Yam Tuan to ca l l h imse l fSu l tan , c la ims wh ich the Undangs and the Br i t i sh f i r rn ly d is -a 1 1 o w e d . 1
FOOTNOTE
G D / C , 7 5 o f 1 9 0 9 , A n d e r s o n t o C O , 2 S e p t . 1 9 0 9 ; C O 7 I 7 /47 , severa l f i l es regard ing the Yam Tuan 's in te rv iewwi th K ing George V in London, 1924.
321
NEGRI SEMBILAN TREATY o f 13 Ju ly , 1889
F i rs t Confedera t ion Agreement (Sr i Menant i , Joho^ ,
Agreement be tween the Governor o f the s t ra i ts se t t lenentsac t ing on beha l f o f Her Ma jes ty 's Governnent and the Ru lerso f cer ta in Ma lay s ta tes here ina f te r ca l led the Negr i sembi -1 a n .
I . In conf i rmat ion o f var ious prev ious wr i t ten andunwri t ten Agreements the yam Tuan Besar of sr i Menant i to-ge ther w i th the Ru lers o f the fo l low ing s ta tes under h isj u r i s d i c t i o n , n a m e l y , J o h o l ( i n c l u d i n g G e m e n c h e h ) , I n a s , U 1 uMuar, Jempol, Gunong Pasir and Terachi, the Ruler of Tampinand the Ruler of Rernbau hereby place themselves under thbpro tec t ion o f the Br i t i sh Government .
I I . The above-ment ioned Ru lers o f the respec t ive s ta teshereby agree to cons t i tu te the i r count r ies in to a confedera-t ion o f s ta tes to be known as the Negr i sembi lan , and theydes i re tha t they nay have the ass is tance o f a Br i t i sh Res i -dent in the adn in is t ra t ion o f the Government o f the sa idConfedera t ion .
I I I . I t i s to be unders tood tha t such ar rangement as i snow agreed upon does not imply that any one Ruler shouldexercise any other power or authori ty in respect of any statethan tha t wh ich he now possesses . In w i tne is whereof thesa id Governor S i r cec i l c . smi th and the sa id yam Tuan Besaro f s r i Menant i , the Dato o f Joho l , Ungku Seyed Hamid o f Tampinand the Dato o f Rembau, have s igned th is Agreenent the 13 thday o f Ju ly , the year o f chr is t one thousana e igh t hundredand e igh ty -n ine , answer ing to the 15 th day o f Zu lkaadah theyear o f the Hed j i ra one thousand th ree hundred and s ix .
S ignature CECIL CLEMENTI SMITH,Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t lements
W i . t n e s s A . M . S K I N N E R ,Act ing Co lon ia l Secre tary ,s t ra i ts se t t lements
Seal of TENGKU MUHAMMAD,Yang d i -Per tuan Besar o fSri Menant i
F o r f o o t n o t e s s e e p . 3 2 7
322
Witness MARTIN LISTER,Superintendent,Negr i Senb i lan
Sea l o f
Witness MARTIN LISTER
S e a l o f
S e a l o f
W i t n e s s A . H A L E ,Mag is t ra te ,Tampin
the DAT0 PENGHULU ofJOll0L
(Tengku) 'SYED HAMID of TAMPIN
DATO SEDIARAJA of REMBAU
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NEGRI SEMBILAN TREATY of 8 August, 1895
Second Confederat ion Agreement (Sri Menant i , J e l e b u ,Johol, Rembau and Sungei Uj ong)
Agreement be tween the Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t lenentsac t ing on beha l f o f Her Ma jes ty rs Government and the Ru lerso f cer ta in Ma lay Sta tes here ina f te r ca11ed the Negr i Sembi lan .
In conf irmation of var ious previous wri t ten and unwri t-ten agreements the Yam Tuan Besar of Sr i Menent i togetherw i th the Ru ler o f Joho l , the Ru lers o f Sunge i U jong, Je lebu,Rembau and Tampin hereby several ly place thenselves and theirS ta tes under the pro tec t ion o f the Br i t i sh Governrnent .
2 . The above-ment ioned Ru lers o f the respec t ive Sta teshereby agree to cons t i tu te the i r count r ies in to a confedera-t ion of States to be known as the Negri Sembilan, and theydes i re tha t they may have the ass is tance o f a Br i t i sh Res i -dent in the administrat ion of the Government of the saidconfedera t ion and they under take to fo11ow h is adv ice in a l lmat te rs o f admin is t ra t ion o ther than those touch ing theMohammadan rel igion.
3 . I t i s to be unders tood tha t such ar rangement as i snow agreed upon does not imply that any one Ruler shouldexercise any other power or authori ty in respect of anySta te than tha t wh ich he now posseses .
In Wi tness whereof the sa id Governor L ieu tenant -Co1one lS i r C h a r l e s B u 1 1 e n H u g h M i t c h e 1 l , G . C . M . G . a n d t h e s a i d Y a mTuan Besar o f Sr i Menant i together w i th the Ru ler o f Joho l ,and the Rulers of Sungei Ujong, Jelebu, Rembau and Tampinhave signed this agreement dated the 8th day of August4 theyear of Christ one thousand eight hundred and ninety-f iveanswering to the sixteenth day of Safar the year of theHed j i ra one thousand th ree hundred and twe lve .
Seal and Signature of
Wi tness CLAUD SEVERN,
S I R C H A R L E S B . H . M I T C H E L L ,Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t lements
Governor rs Pr iva te Secre tary
Sea l and S ignature o f
Seal and Signature of
DATO BANDAR AHMAD of SUNGEI UJONG
SYED ALI o f JELEBU
324
Witness ARTHUR L. KEYSER
3 0 t h J u n e , 1 8 9 5
Mark of
Wi tness
Seal and
Seal and
DATO of JOHOL
LEOPOLD CAZALAS
Signature of DATO SIRUN of REMBAU
Signature of MUHAMMAD BIN ANTAH,Yang d i -Per tuan Besar o f SRI MENANTI
20th June, 1895
Wi tness MARTIN L ISTER
Signature DATO BANDAR AHMAD,Act ing DATO KLANA of SUNGEI UJ0NG
Wi-tness HARVEY CHEVALLIER
325
NEGRI SEMRILAN TREATY o f 29 Apr i1 , 1898
Final Treaty of Confederat ion under Yang di-Pertuan Besar5
(Trans la t ion)
Now in al l t ruth We, the Yang di per Tuan, Muhammad,C.M.G. , the son o f the la te Yang d i per Tuan Antah , have nadean Agreement with the Four Lawgivers.
I . The Dator K lana Pet ra and the Dato ' Bandaro f Sunge i U jong.
I I . The Dator Mend ika Ment r i Akh i r Zaman Su l tano f J e I e b u .
I I I . The Dator Johan Pah lawan Le la PerkasaSet iawan o f Joho l .
IV . The Dator Sed ia Ra ia o f Renbau.
l . Where We and the Four Lawgivers and the Bri t ishRes ident have bound together the Const i tu t ion and Customs o fthe Count ry and the her i tage o f our ances tors o f o1d t ime asis re la ted hereunder : -
2 . Now the Four Lawgivers re tu rn to e lec t Us to be Ra jao f the Negr i Sembi lan in accordance w i th our anc ien t cons t i -t u t i o n .
3 . Now tha t We have been ins ta l led as Ra ja o f the Negr iSembi lan We, accord ing to the o Id Const i tu t ion , cannot in te r -fere in the Customs of the Country or in Muhammadan Law andevery mat te r tha t a r ises in each Sta te i s to be se t t led inconsu l ta t ion w i th the Br i t i sh Res ident o f the Nesr i Sembi lanand is not to be subject to our Cornmands.
4 . I f any d i f fe rence o f op in ion ar ises be tween oneLawgiver and another as to the boundaries of their Statesand i f e i ther Lawgiver appea ls to Us by present ing h imse l fbefore Us then We are bound to interfere and to sett le themat te r w i th jus t i ce , bu t i f the o f f i cers o f the Four Lawgiversor the i r sub jec ts come to p resent themse lves be fore Us tornake conplaint or pet i t ion Us in wri t ing We sha1l not infuture entertain their cornplaints.
5 . When the fes t i va ls o f Har i Raya and Har i Raya Ha j iare celebrated according to ancient custom, the Four Lawgivers
326
wi l l no t come to p resent themse lves be fore Us a t Our As tanaat Sr i Menant i , bu t w i l l each ce lebra te h is own fes t i va ls ,according to ancient custom, in his own state - always pro-v ided tha t , on grea t occas ions such as Ceremonies o f Mar r iageor C i rcumcis ion , i f We inv i te the Four Lawgivers they sha l lcar ry ou t Our w ishes in the i r en t i re ty ,
6. In the event of the Death of the Yang di per Tuan,the Four Lawgivers shal l br ing as an offer ing money in suchamounts as is be f i t t ing , such money be ing vo ted by theGovernrnent of the Negri Sembilan.
Moreover the Four Lawgivers in c,onjunct ion with eachother and w i th the i r hered i ta ry o f f i cers sha11 E lec t one o fthe royal pr inces and instal him as Yang di per Tuan in thesame manner and in accordance with the Customs and Const i tu-t ion under wh ich the fo rmer Yang d i per Tuan was ins ta l led .
B E I T S O .
Wr i t ten on the 29 th day o f Apr i1 , 1898,t h a t i s o n t h e 8 t h d a y o f Z i l - h a i j a h , 1 3 1 5 .
FOOTNOTES
C O 2 7 3 / 1 6 1 , C l e m e n t i S m i t h t o C 0 , 3 0 S e p t . 1 8 8 9 .
The t i t les o f the Tampin Ru lers were changeab le , evenby Negr i Sembi lan s tandards . Syed Hamidrs fa ther ,Syed Shaaban, ca l led h imse l f Syed or Shar i f ind i f fe ren t -1y : Syed Harn id h i -mse l f i s here re fe r red to in the tex tas Engku bu t s igned as Tengku. Eventua l l y the t i t leTengku Dewa (1895) o r Tengku Besar (1945) was se t t ledo n .
P r o v e n a n c e : M . G G . , p p . 6 4 - 6 5 .
The dates when the Treaty was signed are far f rorn clear.Presumably the Dato Bandar Ahmadts f i rst s ignature andtha t o f the Ru ler o f Je lebu were w i tnessed on 30 Junein one p lace and those o f the Ru lers o f Joho l and Rembau(who were already within the Negri Sembilan Confedera-t ion) and that of the Yam Tuan, on 20 of June in another:then i t was decided that the Dato Bandar rnust s ign againon beha l f o f the Dato K lana, and Mi tche l l f ina l l y s ignedon 8 August .
P r o v e n a n c e : M . & G . , p p . 6 5 - 6 6
1
z
3 .
A1 . .
327
Note on the Negr i Sembi lan Trea ty o f 1945
For some more general observat ions upon the MacMichaelT r e a t i e s , s e e N o t e o n J o h o r e T r e a t y o f 1 9 4 5 ( p . 1 1 7 ) .
MacMichae l h imse l f repor ted a "p re l im inary undercur ren to f an tagon j -sm" to h is p roposa ls in Negr i Sembi lan , wh ich hev is i ted a l i t t le la te r than an t ic ipa ted because o f the neces-s i ty o f wa i t ing fo r a new Undang o f Je lebu to be e lec ted :accord ing to h im the Yang d i -Per tuan Besar was r r re luc tan t tocommi t h imse l f a t a l l , and i t was on ly th rough the in te rven-t ion o f the sen io r Undang, the Dato K lana o f Sunge i U jong,tha t he was persuaded to s ign i f l , h is acceptance o f the newpo l icy . f r Accord ing to the Yam Tuan, however , the Dato K lana'rwas brought protest ing from his deathbed" (a statement whicht h e B r i t i s h o f f i c i a l c o n c e r n e d , J . M . G u l l i c k , s t r o n g l y d e -n ied) and r rwas so i11 tha t he was prepared to do or s ign any-th ing so as to have the peace wh ich we a l l need under thesec i rcumstances . r ' The Dato JeJ .ebu, accord ing to the Yam Tuan,opposed the Union but regarded i t as a fai t acconrpl i and saidi t would make no dl f ference whether the document was signedor no t . The Dato Joho l was descr ibed as very o ld and a l -most i l l i te ra te and sa id on ly imper fec t ly to have unders toodthe who le p roceed ings . And the Tengku Besar o f Tarnp in , be inga n inor , was represented by h is s is te r who "d id what she wast o l d r t . r
FOOTNOTE
See J . de V. A l1en, The l4aLayan Un ion , New Haven, 1967,p p . 1 6 0 & I 7 I - 7 2 .
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NEGRI SEMBILAN TREATY o f 14 Novenber , 1945
MacMichae l T rea ty l
Agreement be tween H is Ma jes ty 's Government w i th in theUnited Kingdom of Great Bri tain and Northern Ireland andthe Sta te o f Negr i Sembi lan .
Whereas mutua l agreements subs is t be tween H is Br i tann icMajes ty and H is H ighness the Yang d i -Per tuan Besar and theRulers o f the Sta tes wh ich fo rm the te r r i to ry known as theNegr i Senb i lan :
And whereas i t i s exped ien t to p rov ide fo r the cons t i tu -t iona l deve lopnent o f the Malay Sta tes under the pro tec t ionof H is Ma jes ty and fo r the fu tu re government o f the Sta te o fNegr i Senb i lan :
I t i s hereby agreed be tween S i r Haro ld MacMichae l ,C . G . M . G . , D . S . 0 . , S p e c i a l R e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f H i s l u l a j e s t y r sGovernment within the United Kingdom of Great Bri tain andNor thern I re land on beha l f o f H is Ma jes ty and H is H ighnessTuanku Abdu l Rahman, K .C.M.G. , ibn i a l -Marham Yan TuanMuhammad and the Rulers of the States which forrn the terr i -to ry known as the Negr i Sembi lan fo r themse lves , the i r he i rsa n d s u c c e s s o r s : -
H is H ighness the Yang d i -Per tuan Besar and the Ru lerso f the Sta tes fo rming the te r r i to ry o f the Negr iSembi lan agree tha t H is Ma jes ty sha l l have fu l lpower and ju r isd ic t ion w i th in the Sta te o f Negr iSembi 1an .
Save in so fa r as the subs is t ing agreements a reincons is ten t w i th th is Agreement o r w i th such fu tu recons t i tu t iona l a r rangements fo r Ma laya as may beapproved by H is Ma jes ty , the sa id agreements sha l1remain o f fu l1 fo rce and e f fec t .
S igned th is 14 day o f November 1945
Signature H.A. MACMICHAEL,Spec ia l Representa t ive o f the Br i t i shGovernment
W i t n e s s H . T . B O U R D I L L O N
F o r f o o t n o t e s s e e p . 3 3 0
329
2 .
Signature YANG DI-PERTUA,\ BESAR ABDLJL RMNAN ofNEGRI SEMBILAN
Wi tness TENGKU NASIR
Signature DATO KLANA PETRA of SUNGEI UJONG2 ( injaui script)
Witness TENGKU JAAFAR
Signature SHAHMARUDDIN, DATO PENGHULU of JELEBUMENDIKA MENTRI AKHARZAI\,IAN
Witness TENGKU HUSSAIN
Signature DATO PENGHULU of JOHOL, JOFLAN PAHLAWANLELA PERKASA SETIAWAN ( in jaui scr ipt)
Witness TENGKU HUSSAIN
Signature D. HIPAP, DATO PENGHULU of REMBAU, LELAMAHARAJA
Wi tness TENGKU HUSSAIN
Signature TENGKU SHARIPAH LOYAH,Act ing Besar o f Tempin
Witness TENGKU NASIR
FOOTNOTES
A copy, on which is noted that l ' la jor Leonard Owen,Notary Pub l ic , Eng land, checked i t and conf i rned tha ti t was an exac t copy o f the or ig ina l , i s in the Malays ianN a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s .
At the t ime o f the s ign i -ng J .M. Gu l l i ck submi t ted toW. L inehan ( then cons t i tu t iona l adv iser to the MalayanUnion Governrnent) a memorandurn suggest ing that, in viewof the 1874 and 1878 Agreenents be tween the Dato K lanaand Dato Bandar , and no tw i ths tand ing the events o f 1895,i t was necessary fo r the Dato Bandar to g ive h is consentto the s ign ing o f the Trea ty , though no t necessar i l y tos ign i t h inse l f (wh ich was the c la im o f the Dato Bandarh imse l f l . L inehan conmented, perhaps ra ther tenden-t ious ly , tha t a rea l Ma lay scho lar wou ld recogn ise tha tthe word mu.ahfat (muahfakat) appearing in the 1874 docu-ment does not mean consent but only eonsultat ion and theD a t o B a n d a r r s c l a i m s w e r e o v e r r u l e d ( J . M . G u l l i c k p e r -s o n a l t o A l l e n o f 2 6 J a n . 1 9 6 9 ) .
330
Note on the Negr i Sembi lan Trea ty o f 1948
As the resu l t o f Ma lay oppos i t ion to the Malayan Un ionschene and the MacMichae l Trea t ies the Br l t i - sh en tered in tonegot ia t ions w i th the Ru lers and the leaders o f IJMNO. Thesed iscuss ions went th rough severa l s tages be tween Ju ly 1946and ear ly 194B, and, a l though cer ta in N{a lay rad ica l and non-Malay groups condemned as undemocrat ic both the consultat ivep r o c e s s a n d t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o p o s a l s , i t w a s d e c i d e d : -( i ) to revoke the lu la layan Un ion Order in Counc i l , 1946, ( i i )to rep lace the MacMichae l Trea t ies by Sta te Agreements , and( i i i ) t o e s t a b l i s h a p e n i n s u l a r f e d e r a t i o n .
The n ine a lmost iden t ica l S ta te Agreements were s ignedand sea led be tween the Ru lers and Gent (on beha l f o f H isMajes ty ) on 2 I January - the day wh ich a lso saw the conc lu -s i o n o f t h e F e d e r a t i o n o f M a l a y a A g r e e m e n t ( s e e p . 1 0 0 ) .Under these Sta te Agreements the ju r isd ic t ion o f the Crownwas conf ined to ex terna l a f fa i rs and de fence. However , theMalay Ru lers were s t i l l bound to accept the adv ice o f Br i t i shAdv isers (no te : the same t i t le was adopted by the pr inc ipa lBr i t i sh o f f i c j -a ls pos ted to the Malay Sta tes) ' ron a l l mat te rsconnected with the government of the State other than mattersre la t ing to the Mus l in Re l ig ion and the Custom o f the Ma1ays" .In add i t ion The i r H ighnesses were now sub jec ted to wr i t tencons t i tu t ions wh ich prov ided fo r a leg is la tu re (Counc i l o fS ta te ) and an Execut ive Counc i l in each Sta te . Up to th ist ine on ly Johore and Trengganu had possessed wr i t ten cons t i -tu t ions (see Johore Docurnent o f 1895, p .77 and TrengganuD o c u m e n t o f 1 9 1 1 p . 4 7 4 ) ,
331
NEGRI SEMBILAN TREATY of 21 January, 1948- *
State Agreement revoking the MacMichael Treatyr
Agreement made the twenty - f i rs t day o f January , 1948,b e t w e e n S i r G e r a r d E d w a r d J a m e s G e n t , K . C . M . G . , D . S . 0 . , 0 . B . 8 . ,N{ .C. , on beha l f o f H is N{a jes ty and H is H ighness Tuanku Abdu lRahrnan ibni A1-l t {arhom Tuanku Muharunad, of the State of NegriSembilan, Yang di-Pertuan Besar and Ruler, Knight Conmandero f the l i {os t D is t ingu ished Order o f S t . M ichae l and St . Geo lge ,and Datot Klana Petra l t {ohamad Kassin bin Dator Ni-ka Haj iAbdul Rashid, Undang of Sungei Ujong, Dator Mendika } lentr iAkhirzaman Shahmaruddin bin Abdul-rahrnan, Undang of Jelebu,Dator John Pahlawan Lela Perkasa Set iawan Abdul l {anap binTo1ok, Undang o f Joho l , Dato ' Le la l v lahara j a Ha j i Ipap b inAbdul1ah, Undang of Renbau and Tengku Syed ldrus bin TengkuSyed l" lohamad, Tengku Besar of Tampin, for Themselves andT h e i r S u c c e s s o r s :
Whereas mutua l agreenents subs is t be tween H is Ma jes tyand H is H ighness the Yang d i -Per tuan Besar and the Ru l ingChie fs o f the te r r i to r ies wh ich fo rm the Sta te known asNegr i Sembi lan :
And whereas i t has been reprcesented to H is Ma jes ty tha tfresh arrangements should be nade for the peace, order andgood governnent of the State of Negri Sernbi lan:
And whereas H is l v la jes ty in token o f the f r iendsh ip wh ichhe bears towards H is H ighness the yang d i -per tuan Besar andthe Ru l ing Ch ie fs o f the Sta te o f Negr i Sembi lan , the sub jec tso f H is H ighness , and the inhab i tan ts o f the Sta te o f Negr isembi lan , i s p leased to make f resh ar rangements to take e f fec ton such day as His Majesty may by Order in Counci l appoint( h e r e i n a f t e r c a l l e d t ' t h e a p p o i n t e d d a y " ) :
And whereas i t i s exped ien t to p rov ide fo r the cons t i -tu t iona l deve lopment o f the s ta te o f Negr i sembi lan under thepro tec t ion o f H is Ma jes ty and fo r i t s fu tu re government :
N o w , t h e r e f o r e , i t i s a g r e e d a n d d e c l a r e d a s f o l l o w s :
S h o r t t i t l eand commence-m e n t .
1 . Th is Agreement nay be c i ted as the Negr iSenb i lan Agreenent , 1948, and sha l1 comeinto operat ion on the appointed day immedi-a te ly a f te r the coming in to opera t ion o fthe Order in Counc i l a fo resa id . Not i f i ca-t ion o f the appo in ted day sha l l be pub l ished
* For foo tno te see p .339
332
Interpretat ion
in the Malayan Union Gazette together witha copy o f th is Agreement .
2 . I n t h i s A g r e e m e n t :
' rEnactnentrf neans any law enacted by HisHighness w i th the adv ice and consent o f aCounc i l o f S ta te cons t i tu ted in accordancewi th th is Agreement ;
trFederal Governmentrr means the Gover:r-ment o f the Federa t ion ;
' r the Federa t ion t r means the Federa t ion o fMalaya to be ca11ed in Ma lay r rPersekutuan
Tanah Melayu" , wh ich is to be es tab l i shedon the appointed day;
I tFedera t ion Agreement " means the Agree-ment wh ich is to be made between H is Ma jes tyand Their Highnesses the Rulers of the MalaySta tes o f Johore , Pahang, Negr i Senb i lan ,Se langor , Perak , Kedah, Per l i s , Ke lan tanand Trengganu fo r the es tab l i shment o f theFederat ion, and includes any amendmentthereo f ;
" the H igh Commiss ioner " means the H ighCommiss ioner fo r the Federa t ion ;
"H is H ighness" means the Yang d i -Per tuanBesar and Ru le l o f the Sta te o f Negr i Sem-b i lan and H is Successors and (except inC l a u s e s 6 , 1 1 a n d 1 5 ) t h e R u l i n g C h i e f sand The i r Successors :
"H is H ighness in Counc i l ' r means H is H igh-ness the Yang d i -per tuan Besar ac t ing a f te rconsu l ta t ion w i th the Sta te Execut ive Counc i lto be cons t i tu ted in accordance rv i th th isAgreement , bu t no t necessar i l y in accordancewi th the adv ice o f such Counc i l nor necess-a r i l y i n s u c h C o u n c i l a s s e m b l e d ;
' r luakr r means the area ru led respec t iveJ .yby each o f the Undangs, tha t i s to say , theUndangs o f the Luaks o f Sunge i U jong, Je lebu,Johol and Rembau;
"Ru l ing Ch ie fs " neans the Dator K lanaPet ra Undang o f the Luak o f Sunge i U jong,the Undang of the Luak of Jelebu, the Un-dang of the Luak of Johol, the Undang ofthe Luak of Rembau, and the Tengku Besar ofTampin ;
333
Protec t ion andexternala f f a i r s .
Br i t i shAdvis er .
C o s t o fBr i t i shAdv i ser .
Appointmento f B r i t i s hAdv i s e r .
Federa l o f f i cers
' rSecre tary o f S ta te" means one o f H isM a j e s t y r s P r i n c i p a l S e c r e t a r i e s o f S t a t e ;
"Undang" means one o f the Ru l ing Ch ie fsexc lud ing the Tengku Besar o f Tampin ;
3 . ( 1 ) H i s M a j e s t y s h a 1 1 h a v e c o n p l e t e c o n -t ro l o f the de fence and o f a l l the ex terna la f fa i rs o f the Sta te o f Negr i Sembi lan andHis Maj es ty under takes to p ro tec t theGovernment and State of Negri Sembilan anda l1 i t s dependenc ies f rom ex terna l hos t i lea t tacks and fo r th is and o ther s imi la rp u r p o s e s H i s M a j e s t y r s F o r c e s a n d p e r s o n sa u t h o r i s e d b y o r o n b e h a l f o f H i s M a j e s t y ' sGovernment sha11 a t a l l t imes be a l lowedf ree access to the Sta te o f Negr i Sembi lanand to employ a l l necessary means o f oppo-s i n g s u c h a t t a c k s .
(2 ) H is N ' la jes ty under takes tha t , w i thoutt h e k n o w l e d g e a n d c o n s e n t o f H i s M a j e s t y r sGovernment , he w i l l no t make any t rea ty ,en ter in to any engagement , dea l in o r cor res-pond on po l i t i ca l mat te rs w i th , o r sendenvoys to , any fo re ign Sta te .
4 . H is H ighness under takes to rece ive andprov ide a su i tab le res idence fo r a Br i t i shAdv iser to adv ise on a1 l mat te rs connectedwi th the government o f the Sta te o therthan mat te rs re la t i .ng to the Mus l im Re l ig ionand the Custom o f the Malays , and under -takes to accept such adv ice ; p rov ided tha tn o t h i n g i n t h i s c l a u s e s h a l l i n a n y w a ypre jud ice the r igh t o f H is H ighness toaddress the I I igh Commiss ioner , o r H is Ma-jes ty th rough a Secre tary o f S ta te , i f H isH i g h n e s s s o d e s i r e s .
5 . T h e c o s t o f t h e B r i t i s h A d v i s e r w i t h h i ses tab l i shment sha l l be de termined by theHigh Comniss ioner and sha l l be a charge onthe revenues o f the Sta te o f Negr i Sembi lan .
6 . H i s H i g h n e s s s h a 1 1 b e c o n s u l t e d b e f o r eany o f f i cer whom i t i s p roposed to send asB r i t i s h A d v i s e r i s a c t u a l l y a p p o i n t e d .
H is H ighness under takes to rece ive w i th tn
334
When Federaloff icers mayperform Statefunc t ions .
Sta teConst i tu t ion
C o u n c i l s t o b ec o n s t i t u t e d .
H is H ighness tobe consu l tedbefore pos t ingof o f f i cers byHigh Conn is -s i o n e r t o p o s t sborne on Statee s t i m a t e s .
Impar t ia lt rea tment .
h is S ta te such o f f i cers o f the Federa lGovernment as that Government may requireand to permi t such o f f i cers to exerc isesuch lawful authori ty and powers and toperform such lawfu1 funct ions as nay benecessary for the purposes of the FederalGovernment.
8 . Any o f f i cer o f the Federa l Governmentmay, with the concurrence of the High Corn-miss ioner , per fo rm wi th in the Sta te o fNegri Sembilan such State dut ies and mayexerc ise such Sta te powers as may be im-posed or confer red upon h in by H is H ighnessin Counc i l o r by Enactment .
9 . H is Hr ighness under takes to govern theSta te o f Negr i Sembi lan in accordance w i ththe prov is ions o f a wr i t ten Const i tu t ionwhich sha l l be in conformi ty w i th the pro-v is ions o f th is Agreenent and o f the Fede-rat ion Agreenent and which shal l be grantedand promulgated by His Highness as soon asconven ien t ly may be e i ther in who le o r , i fH is H ighness th inks exped ien t , in Par tsf rom t ime to t ime.
10 . In pursuance o f the under tak ing con-ta ined in C lause 9 o f th is Agreement andin conformi ty w i th the prov is ions o f theFederat ion Agreenent His Fl ighness under-takes fo r thwi th to cons t i tu te
(a) A Maj l i s Meshuara t Kera jaan, to beca l led in Eng l ish Sta te Execut iveCounci 1 ;
(b ) A Maj l i s N ' leshuara t Negr i , to bec a l l e d i n E n g l i s h C o u n c i l o f S t a t e .
1 1 . H i s H i g h n e s s , u n l e s s h e s h a l l o t h e r -w ise d i rec t , sha11 be consu l ted be fore anyof f i cer i s pos ted by or on the au thor i tyo f the H igh Commiss ioner to any pos t borneon the Sta te Es t ina tes .
1 2 . A l l p e r s o n s o fsame grade in the
whatsoever race in theserv ice o f the Sta te o f
335
Educat ion andt ra in ing o fM a l a y s .
PreviousAgreements ,
Prerogat ives ,power andJur isd ic t ion o fHis Highnessthe Yang di-Pqr tuan Besar .
Prerogat ives ,power andj u r i s d i c t i o nof the Ru l ingC h i e f s .
Negr i Sembi lan sha l l , sub jec t to the te rmsand cond i t ions o f the i r employment , bet rea ted impar t ia l l y .
1 3 . H i s H i g h n e s s d e s i r e s a n d H i s M a j e s t yagrees tha t i t sha1 l be a par t i cu la r chargeupon the Government of the State of NegriSembilan to provide for and encourage theeducat ion and training of the Malay inha-b i tan ts o f the Sta te o f Negr i Sembi lan soas to f i t them to take a fu11 share in theeconomic progress , soc ia l we l fa re andgovernment of the State and of the Federa-t i o n .
14 . (1 ) The Agreement made on the 14 th dayo f N o v e m b e r , 1 9 4 5 , b e t w e e n H i s M a j e s t y t sGovernment within the United Kingdom ofGreat Bri tain and Northern Ireland and HisH i g h n e s s T u a n k u A b d u l R a h n a n , K . C . M . G . ,ibni Almarhom Yam Tuan l,luhammad the Yangd i -Per tuan Besar , and the Ru lers o f theSta tes wh ich fo rm the Negr i Sembi lan fo rThemse lves , The i r He i rs and Successors i shereby revoked.
(2 ) A i1 Trea t ies and Agreements subs is -t ing immedia te ly p r io r to the mak ing o fthe aforesaid Agreement of the 14th day ofNovember , 1945, sha l l con t inue in fo rcesave in so far as they are inconsistent withthis Agreement or the Federat ion Agreement.
15 . The prerogat i . ves , power and ju r isd ic t ionof H is H ighness the Yang d i -Per tuan Besarwi th in the Sta te o f Negr i Sembi lan sha1 lbe those which His Highness the Yang di-Per tuan Besar possessed on the f i rs t day o fDecember , 194I , sub jec t never the less to theprovisions of the Federat ion Agreement andof th is Agreement , bu t und imin ished by theprov is ions o f any o f the Agreement spec l -i ied in the Schedu le to th is Agreement '
16 . The prerogat ives , power and ju r isd ic t ionof the Ru l ing Ch ie fs o f Sunge i U jong, Je le -bu, Joho1, Rembau and Tampin and their suc-cessors w i th in the i r respec t ive Ter r i to r iessha l l be those wh ich the Ru l ing Ch ie fs o f
336
Sunge i U jong, Je lebu, Joho l , Rembau andTanp in , respec t ive ly , possessed on thef i rs t day o f December , 1941, sub jec t never -the less to the prov is ions o f the Federa t ionAgreernent and of this Agreernent; but un-d imin ished by the prov is ions o f any o f theAgreements spec i f ied in the Schedu le toth is Agreenent .
Language ofAgreement.
( 1 )Date of Agreenent
1 . J u 1 y , 1 8 9 5
) ) O t - h O e f n h p r 1 9 0 9e v u v r !
be expressed inMalay languages;interpretat ion,t o t h e E n g l i s h
THE SCHEDULEr 1 \
ri; i"Agreement between the Governoro f t h e S t r a i t s S e t t l e m e n t s a c t -ing on behalf of the Governmento f Her Ma jes ty the Queen, Em-press o f Ind ia , and the Ru lerso f t h e f o l l o w i n g . M a l a y S t a t e s :tha t i s to say , Perak , Se langor ,Pahang and the Negri Sembilan.
Agreement between the High Com-miss ioner o f the Federa tedMalay Sta tes , ac t ing on beha l fof the Government of His Majestythe K ing , Emperor o f Ind ia , andthe Ru lers o f the Federa tedMalay Sta tes o f Perak , Se langor ,Pahang and the Negr i Sembi lan .
337
17. Th is Agreement sha l1both the Eng l ish and thebut , fo r the purposes o fregard sha11 be had on lyvers ion ,
In w i tness whereof the sa id S i r Gerard Edward Gent ,K . C . M . G . , D . S . 0 . , 0 . B . E . , M . C . , f o r a n d o n b e h a l f o f H i sMajesty, and His Highness Tuanku Abdul Rahman Ibni AlmarhomTuanku Muhammad, K .C.M.G. , the Yang D i -Per tuan Besar o fNegri Sernbi lan and the said Undangs of Sungei Ujong, Jelebu,Johol and Rembau, and the said Tengku Besar of Tampin havehereunto se t the i r s ignatures and sea ls in the presence o fwitnesses this twenty-f i rst day of January One ThousandNine Hundred and Forty-eight of the Christ ian era correspon-ding to the tenth day of Rabiulawal the Hadj i ra of theProphet (on whom be Benedict ion and Peace of God) One Thou-sand Three Hundred and Sixty-seven.
a
( 1 )
3, 7th November, I9I2
THE SCHEDULE (cont . )
( 2 )
Agreement supplemental to theAgreement for the Const i tut iono f a F e d e r a l C o u n c i l , 1 9 1 2 .
Agreement further supplementalto the Agreement for the Con-s t i tu t ion o f a Federa l Counc i l .
Agreenent between the High Com-miss ioner fo r the Malay Sta tes ,ac t ing on beha l f o f the Govern-ment o f H is l t {a jes ty the K ing ,Ernperor of India, and the Rulersof the Federated Malay Stateso f Perak , Se langor , Negr i Sem-b i lan and Pahang.
of ABDUL MANAP,Undang of Johol
B . C H E M E K
of HAJI IPAP,Undang of Rembau
SEKAT
of SYED IDRUS,Tengku Besar of Tarnpin
4 . 9 th Ju ly , 1924
24th Apr i1 , 1927
S i g n a t u r e a n d s e a l o f G . E . J . G E N Tfor and on beha l f o f H is Ma ies ty
Wi tness W.A. GORDON HALL
Signature and seal of TUANKU ABDUL RAHMAN,Yang D i -Per tuan Besar o f Negr iSemb i 1 an
Wi tnesses ABDUL MALEKTUNKU NASIR
Signature and seal of MOHAMAD KASSIM,Undang of Sungei Ujong
Witness ABU BAKAR
Signature and seal of SHAHI\,{ARUDDIN,Undang of Jelebu
Witness OMAR
Signature and sea l
Wi tness ABD. GHANI
Signature and seal
Witness OSMAN BIN
Signature and seal
338
lVi tness MD JANI
FOOTNOTL
1. Provenance: Statutony Instruments fot ' 7948, I , i , no.108, The Federa t ion o f ln la laya Order in Counc i l , 1948.
339
Pahang
Once a domain o f Ma lacca, on the fa l l o f tha t empi rePahang remained under the suzera in ty o f Ma laccars las t su l tanand h is successors . In the face o f European, Achenese andBug is p ressures the he i rs to Ma lacca found i t inc reas ing ly ,d i f f i cu l t to exerc ise even nomina l over lo rdsh ip over the i rfa r - f lung te r r i to r ies . By the end o f the e igh teenth centurythe Su l tan was conf ined to the Rh iau-L ingga arch ipe lago wh i lehis chief of f icers - the Temenggong and the Bendahara - werevir tual ly independent rulers in Johore and Pahang respect ive-Iy (c f no te on Johore p . 19 ) . By 1855 the Temenggong hadgained both de facto and de jtue control over Johore, whilethe Bendahara was acquir ing a simi lar authori ty in Pahang.
340
Note on the Pahang Treat ies o f 1862 and 1868
In 1857, on the death o f Bendahara Tun A1 i , the Pahangsuccess ion was d isputed be tween two o f h is sons : Tun Mutah i rand Wan Ahmad. The lat ter was supported by the Sultan ofTrengganu, the Siamese and by a clairnant to the Johorethrone (narne1y , Mahmud, ex-Su l tan o f L ingga, whose s is te rmar r ied K ing Mongkut o f S iam in 1861) ; the fo rmer had apowerful a1ly in the Temenggong of Johore who was relatedto Tun Mutahir by marr iage. Just as the Bri t ish were drawninto the dispute between Temenggong and Sultan over the con-t ro l o f Johore , so they becane invo lved in the Pahang c iv i lwar. Eager to resume trade and at the same t ime worr ied bythe poss ib i l i t y o f the ex tens ion o f S iamese in f luence in theMalay Peninsula, the Strai ts Government was anxious to seethe d ispute se t t led . A t f i r s t the Br i t i sh re f ra ined f romdi rec t in te rvent ion bu t , when in 1862 the S iamese a t temptedto land a force at Kuala Trengganu, Cavenagh (Governor 1859-67) embarked on a more v igorous po l i cy . He sent a nava lforce to bombard Kuala Trengganu whi le he fort i f ied the ant i-Siamese fact ion in Pahang by giving his support to a tTeatyof al l iance between Tun Mutahir and the Temenggong of Johore(Pahang Treaty o f 1862) . Th is docrment se t t led the boundary- a po ten t ia l source o f con f l i c t be tween the two Sta tes - a tthe Endau River and awarded Pulau Tioman and al l is lands tothe south of i t to Johore as compensat ion for the Temenggongtssuppor t in the Pahang c iv i l war . In addit ion i t guaranteednutua l t rad ing r igh ts and prov ided fo r Br i t i sh med ia t ion inc a s e o f f u r t h e r d i s p u t e .
In the fol lowing year, however, Wan Ahnad defeated TunMutahir and became Bendahara. The Ternenggong of Johorecont inued to support Tun Mutahir and, on his death in 1863,his sons who tr ied an unsuccessful invasion of Pahang throughRaub in 1866 and a second through Selangor and Raub two years1ater . Unders tandab ly Bendahara Wan Ahmad was unwi l l ing toaccept the unfavourable boundary agreement made with Johoreby h is b ro ther and r i va l in 1862. The St ra i ts Government ,fo r i t s pant , was now embar rassed by the Temenggongrs d is tu r -bances on the eas t coas t , and S i r l {a r ry Ord (Governor 1867-73)was keen to conso l ida te under genera l Br i t i sh cont ro l a l l theMalay Sta tes south o f what he regarded as the S iamese sphere .Consequent ly , in accordance w i th the c lause in the 1862Treaty au thor is ing Br i t i sh a rb i t ra t ion and th rough the goodoff ices of the Sultan of Trengganu, Ord persuaded Wan Ahmadto neet h inse l f and the Temenggong and conc lude a fu r therse t t lement . By the Trea ty o f 1868 the Endau R iver remained
341
the boundary betweenof f -shore is lands wasdahara and the Johore
Pahang and Johore but ownership of thes l i g h t l y r e - a d j u s t e d . L a t e r t h e B e n _R u l e r w e r e c o m p l e t e l y r e c o n c i l e d . I
FOOTNOTE
Cf . C.D. Cowan, Nineteenth-Centu"ng Malaya, London, 1961,p p . 1 6 , 3 9 - 4 0 a n d 6 0 .
342
PAHANG TREATY of 17 June, 1862
First Boundary and Friendship Treaty with Johorel*
These are to cer t i f y tha t a Trea ty o f f r iendsh ip ,al l iance and mutual support which is to endure for ever, hasbeen entered into between His Highness Datoh Tumongong Abu-bakar Sri l r {aharajah Ibn Datoh Tunongong Daing Ibrahim Sril ' laharajah, Sovereign of Johore of the one part , and His High-ness Datoh Bandahara Tun Korais Sri l t {aharajah Ibn RajahBandahara Tun Tahir Sr i Maharajah of Pahang of the otherPar t , bo th par t ies be ing in per fec t accord and consent ingto o rder to regu la te the count r ies o f Pehang and Johore ,their boundaries, jur isdict ions and governments to preventdisputes hereafter, to strengthen each other and to per-pe tua te the ami ty ex is t ing be tween them, i t i s agreed andd e c l a r e d a s f o l l o w s :
F i rs t . - There sha11 be perpetua l peace and f r iendsh ipbetwe6i-?I-e part ies to this Treaty and their descendants andthe countr ies of Johore and Pahang.
Second. - Shou ld the count ry o f Johore or any o f i t sdependEi l ies be attacked by enenies at any t ine hereafter,e i ther f rom wi thout o r w i th in , H is H ighness Datoh BandaharaTun Korais Sri Maharajah Ibn Rajah Bandahara Tun Tahir Sr iMahara jah o f Pahang and h is successors sha l l , w i th a l l speed,and with whatever number of fol lowers and mater ials of warhe may be ab le to comnand, has ten to the ass is tance o f H isHighness Datoh Tumongong Abubakar Sri Maharaja Ibn DatohTurnongong Daing Ibrahim Sri Maharajah of Johore and hissuccessors , and sha l l con t inue to a j ,d by a l l means in h ispower un t i l such enemies sha l l have been overcome, expe l ledor suppressed.
Third. - In l ike manner should the country of Pahang orany oFTts dependencies be attacked at any t ime hereafter byenemies , e i ther f rom wi thout o r w i th in , H is H ighness DatohTumongong Abubakar Sri Maharaj ah Ibn Datoh Tumongong DaingIbrah im Sr i Mahara jah o f Johore and h is successors , sha11,w i th a l l speed and w i th whatever number o f fo l lowers andmater ia ls o f war he may be ab le to command, has ten to theassistance of His Highness Datoh Bandahara Tun Korais Sri .Maharajah Ibn Rajah Bandahara Tun Tahir Sr i Maharajah ofPahang and h is successors and sha l l con t inue to a id h in bya l l the neans in h is power un t i l such enemies sha l l havebeen overcone, expe l led or suppressed.
* For foo tno tes see p .346
343
Four th . - Whereas doubts have been expressed by o thersas to-Ttre-Foundary between the two countr ies of Johore andPahang, i t i s hereby dec la red tha t the R iver Indow has beenhere to fo re and sha11 cont inue hereaf te r to be the boundaryon the Main land, and tha t the Is land o f Pu lo T ioman and a l lI s lands to the south o f the la t i tude o f i t s nor thern ex t remi tyare , and sha1 l be , por t ions o f the Ter r i to ry o f Johore , anda l l I s l a n d s t o t h e n o r t h o f t h a t l a t i t u d e a r e , a n d s h a 1 l b e ,por t ions o f the Ter r i to ry o f Pahang.
F i f th . - The sub jec ts o f each o f the cont rac t ing par t iessha l l be en t i t led to t rade in the te r r i to ry o f the o ther , andto export and irnport merchandise upon the same terms and withthe same pr iv i leges as the sub jec ts o f such te r r i to ry , andne i ther par ty nor the i r respec t ive successors w i l l imposeheav ie r taxes , impor ts , o r du t ies , a t any t ime hereaf te r ,upon the sub jec ts o r goods o f sub jec ts o f the o ther , thanupon h is o r the i r own sub jec ts o r the goods o f h is o r the i ro w n s u b j e c t s .
S ix th . - The par t ies here to agree tha t sub jec ts o f thegr i t i sh Government sha l l be en t i t led to t rade in the i r re -spect ive terr i tor ies upon the same terms and with the samep r i v i l e g e s a s t h e s u b j e c t s o f t h e s a i d p a r t i e s t h e r e t o .
Seventh . - The par t ies here to agree and dec la re fo rthemseh,res 'and their respect ive successors that should anyd ispute or d i f fe rence ar ise be tween them or the i r successorsa t any t ime hereaf te r , e i ther w i th regard to th is Trea ty o rthe mat te rs conta ined in i t , o r w i th regard to any o thermat te r o r th ing whatever , whether na t iona l , po l i t i ca l , o rpr iva te , the sane sha l l be and is hereby re fe r red to thef r iend ly med ia t ion and se t t lement o f the Br i t i sh Government ,whose award or dec is ion sha1 l be f ina l and b ind ins on bo thp a r t i e s .
E igh th . - The par t ies here to agree and engage each w i ththe o ther and the i r successors tha t ne i ther sha l l en ter in toany al l iance or maintain any correspondence with any foreignpower or potentates whatsoever without the knowledge and con-sent of the other and of the said Bri t ish Government.
Done a t S ingapore th is N ine teenth day o f Du1-Ha jee inthe Mahomedan year One Thousand Two hundred and seventy-eight (corresponding with the Seventeenth day of June in theChri .st ian Year One Thousand Eight hundred and sixty-two) inthe presence o f the Honourab le Co lone l Or feur Cavenagh, .Governor o f Pr ince o f Wales t Is land, S ingapore and Malacca. '
344
PAHANG TREATY of 1 September, 1868
Second Boundary and Friendship Treaty with JohoreS
Award made by Governor H. S t . George Ord , under theprovisions of the Treaty between Pahang and Johore of 17thJ u n e , 1 8 6 2 .
S ignature H. ST. GEORGE ORD,Governor and Commander- in-Chiefo f t h e S t r a i t s S e t t l e m e n t s .
Whereas by a Treaty entered into on the ITth day ofJune 1862 between His Highness the Maharajah of Johore andHis Highness the Bandahara of Pahang i t was agreed betweenthe cont rac t ing par t ies tha t shou ld any d ispute or d i f fe rencear ise be tweenthem or the i r successors a t any t ime therea f te r ,ei ther with regard to the said Treaty or the matters contairredin i t , o r w i th regard to any o ther mat te r o r th ing , whethernat iona l , po l i t i ca l , o r p r iva te , the same shou ld be re fe r redto the f r iend ly med ia t ion and se t t lement o f the Br i t i shGovernment whose award and decision was by the said Treatydec la red to be f ina l ; and whereas d i f fe rences had ar isenbetween the sa id cont rac t ing par t ies re la t ing to the boundarybetween the respect ive terr i tor ies of Johore and Pahang andrespec t ing the ownersh ip o f cer ta in Is lands ly ing o f f theEast Coast o f the Malayan Pen insu la and whereas the sa idd i f fe rences were submi t ted and re fe r red by the sa id cont rac t -ing par t ies to the f r iend ly med ia t ion and se t t lement o f H isExce l lency the Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t lements :
Now these are to rnake known tha t I , S i r Har ry S t . GeorgeOrd, the sa id Governor , hav ing taken in to cons idera t ion andcareful ly and maturely weighed the evidence and staternentsla id be fore me by bo th the cont rac t ing par t ies re la t ing tothe respec t ive d i f fe rences and c la ims, do hereby award andd e c i d e a s f o 1 1 o w s , t h a t i s t o s a y , 1 s t , t h a t t h e R i v e r I n d o wsha1 l be the boundary on the Main land be tween the te r r i to r iesof His Highness the Maharajah of Johore and His Highness theBandahara o f Pahang, and tha t the Is lands o f T ioman, Aor ,Pu lo T ingy , S i r ibuat and o thers l y ing o f f the Eas t Coast o fthe Malayan Pen insu la sha l1 be d iv ided by a d i rec t l ine f romthe centre of the mouth of the River Indow to the southernextreme of Pulo Raban and thence due east along the northp a r a l l e l o f l a t i t u d e o f 2 o 3 9 t 2 0 " a n d a l l t h e i s l a n d s t o t h enor th o f th is l ine sha1 l be long to Pahang and a l l to the southof this l ine to Johore as laid down on the chart annexed toth is award .
345
Given atth is f i rs t day
Singaporeof September , 1868
1 .
2 .
By H is Exce l lencyrs Command,
S i g n a t u r e J . F . A . M C N A I R ,Act ing Co lon ia l Secre tary ,S t ra i ts Set t lements .
FOOTNOTES
P r o v e n a n c e : M . & G . , p p . . 2 0 9 - 1 1 .
M.6 G. do no t show the Trea ty as hav ing been s igned orsealed. Presumably i t was anyway accepted by bothpar t ies o r Ord cou ld hard ly have ac ted upon i t s ixy e a r s l a t e r .
P r o v e n a n c e : M . & G . , p p . 2 7 l - I 2 . T h e t w o R u l e r s r a c c e p -tance was repor ted in CO 273/26 , Ord to CO o f 20 Jan.1 8 6 9 ; u i d . C o w a n , o p . c i t . , p . 6 0 .
3 .
346
Note on the Pah Treat o f 1 8 8 7 and Documents o f 1888August and Septe er , an 9
By i875 Pahang remained by far the largest State in theMalay Pen insu la wh ich was ind isputab ly under ne i ther Br i t i shnor S iamese cont ro l . I t s Ru ler , Wan Ahmad, who had won h isthrone in a civ i l war, was ruthless towards any chiefs whomight have encouraged Bri t ish intervent ion and imperviousto the suggest ions o f a t leas t two Br i t i sh Governors (C larkeand Jervo is ) tha t he shou ld accept a Br i t i sh Res ident . H isundo ing , however , was probab ly f inance: s ince he had re la -t i ve ly few Ch inese in h is domin ion to tax , he inc reas ing lygran ted la rge concess ions , some o f them i11-de f ined andothers unquest i -onab ly over lapp ing w i th a reas t rad i t iona l l ygranted to his chiefs, to European merchants and f i rms attrac-ted by runours o f Pahangrs g rea t minera l wea l th . The St ra i tsGovernment, al though conceivably manipulated by conmercialin te res ts , was more probab ly mot iva ted by a des i re to p re-vent the cyn ica l exp lo i ta t ion o f Pahang by concess ion i l i res ,and the bloodshed and disturbance bound to ar ise from clashesbetween them and t rad i t iona l in land ch ie fs , when, dur ing thegovernorsh ip o f S i r F reder ick WeId (1880-87) , i t u rged theRuler to accept some fo rm o f Br i t i sh cont ro l . In Apr i l 1887,two miss ions - one 1ed by Swet tenhan , the o ther by Weld h in -se l f - hav ing fa i led to conver t Wan Ahmad, Hugh C l i f fo rd wonfrom the Pahang Ruler a let ter request ing an Anglo-Malayagreement on the l ines o f the Johore Trea ty o f 1885 (seep,72) , tha t i s : an agreement wh ich wou ld enpower the Br i t i shto cont ro l Pahang 's fo re ign re la t ions and to appo in t to tha tSta te a Br i t i sh Agent w i th consu lar s ta tus . However , WanAhmad s ta l led over the t rea ty i t se l f and i t was no t un t i lear ly October tha t i t was s igned. I t appears tha t the Ru lero f Johore p layed a major par t in end ing the dead lock : AbuBakar had been recogn i sed by the Br i t i sh Su l tan o f Johore inhis Treaty of 1885 and he novr persuaded Wan Ahmad of Pahangto make a s imi la r a r rangement w i th s imi la r word ing , WanAhmad had regarded himself as Sultan ( i .e independent Ruler)o f Pahang ever s ince 1882, and in 1887 he eventua l l y consentedto s ign the t rea ty in exchange fo r Br i t i sh recogn i t ion o f h iss t a t u s .
A l though very jun io r , C l i f fo rd was appo in ted Br i t i shAgent under the te rms o f the 1887 Treaty . H is l im i ted powersproved o f l i t t le use in re fo rming the admin is t ra t ion a longl ines favoured by the Br i t i sh , and a few months a f te r h isappo in tment Governor S i r Cec i l C lenent i Smi th (1887-93) waswr i t ing to London tha t
347
. . , . . m a t t e r s l i n P a h a n g ] c a n n o t b e a l l o w e d t o r e m a i nas they are, and as the Sultan is impervious to goodin f luence he shou ld , I submi t , be made to in t roducereforms into his country, the government of whichis a d isgrace to the Malay Pen insu la
Opportunity for intervent ion short ly fol lowed when Cl i f fordrepor ted tha t a Ch inese who was a1 leged1y a Br i t i sh sub jec thad been murdered on the Ru ler rs o rders . C lement i Smi th ,la rge ly mot iva ted by the expec ta t ion o f g rea t minera l wea l thin Pahang, then carr ied out what a London off ic ial subsequent-l y re fe r red to as a eoup d '6 ta t2 and, w i th the Su l tan o fJohore act ing as intermediary once again, obtained fromSul. tan Ahmad a wri t ten request for a Bri t ish Resident (PahangDocuments of August and September 1888). In return theSu l tan asked the Br i t i sh to guarantee t ra l1 our p roper p r iv i -leges and powers according to our system of governmentr ' .The second request was incompat ib le w i th the f i rs t w i th theresult that in 1900 Wan Ahmad complained that the one con-d i t ion , upon wh ich he had agreed to a measure o f Br i t i shcont ro l , had been ignored.
In 1889 Su l tan Ahmad, who had ru led und isputed fo rtwenty -s ix years , os tens ib ly abd ica ted on the grounds o fold age and inf i rmity and conferred conplete authori ty onh is son, Tunku Mahmud (Pahang Document o f 1889) . Ahmad d idnot by any means ret i re al together from government and hist i tah of 1889 may have been a device to ensure Tunku Mahmucl 'ssuccess ion or , a l te rna t ive ly , a va in a t tempt to f ree h imse l ff rom over c lose superv is ion by the Res ident . A l though theBri t ish had formerly regarded Sultan Ahmadrs younger brother(Engku Muda Wan Mansur ) as he i r apparent , they d id no t d is -pute this proclamation and, in fact, found Tunku Mahmudeas ie r to dea l w i th than h is fa ther . Never the less , the1890rs d id no t w i tness tha t o rder ly admin is t ra t ion and pros-perous deve lopment wh ich had been expec ted by the Br i t i shfrom their intervent ion in Pahang. 0n the contrary, inDecember 1891 d isconten ted ch ie fs rose in a rmed res is tanceto the new reg ime, wh i le Pahang rena ined so deep ly sunk indebt that i ts f inaneial predicament was an important reasonfor conso l ida t ing the resources o f the Pro tec ted Malay Sta tesw i t h i n a f e d e r a t i o n ( s e e p . 4 0 )
1 .
FOOTNOTES
C O 2 7 3 / 1 5 4 , C l e m e n t i S m i t h t o C O , 3 J u l y 1 8 8 8 .
348
2 .
3 .
C O 2 7 3 / 7 8 2 , F a i r f i e l d t o C l e m e n t i S m i t h , p t i v a t e , 2 7J u n e 1 8 9 2 .
For Bri t ish intervent ion in pahang see E. Thio, Bnit ishPol iey in the Malay peninsuLa Lssb-1gL0 uot. . i L l 'usouthern and centnaL states, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur,1 9 6 9 , p p . 6 1 - 9 4 .
349
PAHANG TREATY of 8 October, 1887
, *F i rs t T rea ty w i th Br i ta in p rov id i -ng fo r a Br i t i sh ngent '
Agreement on certain points touching re]-at ions of HerMajes ty 's Government o f the s t ra i ts se t t lements w i th theGovernment of the Independent state of pahang, made betweenHis Exce l lency S i r F reder ick A loys ius we1d, kn igh t Grandcross o f the Most D is t ingu ished order o f sa in t M ichae l andsa in t George, Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t le rnents , and H isHighness Ra ja Ahmad yang-d iper tuan o f pahang.
A r t i c l e i
The two Governments w i l l a t a la tc in the se t t lement o f a peacefu lspec t ive ne ighbour ing te r r i to r ies ,o f those te r r i to r ies f rom ex terna lmutual surrender of persons accusedor offence under such condit ions asthe two Governments.
1 t imes cord ia l l y cooper -popu la t ion in the i r re -
and in the jo in t de fencehost i le a t tack and in the
or convicted of any cr imemay be arranged between,,S
{rr/ . {, ' {.;e
' + r . *x s{
r a X *":, r< g
. 5 . f. - Y";I
,
Ar t i c 1e
His H ighness the Ra ja o f Pahang under takes i f reques tedby the Governrnent o f the St ra i ts Set t lements to co-opera tein making arrangements for faci l i tat ing trade and transi tcommunicat ion over-1and through the State of Pahang with theSta te o f Johor and o ther ne ighbour ing Sta tes .
A r t i c l e i i i
I f the Government o f the St ra i ts Set t lements sha11 a tany t ime des i re to appo in t a Br i t i sh Of f i cer as Agent tol i ve w i th in the Sta te o f Pahang hav ing func t ions s imi la r tot h o s e o f a C o n s u l a r O f f i c e r , H i s H i g h n e s s t h e R a j a w i l l b eprepared to p rov ide f ree o f cos t a su i tab le s i te w i th in h iste r r i to ry whereon a res idence may be erec ted fo r occupat ionby such Of f i cer .
A r t i c l e i v
Any co inage in the cur rency o f the St ra i ts Set t lementswhich nay be required for the use of the Governrnent of Pa-hang sha1 l be supp l ied to i t by the Government o f the St ra i tsSet t lements a t ra tes no t h igher than those a t wh ich s imi la r* F o r f o o t n o t e s s e e n . 3 5 5
3s0
coinage is suppl ied to Governments of the Malay ProtectedStates and under the same l imitat ions as to amount.
H is H ighness the Ra ja on h is par t under takes tha t theapp l ica t ions o f h is Government fo r subs id ia ry co inage sha l lbe s t r i c t l y l im i ted by the leg i t imate requ i rements o f the in -habitants of the State of Pahang and that the coinage soissued sha1 l be sub jec t to the same l im i ta t ions as regardslega l tender as are in fo rce in the St ra j ts Set t lements .
A r t i c l e v
The Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t lements w i l l a t a l tt imes to the utmost of his power take whatever steps may benecessary to protect the Government and terr i tory of Pahangf rom any ex terna l hos t i le a t tacks ; and fo r these or fo rs i m i l a r p u r p o s e s H e r M a j e s t y ' s O f f i c e r s s h a 1 1 a t a l l t i m e shave free access to the waters of the State of Pahang; andi t i s agreed tha t those waters ex tend to th ree n i les f romthe shore o f the Sta te .
A r t i c l e v i
The Ra ja o f Pahang under takes on h is par t tha t he w i l lno t w i thout the knowledge and consent o f Her Ma jes ty rs Go-vernment negot iate any Treaty or enter into any engagementwi th any fo re ign Sta te , o r in te r fe re in the po l i t i cs o radministrat ion of any nat ive State, or make any grant or con-cess ion to o ther than Br i t i sh sub jec ts o r Br i t i sh Compan iesor persons o f the Ch inese, Ma lay or o ther Or ien ta l Race, o ren ter in to any po l i t i ca l cor respondence w i th any fo re i -gnS t a t e .
I t i s fu r ther agreed tha t i f occas ion shou ld a r ise fo rpo l i t i ca l cor respondence be tween H is H ighness the Ra ja andany fo re ign Sta te , such cor respondence sha l1 be conductedthrough Her Ma jes ty rs Government , to whom His H ighness makesover the gu idance and cont ro l o f h is fo re ign re . la t ions .
A r t i c l e v i i
Whereas His Highness the Raja of Pal ' rang has made knownto the Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t lements tha t i t i s thedes i re o f h is Ch ie fs and peop le tha t he shou ld assume thet i t le o f Su l tan , i t i s fu r ther agreed tha t , in cons idera t ionof the loya1 f r iendsh ip and cons tan t a f fec t ion H is H ighnesshas shown to the Government of Her Maj esty the Queen andEmpress and of the st ipulat ions contained in this Memorandum,
351
he and his heirs and successors lawful ly succeeding accordingb Malay custom shal l in future be acknowledged as his High-ness the Su l tan o f Pahang and sha l l be so addressed.z
In w i tness whereof the sa id S i r F reder ick A loys ius Weldand his said Highness the Raja of Pahang have signed thisAgreement the eighth day of October the year of Christ onethousand e igh t hundred and e igh ty -seven, answer ing to thetwent ieth day of Muharrun the year of the Hedj i ra one thousandthree hundred and f ive.
Sea l and S ignature o f FRED. A. WELD,Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t lements
W i t n e s s e s J . F . D I C K S O N ,Colon ia l Secre tary ,S t ra i ts Set t lements
GERARD WALLOP,Governor rs Pr iva te Secre tary
Seal and Signature of SULTAN AHMAD of PAIIANG
Wi tness H. CLIFFORD
352
PAHANG DOCUMENTS of August-September, 1888
( i ) Le t te r f rom the Su l tan o f Pahang to the Governor of theSt ra i ts Set t lements a s k i n s f o r a B r i t i s h Res ident , da ted 24
A u g u s t , 1 8 8 8
(Trans la t ion)
Af te r Compl inents :
We make known to our fr iend, with reference to the cor-respondence between ourself and our fr iend, that we have re-cons idered our f r iendrs words , and a l l tha t our f r iend haswr i t ten . We have a lso had t ime to consu l t w i th our re la -t ion H is H ighness the Su l tan o f Johor . Our f r iend w i l lremember that we have already acknowledged our responsibi l i - tyfo r the murder o f Jo Hu i (Go Hu i ) , a Br i t i sh sub jec t . l {ehope tha t no nore w i l l be sa id about th is mat te r , and tha tHer Ma jes ty the Queen w i l l be sa t is f ied w i th our express ionof regret for what has occurred, and with our giving aguarantee fo r the fu tu re , tha t i s to say , tha t Her Ma jes tythe Queen shou ld send us a Br i t i sh o f f i cer in o rder tha the nay ass is t us in mat te rs re la t ing to the Government o four count ry , on a s imi la r sys tem to tha t ex is t ing in theMalay Sta tes under Eng l ish pro tec t ion . We now ask fo r suchan Of f i cer . In ask ing th is we t rus t tha t the Br i t i sh Go-vernment w i l l assure to us and our successors a l l our p roperpr iv i leges and powers accord ing to our sys tem o f government ,and w i l l under take tha t they w i l l no t in te r fe re w i th the o1dcustoms of our country which have good and proper reasons,and a lso w i th a l l mat te rs re la t ing to our re l ig ion . Thereis no th ing nore bu t our bes t respec ts to our f r iend .
Wr i t ten on the 16 th o f Za l He jah 13041 8 8 8 ) .
(24 th August ,
( i i ) Le t te r f rom the Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t lements tothe s
Af te r Compl iments :
I inform my fr iend that thel i v e r e d t o m e m y f r i e n d t s l e t t e rten ts o f th is le t te r I fo rwarded
Sul tan o f Johore du ly de-o f 24 th August . The con-by te legraph to Eng land to
353
be la id be fore the Great Queen, and I p rayed tha t Her Ma jes tywou ld accept the express ion o f my f r iend ts deep reg l re t a twhat had taken place in regard to the murder of Br i t ish sub-jec ts , and wou lc l approve o f the proposed request o f my f r iendtha t a Br i t i sh Res ident shou ld be p laced in Pahang, who wou ldass is t my f r iend in the admin is t ra t ion o f the Government o fthe count ry , wh ich wou ld be taken as a guarantee aga ins t a l lfu tu re s imi la r and o ther t roub les .
To-day I have received the commands of the Great Queenauthoris ing me to carry out the arrangement which my fr iendhas se t ou t in h is le t te r o f the 24 th ins tan t , and I w i l lthere fore soon send a Br i t i sh Res ident to my f r iend - anOf f i cer o f exper ience, who knows Malay rnanners and cus toms,and who is we l l - in ten t ioned towards ny f r iend persona l lyand des i rous o f p romot ing the bes t in te res ts o f my f r iendrscount ry . I re ly on my f r iend t rea t ing the Br i t i sh Res identw i th en t i re f rankness , tak ing h im in to fu11 conf idence asregards a l l pub l i c mat te rs , and loya l l y car ry ing ou t thear rangenent wh ich has now been f ina l l y made.
In conc lus ion , I send my bes t w ishes fo r rny f r iendrshea l th , and fo r the prosper i ty o f rny f r iendrs count ry .
S ingapore , 8 th September , 1888.
354
PAHANG DOCUMENT of 22 July, 1889
LS u l t a n ' s T i t a h o f a u t h o r i t y t o h i s E l d e s t S o n '
P r o c l a m a t i o n
Seal of SULTANAHMAD MUATHAMSHAH of PAHANG
We, Su l tan Ahnad Muathan Shah, son o f the deceased A l i , towhom be longs the th rone o f the K ingdom o f Pahang w i th a l li t s dependenc ies hereby dec la re and proc la im tha t we havegranted a Ti tah of authori ty to our eldest son Tunku Mahmud,and whereas we feel the burden of increasing age and inf i r-mit ies and wish to ret i re from the cares of Government wewi th judgenent and (a f te r ) fu l1 de l ibera t ion have es tab l i shedand conf irmed our said son as our representat ive, in consul-ta t ion w i th the Br i t i sh Res ident to enac t laws and issueregu la t ions w i th re fe rence to a l l mat te rs concern ing theadmin is t ra t ion o f Government , and we acknowledge a l l h isac ts in se t t l ing Sta te a f fa i rs as i f they were our own.
And further we have granted a Ti tah to our said son,confeming on h im fu1 l and comple te au thor i ty , so tha t a l lour Chiefs and Headmen must absolutely obey whatever commandsare issued by h im, s ince they are in every respec t the sameas ouT own.
Writ ten on the 22nd JuIy, 1889
FOOTNOTES
P r o v e n a n c e : C O 2 7 3 / 1 4 8 , W e l d t o C O c o n f . o f 1 1 O c t .1 8 8 7 ; u i d . a l s o C O 2 7 3 / 1 5 6 , F i l e N o . 4 0 9 5 . T h e w o r d i n gof Ar t i c le i made i t necessary to lay the tTeaty be fore
Queen V ic to r ia . I t was pub l ished fo r Par l iament underthe head ing (about wh ich there was some debate w i th inthe Co lon ia l Of f i ce) "Agreement rnade be tween the Gover -nor o f the St ra i ts Set t lements and H is H ighness theSu l tan o f Pahang and approved by Her Ma jes ty 's Govern-n e n t . r l
In ear l ie r a r t i c les the Ru ler had been re fe r red to asthe Ra ja o f Pahang or by h is Ma lay t i t le o f Yang d i -Per tuan, thus avo id ing the de l i ca te i ssue o f whether he
355
4 .
was a l ready Su l tan or s t i11 Bendahara .
Provenance: CO 273/ 154, C lement i Smi th3 0 S e p t . 1 8 8 8 a n d e n c l s .
P r o v e n a n c e : M . & G . , p . 7 0 .
t o C 0 , 3 9 6 o f
356
Note on the Pahang Treaty of 1945
For a genera l no te on the MacMichae l Miss ion andT r e a t i e s s e e N o t e o n t h e J o h o r e T r e a t y o f 1 9 4 5 ( p . 1 1 7 )
A l though Pahang Malays par t i c ipa ted in the subsequentcampaign aga ins t the MacMichae l Trea t ies and the MalayanUnion, they were not prominent in ei ther the conference ofRulers or the inaugurat ion of LJMNO. The Sultan of Pahangseerns to have accepted the Trea ty o f 1945 w i thout p ro tes tf o r M a c M i c h a e l ' s c l a i m t h a t H i s H i g h n e s s s i g n e d w i l l i n g l ywas no t d ispu ted .
357
PAHANG TREATY of 2 Novenber, 19451
MacMichael Treaty '
Agreement be tween H is Ma jes ty rs Government w i th in theUni. ted Kingdom of Great Bri tain and Northern Ireland andthe Sta te o f Pahang.
Whereas mutua l agreements subs is t be tween H is Br i tann icMajes ty and H is . H j .ghness the Su l tan o f the Sta te o f Pahang:
And whereas i t i s exped ien t to p rov ide fo r the cons t i -tu t iona l deve lopment o f the Malay Sta tes under the pro tec t ionof His Majesty and for the future government of the State ofPahang:
I t i s hereby agreed be tween S i r Haro ld MacMichae l ,G . C . M . G . , D . S . 0 . , t h e S p e c i a l R e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f H i s M a j e s t y r sGovernment within the United Kingdom of Great Bri tain andNor thern I re land on beha l f o f H is Ma jes ty and H is H ighnessa 1 - S u l t a n S i r A b u B a k a r R i a y a t u d - D i n a l - M u a d z a m S h a h , K . C . M . G .ibn i a l -Marhurn a l -Mutas im B i1 lah a I -Su l tan Abdu l lah the Su l -tan o f the Sta te o f Pahang fo r h i rnse l f , h is he i rs and suc-c e s s o r s : -
1 . H is H ighness the Su l tan agrees tha t H i .s Ma jes tysha l l have fu l I power and ju r isd ic t ion w i th inthe Sta te o f Pahang.
2 . Save in so fa r as the subs is t ing agreenents a reincons is ten t w i th th is Agreement o r w i th suchfuture const i tut ional arrangements for Malayaas nay be approved by H is Ma jes ty , the sa idagreements sha l1 remain o f fu l l fo rce and e f fec t .
S igned th is 2nd day o f November 1945.
Signature
W i t n e s s H
Signature
H , A . M A C M I C H A E L ,Spec ia l Representa t ive o f the Br i t i shGovernment .
. T . B O U R D I L L O N
SULTAN ABU BAKAR of PALANG (in jauis c r ip t )
358
Witnesses TENGKU MUHAMMADC.E. I \ IOHAMED
Sta te Sea l o f Pahang
FOOTNOTE
The copy in the l t {alaysian Nat ional Archives bears thenote rr l have compared the above wri t ten document withthe or ig ina l T rea ty and I hereby cer t i f y tha t i t i s at rue copy thereo f .
Signature Leonard Owen, l r{ajor - NotaryPub l ic - Eng land i l
359
Note on the Pahang Treaty of 1948
As the resu l t o f Ma lay oppos i t ion to the Malayan Un ionscheme and the MacMichae l Trea t ies the Br i t i sh en tered in tonegot ia t ions w i th the Ru lers and the leaders o f uMNo. Thesed iscuss ions went th rough severa l s tages be tween Ju ly 1946 andear ly 1948, and, a l though cer ta in Ma lay rad ica l and non-Malaygroups condemned as undemocrat ic both the consultat ive pro-c e s s a n d t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o p o s a l s , i t w a s d e c i d e d : -( i ) to revoke the Malayan Un ion Order in Counc i l , 1946, ( i i )to rep lace the MacMichae l Trea t ies by new Sta te Agreements ,a n d ( i i i ) t o e s t a b l i s h a p e n i n s u l a r f e d e r a t i o n .
The n ine a lmost iden t ica l S ta te Agreements were s ignedand sea led be tween the Ru lers and Gent (on beha l f o f H isMajes tyJ on 21 January - the day wh ich a lso saw the conc lu -s ion o f the Federa t ion o f Ma laya Agreement (see p .100 ) .under these s ta te Agreenents the ju r isd ic t ion o f the c rownwas conf ined to ex terna l a f fa i rs and de fence, However ,the Malay Ru lers were s t i l l bound to accept the adv ice o fBr i t i sh Adv isers (no te : the sane t i t le was adopted bv thepr i -nc ipa l Br i t i sh o f f i c ia ls pos ted to the Malay Sta tes) , ,ona l l mat te rs connected w i th the government o f the s ta te o therthan mat te rs re la t ing to the Mus l i -m Re l ig ion and the cus tomof the Malaysr ' . In add i t ion The i r H ighnesses were now sub-jec ted to wr i t ten cons t i tu t ions wh ich prov ided fo r a leg is -la tu re (Counc i l o f S ta te ) and an Execut ive Counc i l in eachSta te . Up to th is t ime on ly Johore and Trengganu hadpossessed wr i t ten cons t i tu t ions (see Johore Document o f lgg5 ,p . 7 7 a n d T r e n g g a n u D o c u m e n t o f 1 9 1 1 p . 4 7 4 ) .
360
PAHANG TREATY of 2I January, 1948
State Agreement revoking the MacMichael Treatyl
Agreement made the twenty - f i rs t day o f January , 1g4g,b e t w e e n S i r G e r a r d E d w a r d J a m e s G e n t , K . C . M . G . , D . S . O . ,0 . B . E . , M . C . , o n b e h a l f o f H i s M a j e s t y a n d H i s H i g h n e s s A b uBakar R i 'aya turdd in A1-muadzam Shah ibn i A lmarhum A l rnu ' tas imB i r i l l a h A b d u l l a h , K . c . M . G . , s u l t a n o f t h e s t a t e o f p a h a n gfor H imse l f and H is Successors :
whereas mutua l agreements subs is t be tween H is Ma. ies tva n d H i s H i g h n e s s :
And whereas i t has been represented to H is Ma jes ty tha tfresh arrangements should be made for peace, order and goodgovernment o f the Sta te o f pahang:
And whereas H is Ma jes ty in token o f the f r iendsh ip wh ichhe bears towards H is H ighness , the sub jec ts o f H is H ig i rness ,and the inhab i tan ts o f the Sta te o f pahang, i s p leased tomake fresh arrangements to take effect on such day as HisMajes ty may by Order in counc i l appo in t (here ina f te r ca l led" the appo in ted day" ) :
And whereas i t i s exped ien t to p rov ide fo r the cons t i tu -t iona l deve lopment o f the s ta te o f p ihang under the pro tec-t ion o f H is Ma jes ty and fo r i t s fu tu re government :
Now, there fore , i t i s agreed and dec la red as fo l lows:
S h o r t t i t l eand commence-n e n t .
In te rpre ta t ion
o f t h e F e d e r a t i o n :
1. Th is Agreement may be c i ted as thePahang Agreement , 1948, and sha l1 come in toopera t ion on the appo in ted day , immedia te lya f te r the coming in to opera t ion o f theOrder in Counc i l a fo resa id . Not i f i ca t ionof the appo in ted day sha1 l be pub l ished inthe MaLayan l ln ion Gazette together with acopy o f th is Agreement .
2 . I n t h i s A g r e e m e n t :
"Enactrnent i l means any law enacted by HisHighness w i th the adv ice and consent o f aCounc i l o f S ta te cons t i tu ted in accordancewi th th is Agreement ;rrFederal Governmenti l means the Government
* For foo tno te see p .366
3 6 1
Protec t ionand externala f f a i r s .
" the Federa t ionr r means the Federa t ion o fMalaya to be ca l1ed in Ma lay "PersekutuanTanah Melayur ' , wh ich is to be es tab l i shedon the appointed day;
"Federa t ion Agreement t r means the Agreementw h i c h i s t o b e m a d e b e t w e e n H i s M a j e s t yand The i r H ighnesses the Ru lers o f theMalay Sta tes o f Johore , Pahang, Negr i Sem-b i 1 a n , S e l a n g o r , P e r a k , K e d a h , P e r l - i s ,Ke lan tan and Trengganu fo r the es tab l i sh-ment o f the Federa t ion , and inc ludes anyanendment thereof;
" the H igh Conrn iss ioner " neans the H ighCommiss ioner fo r the Federa t ion ;
"H is H ighness" means the Su l tan o f Pahanga n d H i s S u c c e s s o r s ;' rH is H ighness in Counc i l " means H is H igh-n e s s a c t i n g a f t e r c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h t h eSta te Execut ive Counc i l to be cons t i tu tedin accordance w i th th is Agreement , bu t no tnecessar i l y in accordance w i th the adv iceof such Counc i l nor necessar i l y in suchC o u n c i l a s s e m b l e d ;
I 'Secre tary o f S ta te ' r means one o f H is Ma-j e s t y t s P r i n c i p a l S e c r e t a r i e s o f S t a t e .
3 . ( l ) H is t r4a jes ty sha l l have cornp le te con-t ro l o f the de fence and o f a l l the ex ter -na l a f fa i rs o f the Sta te o f Pahang and H isMajes ty under takes to p ro tec t the Govern-ment and Sta te o f Pahang and a l l i t s de-pendenc ies f ro rn ex terna l hos t i le a t tacksand fo r th is and o ther s imi la r purposesHis Majes ty ts Forces and persons au thor isedb y o r o n b e h a l f o f H i s M a j e s t y r s G o v e r n -ment sha l l a t a l l t imes be a l lowed f reeaccess to the Sta te o f Pahang and to employa l l necessary means o f oppos ing such a t tacks .
(2 ) H is H ighness under takes tha t , w i th -ou t the knowledge and consent o f H is Ma-j e s t y r s G o v e r n m e n t , h e w i l l n o t m a k e a n yt rea ty , en ter in to any engagement , dea l inor cor respond on po l i t i ca l mat te rs w i th ,o r send envoys to , any fo re ign Sta te .
362
Br i t i shA d v i s e r .
C o s t o fB r i t i s h A d v i s e r .
Appointmento f B r i t i s hAdvi ser .
Federa lo f f i c e r s .
When Federaloff icers rnayperform Statefunc t ions .
Sta teC o n s t i t u t i o n .
4 . H is H ighness under takes to rece ive andprov ide a su i tab le res idence fo r a Br i t i shAdv i -ser to adv ise on a l l mat te rs connectedwith the government of the State otherthan mat te rs re la t ing to the Mus l im Re l ig ionand the Custom of the Malays, and undertakesto accept such adv ice ; p rov ided tha t no th-ing in th is c lause sha l l in any way pre ju -d ice the r igh t o f H is H ighness to addressthe H igh Commiss ioner , o r H is l r {a jes tyth rough a Secre tary o f S ta te , i f H is H igh-n e s s s o d e s i r e s .
5 . The cos t o f the Br i t i sh Adv iser w i t -hh is es tab l i shment sha l l be de termined bythe H igh Commiss ioner and sha l l be a chargeon the revenues o f the Sta te o f Pahang.
6 . H i s H i g h n e s s s h a l l b e c o n s u l t e d b e f o r eany o f f i cer whom i t i s p roposed to send asBr i t i sh Adv iser i s ac tua l l y appo in ted .
7 . H is H ighness under takes to rece ivewi th in h is S ta te such o f f i cers o f theFederal Government as that Government mayrequire and to permit such off icers toexercise such lawful authori ty and powersand to perform such lawful funct ions asmay be necessary fo r the purposes o f theFedera l Government .
8 . Any o f f i cer o f the Federa l Governmentmay, w i th the concur rence o f the l l i ghCommiss ioner , per fo rm wi th in the Sta te o fPahang such Sta te du t ies and may exerc isesuch Sta te powers as may be imposed or con-fe r red upon h im by H is H ighness in Counc i lo r by Enactment .
9 . H is H ighness under takes to govern theSta te o f Pahang in accordance w i th theprov is ions o f a wr i t ten Const i tu t ion wh ichsha l1 be in conformi ty w i th the prov is ionsof th is Agreenent and o f the Federa t ionAgreement and which shal l be granted andpromulga ted by H is H ighness as soon asconven ien t ly may be e i ther in who le o r , i fH is H ighness th inks exped ien t , in Par tsf rom t ime to t ime.
363
Counc i ls to bec o n s t i t u t e d .
H is H ighness tobe consu l tedbefore pos t ingof o f f i cers byHigh Conmis-s i o n e r t o p o s t sborne on Sta tee s t i r n a t e s .
Impar t ia lt rea tment .
Educat ion andt ra in ing o fM a l a y s .
PreviousAgreements
10. In pursuance o f the under tak ing con-ta ined in C lause 9 o f th is Agreement andin confor rn i ty w i th the prov is ions o f theFedera t ion Agreement H is H ighness under -takes fo r thwi th to cons t i tu te(a) a Ma j l i s Meshuara t Kera jaan, to be
ca l led in Eng l ish Sta te Execut iveCounc i 1 :
( b ) a M a j l i s M e s h u a r a t N e g r i , t o b e c a l l e di n E n g l i s h C o u n c i l o f S t a t e .
1 1 . H i s H i g h n e s s , u n l e s s h e s h a l l o t h e r -w i s e d i r e c t , s h a l 1 b e c o n s u l t e d b e f o r eany o f f i cer i s pos ted by or on the au tho-r i t y o f the H igh Commiss ioner to any pos tb o r n e o n t h e S t a t e E s t i m a t e s .
12 . A11 persons o f whatsoever race in thesame grade in the service of the Stateo f Pahang sha l l , sub jec t to the te rms andcond i t ions o f the i r employnent , be t rea tedi n p a r t i a l 1 y .
1 3 . H i s H i g h n e s s d e s i r e s a n d H i s M a j e s t yagrees tha t i t sha l l be a par t i cu la rcharge upon the Government of the Stateof Pahang to provide for and encouragethe educat ion and t ra in ing o f the Malayinhab i tan ts o f the Sta te o f Pahang so asto f i t them to take a fu l l share in theeconomic progress , soc ia l we l fa re andgovernment of the State and of the Federa-t i o n .
14 . (1 ) The Agreement made on the 2nd dayo f N o v e m b e r , 1 9 4 5 , b e t w e e n H i s M a j e s t y ' sGovernment within the United Kingdom ofGreat Bri tain and Northern Ireland and Hi-sH i g h n e s s a l - S u l t a n S i r A b u B a k a r R i r a y a t u ' d- D i n a 1 - M u a d z a m S h a h , K . C . M . G . , i b n i a 1 -M a r h u m a l M u r t a s i n B i r i l l a h a l - S u l t a n A b -du l lah the Su l tan o f the Sta te o f Pahang,f o r H i m s e l f , H i s H e i r s a n d S u c c e s s o r s i shereby revoked.
(2 ) A l l T rea t ies and Agreements
364
Sovere ign tyt h e R u I e r .
Language ofAgreement .
subs is t ing immedia te ly p r io r to themaking of the aforesaid Agreement of the2nd day o f November , 1945, sha l l con t inuein force save in so far as they are incon-s is ten t w i th th is Agreenent o r the Federa-t ion Agreement .
o f 15 . The prerogat ives , power and ju r isd ic -t ion o f H i -s H ighness w i th in the Sta te o fPahang sha l1 be those wh ich H is H ighnessthe Su l tan o f Pahang possessed on thef i rs t day o f Decenber , 1941, sub jec t never -the less to the prov is ions o f the Federa t ionAgreement and this Agreernent; but undimin-ished by the prov is ions c , f any o f theAgreements spec i f ied in the Schedu le toth is Agreement .
16 . Th is Agreenent sha l lbo th the Eng l ish and thebut, for the purposes ofregard sha l l be had on lyv e r s i o n .
be expressed inMalay languages;in te rpre ta t ion ,t o t h e E n g l i s h
In w i tness whereof S i r Gerard Edward James Gent ,K . C . M . G . , D . S . 0 . , 0 . B . E . , M . C . , h a s h e r e u n t o s e t h i s h a n dand sea l fo r and on beha l f o f H is Ma jes ty , and H is t l ighnessAbu Bakar R i raya turd-D in a l -Muadzam Shah ibn i a1- ln ' la rhum a lM u r t a s i m B i r l l a h A b d u 1 l a h , K . C . M . G . , S u l t a n o f t h e S t a t e o fPahang, above named, has hereunto set his hand and seal theday and year f i rs t above wr i t ten .
THE SCHEDULE
( 1 )Date of Agreenent
J u l y , 1 8 9 5
( 2 )Ti t 1e'
Agreement between the Governoro f the St ra i ts Set t lementsac t ing on beha l f o f the Govern-nent of Her l r ' la jesty the Queen,Empress o f Ind ia , and the Ru lersof the fol lowing lula).ay States:tha t i s to say , Perak , Se langor ,Pahang and the Negr i Sembi lan .
Agreement between the HighCornrnissioner of the Federated
2 . 2 0 t h O c t o b e r , 1 9 0 9
365
Date o f
2 . ( c o n t . )
( 1 )Agreement
3 . 7 th November , \912
4 . 9 t h J u l y , 1 9 2 4 .
5 . 24 th Apr i l , 1927
( ) \\ & /
T i t 1 e
Malay Sta tes , ac t ing on beha l fo f the Government o f H is Ma jes-ty the K ing , Emperor o f Ind ia ,and the Rulers of the Federa-ted Malay Sta tes o f Perak ,Selangor, Pahang and the NegriSembi lan .
Agreenent supplemental to theAgreement for the Const i tut iono f a F e d e r a l C o u n c i l , 1 9 1 2 .
Agreement further supplenentalto the Agreement for the Con-s t i t u t i o n o f a F e d e r a l C o u n c i l .
Agreement between the HighConmj-ssioner for the MalaySta tes , ac t ing on beha l f o fthe Government o f H is Ma jes tythe King, Enperor of India, andthe Ru lers o f the Federa tedMalay Sta tes o f Perak , Se langor ,Negri Sernbi lan and Pahang.
Signature and seal of
W i t n e s s J . A . H A R V E Y
Signature and sea l o f
Witnesses MAHMUDC . E. }.4OHAMED
G . E . J . G E N T ,fo r and on beha l f o f H is Ma jes ty
ABU BAKAR BIN ABDULLAH,Sultan of Pahang
FOOTNOTE
Provenance: Statutory Instruments for 194B, I , i , no.1 0 8 , T h e F e d e r a t i o n o f M a l a y a O r d e r i n C o u n c i l , 1 9 4 8 .
366
Perak
Af te r the Por tuguese conquest o f Ma lacca, the e ldes tson o f i t s las t Su l tan moved to the Perak R iver , where ,around 1529, he es tab l i shed a separa te and d is t inc t dynas tyand took the t i t le o f Su l tan Mudzaf fa r Shah. The cons t i tu -t ion and ceremonial of the Perak court and the t i t les andfunc t ions o f the o f f i cers o f S ta te der ived f ro rn Malacca.Indeed, i t appears tha t the or ig ina l t i t le -ho lders came toPerak as the Su l tanrs fo l lowers w i th the resu l t tha t Ru lerand Ch ie fs were mutua l l y dependent : the Su l tan needed thesuppor t o f the t i t le -ho lders , wh i le in tu rn he leg i t im isedthe i r au thor i ty . A l though theore t ica l l y the arb i te r o fl i fe and death and the owner o f the so i l who had abso lu tecont ro l over appo in tments and concess ions , the Su l tan was inprac t ice l im i ted in the conduct o f a f fa i rs by the power wh ichch ie fs came to w ie ld in , fo r example , mat te rs o f success ionand the conc lus ion o f fo re ign t rea t ies .
In 1575 Perak succumbed to Achenese domin ion wh ich wasre ta ined un t i l the dec l ine o f tha t K ingdom in the mi -d -seven-teenth century . By a t rea ty conc luded be tween Ho l land andAcheh in about 1648 Perak was techn ica l l y subord ina ted tothe Dutch , and subsequent ly ( in 1650-55 and 1681) d i rec tt rea t ies be tween Ho l land and the Perak ch ie fs s t rengthenedthe lega l ho ld o f the Dutch who were eager to command thet in t rade. In p rac t ice , however , the Dutch ho ld was neversecure : the i r in te r fe rence provoked sporad ic res is tancef ro rn Perak Malays , wh i le , dur ing the e igh teenth century ,Ho l land was unab le to save the Sta te f rom the pressures o fthe Bug is in Se langor o r o f S iamese-sponsored par t ies inKedah. In 1795 Br i ta in se ized Malacca and Dutch monopo l ieswere rernoved.
367
Note on the Perak Trea t ies o f 1818 1 8 2 5 a n d 1 8 2 6
Dur ing the French Wars , when Br i ta in took Ho l landrsplace through much of Southeast Asj-a, there were very fewformal t rea t ies (eg Nan ing Trea ty o f 1801 , p .251 ) be tweenthe Br i t i sh and the fo rner Dutch vassa ls , a l though Br i t i sht rade na tura l l y p rospered in the absence o f Dutch monopo l ies .When Malacca was re tu rned to the Dutch a f te r 1815, however ,the Penang merchants were much alarmed by the prospect ofthe Dutch resuming the i r monopo l ies , espec ia l l y those a f fec-t ing t in ; and in 1818 two miss ions were sent f rom Penangto secure trade treat ies which might prevent such an even-tua l i t y . Wi l l jam Farquhar was sent to Borneo, Rh iau (c fN o t e o n J o h o r e T r e a t y o f 1 8 1 8 p . 2 1 ) a n d S i a k w h i l e W . S .Cracro f t went to Perak and Se langor . Cracro f t was apparent lysuccess fu l in Se langor (see Note on Se langor 1818 Treaty p .434) bu t less so in Perak wh ich in the same yeat had beenover run by the S iamese in a l l iance w i th Kedah, w i th the re -su l t tha t the Br i t i sh envoy had to ac t as med ia to r as we l las treaty-rnaker. Cracroft did, however, secure a t teaty(Perak 1818 Treaty ) wh ich was in fo rm a t leas t s im i la r tothose s igned w i - th Se langor , Rh iau and S iak and wh ich wasmore than the Dutch were ab le to ach ieve when, in the fo l1ow-ing year , they t r ied to rev ive the 1681 ar rangements w i thP e r a k .
Hav ing used Kedah fo r the i r invas ion o f Perak in 1818,the S iamese tu rned on Kedah i t se l f in 1821. The Su l tan o fPerak took advantage o f the oppor tun i ty to ca l l in the a ido f Su l tan lb rah im, the Bug is Ru ler o f Se langor , to expe l theSiamese f rom h is own te r r i to ry in 1822. However , there re -mained in Perak a Se langor fo rce under Ra ja Hassan who wasla te r accused o f p lunder ing and te r ro r is ing the count ry , and,at some stage, perhaps under pressure from the Siamese ChaoPrya o f L igor , Su l tan Abdu l lah o f Perak appea led to theSiamese fo r he lp aga ins t Se langor . Thus , jus t a t the t imew h e n t h e 1 8 2 4 A n g l o - D u t c h T r e a t y ( p . 2 B B ) a s s i g n e d a l I t h epen insu la r Ma lay Sta tes to the Br i t i sh sphere , the Chao P 'yawas p lann ing the conquest o f bo th Perak and Se langor . Thesedevelopments coincided with the appointment to Penang of theenerget ic and ab le Rober t Fu l le r ton (Governor Penang 1824-2 7 , S t r a i t s S e t t l e m e n t s 1 8 2 7 - 3 0 ) . F u l l e r t o n w a s d e t e r m i n e dto do every th ing in h is power to conso l ida te Br i t i sh in f luenceand conta in S iam, a l though he was hampered by ins t ruc t ionsfrom the Bri t ish East India Cornpany which wished to avoid thehos t i l i t y o f Bangkok and abso lu te ly opposed any cornmi tment
368
to the main land s ta tes . Among the an t i -S iamese fac t ion inPenang were John Anderson and - so i t seerned in 1824-1825 -Captain Henry Burney. In 1825 Burney was sent to Ligor andobta ined a ' rp re l im inary t rea ty r f (see p ,309) w i th the ChaoPtya by wh ich the la t te r p romised in te r aL ia no t to a t tackPerak and Se langor by sea nor to se t t le any fo rce in thoseSta tes , wh i le the Company under took to dea l w i th Ra ja Hassanand to sett le the squabble between Selangor and Ligor withoutoccupying those States or interfer ing in the government ofPerak . Ac t ing on th is agreement , Fu l le r ton sent Andersonto Perak and Se langor in 1825.
Anderson reported a great welcome in Perak - indeedi ts Ru ler o f fe red to pu t h is S ta te under Br i t i "sh pro tec t ion- and declared that Perak was much nore afraid of Siam thanof Se langor . By the 1825 Se langor Trea ty (p .439) he ar ran-ged fo r the w i thdrawal o f Ra ja Hassan and se t t led the Se lan-gor-Perak boundary at the Bernarn River. Perak conf irmedthis arrangement with Selangor and undertook to encouragetrade, to set a f ixed duty on t in, and to grant no cornmercialmonopo l ies (Perak 1825 Treaty ) . A t the same t ine Su l tanAbdul lah wrote to Ful lerton enquir ing whether he recommendedPerak to send the bunga mds to Siam which Ful lerton natural lyd id no t . Scarce ly had the t rea ty been s igned, however , whenthe Chao Prya sent a "smaI l fo rce d isgu ised as an embassy i lto Perak to ass is t the Su l tan 's government : Fu l le r ton va in lydemanded i ts reca11 and decided to send Burney to Bangkokto t ry to e f fec t a genera l se t t lenent (see S iam 1826 Treatyp .312 ) . As fa r as Perak was concerned, the S j -amese proposedtha t Br i ta in shou ld cont inue to de fend Perak f rom Se langor( to wh ich they made no c la in ) bu t ins is ted they ( the S iamese)shou ld send embass ies to Perak to "se t t le and ins t ruc t thech ie f o f Perak , and g ive h im a t i t le and grea t p resents , inthe same manner as o ther count r ies sub jec t ao 5 i r * t t .1 - Even-tua l l y the s ta tus o f Perak was de termined in Ar t i c le x iv ,by which i t was agreed that Br i tain should defend Perak fromSelangor bu t shou ld no t in te r fe re in Perak , tha t the S iameseshou ld be permi t ted to send sma11, peacefu l embass ies andthat the Sultan should be permit ted to send bunqa mas toBangkok i f he w ished. I t was le f t to the Chao
"Prya o f L igor
to car ry ou t these te rms.
Burneyrs 1826 t rea ty was regarded in Penang as a be t ra -ya1 o f the Malays , espec ia l l y those o f Kedah, bu t Fu l le r tonwas de termlned to in te rpre t i t in such a way as to p ro tec tPerak f rom fu tu re S iamese pressure . S ince 1825, accord ingto the Penang au thor i t ies , the Chao P?ya had cons is ten t lysent no t on ly enbass ies bu t a lso t roops to persuade Su l tan
369
Abdul lah to send the bunga mas, and the Governor concludedtha t S iam had no in ten t ion o f car ry ing ou t Ar t i c le x iv o fthe 1826 Treaty . In 1826, there fore , Capta in James Low,who was a lso a member o f the an t i -S iamese fac t ion , was sentw i th a smal l warsh ip and a fo rce o f fo r ty sepoys to enqu i rein to the bus iness o f the S iamese v is i to rs in Perak and toin fo rm the Su l tan tha t by the new t rea ty he need no t bet r ibu tary to S ian un less he so des i red and cou ld count onBr i t i sh suppor t to expe l the S iamese "adv isers" i f theyinterfered in his government. Low might be thought to haveh imse l f in f r inged the t rea ty - the S iamese cer ta in ly thoughtso - by adv is ing the Su l tan to depr ive the pro-S iameseMalays in h is cour t ( inc lud ing the he i r apparent ) o f a l lpowers and to wr i te a le t te r dec la r ing h is w ish to be inde-pendent o f S iam (Perak Document o f 25 October , 1826) . Wi th -ou t doubt Low grea t ly exceeded h is ins t ruc t ions when hes igned a new t rea ty w i th Perak by wh ich the Su l tan promisedto have no more deal ings with Sian nor to send the bunga maswhi le Br i ta in was p ledged to a id h im in expe l l ing any unwel -come S iamese or the i r Ma lay a I l ies (Second Perak Trea ty o f1 8 O c t o b e r 1 8 2 6 ) . L o w s i g n e d a n a d d i t i o n a l t r e a t y w i t h t h eRuler o f Perak (F i rs t Perak Trea ty o f 18 October 1826) , bywh ich , as a p recaut ion aga ins t p i racy , Perak sur rendered toBr i ta in " the Pu lo D ind ing and the Is lands o f Pangkor , toget -her w i th a l l and every one o f the Is lands wh ich be longed o fo ld and un t i l th is per iod to the K ings o f Perakr ' . Theexac t mean ing o f th is phrase was debated dur ing the governor -sh ip o f S i r Har ry Ord (1867-73) when Br i ta in ma in ta ined tha t' rPu1o D ind ing" meant the sec t ion o f the main land en t i re lyenc i rc led by swamps and r i vers whereas the Ma1ays main ta inedtha t i t re fe r red to some o ther i s land or a l te rna t ive ly tha ti t was a redundant expression meaning no more than the Pangkor1 S t a n c s . 4
Before the react ions of the Cornpanyts Suprene Counci lin Ca lcu t ta to Lowrs t rea t ies were rece ived, Fu l le r ton gavesome weight to their terns by despatching Low on an expedit ionto des t roy the s t rongho ld o f Nakhoda Ud in , a p i ra te in Perakwho had moles ted the sub jec ts o f bo th the Su l tan and o f thePenang Government, and who had been appointed by the ChaoP?ya as Governor o f the Kurau R iver te r r i to ry . Nakhoda Ud inwas ar res ted and sent to L igor w i th a reques t fo r h is t r j -a l .The Chao Prya pro tes ted s t rong ly tha t Br i t i sh ac t ion overthe Kurau R iver together w i th Lowrs t rea t ies had in f r ingedthe Ang lo-S iamese Agreement o f 1826. Ca lcu t ta eventua l l ysuppor ted Fu l le r ton over the Kurau inc ident bu t dep lo red thetreat ies for which they severely rebuked Low and which theyre fused to ra t i f y . Never the less , when in 1844 and 1853the Su l tan o f Perak appea led to Br i ta in on the s t rength o f
370
the t rea t ies , the au thor i t ies in London and Ind ia as we l l .as those in the St ra i ts behaved as i f they were b ind ing .Indeed, they were to p rov ide the bas is fo r S i r Andrew Clarkersin te rvent ion in Perak in 1874.
FOOTNOTES
1. Quoted j -n L .A . Mi l I s , Br . i t i sh Malaya 1824-67, Kua laL u m p u r , 1 9 6 6 , p . 1 5 4 .
2 . See C.D. Cowan, N ine teenth-Century Ma laya, London, 1961,p p . 5 4 - 5 5 .
371
PERAK TREATY o f 30 Ju lY , 1818
l *C r a c r o f t ' s C o m m e r c i a l T r e a t y -
Trea ty o f cornmerc ia l A lL iance be tween the Honorab le
Eng l ish Eas t Ind ia Company and H is Ma jes ty the Ra jah o f
Pe iak , se t t led by Mr wa l te r Sewe11 Cracro f t , in v i r tue o f
por " r r de legated to h im by the Honorab le John A lexander
bunn" . * "n , Gove inor o f Pr ince o f Wales ' I s land and i t s
D e p e n d e n c i e s .
Done on the 27 th Ramadlan 1233 (answer ing to the
E v e n i n g o f t h e 3 0 t h J u l Y , 1 8 1 8 ) .
The peaceHonorab le Eng lRajah of Perak
A r t i c l e I s t
and f r iendsh ip now subs is t ing be tween the
ish Eas t Ind ia Company and H is Ma jes ty the
, s h a 1 1 b e P e r p e t u a l .
The vesse ls and merchand i ze be long ing to Br i t i sh sub-
jec ts , o r persons be ing under the pro tec t ion o f the Honorab le
East Ind ia Company, sh i l l a lways en joy , in the por ts and
d o m i n i o n s s u b j e c t t o H i s M a j e s t y t h e R a j a h o f P e r a k , a 1 L t h e
priv i leges ani advantages which are now, or may at any t ime
i re rea f te r , be gran ted to the sub jec ts o f the most favoured
n a t i o n s .
Ar t i c le 3 rd
The vesse ls and merchand ize be long ing to the sub jec ts
o f H is Ma jes ' -y the Ra jah o f Perak sha l l aLways rece ive
s imi la r advantages and pr iv i leges w i th those in the preced ing
Ar t i c le , as long as they are in the harbour o f For t cornwal l i s
and in a l l o ther p laces dependent on the Br i t j . sh Government
o f P r i n c e o f W a l e s r I s l a n d .
Ar t i c le 2nd
A r t i c l e 4 t h
His Ma jes ty o f Perak agrees tha t he w i l l no t renew any
obso le te and in te r rup ted Trea t ies w i th o ther na t ions , pub l i c
bod ies , o r i .nd iv idua ls , the prov is ions o f wh ich may, i ' n any
degree, tend to exc lude or obs t ruc t the t rade o f Br i t i sh
,r6j" . t r , "ho
frr th"t rh"1l t - tot b" brr t th"t t"d " i th
. t ]u i*oo-
* For foo tno tes see P '384
372
s i t ions or Dut ies no t lev ied on the sub jec ts o f o therS t a t e s .
A r t i c l e 5 t h
His Ma jes ty the Ra jah o f perak fu r ther engages, tha t hewi l1 , upon no pre tence whatsoever , g ran t
" ronopo ly o f any
ar t i c les o f t rade or comnod i t ies , the produce o f h is te r r i -to r ies , to any person or persons , European, Amer ican, 01 .na t ives o f any o ther count ry , bu t tha t he w i l l a l low Br i t i shsub jec ts to cone and buy a l l sor ts o f rnerchand ize , the samea s o t h e r p e o p l e .
A r t i c l e 6 t h
The Honorable East India Company engage, that theywi l l not form any Treat ies or Engagernents which may excludeor obs t ruc t the merchand ize o f the sub jec ts o f the Ra jah o fPerak who come to t rade a t Penang, nor w i l l they gran t amonopo ly o f any sor t o f merchand i ze to one descr ip t ion o fp e r s o n s o n l y , a s i s s p e c i f i e d i n t h e S t h A r t i c l e , b u t w i l la l low the na t ives o f Perak to cone and buy a l l sor ts o fmerchand ize , the same as o ther peoDle .
A r t i c l e 7 t h
His Ma jes ty the Ra jah o f perak engages, tha t i f anypersons be ing sub jec ts o f the company f rom penang and i t sd e p e n d e n c i e s f o r s a l e , h e w i l l n o t a l l o w o f t h e i r s a l e i nthe count ry o f Perak , and the Honorab le Cornpany w i l l bebound by a s i rn i la r Agreement w i th respec t to the sub jec ts o fPerak , fo r the laws o f Eng land on no account a l low o f suchproceed ings in any o f the count r ies sub jec t to the Br i t i sha u t h o r i t i e s .
A r t i c l e 8 t h
Th is Trea ty , accord ing to the fo rego ing Ar t i c les , i smade fo r the purpose o f p romot ing the peace and f r iendsh ipo f the two s ta tes , and secur ing the l iber ty o f commerce andnav iga t ion be tween the i r respec t ive sub jec ts to the mutua ladvantage o f bo th , and o f i t one dra f t i s re ta ined by H isMajes ty the Ra jah o f Perak , and one by Mr Wal te r Sewel1Cracro f t , Agent o f the Honorab le the Governor o f penang.T o t h i s i s a f f i x e d t h e s e a l o f H i s M a j e s t y t h e R a j a h o fPerak , to ra t i f y i t to the Honorab le Eng l ish Eas t Ind iaconpany, so tha t no d isputes may hereaf te r a r ise concern ingi t , bu t tha t i t may be permanent and las t fo r ever .
373
Seal o f the Ru ler o f perak .
S ignature W.S. CRACR0FT,Commiss ioner .
Signature
(A true copy)
JOHN ANDERSON,Malay Trans la to rGovernment of theS e t t l e m e n t s .
to theSt ra i ts
374
PERAK TREATY of 6 Septenber, 1825
Anderson 's Trea ty2
(Trans 1 at ion)
Translat ion of an Engagernent of His Majesty Paduka SriSultan Abdul lah Ma-Alun Shah, who is seated on the RoyalThrone of the Perak Country, given to Mr John Anderson,Agent to the Honourable Robert Ful lerton, Governor of Pr-r1oPenang, on beha l f o f the Honourab le Eng l ish Eas t Ind iaConpany, as a token o f las t ing a l l iance and f r iendsh ip wh ichcan never be changed so long as the Sun and Moon shal l en-dure, in oider that f r iendship and union may be prolonged,and cont inue from this day forth for ever.
A r t i c l e i
H is Ma jes ty the K ing o f Perak hereby agrees to f i x theboundary between the States of Perak and Salangore at theRiver Bernam, and there shal1 be no encroachnent on ei thers ide ; and H is Ma jes ty engages no t to in te r fe re in the go-vernment of Salangore, nor wi l l he send any arnament intotha t count ry ; the sub jec ts o f Perak , however , be ing per -mi t ted to p roceed th i ther fo r comnerc ia l purposes , con formingto the es tab l i shed ru les and cus toms o f o ther t raders therefrequent ing .
A r t i c l e i i
Wi th respec t to the Agreement en tered in to be tween H isMajes ty the K ing o f Sa langore and Mr John Anderson, Agentto the Honourab le Rober t Fu l le r ton , Governor o f Pu lo Penang,providing for the removal of Rajah Hassan from the PerakCount ry and i t s dependenc ies , the K ing o f Perak is we l lp leased w i th th is Agreement , and he engages no t to rece iveRajah Hassan, nor permit him to l retul ln to any part of thePerak te r r i to ry . H is Ma jes ty the K ing o f Perak a lso en-gages tha t he w i l l no t g ran t a monopo ly o r en t rus t the co l -lect ion of the revenues in future to any other, in orderthat there may be no further disturbances in the country,and he has hereby f ixed the Duty on the t in exported fromthe Perak Country, at 6 Dol lars per bahr, in order that thecommerce of the kingdom nay be thrown open and extended;tha t popu la t ion may be inc reased; tha t a l l t raders may beencouraged. to resor t to Perak , such as the sub jec ts o f theEng l ish Government , the S iamese, Sa langore , and o thers , andthat they may be enabled to carry on an intercourse with
375
e a s e a n d s a t i s f a c t i o n , a n d b e a t l i b e r t y t o r e s o r t t o a l lt h e p o r t s , s e t t l e m e n t s , a n d r i v e r s w i t h i n t h e S t a t e , t ot rade w i thout any in te r rup t ion fo r ever .
Th is Engagement i s hereby made, and to i t i s a f f i xed ,a s a t o k e n o f i t s v a l i d i t y , t h e c h o p o f H i s M a j e s t y t h e K i n gof Perak , and i t i s de l i vered to Mr John Anderson, Agent tothe Honourab le Rober t Fu l le r ton , Governor o f Pu lo Penang.
Th is paper , wr i t ten on theof the Eng l ish year , and on theday in the year o f the Heg i ra ,
Sea l o f the Ru ler o f Perak .
6 th day o f September , 1825,20th day of Mohurrum, Mon-
t 2 4 L .
True Copy.
S ignature J .W. SALI , {OND,R e s i d e n t C o u n c i l l o r ,P r i n c e o f W a l e s r I s l a n d
376
PERAK TREATY o f 18 0c tober , 1826 ( i )
L o w ' s F i r s t T r e a t y : C e s s i o n o f t h e D i n d i n g s 3
Engagement of Paduka Sri Sultan Abdul lah Ma-Alum Shah,son of the deceased Jumma1ool lah, and Supreme Ruler over thePerak Country, made and del ivered to Captain James Low,Agent of the Honourable Robert Ful lerton, Governor in Counci lo f Pr ince o f Walesr Is land, S ingapore , and Malacca, and wh ichis to be everlast ing as the revolut ions and endurance ofthe Sun and the Moon.
The Sultan, who governs the whole of the Perak Countryand i t s dependenc ies , has th is day , in the month and yearhere in spec i f ied , g iven over and ceded to the Honourab lethe East India Company of England, to be under i ts governmenthenceforward and for ever, the Pulo Dinding and the Is landsof Pangkor , together w i th a l l and every one o f the Is landswhich be longed o f o ld and un t i l th is per iod to the K ings o fPerak , and wh ich have been h i ther to inc luded w i th in thePerak Sta te , because the sa i "d Is lands a f fo rd sa fe abodes tothe pirates and robbers, who plunder and molest the traderson the coast and the inhabitants on the mainland, and effec-tua1 ly depr ive them o f the means o f seek ing subs is tence, andas the K ing o f Perak has no t the power o r means s ing ly todr ive ou t those p i ra tes . For these reasons the K ing o fPerak , has , o f h is own f ree w i l l and p leasure , ceded andg iven over as a fo resa id , the Is lands as a fo resa id , to theHonourab le the Eas t Ind ia Company, to be kept and governedby them, and to be p laced under any one o f the i r governments ,as they may th ink f i t . To th is deed, as tokens o f i t s va l i -d i ty , have th is day been pu t the grea t sea l o r chop o f theruler of the Perak Country, Paduka Sri Sultan Abdul lah Ma-A lum Shah, together w i th the chops o f the Ch ie f Min is te rso f H i s l r { a j e s t y r s g o v e r n m e n t . 4
Th is Deed is made and wr i t ten th is S ix teenth day o fRab ia l -awa1, Wednesday, 1242, o r the E igh teenth day o fO c t o b e r , i n t h e y e a r 1 8 2 6 .
SeaI o f the Ru ler o f Perak .S e a l s o f t h e P e r a k C h i e f s .
Signature
A True Copy.q
JAMES LOW, Captain"P o l i t i c a l A g e n t t o t h eGovernor o f the St ra i tsS e t t l e m e n t s .
377
True Copy.
S ignature S. GARLING,R e s i d e n t C o u n c i l l o r ,M a l a c c a .
378
PERAK TREATY o f 18 October , 1826 ( i i )
Low 's Second Treaty : Exc lus ion o f S iam6
Engagement en tered in to be tween H is Ma jes ty Paduka Sr iSultan Abdul la Ma-Alum Shah bin Murhoom Jurnrnal-0o11ah, Su-preme and Rightful Ruler over al l and every part of the PerakCountry, and Captain Janes Low, Agent to the HonourableRober t Fu l le r ton , Governor o f Pu lo Penang, S ingapore andMalacca, on beha l f o f the Honourab le the Eas t Ind ia Company,whereof cop ies have been in te rchanged, and wh ich is to beever las t ing as the Sun and the Moon. Moreover , i t i s atoken o f las t ing f r iendsh ip and a l l iance to ex is t be tweenthe Honourab le the Eas t Ind ia Company and the K ing o f Perak ,and between the King and the Honourable Robert Ful lerton.
A r t i c l e 1 s t
H is Ma jes ty the K ing o f Perak , o f h is own f ree w i l l andp leasure , hereby engages, tha t he w i l l adhere to the s t ipu la -t ions respec t ing the boundar ies o f Perak and the se t t lemento f o ther po in ts wh i -ch were made w i th the Ra jah o f Sa langoreby Mr John Anderson, Agent to the Honourab le Rober t Fu l le r ton ,G o v e r n o r o f P u l o P e n a n g , & c . , a n d a l s o t o a 1 l t h e s t i p u l a -t ions conta ined in the Engagement wh ich H is Ma jes ty rnadewith the said Mr John Anderson, dated the 20th day of Mohur-rum, Monday, in the year o f the Heg i ra , I24 I , a l1 o f wh ichdeeds are here dec la red to be f i xed and una l te rab le . More-over , H is N4a jes ty now engages tha t he w i l l no t ho ld any com-nun ica t ion or in te rcourse w i th the Ra jah o f S iam, o r w i thany o f h is ch ie fs o r vassa ls , o r w i th the Ra jah o f Sa langore ,or any o f h is ch ie fs o r vassa ls , wh ich nay or can have re -f e r e n c e t o p o l i t i c a l s u b j e c t s , o r t o t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o fh is governnent and the nanagement o f h is count ry o f Perak .H i s M a j e s t y w i l l n o t c o u n t e n a n c e a n y o f h i s s u b j e c t s w h onay connect themse lves w i th , o r league or in t r igue w i th ,t h e S i a m e s e K i n g , o r w i t h a n y o f h i s c h i e f s o r v a s s a l s , o rw i th the Ra jah o f Sa langore , o r any o f h is ch ie fs o r vassa ls ,o r w i th any o ther S ianese or Ma layan peop le , by wh ich thecountry of Perak can in any degree or manner be disturbed,and the Governrnent o f H is Ma ies ty in te r fe red w i th .
A r t i c l e 2 n d
H i s M a j e s t y t h ethe bunga mas, o r anyt h e R a j a h o r K i n g o f
K ing o f Perak w i l l no t g ive or p resento ther spec ies o f t r ibu te whatever , to
S iam, o r to any o f h is governors o r
379
vassa ls , nor w i l l he g ive or p resent such to the Ra jah o fSalangore, or to any other Sianese or Malayan people hence-fo rward and fo r ever . Moreover , H is Ma jes ty w i l l no t re -ceive or permit to enter into his country of Perak, f rom theRajah or King of Siam, or from any of his governors or chiefs,any ambassadors or armaments arriving at Perak for the pur-pose o f a r rang ing po l i t i ca l mat te rs , o r in te r fe r ing in anyway in the affairs and administrat ion of the country ofPerak . In l i ke manner he w i l l no t rece ive in to h is count ryembass ies or a rmaments sent by the Ra jah o f Sa langore , o r byany o ther S ianese or Ma layan peop le ; nor w i l l he rece iveany patty frorn any of the people, Rajahs, or countr ies herespec i f ied in to h is count ry , shou ld i t s s t rength even cons is to f no more than th i r ty men, nor w i l l he a11ow the leas t num-ber to enter his country, But al l persons of every countrywi11 , as here to fo re , have f ree permiss ion to t rade unmoles tedto any port in the Perak Country, provided they do not inter-fere in i ts af fairs. Should part ies or annanents of thedescript ion above stated arr ive in the Perak Country fromany one o f the count r ies , o r Ra jahs , Governors , o r Ch ie fs ,o r peop le above spec i f ied , o t shou ld any o f the sa id Ra jahs ,Governors , o r Ch ie fs league w i th sub jec ts o f the K ing o fPerak, in order to disturb his country and interfere in anyway in h is government , then, in any such case or cases , H isMajes ty w i l l re1y , as he now re l ies , and in a l l fu tu re t imeswi l l re1y , on the f r iend ly a id and pro tec t ion o f the Honou-rable the East India Company, and of the Honourable theG o v e r n o r i n C o u n c i l o f P u l o P e n a n g , & c . , & c . , t o b e m a n i f e s -ted in such a manner and by such means as may to them seemmost exDed ien t .
Ar t i c le Srd
Captain Janes Low, as Agent for the Honourable theG o v e r n o r i n C o u n c i l o f P r i n c e o f W a l e s r I s l a n d , 6 c . , 8 c . ,engages tha t i f H is Ma jes ty the K ing o f Perak w i l l fa i th fuL lyadhere to and per fo rm a l l and each o f the s t ipu la t ions con-ta ined in th is Engagement as above spec i f ied , then H is l r {a j -es ty sha l1 rece ive the ass is tance o f the Br i t i sh in expe l l ingfrom his country any Siamese or Malays as above stated, who,as a lso above, spec i f ied t f rdy , a t any t ime, en ter the PerakCount ry w i th po l i t i ca l v iews, o r fo r the purpose o f in te r -fer ing in any way with the government of His Majesty. Buti f H is Ma jes ty shaI1 fa i l to per fo rm a l l and every Ar t i c leo f th is h is Engagement , b ind ing on h im, then the ob l iga t ionon the Br i t i sh to p ro tec t h im and to ass is t h im aga ins t h isenemies w i l l cease, and he w i l l lose the conf idence andfr iendship of the Honourable the Governor in Counci l ofP u l o P e n a n g , G c . & c . , f o r e v e r .
380
This Engagement , wh ich H is Ma jes ty has vo lun tar i l y ,and w i th g rea t sa t is fac t ion , en tered in to , has rece ived asmarks o f i t s va lLd i ty the chop or sea l o f H is Ma jes ty , andthe sea l and s ignature o f the Agent , Capta in James Low, to -ge ther w i th the chops o f the Min is te rs o f Perak , who area lso par t ies in th is Engagement w i th the Agent , and i t i sde l i vered to the sa id Agent to remain as an ever -endur ingmemor ia l o f a l l iance and f r iendsh ip be tween the K ing o fPerak and the Br i t i sh .
Th is paper , wr i t ten on the E igh teenth day o f October ,L826, o f the Eng l ish year , and on the S ix teenth day o f Rab ia l -awa l Wednesday, in the year o f the Heg i ra , 1242.
Sea l o f the Ru ler o f Perak .Sea ls o f the Perak Ch ie fs .Sea l and s ignature o f JAMES LOW (Capta in ) ,
Agent to the Governor o f theS t r a i t s S e t t l e n e n t s .
A True Copy
Signature JAMES LOW
A True Copy
Signature S. GARLING,R e s i d e n t C o u n c i l l o r ,M a l a c c a .
381
PERAK DOCUMENT of 25 October, 1826
S u l t a n r s L e t t e r t o L o w i
Af te r compl iments . - He who governs perak , paduka Sr iSu l tan Abdu l lah Ma-A lum Shah, des i res to nake known to h isfr iend, Captain James Low, Agent to the Honourable RobertFu l le r ton , Governor in Counc i l o f p r ince o f Walesr Is land,Malacca, and S ingapore , w i th re la t ion to the sub jec ts onwhich H is Ma jes ty and the Agent have a l ready confer red .
ls t . That H is Ma jes ty w i l l cone down the r i ver tos tay a t Kotah-Loomot t , where he w i l l bu i ld a For t o f p ropers t rength , and ass ign a competent number o f so ld ie rs fo r i t spro tec t ion and h is own, in o rder tha t a l l enemies and p i ra tesmay be kept a t a d is tance, and these men w i l l be we l l i rmed,and w i l l be main ta ined by H is Ma jes ty as a s tand ing fo rce ,to be a t a l l t imes ready fo r de fence, and to obey h is o rders ;and for the temporary accommodation of any Bri t ish off icer,w h o m a y b e s e n t t o v i s i t h i m , H i s M a j e s t y w i l l d i r e c t t h a ta s m a l l h o u s e b e b u i l t o p p o s i t e t o h i s o w n r e s i d e n c e .
2nd. H is Ma jes ty w i l l keep a prow a lways ready toconvey in fo rmat ion o f i rnpor tance to Pu lo Penang, and w i l lfu r ther , w i thout de1ay , take measures fo r open ing a communi -ca t ion over land, be tween the Perak R iver and the Krean R iver ,and thence to Pu lo Penang.
3rd. The Laksamana and the Shabunder wi l l be forthwith
sent down to res ide a t Qua la B idor , a t the spot where Ra jah
Hassan fo rmer ly pos ted h lmse l f , and these two persons w i11 ,
b y H i s M a j e s t y t s o r d e r s , e r e c t a F o r t t h e r e , a n d w i l l c o l l e c t
t i re popu la t ion and se t t le the count ry in tha t d i rec t ion , and
those p" rsons t rad ing a t Pe lak w i l l be encouraged and p lo tec-
ted , accord ing to anc ien t cus tom.
4 t h . H i s M a j e s t y w i l l s p e e d i l y s e i z e o ' r e x p e l t h e h e a d
of f i cers now res id ing a t Kurow ' a t Laroo t , a t T rong, a t
s ingkang, and a t Bruwas, who may have connected themse lves
wi t i p i ia tes o r robbers , and w i l l g ive warn ing to the peop le
there , tha t shou ld they le t p i ra tes or robbers remain anongst
them, and should any Engl ish come there front Penang i-n search
of p i ra tes , the innocent migh t in tha t case su f fe r w i th the
gu i 1 ty .
S t h . A l l t r a d e r s t o a l l p a r t s o f P e r a k w i l l b e c h e r i =s h e d b y H i s l r { a j e s t y , a n d t h e i r t r a f f i c w i l l n o t b e d e l a y e d ,
382
but every means w i l l be a f fo rded fo r a speedy se t t lenent o faccounts be tween buyer and se l1er , and H is l r , la jes ty w i l l co-erce any o f h is sub jec ts , o r o thers , shou ld the i r conductrequ i re harsh measures , to cone to a speedy se t t lement o faccounts w i th t raders to Perak , and to p revent the i r d is -t ress ing such in any way.
6 th . H l -s Ma jes ty the K ing o f Perak w i l l d r i ve ou t o fh is countTy any person conv ic ted o f hav ing car r ied o f f c lan-d e s t i n e l y , o r b y f o r c e , f r o n a n y B r i t i s h p o s s e s s i o n , a n ysub jec t o f , o r person l i v ing under , the Br i t i sh Government ;and shou ld any person so car r ied o f f be d iscovered, H isMajes ty w i l l de ta in tha t person and g ive in fo rcmat ion to theHonourable the Governor of Pulo Penang, in order that suchmisch ievous prac t ices may be who1 ly p revented .
7 th . When the countTy has aga in go t se t t led , H is Ma-jes ty w i l l d i rec t h is peop le to sow abundance o f r i ce andgra in , and rear as much pou l t ry and as tnany ca t t le as poss ib le ,in o rder tha t h is peop le , and those res id ing under the Br i -t i sh Government , f r?y rece ive nu tua l advantage.
8 t h . H i s M a j e s t y i n t e n d s t o a p p o i n t , a n d w i l l a p p o i n ta p roper ly qua l i f ied person to super in tend the co l lec t ionof Dut ies on expor ts , such as t in and o ther rnerchand ize .
Shou ld any t rader , a sub jec t o f H is Ma jes ty , a r r i ve a ta Br i t i sh por t , and no t be ab le to show a por t c learance,the same wi l l be fo r fe i ted accord ing to cus tom.
9 th . I I i s l t {a jes ty w ishes to es tab l i sh schoo ls in h iscount ry , and w i l l be happy shou ld h is f r iend , Capta in JamesL o w , a s s i s t h i m b y s e n d i n g a w e l l - s k i 1 1 e d s c h o o l - r n a s t e r f r o mPulo Penang, and shou ld H is N{a jes ty send any ch i ld o r ch i . ld -ren to Pu lo Penang to be educated in a l l the requ is i tebranches o f knowledge, he hopes tha t such ch i ld o r ch i ld renwi l l be favourab ly rece ived and t rea ted .
A l l these th ings H is Ma jes ty agrees to w i th the grea tes ts a t i s f a c t i o n .
Th is paper , da ted the 23rd day o f the month Rab i -a l -awa1, on l {ednesday, the 25 th day o f October , in the yearr 6 z o .
A True t rans la t ion o f coDy.
Signature JAMES LOW (Captain),
Po l i t i ca l Agent to the Governoro f the St ra i ts Set t lements
383
True copy.
S ignature S. GARLING,R e s i d e n t C o u n c i l l o r ,M a I a c c a .
FOOTNOTES
Provenance: J. Anderson, PoLtt ical and Conrnez'ctalCons idez 'a t ions . . . &e . , 1824, Append ix x ix . Th i -sv e r s i o n i s v i r t u a l l y i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h a t i n M . & G .A s l igh t ly var ian t vers ion taken f rom the St ra i tsSet t lements records is pub l i shed by C.D. Cowan i -n
"Ear1y Penang and the R ise o f S ingapore , 1805-1832" ,J M B R A S , X X I I I , i i ( 1 9 5 0 ) .
P r o v e n a n c e : M . 6 G . , p p . 2 2 - 2 3 .
P r o v e n a n c e : M . & G . , p . 2 3 .
I t i s o f in te res t , in v iew o f the i -mpor tance la te ra t tached to the po in t , tha t th is i s the f i rs t Br i t i shTreaty w i th Perak s igned by the Ch ie fs as we l l as theRuler . In the absence o f the or ig ina l , however , wedo no t know wh ich Ch ie fs .
I t i s to be presumed (s ince i t i s s ta ted in the tex t )t h a t a l l t h e P e r a k T r e a t i e s i n t h e 1 8 1 8 - 1 8 2 6 p e r i o dwere sea led by the Ru ler ; and we have recorded thesea ls accord ing ly : bu t the copy f rom wh ich th is i staken appears to be one kept in the Strai ts and guaran-teed by a t leas t one St ra i ts o f f i c ia l - Low, AndersonGar l ing or Sa lmond - as a t rue t rans la t ion , and no tb e a r i n g t h e s e a l s t h e m s e l v e s .
P r o v e n a n c e : M . & G . , p p . 2 4 - 2 6 ; s e e a l s o A i t c h i s o n ,T r e a t i e s , I , p p . 4 0 8 - 4 1 1 .
P r o v e n a n c e : M . & G . , p p . 2 6 - 2 7 .
2
3
A
384
Note on the Perak Trea ty o f 1874
The s ign ing o f the Perak Trea ty o f 1874, known as theTreaty o f Pangkor , i s regarded as a tu rn ing-po i -n t in Ma layanh is to ry . The Br i t i sh co lon ia l au thor i t ies as we l l as Malaysa t t h e t i m e , a n d v i r t u a l l y a l l h i s t o r i a n s s i n c e , h a v e i d e n t i -f ied i t as the beg inn ing o f the per iod o f Br i t i sh co lon ia lru le in the Malay Pen insu la . A l though Br i ta in had in te r -vened prev ious ly and somet imes s ign i f i can t ly , in the in te rna la f fa i rs o f Ma lay Sta tes , i t was by th is t rea ty tha t she wasf i rs t commi t ted to a po l i cy o f regu la r in te rvent ion inp r a c t i c a l l y a l l m a t t e r s - a n d m a d e h e r s e l f , i n d e e d , v l r t u a l l yso le ly respons ib le fo r the government o f the Sta te . S in i la rt rea t ies w i th o ther S ta tes began to fo l low a lmost a t once.The Pangkor Trea ty , in fac t , in i t ia ted Br i t i sh in te rvent ionon the grand sca1e, and was the formal model for subsequentt rea t ies w i th most o ther ma in land Malay Sta tes .
The or igins of the PangkoT* Treaty have been examined ina great number of publ icat ions^ and, al though wri ters mayd i f fe r in the impor tance they ascr ibe to the d iverse causesof Br i t i sh in te rvent ion or in the s ign i f i "cance they a t t r ibu teto the respec t ive ro les o f London and 1oca l o f f i c ia ls inth is po l i cy , the main thenes are now we l l known and requ i reon ly a b r ie f summary here .
In 1867 the Co lon ia l Of f i ce took over f ron the Ind iaOf f i ce the respons ib i l i t y fo r the St ra i ts Set t lements .A l though they re ta ined the po l i cy o f non- in te rvent ion in theh in te r land, o f f i c ia ls in London carne to recogn ise what theSt ra i ts comnun i ty had long fo reseen: tha t c iv i l d is tu rbancesin the Malay Sta tes - where t rad i t iona l po l i t i ca l sys temswere d is in tegra t ing under the pressures o f immigran t Ch ineseminers and wea l thy S t ra i ts merchants - th rea tened the peacea n d p r o s p e r i t y o f t h e S t r a i t s S e t t l e m e n t s . I n a d d i t i o n i twas fe l t tha t the po ten t ia l wea l th o f the main land mer i tedf i rm but cau t ious expans ion . I t was , however , the supposed lygrowing in te res t o f o ther powers (no tab ly Gernany) wh ichf ina l l y conv inced London o f the necess i ty to conso l ida teB r i t a i n r s p o s i t i o n i n t h e P e n i n s u l a . A l t h o u g h t h e C o l o n i a lOf f i ce had l i t t le fa i th in the i r f i r s t Governor , S i r Har ryOrd (1867-73) , they ins t ruc ted h is successor , S i r AndrewClarke (1873-75) , to seek and repor t some fo rmula (perhaps ,suggested the Secre tary o f S ta te , a Br i t i sh Res ident ) wherebyBr i ta in migh t con t r ibu te to the res tora t ion o f law and orderi n t h e w e s t . c o a s t S t a t e s .
In Perak the success ion to the Su l tanate was d isputedF o r f o o t n o t e s s e e p . 3 8 8
385
R i v a l c l a i m a n t s w e r e : R a j a I s m a i l ( w h o s e c l a i m b y b i r t hwas s l igh t bu t who had been appo in ted by the Ch ie fs ) ; Ra jaAbdu l lah (whose c la in by b i r th was be t te r , bu t who had veryfew suppor te rs among the ch ie f l y e lec to rs ) and Ra ja Yusof( w h o s e c l a i m b y b i r t h w a s t h e b e s t , b u t w h o h a d b e e n d e l i b e -r a t e l y p a s s e d o v e r i n t w o e l e c t i o n s ) . R a j a A b d u l l a h a p p e a -l e d t o C l a r k e , w h o , a c t i n g o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e 1 8 2 6 P e r a kTreaty (q .u . ) sa i led in and s igned, w i th a sornewhat randomco l lec t ion o f ch ie fs hur r ied ly sumrnoned, a rap id ly -concoc teda g r e e n e n t d e s i g n e d t o s e t t l e t h e s u c c e s s i o n o n R a j a A b d u l 1 a h ,re in in the Mant r i o f Laru t , rec t i f y the boundar ies o f theDind ings and Prov ince We1les1ey , and, most impor tan t , p rov idefor the appo in tment o f a Br i t i sh Res ident . A l though a cer -ta in amount o f coerc ion a t tended the s ign ing o f the t rea ty ,a l though ne l ther Ra ja Is rna i l nor Ra ja Yusof had the oppor -tun i ty to be present , and a l though C larke overs tepped h isins t ruc t ions by negot ia t ing a tTeaty be fore consu l t ing h ismasters , London ra t i f ied the Pangkor Trea ty unquest ion ing ly .
The has te w i th wh ich th is t rea ty was conc luded can bed i -scerned in i t s loose and somewhat cont rad ic to ry te rmino-1ogy . There was, fo r ins tance, some la te r con t roversyabout the D ind ings border i -n sp i te o f the fac t tha t C la rkeat Pangkor had se t ou t to c la r i f y the pos i t ion . Anotherprob lem concerned the c la in o f the Mant r i to be independentRu ler o f Laru t . Ar t i c le i v recogn ised I ' the power g ivenl to h im] over Laru t " bu t C la rke , un l i ke h is p redecessor ,spec i f i ca l l y re fused to accept tha t the Mant r i was independento f the Perak Su l tan . The Mant r i h i red a lawyer to pu t h iscase be fore the Br i t i sh Par l ia rnent bu t d ropped i t a t thei n s i s t e n c e o f A b d u 1 l a h , w h o w a s b y t h e n t h e S u l t a n . 2 B u tthe main controversy which arose from the Pangkor Treatyc e n t r e d o n t h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e R e s i d e n t r s p o w e r s . E v e n i nthe Eng l ish language these are obscure : wh i le Ar t i c le v ila id down tha t the Res ident ts "adv ice must be asked and ac tedu p o n o n a l l q u e s t i o n s o t h e r t h a n t h o s e , t o u c h i n g M a l a y R e l i -g ion and Customr ' , Ie t Ma lay cus tom (ad-a t ) covered v i r tua l l ya l l l a w a n d t h e I s l a m i c r e l i g i o n c o u l d b e i n t e r p r e t e d a sembrac ing a good dea l nore . Aga in , a l though execut ivepowers were no t spec i f i ca l l y g iven to the Res ident , never -the less they were imp l ied in the c lause (Ar t i c le x ) au thor i -s ing h im to co l lec t and cont ro l aL l revenues and s ta t ingtha t " the genera l admin is t ra t ion Ishou ld ] be regu la ted underl h i s ] a d v i c e " .
Confusion is further compounded by the translat ion ofthe document in to Ma lay . The engagement was f i rs t d rawnup in Eng l ish by Thomas Bradde l l (A t to rney Genera l to the
386
Stra i ts Government ) and then tTans la ted in to Ma lay by Munsh iMohamed Sa id and Frank Swet tenhan.3 A l though bo ih vers ionswere s igned and sea led by the var ious par t ies , the or ig ina lM a l a y t e x t h a s n o t s u r v i v e d . H o w e v e r , i n 1 9 5 1 M , A . M a l l a lloca ted a Jawi vers ion o f the t rea ty wh ich purpor ted to beI ' a t r u e c o p y w r i t t e n b y t h e l a t e S u l t a n I d r i s h i m s e l f " . 4I f the Su l tan Id r is vers ion is indeed a cor rec t copy o f theor ig ina l - and there is cer ta in ly doubt on th is score - theni t i s a rguab le tha t the Malay or ig ina l ser ious ly mis t rans la tedthe phrase concern ing the re la t ionsh ip be tween Ru ler andRes ident . For , tha t sense o f compuls ion conveyed by theE n g l i s h v e r s i o n o f A r t i c l e v i - t h e R e s i d e n t r s " a d v i c e m u s tbe asked and ac ted upon . . . " - i s scarce ly conveyed in Ma layby mau (o t mahu) wh ich may mean vo l i t ion or may s imp ly ind i -ca te fu tu r i t y . Moreover , in the unof f i c ia l l t4a lay t rans la -t ion o f the Eng l ish vers ion (as the la t te r appeared in theS'ingapore Daily Neus) Muhamrned Ibrahinr employed the wordhendak wh ich , l i ke mau in the " Id r is vers ion" , suggests tha tthe Ru ler shou ld do as the Res ident adv ises in a l l mat te rsexcept those concern ing Malay re l ig ion and cus tom but aga inf a i l s t o c o n v e y a s e n s e o f o b l i g a t i o n .
The reason fo r th is ambigu i ty migh t 1 ie no t jus t inhas ty and care less tTans la t ion nor even in ca lcu la ted decep-t ion bu t ra ther in the de ference due to a Malay Ru ler . I twou ld be un th inkab le , imposs ib le even, in Cour t Ma lay to saytha t a Su l tan must do any th ing , le t a lone take adv i -ce , andno Malay in te rpre ter wou ld dare to suggest tha t he shou ld .On ly in one Malay (Jawi ) copy does the word mest i (must )appear in Ar t i c le v i . Th is vers ion by Wan Abdu l Kar im(c le rk to the Tengku Temenggong Paduka Ra ja o f Perak , Kua laKangsar ) i s to be found among the papers o f Ra ja Ha j i Kamara l -zaman, Ra ja d i -H i1 i r o f Perak , in the Ark ib Negara , Ma lays ia .In sum, i t i s h igh ly un l i ke 1y tha t the Malay vers ion , towh ich Perak Ru lers made re fe rence, conveyed the same def in i -t i o n o f t h e R e s i d e n t r s t o l e a s w a s e x p l i c i t i n t h e E n g l i s hvers ion , a l though, o f course , we have C larke ts word tha t a tPangkor the terms of the treaty were explained and ful lyu n d e r s t o o d b y a l l .
C la rke h imse l f ma in ta ined o f f i c ia l l y tha t what wassigned at Pangkor was not a treaty between Perak and GreatBr j - ta in bu t an agreement en tered in to by the Perak Ch ie fsregard ing the prob lems o f Perak a f te r a meet ing ca1 led andsuperv ised by h imse l f a t the i r reques t under the te rms o fthe Second 1826 Treaty. This cannot have fooled anyone andin h is conf ident ia l cor respondence w i th London he made i tc l e a r t h a t h e r e a l i s e d t h e f u l 1 s i s n i f i c a n c e o f h i s a c t .
387
Sir Frank Swettenhan appears to have fathered another off i -c ial myth about Pangkor when, conmenting on the fate of thef i rs t Res ident , he wro te o f "peop le who inv i ted us to sendthem a teacher , and then, hav i lg ob ta ined the rea l end theysought , murdered the i r gues t " .o The no t ion tha t the MalayRulers had " inv i ted [ the Br i t i sh ] to se t the i r t roub ledhouses in o rder " was repeated by C l i f fo rd in h is inaugura lspeech to the Federa l Counc i l in 1927 (see p .76 ) and occursf ro rn t ime to t ine th roughout the co lon ia l per iod . But un-doubtedly the major i ty of informed inhabitants in Singaporeand in Perak i t se l f were fa i r l y c lear f rom the s ta r t aboutjus t what had rea l l y happened a t Pangkor . London hav ingaccepted tha t some degree o f pernanent Br i t i sh cont ro l overthe Sta tes be tween Kedah and Johore was necessary , theGovernor had taken advantage of a let ter f rom a disappointedcand ida te fo r the th rone (Ra ja Abdu l lah may we l l have beenprompted to wr i te i t by S t ra i ts comnerc ia l in te res ts , andClarke in tu rn may poss ib ly have been in f luenced in h is cho iceo f R u l e r b y a C h i n e s e S e c r e t S o c i e t y ' s p r e f e r e n c e ) , a n d ,under the d isgu ise o f a t rea ty o r agreement , had asser teda fu l1 Br i t i sh p ro tec tora te in Perak . Ne i ther the Governornor h i -s S ingapore adv isers in tended tha t the fac t tha t Br i -t i sh ru le was based on a t rea ty ra ther than conquest o r un i -la te ra l p roc) -amat ion shou ld in any way l i rn i t Br i ta in rsauthor i ty in the Sta te . The Malays fo r the i r par t wereprobab ly by the t ime the t rea ty was s igned in l i t t le doubtabout u l t imate Br i t i sh in ten t ions , bu t unders tandab ly tookser ious ly the te r rns o f the t rea ty l in i t ing Br i ta in 's r igh tsand resented the ac t ions o f the f i rs t Br i t i sh Res ident ,J . W . W . B i r c h , w h o , i n t h e i r v i e w , t T a n s g r e s s e d t h e t r e a t yand ignored the i r own r igh ts . A f te r the 1875 Perak War ,wh ich fo l lowed B i rch 's assass ina t ion , tha t S ta te appearedmuch rnore l i ke a captured count ry a l though a cer ta in ins is -tence (wh ich was less percept ib le in the cases o f Se langora n d S u n g e i U j o n g , s e e R o b i n s o n t s r n e n o r a n d u m o f 1 8 7 9 p . 2 3 )remained tha t Perak was no t ye t Br i t i sh . La ter , and par t i -cu la r ly a f te r Federa t ion in 1896, the te rms o f the PangkorTreaty once again becarne a major bone of content ion betweenPerak and her co lon ia l ru le rs .
FOOTNOTES
1. Eg C.N. Parkinson , ar i . t ish Interuent i .on in Malaya,1B67-77, S ingapore , 1960; C.D. Cowan, N ine teenth-CenturyMaLaya, London, 1961.
2 . R . 0 . W i n s t e d t , I 1 a l a y a a n d t t s H t , s t o n y , L o n d o n , 1 9 6 2 , p p .6 s - 6 6 .
388
F.A. Swettenham, Footpr ints in I '4alaya, London, 1942,p . 3 3 .
S e e M . A . M a 1 1 a 1 , I ' J . W . W . B i r c h ; c a u s e s o f h i s a s s a s s i -na t ion ' r , unpub l ished lv lA thes is , Un ivers i ty o f Ma laya ,1952, pp .205-6 & p .284. See a lso Pen in iau Se iarah , f ,i ( J u 1 y 1 9 6 6 ) , p p . 5 1 - 6 0 .
See Kesah Pe layaran, Johore , 1956, pp .78-80.
T h e R e a L M a L a y , L o n d o n , 1 9 0 0 , p . 3 2 .
q
6 .
389
PERAK TREATY of 20 January, I874. *
Trea ty o f Pangkor^
Whereas , a s ta te o f anarchy ex is ts in the K ingdorn o fPerak owing to the wAnt o f se t t led government in the Count ry ,and no e f f i c ien t power ex is ts fo r the pro tec t ion o f thepeop le and fo r secur ing to them the f ru i ts o f the i r indus t ry ,and,
Whereas , la rge numbers o f Ch inese are enp loyed andlarge suns of money invested in Tin mining in Perak by Bri-t i s h s u b j e c t s a n d o t h e r s r e s i d i n g i n H e r M a j e s t y ' s P o s s e s s i o n s ,and the sa id mines and proper ty a re no t adequate ly p ro tec ted ,and piracy, murder and arson are r i fe in the said country,whereby Br i t i sh t rade and in te res ts g rea t ly su f fe r , and thepeace and good order o f the ne ighbour ing Br i t i sh Set t lenentsare somet imes menaced, and,
Whereas , cer ta in Ch ie fs fo r the t ime be ing o f the sa idK ingdom o f Perak have s ta ted the i r inab i l i t y to cope w i ththe present d i f f i cu l t ies , and together w i th those in te res tedin the indus t ry o f the count ry have requested ass is tance,and,
Whereas , Her Ma jes ty rs Government i s bound by ' I rea ty
S t i p u l a t i o n s t o p r o t e c t t h e s a i d K i n g d o m a n d t o a s s i s t i t sr u l e r s , n o w ,
H i s E x c e l l e n c y S i r A n d r e w C l a r k e , K . C . M . G . , C . B . ,Governor o f the Co lony o f the St ra i ts Set t lements , in com-p l i a n c e w i t h t h e s a i d r e q u e s t , a n d w i t h a v i e w o f a s s i s t i n gthe sa id ru le rs and o f e f fec t ing a permanent se t t lement o fa f fa i rs in Perak , has proposed the fo l low ing Ar t i c les o fa r rangernents as nu tua l l y benef ic ia l to the IndependentR u l e r s o f P e r a k , t h e i r s u b j e c t s , t h e s u b j e c t s o f H e r M a j e s t y ,and o thers res id ing in o r t rad ing w i th Perak , tha t i s tos a y : -
I . F i rs t - That the Ra jah l {uda Abdu l lah be recogn isedas the Su l tan o f Perak .
IL Second - That the Ra jah Bandahara Ismai l , now Act ingSu l tan , be a l lowed to re ta in the t i t le o f Su l tan Muda w i tha pens i -on and a cer ta in smal l Ter r i to ry ass igned to h im.
I I I . T h i r d - T h a t a l l t h e o t h e r n o m i n a t i o n s o f g r e a tOf f i cers made a t the t ime the Ra jah Bandahara Ismai l rece ivedthe rega l ia be conf i rmed. _* F o t f o o t n o t e s s e e p . 3 9 2
390
IV. Fourth - That the power given to the 0rang KayahMantr i over Larut by the late Sultan be conf irrned.
V. F i f th - That a l l Revenues be co l lec ted and a l lappointnents made in the name of the Sultan.
VI . S ix th - That the Su1tan rece ive and prov ide a su i t -ab le res idence fo r a Br i t i sh Of f i cer to be ca1 led Res ident ,who sha l l be accred i ted to h is Cour t , and whose adv icernust be asked and acted upon on al l quest ions other thanthose touch ing Malay Re l ig ion and Custom.
VII . Seventh - That the Governor of Larut shal l haveat tached to h im as Ass is tan t Res ident , a Br i t i sh Of f i ceract ing under the Resident of Perak, with simi lar power andsubord ina te on ly to the sa id Res ident .
V I I I . E i g h t h - T h a t t h e c o s t o f t h e s e R e s i d e n t s w i t hthe i r Es tab l i shments be de termined by the Government o f theSt ra i ts Set t lements and be a f i rs t charge on the Revenuesof Perak .
IX . N in th - That a C iv i l I ; i s t regu la t ing the income tobe rece ived by the Su l tan , by the Bandahara , by the Mant r i ,and by the other Off icers be the next charge on the saidRevenue.
X. Tenth - That the co l lec t ion and cont ro l o f a l l Reve-nues and the general adrninistrat ion of the country be regu-la ted under the adv ice o f these Res idents .
X I . E leventh - That the Trea ty under wh ich the Pu loDind ing and the is lands o f Pangkor were ceded to Great Br i -ta in hav ing been misunders tood and i t be ing des i rab le to re -ad jus t the same, so as to car ry in to e f fec t the in ten t ion o fthe Framers thereo f , i t i s hereby dec la red tha t the Bounda-r ies o f the sa id Ter r i to ry so ceded sha l l be rec t i f ied asf o l l o w s , t h a t i s t o s a y : -
From Buk i t S igar i , as la id down in the Char t Sheet .No. 1 S t ra i ts o f Ma lacca, a t rac ing o f wh ich is annexed,zmarked A, in a s t ra igh t l ine to the sea, thence a long thesea coas t to the South , to Pu lo Kat ta on the West , and f ronPu lo Kat ta a l ine runn ing Nor th Eas t about f i ve mi les , andthence Nor th to Buk i t S igar i .
X I I . Twe l f th - That the Southern watershed o f the KreanRiver , tha t i s to say , the por t ion o f land dra in ing in totha t R iver f ro rn the South be dec la red Br i t i sh Ter r i to ry , asa rec t i f i ca t ion o f the Southern Boundary o f Prov ince Wel les leySuch Boundary to be marked out by Conmissioners; one namedby the Governnent o f the St ra i ts Set t lements , and the o therby the Su l tan o f Perak .
391
XI I I . Th i r teenth - That on the cessat ion o f the presentd is tu rbances in Perak and the re -es tab l i shment o f peace andamity among the contending fact iors in that Country, inmediateneasurles under the control and supervision of one or moreBr i t i sh Of f i cers sha l l be taken fo r res to r ing as fa r as p rac-t i cab le the occupat ion o f the Mines , and the possess ion o fMachinery, &c., as held previous to the comilrencement ofthese disturbances, and for the payment of compensat ion fordamages, the dec is ion o f such o f f i cer o r o f f i cers sha1 l bef ina l in such case.
XIV. Fourteenth - The Mantr i of Larut engages to acknow-ledge as a debt due by him to the Government of the Strai- tsSet t lenents , the charges and expenses incur red by th is in -ves t iga t ion , as we l l as the charges and expenses to wh ichthe Co lony o f the St ra i ts Set t lements and Great Br i ta in havebeen put or may be put by their ef forts to secure the tran-qu i l i t y o f Perak and the sa fe ty o f t rade.
The above Ar t i c les hav ing been severa l l y read and ex-p la ined to the unders igned who hav ing unders tood the same,have several ly agreed to and accepted thern as binding onthern and the i r He i rs and Successors .
This done and concluded atP o s s e s s i o n s , t h i s T w e n t i e t h d a ythe Chr is t ian Era , one thousandfour .
Pu lo Pangkor in the Br i t i shof January, in the year ofeight hundred and seventy-
Executed be fore me,
ANDREW CLARKE,Governor, Cornmander- in-Chief, andVice-Admi ra l o f the St ra i ts Set t lements
Chop o f the Su l tan o f Perak .r r r r Bandahara o f Perak .r r r r Tumongong o f Perak .r r I ' Mant r i o f Perak .I ' ' Shahbander of Perak -f r r r Ra jah Mahkota o f Perak .I ' r t Laxarnana o f Perak .r r r r D a t o h S a t g o r .
FOOTNOTES
1 . P r o v e n a n c e : M . 6 G . , p p . 2 8 - 3 0 .2 . S e e C l a r k e t o K i m b e r l e y , 2 6 J a n . 7 8 7 4 , e n c l o s u r e 9 , P . P . ,
c . 1 1 1 1 .
392
Note on the Perak Treaty of 1934
The D ind ings , ceded tc Br i ta in by Perak in 1826 andaga in in 1874 (see Perak Trea t ies o f 1826 ( i ) and 1874) , hadnever been o f much va lue to her ; and long be fore 193. i theywere i f any th ing ra ther a nu isance, necess i ta t ing as theyd id cus toms pos ts and ex t ra c i rcu i ts fo r the Co lony 's mag is -trates without producing any compensatory advantages, Atleas t th ree t i rnes (1899, 1904 and 1912) Governors suggestedtha t the D ind ings shou ld be re t roceded to Perak , to whoseRuler the exc lus ion o f th is par t o f h is ances t ra l te r r i to rywas a lways a source o f some i r r i ta t ion . On more than oneoccas ion the Secre tary o f S ta te , though h imse l f conv incedof the advantages o f re t rocess ion , dec ided aga ins t ac t ingbecause o f the necess i ty o f persuad ing Par l ia rnent to approvea d iminu t ion o f Br i t i sh te r r i to ry . Eventua l l y , as aresu l t o f Governor C lement i rs e f fo r ts i t was agreed to re -s to re the te r r i to ry to Perak , and th is was done, w i th Par l ia -mentary approva l , on 16 February 1935.
393
PERAK TREATY of 6 June, I9S4t : k
Ret rocess ion o f the D ind ingsr
Agreement made be tween H is Exce l lency Andrew Ca ldecot t ,E s q u i r e , C . M . G . , C . B . E . , O f f i c e r A d m i n i s t e r i n g t h e G o v e r n -ment o f the Co lony o f the St ra i ts Set t lements , on beha l f o fH is Ma jes ty the K ing o f Great Br i ta in , I re land, and the Br i -t i sh Domin ions beyond the Seas, Emperor o f Ind ia , and H isHighness the Su l tan o f Perak .
Whereas by Agreernent signed on the 18th October 1826and 20 th January 1874, to wh ich H is Ma jes ty the K ing o fGreat Br i ta in , I re land, and the Br i t i sh Domin ions beyond theSeas, Emperor o f Ind ia , here ina f te r s ty led H is Ma jes ty , andHis H ighness the Su l tan o f Perak , here ina f te r s ty led H isHighness , a re par t ies , the te r r i to ry there in de f ined andknown as the D ind ings , fo rmer ly a par t o f the Sta te o f perak ,was ceded by the Ru lers and Ch ie fs o f Perak :
And whereas H is Ma jes ty , in token o f the f r iendsh ipwh ich he bears towards H is H ighness , i s w i l l i ng tha t thesa id te r r i to ry sha l l once aga in fo rm par t o f the Sta te o fP e r a k :
I t i s hereby agreed as fo l lows:
1 . H is t l ighness sha l l as f rom the da te o f the en t ryin to fo rce o f th is agreement have fu l l sovere ign r igh ts andt i t le over the te r r i to ry o f the D ind ings and such te r r i to rysha l l once more fo rm par t o f the Sta te o f Perak .
2 . Noth ing in th is agreement sha l l opera te to a f fec tthe na t iona l i t y o f any persons domic i led or o rd inar i l y res i -dent in the te r r i to ry o f the D ind ings a t the da te o f theent ry in to fo rce o f th is agreement .
3 . A11 t rea t ies and agreements app l i cab le to the Sta teof Perak at the date of entry into force of this agreementsha l l thenceforward app ly to the te r r i to ry o f the D ind ings .
4 . A11 r igh ts to p roper ty wh ich pr iva te persons or cor -pora t ions have acqu i red in the te r r i to ry o f the D ind ings a tthe da te o f en t ry in to fo rce o f th is agreement sha l l bemain ta ined and a l l such persons or corpora t ions sha l l re ta inthe i r p roper ty , p rov ided tha t in the p lace o f the t i t les toimmovab le p roper ty possessed by such persons or corpora t ions* For foo tno te see p .396
394
at tha t da te there sha l1 be subs t i tu ted documents o f t i t leissued in accordance with the 1aw in force in Perak andconvey ing as near ly as may be the same r igh ts in such pro-p e r t y .
5. The Government of Perakas may be necessary to make thefrom the date of the entry intothe te r r i to ry o f the D ind ings .
w i l l p a s s s u c h l e g i s l a t i o nlaw o f Perak app l i -cab le asforce o f th is agreement to
6. The Government of Perak wi" l l pay to the Governrnento f t h e S t r a i t s S e t t l e m e n t s t h e s u m o f $ 8 6 , 8 5 0 ( d o 1 l a r se igh ty -s ix thousand e igh t hundred and f i f t y ) in respec t o fthe bu i ld ings , b r idges , roads or o ther immovab le p roper tyo f the Government o f the St ra i ts Set t le rnents in the te r r i -to ry o f the D ind ings .
7 . Th is agreenent sha l l en ter in to fo rce th ree monthsaf te r the da te on wh ich an Ac t o f the Par l iament o f theUni ted K ingdom o f Great Br i ta in and Nor thern I re land approv-ing the agreenent has been passed in to law. H is Exce l lencythe Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t lements w i l l in fo rm HisHighness o f the da te on wh ich the sa id Ac t passes in to law.
In w i tness whereof , H is Exce l lency Andrew Ca ldecot t ,E s q u i r e , C . M . G . , C . B . E . , a n d H i s H i g h n e s s S u l t a n I s k a n d a rS h a h , G . C . M . G . , K . C . V . 0 . , i b n i a l - M a r h u n S u l t a n I d r i s R a h r n a t -u l lah Shah have se t the i r respec t ive sea ls and s ignatures .
Dated a t S ingapore th is s ix th day o f June 1934
Sea l and s ignature o f A . CALDECOTT,Act ing Governor o f the St ra i tsS e t t l e m e n t s .
Wi tness
Sea l and
Wi tness
G . L . H A M ,Act ing Co lon ia l Secre tary o f theS t r a i t s S e t t l e m e n t s .
s i g n a t u r e o f R . A . I S K A N D A R ,Su l tan o f Perak .
G . E . C A T O R ,B r i t i s h R e s i d e n tP e r a k .
395
FOOTNOTE
Hansardts Repont on Py'oeeed.tngs t-n the House of Conrnons,7 9 3 4 , 8 8 4 - 8 8 6 , C h a p t e r 5 5 , r e a d s :"hhereas by an Agreement made, sub jec t to the approva lo f Par l iament , on the s ix th day o f June 1934 (be ing theagreement se t ou t in the schedu le to th is Ac t ) p rov is ionis made fo r the cess ion by H is Ma jes ty to H is H ighnessthe Sultan of Perak of the terr i tory known as the Di,n-d ings , fo rmer ly par t o f the Sta te o f perak :
And whereas i t i s exped ien t to g ive such approva l :1 . The approva l o f Par l ianent i s hereby g iven to
the agreement se t ou t in the Schedu le to th isAc t , and i t sha l l be lawfu l fo r H is Ma jes ty to doevery th ing tha t appears to H is Ma jes ty necessaryor p roper fo r car ry ing tha t agreement in to e f fec t .
2 . Th is Ac t may be c i ted as the D ind ings Agreement( A p p r o v a l ) A c t , 1 9 3 4 . ' '
(The word Approual in the last sentence is misprintedApproued in Hansard but has been corrected by the Clerkof the House of Commons, to whom we are indebted forh i s h e l p i n t h i s m a t t e r ) .
The tex t as p r in ted above fo l lows.
396
I
Note on the Perak Trea ty o f 1945
For a gene ra l no te on a l l t he MacMi -chae l T rea t i es , seeNo te on Joho re T rea ty o f 1945 , p . I I 7 .
Sul tan Abdu l Az iz o f Perak had been recogn ised by Br i -t a i n a t t h e t i m e o f h i s a c c e s s i o n i n 1 9 3 8 . A c c o r d i n g t oh imse l f he was r rqu i te unab le to a t tempt to g ive any he lp tothe Malay res is tance ( to the Japanese in occupat ion) wh ichhad been p lanned f rom Cey lon because a Japanese co1one1, v 'hol ived with him in the t ,stana kept a constant watch on hise v e r y m o v e m e n t a n d d i n e d w i t h h i m e v e r y n i g h t . . . . " 1 M a c -Michae l , however , la te r dec la red h im "gu i l t less o f any con-duc t wh ich cou ld be regarded as c r im ina l l y b lamewor thy ' td u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d a n d " i n f a c t . . . b a s i c a l l y 1 o y a 1 t o t h eBr i t i sh connect ion" .2 I t i s no t s ta ted , however , tha t Mac-Michael informed him that he had been thus cleared when hev is i ted h i rn be tween 20 and 22 Novernber , 1945. A t thet ime o f s ign ing the Su l tan is repor ted to have handed Mac-Michael a menorandum containing a number of cr i t ic isms andreserva t ions about the cons t i tu t iona l scheme, bu t no de ta i l sof this mernorandum nor of the protest subsequent ly telegram-ned to the Colonial Off ice (reported in the Stz,ai ts Times,5 February 19a6) are yet known. 0n 27 February i t was re-ported that a meeting of the "Perak Malay League" (sc. Pez, i-katan Melayu Per.ak) resolved to ask the Ruler for an explan-a t ion o f the reasons wh ich induced h im to s ign the Trea tyand to send a de legat ion to London. From la te February o rearly March both the Ruler of Perak and the Pertkatan MelayuPer.ak appear to have been working in harmony with Onn andthe Pan-Malayan lulalay Congress, and i- t was in Kuala Kangsarthat al l the l4alay Rulers net on 15 Apri l (on1y the Sultanof Johore , who was in London, be ing absent ) , aga in in ear lyMay (where they evident ly swung Gent around to their v iewthat the Un ion scheme was inposs ib le ) and aga in la te r tha tmonth , when a se t t lement f ina l l y came in to v iew.
FOOTNOTES
D. Ho lman , The Gv,een Tor tu re , London , 1962, p . I83 .
Sir Harold MacMichael, Repov.t on a Misston to Malaya,)c tobez . 7945-January 1946, Co lon ia l Of f i ce no . I94 ,1 9 4 6 , p a r a . 7 .
1
2
397
PERAK TREATY of 22 November, 1945l *
MacMichael Treaty-
Agreement be tween H is Ma jes ty rs Government w i th i i " r t t ,eUnited Kingdon of Great Bri tain and Northern Ireland andthe Sta te o f Perak .
Whereas mutua l agreements subs is t be tween H is Br i tann icMajes ty and H is H ighness the Su l tan o f the Sta te o f Perak :
And whereas i t i s exped ien t to p rov ide fo r the cons t i -tu t iona l deve lopnent o f the Malay Sta tes under the pro tec-t ion of His Majesty and for the future Government of theSta te o f Perak :
I t i s hereby agreed be tween S i r Haro ld MacMichae l ,G . C . M . G . , D . S . O . , t h e S p e c i a l R e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f H i s M a j e s t y r sGovernnent within the United Kingdom of Great Bri tain andNor thern I re land on beha l f o f H is Ma jes ty and H is H ighnessPaduka Sr i Su l tan Abdu l Az 's -z A l rMuktass im B i l1ah Shah,K . C . M . G . , K . B . E . , t h e S u l t a n o f t h e S t a t e o f P e r a k f o r h i m -s e 1 f , h i s h e i r s a n d s u c c e s s o r s : -
H is H ighness the Su l tan agrees tha t H is Ma jes tysha1 l have fu l1 power and iu r isd ic t ion w i th in theS t a t e o f P e r a k .
Save in so fa r as the subs is t ing agreenents a reincons is ten t w i th th is Agreement o r w i th such fu tu reconst i tut ional arrangements for I ' t ia laya as may beapproved by H is Ma jes ty , the sa id agreements sha11remain o f fu l l fo rce and e f fec t .
S igned th is 22 day o f Novenber 1945.
S ignature H.A. MACMICHAEL,Spec ia l Representa t ive o f the Br i t i shGovernment.
W i t n e s s D . H E A L E Y , C a p t a i n , R . A .
Sea l and s ignature RAJA ABDUL AZIZ ,Su l tan o f Perak .
F o r f o o t n o t e s s e e p . 3 9 9
398
Witnesses RAJARaj aDATO
YUSSOF,Nluda of PerakTEMENGGONG. 2
Seal of the State of Perak
2 .
FOOTNOTES
A copy, cert i f ied correct by Major Leonard Owen,Notary Pub l ic , Eng land, i s in the Malays ianNat iona l Arch ives .
The National Archives copy gives trTenenggangr,obv ious ly in e r ro r .
399
{{:E
r i{{ 3 d )iE :F*F
{ H :- - . g Y'Et,>' i
Note gn the Pgrak Trgaty of 1948
As the resu l t o f Ma lay oppos i t ion to the l {a layan Un ionscheme and the MacMichae l Trea t ies the Br i t i sh en tered in tonegot ia t ions w i th the Ru lers and leaders o f UMNO. Thesed iscuss ions went th rough severa l s tages be tween Ju ly i946and ear ly 1948, and, a l though cer ta in Ma lay rad i .ca l and non-Malay groups condemned as undenocrat ic both the consultat iveprocess and the cons t i tu t iona l p roposa ls , i t was dec ided: -( i ) to revoke ' the Malayan Un ion Order in Counc i l , 1946,( i i ) to rep lace the MacMichae l Trea t ies by new Sta te Agree-m e n t s , a n d ( i i i ) t o e s t a b l i s h a p e n i n s u l a r f e d e r a t i o n .
The n ine a lmost iden t ica l S ta te Agreements were s ignedand sea led be tween the Ru lers and Gent (on beha l f o f H isMajes ty ) on 21 January - the day wh ich a lso saw the conc lu -s ion o f the Federa t ion o f Ma laya Agreement (see p .100 ) .Under these Sta te Agreements the ju r isd ic t ion o f the Crownwas conf ined to ex terna l a f fa i rs and de fence. However ,the Malay Ru lers were s t i l l bound to accept the adv ice o fBr i t i sh Adv isers (no te : the same t i t le was adopted by thepr inc ipa l Br i t i sh o f f i c ia ls pos ted to the Malay Sta tes)I 'on a l l mat te rs connected w i th the government o f the Sta teo ther than mat te rs re la t ing to the Mus l im Re l ig ion and theCustom o f the Malays t ' . In add i t ion The i r H ighnesses werenow sub jec ted to wr i t ten cons t i tu t ions wh ich prov ided fo r aleg is la tu re (Counc i l o f S ta te ) and an Execut ive Counc i l ineach State. Up to this t ime only Johore and Trengganu hadpossessed wr i t ten cons t i tu t ions (see Johore Document o f 1895p. 77 and Trengganu Document o f 1911 p .474) .
400
PERAK TREATY of 2I January, 1948
State Agreement revoking the MacMichael Treatyl
Agreenent made the twenty-f i rst day of January, 1948, be-t w e e n S i r G e r a r d E d w a r d J a m e s G e n t , K . C . l v l . G . , D . S . 0 . , 0 . B . E . ,M . C . , o n b e h a l f o f H i s M a j e s t y a n d H i s H i g h n e s s P a d u k a S r iS u l t a n A b d u l A z i z A l m u ? t a s i m B i l i a h S h a h , K . C . M . G . K . B . E . ,Su1tan o f the Sta te o f Perak fo r l l i -mse1f and H is Successors :
Whereas nu tua l agreements subs is t be tween H is Ma jes tyand H is H ighness :
And whereas i t has been represented to H is Ma jes ty tha tfresh arrangenents should be made for the peace, order andgood government of the State of Perak:
And whereas H is Ma jes ty in token o f the f r iendsh ip wh ichhe bears towards H is H ighness , the sub jec ts o f H is H ighness ,and the inhab i tan ts o f the Sta te o f Perak , i s p leased tomake fresh arrangements to take effect on such day as HisMajes ty may by Order in Counc i l appo in t (here ina f te r ca l led" the appo in ted dayr ' ) :
And whereas i t i s exped ien t to p rov ide fo r the cons t i -tut ional development of the State of Perak under the pro-tec t ion o f H is Ma jes ty and fo r i t s fu tu re government :
Now, there fore , i t i s agreed and dec la red as fo l lows:
Shor t t i t le andcommencement.
In te rpre ta t ion
1. Thj-s Agreement may be ci ted as the PerakAgreement , 1948, and sha1 l cone in to opera-t ion on the appointed day immediatelyafter the coming into force of the Orderin Counc i l a fo resa id . Not i f i ca t ion o fthe appo in ted day sha l l be pub l ished inthe Malayan Union Gazette together witha copy o f th is Agreement .
2 . I n t h i s A g r e e m e n t :
t 'Enac tment ' r means any 1aw enac ted by H isHighness with the advice and consent ofa Counc i l o f S ta te cons t i tu ted in accord-ance w i th th is Agreement ;
"Federal Government 'r means the Governmento f the Federa t ion :
* For foo tno te see p .406
401
Protec t ionex terna la f f a i r s .
and
" the Federat ip 'n" means the Federat ion ofMalaya to be ca11ed in Ma1ay, r rPersekutuan
Tanah Melayu ' r , " (uh i -ch is to be es tab l i shedon the appointed day;
rrFederat ion Agreement" means the Agreementwh ich is to be made between H is Ma jes tyand The i r H ighnesses the Ru lers o f theMalay Sta tes o f Johore , Pahang, Negr iSembi lan , Se langor , Perak , Kedah, Per l i s ,Kelantan and Trengganu for the establ ish-ment o f the Federa t ion , and inc ludes anyamendment thereof;I t the H igh Cornmiss ioner r r means the H ighCommiss ioner fo r the Federa t ion ;
"H is H ighness" means the Su l tan o f Perakand H is Successors ;r rH is H ighness in Counc i l r ' means H is H igh-ness ac t ing a f te r consu l ta t ion w i th theSta te Execut ive Counc i l to be cons t i tu tedin accordance w i th th is Agreement , bu tno t necessar i l y in accordance w i th theadv ice o f such Counc i l nor necessar i l y lnsuch Counc i l assembled ;
I 'Secre tary o f S ta te r r means one o f t { i sM a j e s t y r s P r i n c i - p a l S e c r e t a r i e s o f S t a t e .
3 . ( 1 ) H i s M a j e s t y s h a l 1 h a v e c o m p l e t econt ro l o f the de fence and o f a l l the ex-ternal af fairs of the State of Perak andHis Maj es ty under takes to p ro tec t theGovernrnent and State of Perak and al l i tsdependenc ies f rom ex terna l hos t i le a t tacksand fo r th is and o ther s imi la r purposesHis Majes ty 's Forces and persons au thor isedby or on beha l f o f H is Ma jes ty 's Governmentsha l l a t a I1 t ines be a l lowed f ree accessto the Sta te o f Perak and to employ a l lnecessary means o f oppos ing such a t tacks .
(2 ) H is H ighness under takes tha t ,w i thout the knowledge and consent o f H isMajes ty rs Government , he w i l l no t make anyt rea ty , en ter in to any engagement , dea l inor cor respond on po l i t i ca l mat te rs w i th ,o r send envoys to , any fo re ign Sta te .
402
Br i t i sh Adv iser .
C o s t o fBr i t i shA d v i s e r .
Appointrnent ofB r i t i s h A d v i s e r .
Federa l o f f i cers
When Federalo f f i cers mayperform Statef u n c t i o n s .
Sta teConst i tu t ion
4. H is H ighness under takes to rece ive andprov ide a su i tab le res idence fo r a Br i t i shAdv iser to adv ise on a l l mat te rs connectedwith the government of the State otherthan mat te rs re la t i -ng to the Mus l imRel ig ion and the Custon o f the Malays ,and under takes to accept such adv ice ;prov ided tha t no th ing in th is c lausesha l1 in any way pre jud ice the r igh to f H is H ighness to address the H igh Conmis-s ioner , o r H is Ma jes ty th rough a Secre taryo f S t a t e , i f H i s H i g h n e s s s o d e s i r e s .
5 . The cos t o f the Br i t i sh Adv iser w i thh is es tab l i shment sha l1 be de ter rn ined bythe H igh Commiss ioner and sha1 l be a chargeon the revenues o f the Sta te o f Perak .
6 . H i s H i g h n e s s s h a 1 1 b e c o n s u l t e d b e f o r eany off icer whom i t is proposed to sendas Br i t i sh Adv iser i s ac tua l l y appo in ted .
7 . H is H ighness under takes to rece ive w i th -in h is S ta te such o f f i cers o f the Federa lGovernment as that Government may requireand to permi t such o f f i cers to exerc isesuch lawful authori ty and powers and toperform such lawful funct ions as may benecessary fo r the purposes o f the Federa lGovernment.
8 . Any o f f i cer o f the Federa l Governmentmay, w i th the concur rence o f the H ighComniss ioner , per fo rn w i th in the Sta te o fPerak such State dut ies and rnay exercisesuch State powers as may be irnposed orconfer red upon h im by H is H ighness inCounc i l o r by Enactnent .
9 . H is H ighness under takes to govern theSta te o f Perak in accordance w i th the pro-v is ions o f a wr i t ten Const i tu t ion wh ichsha1 l be in conformi - ty w i th the prov is ionsof th is Agreement and o f the Federa t ionAgreement and wh ich sha11 be gran ted andpromulga ted by t l i s H ighness as soon asconven ien t ly may be e i ther in who le o r , i fH is H ighness th inks exped ien t , in Par tsf rom t ime to t ime.
403
C o u n c i l s t o b ec o n s t i t u t e d .
H i s H i g h n e s sto be consu l tedbefore pos t ingof o f f i cersby H ighCommis s ionerto pos ts borneon Statee s t i n a t e s .
Impar t ia lt rea tment .
Educat ion andt ra in ing o fM a l a y s .
PreviousAgreements .
10 . In pursuance o f the under tak ing con-ta ined in C lause 9 o f th is Agreement andin conformi ty w i th the prov is ions o f theFedera t ion Agreement H is H ighness under -takes fo r thwi th to cons t i tu te
(a) a Ma j l i s Meshuara t Kera jaan, to bec a l 1 e d i n E n g l i s h S t a t e E x e c u t i v eCounc i 1 ;
( b ) a M a j l i s M e s h u a r a t N e g r i , t o b e c a l l e di n E n g l i s h C o u n c i l o f S t a t e .
1 1 . H i s H i g h n e s s , u n l e s s h e s h a l l o t h e r w i s ed i rec t , sha11 be consu l ted be fore any o f f i -cer i s pos ted by or on the au thor i ty o fthe H igh Commiss ioner to any pos t borneo n t h e S t a t e E s t i m a t e s .
1 2 . A 1 1 p e r s o n s o f w h a t s o e v e r r a c e i n t h esane grade in the serv ice o f the Sta te o fPerak sha1 l , sub jec t to the te rms and con-d i t ions o f the i r e rnp loyrnent , be t rea tedi m p a r t i a l l y .
1 3 . H i s H i g h n e s s d e s i r e s a n d H i s M a j e s t yagrees tha t i t sha l l be a par t i cu la r chargeupon the Government of the State of Perakto provide for and encourage the educat ionand t ra in ing o f the Malay inhab i tan ts o fthe Sta te o f Perak so as to f i t them totake a fu l l share in the economic progress ,soc ia l we l fa re and government o f the Sta teand o f the Federa t ion .
74 . (1 ) The Agreement made on the 22ndd a y o f N o v e m b e r , 1 9 4 5 , b e t w e e n H i s M a j e s t y r sGovernment w i th in the Un i ted K ingdom o fGreat Bri tain and Northern Ireland and HisHighness Paduka Sri Sultan Abdul Aziz AIIM u k t a s s i m B i l r l a h S h a h , K . C . M . G . , K . B . E . ,the Su l tan o f the Sta te o f Perak , fo rH imse l f , H j -s He i rs and Successors i s herebyrevoked.
(2 ) A11 Treat ies and Agreements
404
Sovereigntyo f the Ru ler .
Language ofAgreement .
16 . Th is Agreement sha11both the Eng l ish and thebut , fo r the purposes o fregard sha l1 be had on lyv e r s i o n .
subs is t ing immedia te ly p r io r to the mak ingof the aforesaid Agreement of the 22ndday o f Novenber , 1945, sha l1 cont inue info rce save in so fa r as they are incons is -tent with this Agreement or the Federat j -onAgreernent.
15 . The prerogat ives , power and ju r isd ic -t ion o f H is H ighness w i th in the Sta te o fPerak sha l l be those wh ich H is t l ighnessthe Su l tan o f Perak possessed on the f i rs tday o f December , 194 'J . , sub jec t never the lessto the prov is ions o f the Federa t ion Agree-nent and thi-s Agreement, but undiminished bythe prov is ions o f any o f the Agreements spec i -f ied in the Schedu le o f th is Agreement .
I n w i t n e s s w h e r e o f S i r G e r a r d E d w a r d J a m e s G e n t , K . C . I ' 1 . G . ,D . S . 0 . , 0 . B . E . , M . C . , h a s h e r e u n t o s e t h i s h a n d a n d s e a l f o rand on beha l f o f H is Ma jes ty , and H is H ighness Paduka Sr iS u l t a n A b d u l A z i z A l r n u ' t a s i m B i 1 l a h S h a h , K . C . M . G . , K . B . E . ,the Su l tan o f the Sta te o f Perak , above named, has hereuntoset h is hand and sea l , the day and year f i rs t above wr i t ten .
THE
( 1 )Date of Agreement
be expressed inMalay languages;in te rpre ta t ion ,to the Eng l ish
SCHEDULE
( 2 )T i t l e
Agreement between the Governoro f t h e S t r a i t s S e t t l e m e n t sac t ing on beha l f o f the Govern-ment of Her Maj esty the Queen,Empress o f Ind ia , and the Ru lerso f t h e f o l l o w i n g M a l a y S t a t e s :tha t i s to say , Perak , Se langor ,Pahang and the Negri Sembilan.
Agreenrent between the High Con-miss ioner o f the Federa tedM a l a y S t a t e s , a c t i n g o n b e h a l fo f the Government o f H is Ma jes tythe K ing , Ernperor o f Ind ia , andthe Ru lers o f the Federa ted
405
1 . J u 1 y , 1 8 9 5
2 . 2 0 t h O c t o b e r , 1 9 0 9
3. 7 th November , 1912
4 . 9 t h J u l y , 1 9 2 4
5 . 2 4 t h A p r i 1 , 1 9 2 7
l r4a lay Sta tes o f Perak , Se langor ,Pahang and the Negri Sembilan.
Agreement supplenental to theAgreenent for the Const i tut ionof a Federa l Counc i 1 , I9 i2 .
Agreernent further supplementalto the Agreement for the Con-s t i t u t i o n o f a F e d e r a l C o u n c i l .
Agreement between the HighCommiss ioner fo r the MalaySta tes , ac t ing on beha l f o fthe Government of His lv la; estythe K ing , Emperor o f Ind ia ,and the Rulers of the FederatedMalay Sta tes o f Perak , Se langor ,Negri Sembilan and Pahang.
Signature
W i t n e s s
Signature
W i t n e s s e s
J . I . M I L L E R
and sea l o f
and sea l
RAJA YUSSUFWAN RAZALLIRAJA SHAHRIMAN
FOOTNOTE
Provenance: S ta tu to ry Ins t runents fo r 1948, I , i . no .1 0 8 , T h e F e d e r a t i o n o f M a l a y a O r d e r i n C o u n c i l , 1 9 4 8 .
o f G . E . J . G E N T ,fo r and on beha l f o f I l i s Ma jes ty .
RAJA ABDUL AZIZ ,Su l tan o f Perak .
406
Perlis
Once par t o f the Su l tanate o f Kedah, Per l i s , a long w i tho ther d is t r i c ts , was separa ted f rom tha t S ta te when theSiamese invaded Kedah in 1821 and drove i t s Ru ler in to ex i le .Per l i s was then p laced under Syed Husse i -n , whose fa ther SyedHarun had been accorded the s ta tus o f a loca l ch ie f by theformer Sultan. Al though the Sultan resumed the governmento f Kedah in 1841, Per l l -s was no t res to red to h im but remainedunder i t s Ra ja who cont inued to acknowledge the suzera in tyo f S i a m .
407
Note on the Perl is Treat and Document of 1905 and thePer l i s Trea ty o f 190
The exac t re la t ionsh ip o f Kedah to Per l i s in the twodecades be fore the 1909 Ang lo-S iamese Treaty has long beena mat te r o f some d ispute . ,$ccord ing to a le t te r p reservedin the Kedah State Archivesr Perl is and Setul were ' rreturnedi l
to Kedah in 1896, and there are in the same place a numbero f o ther le t te rs ind ica t ing Kedah 's sovere ign ty over Per l i s(and qu i te c lose cont ro l over admin is t ra t i ve a f fa i rs ) a tleast up to 1899 - albei t within a general f ramework ofS iamese over lo rdsh ip , Some o f these le t te rs , however ,s u g g e s t t h a t t h e P e r l i s R a j a r e s i s t e d K e d a h r s c l a i m s , e s p e -c i a 1 l y i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h l a n d g r a n t s p o l i c y 2 , a n d W . G . M a x -we l l reca l led , in a memorandun wr i t ten in 1915, tha t sometine before 1905 the Kedah Director of Lands had beenthreatened and dr iven out of the State by the then Ru1er,Syed Sap i .s By 1905 i t appears tha t , in S iamese eyes arleas t , Per l i s (1 ike Setu l ) was qu i te separa te f rom and inde-pendent of Kedah: and in that year, when Kedah signed aLoan Agreernent by which she was obl iged to accept an Adviserf rom S iam in f inanc ia l mat te rs un t i l the debt was pa id o f f(see Kedah Treaty o f 1905 p .160) Per l i s s igned an a lnos tident ica l one fo r a smal le r sum (Per l i s Trea ty o f 1905) .
We do no t ye t know the c i rcumstances wh ich ob l igedPerl is to seek a loan frorn Siam. But as in Kedah i t wasdec ided tha t the admin is t ra t ion shou ld therea f te r be super -v ised by a S ta te Counc i l , whose powers and ro le were de f inedla te r the same year (Per l i s Document o f 1905) . The Per l i sSta te Counc i l Enac tment was no tab ly d i f fe ren t f ro rn i t s Kedahcounterpart in two inportant respects: i t naned the Ruleras Pres ident o f the Counc i l , and i t spec i f i ca l l y au thor isedthe Siamese Government to refuse to accept or to remove anyMalay member except the Ru ler h inse l f . The Br i t i sh po in tedthis out in 1914 when arguing with Kedah over whether herSta te Counc i l was a S iamese c rea t ion over wh ich the Br i t i shGovernment had inheri ted certain r ights (see Note on KedahD o c u m e n t o n 1 9 0 5 p . 1 5 7 ) . C e r t a i n l y i f t h e P e r l i s C o u n c i lwas regarded by the Siamese in the same l ight as the Kedahone, then i t would appear that both were envisaged as Siam-ese c rea t ions and sub jec t to some S iamese cont ro l . Bu tthere is equa l ly cer ta in ly no th ing in the Kedah Sta te Counc i lEnac tment to p rove tha t th is was so . And i t i s poss ib letha t S iam, wh ich was u l t imate ly to absorb Setu l (wh ich hadlong been in the same re la t ionsh ip to Kedah as Per l i s ) a1-together , d id in fac t seek to exerc ise c loser cont ro l over* For foo tno tes see p .409
408
Per l i s than over her la rger ne ighbour . Such c loser cont ro lw a s r e i n f o r c e d i n 1 9 0 7 . P e r l i s , u n l i k e K e d a h , d i d n o t p a yof f her S iamese debt very sa t is fac to r i l y , and in tha t yeara new loan necess i ta ted a new Treaty (Per l i s Trea ty o f 1907)by wh ich S iam ga ined the r igh t to inspec t Per l i s ' budgetand take ac t ion on i t i f necessary . In Per l i s , as in Kedah,Br i ta in inher i ted f rom S iam by the 1909 Treaty the r igh t tohave an Adv iser in the Sta te un t i l the debt was pa id o f f .
1 .
2 .
3 .
FOOTNOTES
B o o k V , n o . 1 5 o f 2 . i i . 1 3 1 4 .
B o o k I , r o . 6 o f 2 f . i v . 1 5 1 5 .
C lement i Papers , F i le 10 , nemorandum by Maxwel l , 3A p r . 1 9 1 5 .
409
PERLIS TREATY o f 4 October , 1905' *
F i rs t S iamese Loan Agreenent -
Cont rac t be tween the Unders igned,
H is Roya l H ighness Pr ince Mah is ra Rachaharu tha i , M in is -te r o f F inance to H is l t4a jes ty the K ing o f S iam,
Act ing in the narne and for account of His SiameseMajes ty 's Government , as lender , o f the one par t .
And Luang Sakda Du l r iddh i (Syed Za lem) o f Per l i s ,
Ac t ing in the name and fo r account o f H is H ighnessPhya Wises Songkram Ram Wich i t (Syed A lwee) Ra jah o f Per l i s ,a s b o r r o w e r , o f t h e o t h e r p a r t . I t i s a g r e e d a s f o l l o w s : -
The lender agreestwo hundred and thir typ e r c e n t . i n t e r e s t p e r
A r t i c l e i
to grant to the borrower a loanthousand do l la rs a t the ra te o fannum.
A r t i c l e i i
o fs i x
The bor rower under takes on beha l f o f h imse l f as Ra jahof Per l i s h is successors and ass igns to pay to H is S ia rneseMajes ty 's Government in every s ix months o f each year ca lcu-la t ing f rom the da te o f th is cont rac t , in te res t a t the ra teo f s ix per cent . per annum on the cap i ta l sum outs tand ingon the las t day o f the prev ious month , i t be ing unders toodtha t in te res t fo r the f i rs t s lx months w i l l be reckoned f ronthe dates on which the several sums making up the fu1l amounto f the loan are p laced a t the d isposa l o f the bor rower o rare u t i l i sed in pay ing o f f the debts fo r the l iqu ida t ion o fwh ich the loan is ma in ly g ran ted .
A r t i c l e i i i
The bomower a lso under takes on beha l f o f h imse l f asR a j a h o f P e r l i s , h i s s u c c e s s o r s , a n d a s s i g n s , t o r e p a y t h eamount o f the loan ment ioned in Ar t i c le i , w i th in te res t a tthe ra te p rov ided fo r in the same Ar t i c le , to H i -s S iameseMajes ty 's Government f ro rn the revenues o f the Sta te o f Per l i sThe amount of the instalments and the t imes at which such
* F o r f o o t n o t e s s e e p . 4 1 9
410
i ns ta lments o f the loan are to be pa id by the lender to theborrower, and the amount of the instalments and the t imes atwh ich the ins ta lments o f the loan are to be repa id by thebor rower to the lender , w i l l be incorpora ted in a subs id ia ryagreement to be s igned hereaf te r .
A r t i c l e i v
In cons idera t ion o f the loan here in re fe r red to thebor rower under takes on beha l f o f h imse l f as Ra jah o f Per l rsh is successors and ass igns to accept , un t i l the loan (Cap i ta land In te res t ) sha l1 have been en t i re ly repa id , the serv iceso f a n A d v i s e r t o b e a p p o i n t e d b y H i s S i a m e s e M a j e s t y r s G o -vernment to ass is t h im in the f inanc ia l admin is t ra t ion o fh is S ta te , and the bor rower fu r ther under takes on beha l f o fh i n s e l f a s R a j a h o f P e r l i s , h i s s u c c e s s o r s a n d a s s i g n s t ofo l low the adv ice o f such Adv iser in a l l mat te rs re la t ingto f inance. The sa la ry o f the Adv iser appo in ted by H isS iamese Majes ty rs Governnent sha l1 be pa id ou t o f the re -v e n u e s o f t h e S t a t e o f P e r l i s .
A r t i c l e v
The bor rower a lso under takes on beha l f o f h imse l f asRa jah o f Per l i s h is successors and ass igns to re f ra in f romcontract ing any fresh loan or incurr ing any f inancial 1ia-b i l i t i es un t i l the loan here in re fe r red to (Cap i ta l andI n t e r e s t ) i s e n t i r e l y r e p a i d .
G iven and s igned in two ident ica l cop ies o f wh ich onesha11 be kept by the lender and the o ther by the bor rower .
Si-gnature
S ignature
Signature
S ignature
S igned a t Bangkokthousand n ine teen
MAH]SRA RACHAHARUTHAI,M i n i s t e r o f F i n a n c e t o t h e
)o t w r t n e s s -
SYED ZALEM,Representa t ive o f the Ra j a
o f W i t n e s s 2
King o f S ia rn .
o f P e r l i s
on the 4th Day of October in the year onehundred and f ive.
4t l
PERLIS DOCUMENT o f 25 October , 1905
Sta te Counc i l Enac tment3
Enacted on the 25 th oc tober , 1905 a t Kanga
Whereas i t is expedient for the better government ofthe Per l i s S ta te tha t the Ru ler thereo f shou ld be ass is tedin the adn in is t ra t ion by a S ta te Counc i l , i t i s herebye n a c t e d b y t h e R a j a o f P e r l i s a s f o l l o w s : -
Preamb le . 1 . Th is Ac t sha1 l be des igned - The Per l i sSta te Counc i l Ac t o f 1323 (1905) , andsha l1 de f ine the compos i t ion , the powerso f the sa id S ta te Counc i l , and the mannero f conduct ing bus iness there in .
2 . The Ac t sha11 come in to fo rce a t once.Time ofEnforcemento f A c t .
Compos i t iono f C o u n c i l .
3 . T h e S t a t e C o u n c i l s h a l l c o n s i s t o f : -
( a ) T h e R a j a o f P e r l i s a s P r e s i d e n t .
(b ) The F inanc ia l Adv iser to the Go-vernment.
(c) Four Malay Members to be hereafterappointed subject to the conf irrna-t ion o f H is l {a jes ty the K ing o fS i a m .
Any member appointed under this clausenay be removed from the Counci- l for in-conpetence, or any other suff ic ientreason, by o rder o f the Pres ident w i thH i s S i a m e s e M a j e s t y ' s a p p r o v a l .
4 . The Counc i l sha l1 o rd inar i l y meet tw icea nonth on da tes to be f i xed by the Pres i -dent . The Pres ident may, however , ca l la meet ing fo r the d ispatch o f u rgent bus i -ness at any t ime in addit ion to the ordinarys i t t i n g s .
Meet ings
Quorum. 5. Three Menbers , o f wh ich the F inanc ia lAdv iser sha l l be one, must be present be-fo re the Counc i l can a t tend to bus iness .
4t2
Powers ofthe Sta teCounci 1 .
Record o fCounci 1B u s i n e s s .
Procedure forsubmitt ingquest ions toCounci I .
6 . T h e C o u n c i l s h a l 1 d e a l w i t h a l l m a t t e r scorning under the fol lowing general heads,as we l l as any o ther ques t ion no t there inspec i f i ca l l y ment ioned, wh ich is o f impor -tance to the Sta te .
A 1 1 q u e s t i o n s r e l a t i n g t o : -
(a ) the rece ip t o r d isposa l , in any manner ,o f S ta te moneys , Revenue, inc lud ing a l lfarms and monopol ies and al l other inte-res ts o f Government .
( b ) t h e a s s e s s r n e n t , c o l l e c t i o n , r e m i s s i o nor abrogat ion of any form of revenue theco l lec t ion o f wh ich is now author ised , o rwhich i t may be deemed hereafter propert o f o l l o w .
(c ) the pass ing , amendment o r repea l o fany Laws, Ac ts o r Measures necessary fo rthe proper admin is t ra t ion o f the Sta te .
Prov ided tha t a l l Ac ts o f the Per l i s S ta teCounc i l sha1 l be in conformi ty w i th theorders o f H is S iamese Majes ty rs Government ,and Treat ies w i th Fore ign Powers a f fec t ingt h i s S t a t e .
7 . The bus iness t ransac ted in the Counc i lsha l l be recorded in a Minu te Book. A teach Counci l Meet ing the record of theprev ious s i t t ing sha1 l be read and conf i r -rned, and s igned by the Pres ident .
Orders passed w i l l be taken f rom the Minu teBook and issued to the persons concernedunder the Pres ident rs s ignature .
8 . Quest ions fo r the Counc i l sha l1 be sub-mi t ted in wr i t ing to the Pres ident whosha l1 dec ide as to the propr ie ty o f lay ingthem before the Counc i l . I f approved o fthey sha l l be du ly submi t ted . When o f anature invo lv ing d iscuss ion the ques t ionsw i l l b e f i r s t c i r c u l a t e d t o t h e M e m b e r sb e f o r e t h e C o u n c i l s i t s , Q u e s t i o n s o f at r i v ia l na ture w i l l be sent to the Head o fDepar tment concerned fo r d isposa l .
413
D e l e g a t i o n o ft h e P r e s i d e n t r sP o w e r s .
Dut ies o f theSecre tary tot h e C o u n c i l .
R e g i s t e r s t obe main ta inedby theSecre tary .
9 . The Pres ident o f the Counc i l may de le -ga te a l l o r any o f h is powers under theseru les to any o ther member o f the Counc i l .
1 0 . T h e S e c r e t a r y t o t h e C o u n c i l s h a l 1 n o tbe a mernber o f the Counc i l . He sha l1a t tend to the c le r ica l bus iness o f theC o u n c i l u n d e r t h e P r e s i d e n t t s o r d e r s .
The Secre tary w i l l record the minu tes , berespons ib le fo r the issue o f Counc i l Ordersu n d e r t h e P r e s i d e n t r s s i g n a t u r e , i s s u en o t i c e o f C o u n c i l M e e t i n g s w i t h l i s t o fAgenda, and c i rcu la te debatab le ques t ionsappearing before Counci 1 to Members .
1 1 . T h e S e c r e t a r y s h a l l m a i n t a i n t h e f o l -low ing reg is te rs in add i t ion to theMinute Book: -
( a ) R e g i s t e r o f l e t t e r s r e c e i v e d .( b ) R e g i s t e r o f l e t t e r s i s s u e d .(c ) S tand ing Ordersbook, a l l in the fo rms
at tached.
In the s tand ing orders book a l l Counc i lOrders o f a permanent na ture sha l1 beentered in fu1 l , in ser ia l o rder fo r eachy e a r , w i t h d a t e o f p a s s i n g b y t h e C o u n c i l ,u n d e r t h e P r e s i d e n t r s s i s n a t u r e .
4t4
PERLIS TREATY o f 8 -25 February , 1907
Second S ianese Loan Agreement4
Cont rac t be tween the Unders igned,
H is Exce l lency Phya Sur iya Nura t r ,to H is Ma jes ty the K ing o f S ian ,
Act ing in the name and for accountM a j e s t y r s G o v e r n n e n t , a s l e n d e r , o f t h e
Min is te r o f F inance
o f H i s S i a m e s eone par t ,
And H is H ighness Phya Wises Songkram Ram Vich i t (SyedA l w e e ) R a j a h o f P e r l i s , a s b o r r o w e r , o f t h e o t h e r p a r t .
I t i s a g r e e d a s f o l l o w s : -
A r t i c l e i
The lender agrees to grant to the borrower a furtherloan o f one hundred and f i f t y thousand do l la rs a t the ra teo f s ix per cent . in te res t per annum.
A r t i c l e i i
The bor rower under takes on beha l f o f h imse l f as Ra jahof Per l i -s h is successors and ass igns to pay to H is S iameseMajes ty rs Government in every s ix months o f each year , ca l -culat ing from the f i f teenth day of February one thousandn ine hundred and seven, in te res t a t the ra te o f s ix percent . per annum on the cap i ta l sum outs tand ing on the las tday o f the nrev ious month .
A r t i c l e i i i
The bor rower a lso under takes on beha l f o f h imse l f asRa jah o f Per l i s h is successors and ass igns to repay theamount o f the loan ment ioned in Ar t i c le i to H is S iameseMajes ty rs Government f rom the revenues o f the Sta te o f Per l i sThe amount o f the ins ta lments o f p r inc ipa l , and the t imesat wh ich such ins ta lments a re to be repa id by the bor rowerto the lender , w i l l be incorpora ted in a subs id ia ry agree-ment to be s igned hereaf te r .
415
A r t i c l e i v
In cons idera t ion o f the present unsat is fac to ry cond i -t ion o f the f inances o f the Sta te o f Per l i s , H is S ia rneseMajes ty rs Governnent hereby agrees tha t the in te res t payab leunder Ar t i c le i i o f th is Cont rac t , and under Ar t i c le i i o fthe Cont rac t nade on the 4 th day o f October , 1905, sha l l beheld in abeyance for a period of f ive years count ing fromthe f i f teenth day of February, one thousand nine hundredand seven. The to ta l sum o f the in te res t so he ld in abey-ance (amounting in the aggregate to dol lars one hundred andth i r ty thousand one hundred and n ine ty and cents s ix ty - th ree ,as per de ta i l s shown in the Schedu le a t tached to th is Con-t rac t ) sha11, a t the end o f the f i ve years above ment ioned,be added to the cap i ta l sum o f the two loans o f do l la rstwo hundred and thir ty thousand and dol lars one hundred andf i f t y thousand, and the bor rower under takes , on beha l f o fh inse l f as Ra jah o f Per l i s h is successors and ass igns to payto H is S ia rnese Majes ty rs Government , f rom the f i f teen th dayof February , one thousand n i -ne hundred and twe lve , in te res ta t the ra te ment ioned in Ar t i c le i hereo f on a cap i ta l sumof do l la rs f i ve hundred and ten thousand one hundred andn ine ty and cents s ix ty - th ree , be ing the aggregate o f thein te res t he ld in abeyance in the te rns o f th is Ar t i c le ,added to the sum o f th ree hundred and e igh ty thousand do l la rs- the to ta l o f the fo rmer and present loans .
A r t i c l e v
In cons idera t ion o f the loan here in re fe r red to thebor rower under takes on beha l f o f h inse l f as Ra jah o f Per l i sh is successors and ass igns to accept , un t i l the loan (Cap i ta land In te res t ) sha l l have been en t i re ly repa id , the serv iceso f a n A d v i s e r t o b e a p p o i n t e d b y H i s S i a m e s e M a j e s t y ' sGovernment to ass is t h im in the f inanc ia l admin is t ra t ion o fh is S ta te , and the bor rower fu r ther under takes on beha l f o fh i r n s e l f a s R a j a h o f P e r l i s , h i s s u c c e s s o r s a n d a s s i g n s , t ofo l low the adv ice o f such Adv iser in a l l mat te rs re la t ing tof inance. The sa la ry o f the Adv iser appo in ted by H is S iameseMajes ty rs Government sha l l be pa i -d ou t o f the revenues o fthe Sta te o f Per l i s . The bor rower a lso agrees to subrn i t h isannua l budget es t imate o f rece ip ts and expend i tu re to H isMajes ty rs Government a t Bangkok fo r such ac t ion as the sa idGovernment may deem necessary .
A r t i c l e v i
The bor rower a lso under takes on beha l f o f h imse l f as
4t6
Rajah o f Per l i s h is successors and ass igns to re f ra in f romcontract ing any fresh loan or incurr ing any f inancial l ia-b i l i t i es un t i l the loan here in re fe r red to (Cap i ta l andI n t e r e s t ) i s e n t i r e l y r e p a i d .
G iven and s igned in two ident ica l cop ies o f wh ich one sha l lbe kept by the lender and the o ther by the bor rower .
Signature PHYA SURIYA NURATR,M i n i s t e r o f F i n a n c e t o t h e K i n g o f S i a m .
S i g n a t u r e o f W i t n e s s 5
Signed at Bangkok on the 8th day of February, in theyear one thousand nine hundred and seven.
S i gnature
S ignature
S ignedin the year
SYED ALWI ,R a j a o f P e r l i s .
?
ot t ry l tness"
a t Per l i s on the twenty - f i f th day o f February ,one thousand nine hundred and seven.
417
Show ing t he i n t e res t due bya n d $ 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 f r o m l g t h
S C H E
t h e R a j a hNovemb er ,
A . Loan o f
D U T , E
o f P e r I i s o n1 9 0 5 , t o l 4 t h
t h e l o a n s o f $ 2 3 0 , 0 0 0N o v e m b e r , 1 9 1 2 .
$ 2 3 0 , 0 0 0
l n t e res t on $230 ,000 f r om l s t Ap r i l ,
To ta I
1 9 0 6 , t o l 4 t h F e b r u a r y , 1 9 0 7 ,be ing 320 days
I n t e r e s t o n $ 2 3 0 , 0 0 0 f ro rn 15 th Feb rua ry , 1907 , t o l 4 t h Feb rua ry 1912 ,be ing 5 yea rs
B . L o a n o f $ 1 5 0 , 0 0 0
In te res t5 years
f r om lS th Feb rua ry , 1907 , t o l 4 t h Feb rua ry , 1912 , be ing
$ 4 , 0 9 2
$ 1 2 , 0 9 8
$ 6 s , 0 0 0
00
6 3
0 0
$ 8 5 , 1 9 0 6 3
$ 4 5 , 0 0 0 0 0
To ta l i n t e res t due on bo th l oans up t o l 4 t h
Do l l a r s one hund red and t h i r t y t housand one
P r o v e n a n c e : M . G G . , p p . 1 0 5 - 6 .
The narne of the witness is not known. Presumably theSiamese s igned in S iamese scr ip t and the Malays injat'si script.
CO 273/362, Anderson to CO, 20 Ju) .y 1910. The despatchinformed the Colonial Off ice of the appointment of SyedMahmud, b ro ther o f the Ra ja (and he i r p resumpt ive) , tothe Sta te Counc i l . In 1912 he was conv ic ted o f inces t ,removed f rom the Sta te Counc i l and ja i led .
P r o v e n a n c e : M . & G . , p p . 1 0 7 - 9 .
Once aga in , the names o f the w i tnesses are unknown;and once aga in , the S iamese o f f i c ia ls p resumably s ignedin Siamese scr ipt and the Malays tn jaui .
4 .
5 .
4t9
Note on the Per l i s Trea ty o f 1930
I n m i d - 1 9 2 9 P e r l i s , h a v i n g p a i d t h e l a s t i n s t a l n r e n t o fthe debts wh ich she had cont rac ted w i th S iam in 1905 and1907 and wh ich Br i ta in had taken over in 1909, theore t ica l l yremoved the jus t i f i ca t ion fo r an Adv iser in tha t S ta te .Horvever , accord ing to Emerson, l the Ra ja adrn i t ted tha t heand his Government could not run Perl is without externalass is tance, and a new t rea ty leg i t im is ing the Adv iser 'spos i t ion was ar ranged. Negot ia t ions go t underway as ear lyas November 1928 and were brought to a success fu l conc lus ionin Apr i l 1930 when the t rcea ty was s igned dur ing the f i rs tv is i t to Per l i s o f S i r Cec i l C lement i (Governor -H igh Corun is -s i o n e r 1 9 3 0 - 3 4 ) .
The treaty was drawn up at a t ime when enthusiasm fordecent ra l i sa t ion and the res tora t ion to Ma lay Ru lers andGovernments o f the i r " r igh ts " was reach ing i t s peak . L iket h e 1 9 2 5 T r e a t y w i t h K e d a h ( c p . p . 1 7 5 ; , t h e P e r l i s T r e a t y o f1930 sa feguards Per l i s f rom merger w i th another S ta te . I tgoes even further than the Kedah Treaty in that the importantpo in ts , wh ich were re legated to sunat akuan in the case o fKedah, a re here inc luded in the tex t o f the t rea ty . Ar t i c le7 , f o r e x a m p l e , s t i p u l a t e s t h a t t h e P e r l i s S t a t e C o u n c i lsha11 dec ide whether there are Per l i s Ma lays qua l i f ied tobe appo in ted to any government pos t be fore i t i s o f fe red tooutsiders (cp. su.rat akuan, para 5, Kedah Document of 1923,p .L73) . Moreover , as C lement i repor ted , "H is H ighness theRaja and a l l the Malays present appeared to be very p leasedtha t the Agreement was s igned in Per l i s and no t in S ingaporeo r e l s e w h e r e o u t s i d e t h e S t a t e . r r
FOOTNOTE
MaLayst-a - A Study in Dtr.ect and fndiz,ect RuLe, KualaL u r n p u r , 1 9 6 4 , p . 2 4 6 .
420
PERLIS TREATY o f 28 Apr i1 , 1930
Treaty fo r the Es tab l i shment o f a Br i t i sh Adv iser l
Agreement to de f ine the f r iend ly re la t ions be tween H isBr i tann j -c Ma jes ty and the Ra ja o f the Mohammedan Sta te o fP e r l i s :
M a d e b e t w e e n H i s E x c e l l e n c y S i r C e c i l C l e m e n t i , K . C . M . G . ,Governor o f the St ra i ts Set t lements and l i igh Commiss ionerfo r the Malay Sta tes on beha l f o f H is Br i tann ic Ma jes ty :
A n d H i s H i g h n e s s T u a n S y e d A l w i , C . B . E . , R a j a o f P e r l i s ,on h is own beha l f and on beha l f o f h is descendants who rnays u c c e e d h i m a s R a i a a n d R u l e r o f P e r l i s .
1 . The Sta te o f Per l i s sha l l con t inue to be under the pro-tec t ion o f H is Br i tann ic Ma jes ty who sha11 exerc ise ther i g h t s o f s u z e r a i n t y .
2 . H i s H i g h n e s s t h e R a j a o f P e r l i s s h a 1 1 h a v e n o p o l i t i c a ldea l ings w i th any fo re ign power o r po ten ta te except th rought h e m e d i u m o f H i s B r i t a n n i c M a j e s t y ' s R e p r e s e n t a t i v e .
3 . H is Br i tann ic Ma jes ty w i l l no t t rans fer o r o therw ised ispose o f h is r igh ts o f suzera in ty over the Sta te o f Per l i -sto another power and w i l l no t merge or conb ine the Sta te o fPer l i s w i th any o ther S ta te w i thout the wr i t ten consent o fH i s H i g h n e s s t h e R a j a o f P e r l i s i n C o u n c i l .
4 . The successor to the Ra jash ip sha1 l a lways be a d i rec tdescendant o f H is H ighness Tuan Syed A lw i o r , i f there isno d i rec t descendant , a descendant o f h is ances tors , chosenby the Sta te Counc i l and accepted by H is Br i tann ic Ma jes ty .The Ra ja and h is fan i l y sha l l be en t i t led to adequate suppor tf rom the pub l ic funds o f Per l i s , the te rm fami ly mean ing thech i ld ren o f the Ra ja and those o f h is g randch i ld ren who aret h e c h i l d r e n o f h i s s o n s .
5 . T h e R a j a o f P e r l i s a n d h i s s u c c e s s o r s w i l l r e c r i v e a n dprov ide a su i tab le res idence fo r a Br i t i sh Adv iser to adv iseon a l l mat te rs connected w i th the Government o f the Sta teother th,an matters relat ing to Malay custom or Mohammedahre l ig ion , and w i l l accept such adv ice . Prov ided tha t no th ingin th is c lause sha l1 in any way pre jud ice the r igh t o f theRaja or h is successors to address the H igh Commiss ioner fo rthe Malay Sta tes or H is Br i tann ic Ma jes ty i f the Ra ja sodes i res .
p .423
421
* For footnote see
The cos t o f the Br i t i sh Adv iser w i th h is es tab l i shnentshal l be determined by the High Comnissioner for the MalaySta tes and sha1 l be a charge on the revenues o f Per l i s .
6 . The Sta te o f Per l i s sha l l be governed by H is H ighnessthe Ra ja w i th the ass is tance o f a S ta te Counc i l wh ich sha11cons is t o f H is H ighness the Ra ja as Pres ident , th ree o therPer l i s Ma lay nembers se lec ted by name or o f f i ce by H is H igh-ness w i th the approva l o f H is Exce l lency the H igh Commiss io -ner , and another member who sha l1 be the Br i t i sh Adv iser .Provided that by mutual consent of the High Commissioner forthe Malay Sta tes and H is H ighness the Ra ja add i t iona l membersmay be added to the Counc i l fo r any spec i f i c per iod . Inthe absence o f H is H ighness a Malay member se lec ted by H isHighness sha11 pres ide over the Counc i l .
7 . The o f f i cers o f the Government o f Per l i s sha l l be Per l i sMalays , bu t i f the Sta te Counc i l cons iders tha t there is anywork wh ich Per l i s Ma lays are no t capab le o f per fo rming ,then on ly w i l I persons f rom outs ide be employed. TheSta te Counc i l w i l l send Per l i s Ma lays to s tudy ou ts ide theSta te var ious branches o f learn ing , a t the d isc re t ion o fthe State Counci l , at the charge of the Government ofPerl j -s, so that they may be of use to the Government oft h e S t a t e o f P e r l i s .
8 . The Malay language, w i th Jawi charac ter in the case o fwr i t ten language, sha l1 be the o f f i c ia l language in a l l de-partments of the Government of Perl is, except where i t isp rov j -ded in the law o f the Sta te o f Per l i s o r by spec j -a Iauthori ty of Government that any other language nay be used.
I n W i t n e s s w h e r e o f H i s E x c e l l e n c y S i r C e c i l C l e m e n t i ,K . C . M . G . , a n d H i s H i g h n e s s T u a n S y e d A l w i , C . B . E . , h a v e s e tthe i r respec t ive sea ls and s i -gnatures .
Dated th is 29 th day o f Z i1 -Kaedah 1548, cor respond ingto the 28 th day o f Apr i l , 1930.
Sea l and s ignature o fS i T C E C I L C L E M E N T I ,High Comnissioner for theM a l a y S t a t e s .
W i t n e s s e s L . A . A L L E N ,B r i t i s h A d v i s e r ,P e r l i s .A . HYDE
Seal and signature ofSYED ALWI ,R a j a o f P e r l i s .
Witness IDRUS HAJI Al lMAD.
422
FOOTNOTE
I . E n c l o s u r e N o . 2 t o U . M . S . ( P e r l i s ) d e s p a t c h N o . F L C . O .550/ i930 of 28 May 1930 in Unfederated Malay StatesDespatches to Seeretany of State fnom 1 Jan. 7930 to27 June 193A, Ark ib Negara , Kua la Lumpur , Ma lays ia ;cp. Straits Settlements Gouernment Gazette Ertraordinary( V o l . l x v n o . 2 6 ) S i n g a p o r e , M o n d a y , 2 8 A p r i l 1 9 3 0 ,N o t i f i c a t i o n N o : 8 3 0 .
423
Note on the Per l i s Trea ty o f 1945
For a more general note on the background to the Mac-Michae l Trea t ies , see Note on the Johore Trea ty o f 1945p . 1 1 7 .
The pos i t ion in Per l i s dur ing MacMichae l rs tour o f theMalay Sta tes was a d i f f i cu l t one. In 1938 the Sta te Counc i lhad ru led Syed Hamzah, ha l f -b ro ther to the long- t ime Ru lerS y e d A l w i ( a n d h e i r s i n c e t h e d i s g r a c e , i n 1 9 1 2 , o f S y e dMahmud) out of the succession, and had replaced him by SyedPutera . Syed A lw i d ied in 1943 bu t the occupy ing Japanesep laced Syed Hamzah on the th rone ins tead. A f te r the sur -render of Japan Syed Hamzah wrote to the Off icer Commandingthe Br i t i sh Troops in Ma laya and renounced h is pos i t ion ,and so when MacMichae l reached Per l i s Syed Putera was, inh is words , "ava i lab le w i th an un impeachab le record . " l Hewas no t ye t fo rmal ly ins ta l led , however ; th is took p lace ,on ly the day be fore he s igned the Trea ty , in MacMichae l rsp r e s e n c e .
P e r l i s , l i k e K e d a h , h a d a t r e a t y s t i p u l a t i o n t h a t h e rRu ler cou ld no t cede or jo in her to any o ther S ta te w i thoutt h e S t a t e C o u n c i l t s c o n s e n t .
FOOTNOTE
M a c M i c h a e l , R e p o r t , 1 9 4 6 , p a r a . 6 . T h e P e r l i s S t a t eCounc i l was re luc tan t to g ive i t s consent to the Trea tyand presented MacMichael with a mernorandun giving theimpress ion tha t the Trea ty had been s igned underduress . MacMichae l took pa ins to ensure tha t theC o u n c i l r e d r a f t e d t h e d o c u m e n t . S e e A . J . S t o c k w e l l ,Br.itish Policy and Malay PoLi.tics duri.ng the MalaganIJn ion Erpez ' inent 1942-1948, Kua la Lumpur , 1979, p .58 .
424
PERLIS TREATY o f 4 December , 1945
MacMichae l T rea ty l *
Agreement be tween H is Ma jes ty rs Government w i th in theUnited Kingdom of Great Bri tain and Northern Ireland andt h e S t a t e o f P e r l i s .
And whereas i t i s exped ien t to p rov ide fo r the cons t i -tu t iona l deve lopment o f the Malay Sta tes under the pro tec t ionof His Majesty and for the future government of the Stateo f P e r l i s :
I t i s hereby agreed be tween S i r Haro ld MacMichae l ,G . C . M . G . , D . S . O . , t h e S p e c i a l R e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f H i s M a j e s t y r sGovernment within the United Kingdom of Great Bri tain andNor thern I re land on beha l f o f H is Ma jes ty and H is H ighnessS y e d P u t r a i b n i A l r m a r h u m S y e d H a s s a n A 1 r J a m a h i l 1 i 1 , t h eR a j a o f P e r l i s f o r h i m s e l f , h i s h e i r s a n d s u c c e s s o r s : -
1 . H i s H i g h n e s s t h e R a j a a g r e e s t h a t H i s M a j e s t y s h a 1 1have fu l1 power and ju r isd ic t ion w i th in the Sta teo f P e r l i s .
2 . Save in so fa r as the 1930 Agreement i s incons is ten tw i th th is Agreement o r w i th such fu tu re cons t i tu -t ional arrangements for Malaya as may be approvedby H is Ma jes ty , the 1930 Agreement sha1 l remain infu l1 fo rce and e f fec t .
S igned th is 4 day o f December 1945.
Whereas on the 28th[here ina f te r ca11ed thetween H is la te Br i tann icn e s s t h e R a j a o f P e r l i s :
Signature
W i t n e s s H
Signature
W i t n e s s e s
day o f Apr i1 , 1930, an Agreement1930 Agreement ) was conc luded be-Majes ty K ing George V and H is H igh-
H . A . M A C M I C H A E L ,Spec ia l Representa t ive o f the Br i t i shGovernment .
. T . B O U R D I L L O N
SYED PUTRA JAMAHILLIL,R a j a o f P e r l i s .HAJI AHMADWAN AHMAD
For foo tno te see p .426
425
FOOTNOTE
t . A copy cer t i f ied cor rec t by Major Leonard Owen, NotaryPub l ic o f Eng land, i s in the Nat iona l Arch ives o fMalays ia , Kua la LumPur .
426
Note on the Per l i s Trea ty o f 1948
As the resu l t o f Ma lay oppos i t ion to the Malayan Un ionscheme and the MacMichae l Trea t ies the Br i t i sh en tered in tonegot ia t ions w i th the Ru lers and the leaders o f UMNO.These d iscuss ions went th rough severa l s tages be tween Ju ly1946 and ear ly 1948, and, a l though cer ta in Ma lay rad ica land non-Malay groups condemned as undernocrat ic both the con-su l ta t i ve p rocess and the cons t i tu t iona l p roposa ls , i t wasdec ided: - ( i ) to revoke the Malayan Un ion Order in Counc i l ,1 9 4 6 , ( i i ) t o r e p l a c e t h e M a c M i c h a e l T r e a t i e s b y n e w S t a t eAgreements , and ( i i i ) to es tab l i sh a pen i -nsu la r federa t ion .
The n ine a lmost iden t ica l S ta te Agreements were s ignedand sea led be tween the Ru lers and Gent (on beha l f o f H isMajes ty ) on 21 January - the day wh ich a lso saw the conc lu -s ion o f the Federa t ion o f Ma laya Agreement (see p .100 ) .Under these Sta te Agreements the ju r isd ic t ion o f the Crownwas conf ined to ex terna l a f fa i rs and de fence. However ,the Malay Ru lers were s t i l l bound to accept the adv ice o fBr i t i sh Adv isers (no te : the same t i t le was adopted by thep r i n c i p a l B r i t i s h o f f i c i a l s p o s t e d t o t h e M a l a y S t a t e s )' ron a l l mat te rs connected w i th the government o f the Sta teo ther than mat te rs re la t ing to the Mus l im Re l ig ion and theCustom o f the Malaysr ' . In add i t ion The i r H ighnesses werernw sub jec ted to wr i t ten cons t i tu t ions wh ich prov ided fo r aleg is la tu re (Counc i l o f S ta te ) and an Execut ive Counc i l ineach Sta te . Up to th is t ime on ly Johore and Trengganu hadpossessed wr i t ten cons t i tu t ions (see Johore Document o f 1895p . 7 7 a n d T r e n g g a n u D o c u m e n t o f 1 9 i 1 p . 4 7 4 ) .
427
PERLIS TREATY o f 2 I January , 1948
l t (
Sta te Agreement revok ing the MacMichae l Trea ty^
Agreement made the twenty-f i rst day of January, 1948,b e t w e e n S i r G e r a r d E d w a r d J a m e s G e n t , K . C . M . G . , D . S . O . ,0 . B . E . , M . C . , o n b e h a l f o f H i s t r { a j e s t y a n d H i s H i g h n e s s S y e dPut ra ibn i A lmarhum Syed Hassan Jamalu l la i l the Ra ja o fP e r l i s f o r H i m s e l f a n d H i s S u c c e s s o r s :
And whereas H is Ma jes ty in token o f the f r iendsh ip wh ichh e b e a r s t o w a r d s H i s H i g h n e s s , t h e s u b j e c t s o f H i s H i g h n e s s ,and the inhab i tan ts o f the Sta te o f Per l i s , i s p leased tomake f resh ar rangements to take e f fec t on such day as H isMajes ty may by Order in Counc i l appo in t (here ina f te r ca l led" the appo in ted day" ) :
And whereas i t i s exped ien t to p rov ide fo r the cons t i -tu t iona l deve lopment o f the Sta te o f Per l i s under the pro-tec t ion o f H is Ma jes ty and fo r i t s fu tu re government :
N o w , t h e r e f o r e , i t i s a g r e e d a n d d e c l a r e d a s f o l l o w s :
Whereas mutua la n d H i s H i g h n e s s :
And whereas i tf resh ar rangementsgood government of
S h o r t t i t l eand commence-m e n t .
In te rpre ta t ion
agreements subs is t be tween H is Ma jes ty
has been represented to H is Ma jes ty tha tshou ld be made fo r the peace, o rder andt h e S t a t e o f P e r l i s :
1 . Th is Agreement may be c i ted as the Per -1 is Agreement , 1948, and sha l l come in toopera t ion on the appo in ted day immedia te lya f te r the coming in to opera t ion o f theOrder in Counc i l a fo resa id . Not i f i ca t ionof the appo in ted day sha l l be pub l j -shed inthe Malayan Union Gazette together with acopy o f th is Agreement .
2 . I n t h i s A g r e e m e n t :
"Enactment r r means any law enac ted by H isHighness w i th the adv ice and consent o f aCounc i l o f S ta te cons t i tu ted in accordancewi th th is Agreement ;
rrFederal Governmenti l means the Governmento f t h e F e d e r a t i o n ;
" the Federa t ion i l means the Federa t ion o fFor footnote see p .432
428
Protec t ionex terna la f f a i r s .
B r i t i s hAdvi s er
lv lalaya to be ca11ed in Malay "PersekutuanTanah Melayu? ' , wh ich is to be es tab l i shedon the appointed day;tr t -ederat ion Agreement" means the Agreementwh ich is to be made between H is Ma jes tyand The i r H ighnesses the Ru lers o f theMaIay States of Johore, Pahang, Negri Sem-b i l a n , S e l a n g o r , P e r a k , K e d a h , P e r l i s ,Ke lan tan and Trengganu fo r the es tab l i sh-ment o f the Federa t ion , and inc ludes anyamendment thereof;
I ' the H igh Commiss ioner r r means the H ighComniss ioner fo r the Federa t ion ;
" H i s H i g h n e s s " m e a n s t h e R a j a o f P e r l i sa n d H i s S u c c e s s o r s ;
I 'H is H ighness j -n Counc i l r r means H is H igh-ness ac t ing a f te r consu l ta t ion w i th theSta te Execut ive Counc i l to be cons t i tu tedin accordance w i th th is Agreement , bu t no tnecessar i l y in accordance w i th the adv iceo f s u c h C o u n c i l n o r n e c e s s a r i l y i n s u c hC o u n c i l a s s e m b l e d ;
"Secre tary o f S ta te r r means one o f H isM a j e s t y t s P r i n c i p a l S e c r e t a r i e s o f S t a t e .
a n d 3 . ( 1 ) H i s l { a j e s t y s h a 1 1 h a v e c o m p l e t e c o n -trol of the defence and of al l t l - re externala f f a i r s o f t h e S t a t e o f P e r l i s a n d H i s M a j -es ty under takes to p ro tec t the Governmenta n d S t a t e o f P e r l i s a n d a l l i t s d e p e n d e n c i e sf ro rnex terna l hos t i le a t tacks and fo r th isand o ther s imi la r purposes H is l {a jes ty 'sForces and persons au thor ised by or on be-ha l f o f H is l . {a j es ty 's Government sha11 a ta l l t i m e s b e a l l o w e d f r e e a c c e s s t o t h e S t a t eo f P e r l i s a n d t o e m p l o y a l l n e c e s s a r y m e a n so f o p p o s i n g s u c h a t t a c k s .
(2 ) H is H ighness under takes tha t , w i th -ou t the knowledge and consent o f H is i r la j -es ty rs Government , he w i l l no t nake anyt rea ty , en ter in to any engagement , dea l ino r c o r r e s p o n d o n p o l i t i c a l m a t t e r s w i t h ,o r send envoys to , any fo re ign Sta te .
4 . H is H ighness under takes to rece ive andprov ide a su i tab le res idence fo r a Br i t i sh
429
C o s t o fBr i t i shAdv i ser .
Appointmento f B r i t i s hA d v i s e r ,
Federa lo f f i cers .
When Federalo f f i cers mayper fo rm Sta tefunc t ions .
Sta teC o n s t i t u t i o n
Adv iser to adv ise on a l l mat te rs connectedwith the government of the State otherthan mat te rs re la t ing to the t r {us1 im Re l i -gion and Custom of the N{alays, and under-takes to accept such adv ice ; p rov ided tha tno th ing in th is c lause sha l l in any waypre jud ice the r igh t o f H is H ighness toaddress the H igh Comniss ioner , o r H is Ma-j e s t y t h r o u g h a S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e , i f H i sH i g h n e s s s o d e s i r e s .
5 . T h e c o s t o f t h e B r i t i s h A d v i s e r w i t hh is es tab l i shrnent sha1 l be de termined bythe H igh Cornmiss ioner and sha1 l be a chargeo n t h e r e v e n u e s o f t h e S t a t e o f P e r 1 i s .
6 . H i s H i g h n e s s s h a l l b e c o n s u l t e d b e f o r eany o f f i cer whom i t i s p roposed to sendas Br i t i sh Adv iser i s ac tua l l y appo in ted .
7 . H is H ighness under takes to rece ivewi th in h is S ta te such o f f i cers o f theFederal Government as that Government mayrequire and to permit such off icers toexerc ise such lawfu l au thor i ty and powersand to perform such lawful funct ions asmay be necessary fo r the purposes o f theFedera l Government .
8 . Any o f f i cer o f the Federa l Governmentmay, w i th the concur rence o f the H ighComrn iss ioner , per fo rm wi th in the Sta te o fPer l i s such Sta te du t ies and may exerc i .sesuch State powers as may be imposed orconfer red upon h im by H is H ighness inCounc i l o r by Enactment ,
9 . H- is H ighness under takes to govern theSta te o f Per l i s in accordance w i th theprov is ions o f a wr i t ten Const i tu t ion wh ichsha l l be i -n confor rn i ty w i th the prov is ionsof th is Agreement and o f the Federa t ionAgreenent and which shal1 be granted andpromulga ted by H is H ighness as soon as con-v e n i e n t l y m a y b e e i t h e r i n w h o l e o r , i fH is H ighness th inks exped ien t , in Par tsf rom t ime to t ime.
430
C o u n c i l s t ocons t i tu ted
His H ighness tobe consu l tedb e f o r e p o s t i n g .
Impar t ia lt rea tment .
Educat ion andt ra in ing o fM a l a y s .
Prev iousAgreenents
be 10. In pursuance of the undertaking con-ta ined in C lause 9 o f th is Agreement andin conformity with the provisions of theFederat ion Agreement His Highness under-takes fo r thwi th to cons t i tu te
(a) a Ma j l i s Meshuara t Kera jaan, to bec a l l e d i n E n g l i s h S t a t e E x e c u t i v eCounci 1 ;
( b ) A M a j l i s M e s h u a r a t N e g r i , t o b e c a l l e di n E n g l i s h C o u n c i l o f S t a t e .
1 1 . H i s H i g h n e s s , u n l e s s h e s h a l l o t h e r w i s ed i rec t , sha1 l be consu l ted be fore anyof f i cer i s pos ted by or on the au thor i tyof the High Conrnissioner to any post borneo n t h e S t a t e E s t i m a t e s .
12 . A l l persons o f whatsoever race in thesame grade in the serv ice o f the Sta te o fP e r l i s s h a 1 1 , s u b j e c t t o t h e t e r n s a n dcond i t ions o f the i r employment , be t rea tedi m p a r t i a l 1 y .
1 3 . H i s H i g h n e s s d e s i r e s a n d H i s M a j e s t yagrees tha t i t sha11 be a par t i cu la r chargeupon the Government o f the Sta te o f Per l i sto provide for and encourage the educat ionand t ra in ing o f the Malay inhab i tan ts o ft h e S t a t e o f P e r l i s s o a s t o f i t t h e m t otake a fu l l share in the economic progress ,soc ia l we l fa re and government o f the Sta teand o f the Federa t ion .
14 . (1 ) The Agreement made on the 4 th dayo f D e c e m b e r , 1 9 4 5 , b e t w e e n H i s M a j e s t y r sGovernment w i th in the Un i ted K ingdom o fGreat Br i ta in and Nor thern I re land and H isHighness Syed Put ra Ibn i A lmarhum SyedH a s s a n A 1 ' J a n a l u l l i 1 , t h e R a j a o f P e r I i s ,f o r H i m s e 1 f , H i s H e i r s a n d S u c c e s s o r s i shereby revoked.
(2 ) A l l T rea t ies and Agreements sub-s is t ing immedia te ly p r io r to the mak ing o fthe a fo resa id Agreement o f the 4 th day o fDecember , 1945, sha1 l con t inue in fo rcesave in so fa r as they are incons is ten tw i th th is Agreement o r the Federa t ion Agree-m e n t .
431
Sovere ign tyo f the Ru1er .
Language ofAgreement .
16 . Th is Agreement sha l1both the Eng l ish and thebut , fo r the purposes o fregard sha l l be had on lyv e r s i o n .
be expressed inMalay languages;in te rpre ta t ion ,to the Eng l ish
i 5 . T h e p r e r o g a t i v e s , p o w e r a n d j u r i s d i c -t ion o f H is H ighness w i th in the Sta te o fPer l i s sha l l be those wh ich H is l l i -ghnesst h e R a j a o f P e r l i s p o s s e s s e d o n t h e f i r s tday o f December , 1941, sub jec t never the-less to the prov is ions o f the Federa t ionAgreement and this Agreement.
In w i tness whereof S i r Gerard Edward James Gent ,K . C . M . G . , D . S . 0 . , O . B . E . , M . C . , h a s h e r e u n t o s e t h i s h a n dand sea l fo r and on beha l f o f H is Ma jes ty , and H is H ighnessSyed Put ra Ibn i A lmarhum Syed Hassan Jamalu l la i l , the Ra jao f Per l i s , has hereunto se t h is hand and sea l , the day andyear f i rs t above wr i t ten .
S i g n a t u r e a n d s e a l o f G . E . J . G E N T ,fo r and on beha l f o f H is Ma ies tv .
Wi tness A. GLENCROSS
Signature and seal of
Witnesses HAJI AHMADW. AHMAD
PUTRA JAMALULLAIL.R a i a o f P e r l i s .
FOOTNOTE
Provenance: Statutony Instruments for, 1948 , I , i ,no . 108, The Federa t ion o f Ma laya Order in Counc i l ,1 9 4 8 .
432
Selangor
Towards the end of the seventeenth century Bugis -those warl ike traders and adventurers from the Celebes -sa i led in to the Malay arch ipe lago and se t t led in thesparse ly popu la ted area (1a ter known as Se langor ) l y ing be-tween the Perak River and the Menangkabau colonies south ofKlang and in Sungei Ujong. Although the Bugis went on toinsinuate thernselves into the governnent of Johore and tolaunch canpaigns in Perak, Kedah and other Malay States,Se langor remained the i r s t rongho ld . In the I740t s a roya ldynas ty was inaugura ted when a Bug is was ins ta l led as thef i rs t Su l tan o f Se langor and - desp i te Dutch a t tacks in the1780 's and an un favourab le t rea ty w i th Ho l land o f 1786 -Selangor survived as an independent Bugis state. However,Se langor was by no means a conso l ida ted k ingdom nor was i t sSu l tan omnipo ten t ; severa l r i vers d iv ided the te r r i to ry andat the mouth o f each a Bug is Ch ie f g rew power fu l f rom to1 lslev ied on r i ver t ra f f i c . The deve lopment o f t in min ingfrom the middle of the nineteenth century was not only tocont r ibu te to the independence and r i va l r ies o f these te r r i -to r ia l ch ie fs bu t wou ld a lso add the Ch inese miner to theheterogeneous soc ie ty o f Se langor .
433
N o t e o n t h e S e l a n g o r T r e a t i e s o f 1 8 1 8 a n d 1 8 2 5
At the t ime o f the Napo leon ic Wars Ho l land en joyed verysubs tan t ia l r igh ts in Se langor by v i r tue o f the 1786 Treaty ;b u t w h e n B r i t a i n t o o k o v e r n o s t o f I { o 1 l a n d ' s p o s s e s s i o n sfor the per iod o f the war she s igned very few t rea t ies o fh e r o w n ( b u t s e e 1 8 0 1 N a n i n g T r e a t y p . 2 5 i ) , b e i n g c o n t e n tw i th vague suzera in ty . A f te r the re .curn to Ho l land o f herFar Eas tern possess ions by the Congress o f V ienna in 1815,commerc ia l c i rc les in the Br i t i sh se t t lements became ser ious-ly a la rmed a t the prospec t o f a Dutch resurnpt ion o f the i rfo rner monopo l ies wh ich - a t a t ime when the h igh ty p ro f i -tab le t in t rade was th rea tened by S iamese expans ion - wou ldcont r ibu te narked ly to a reduc t ion in Br i t i sh t rade. In1818, there fore , jus t be fore the Dutch re tu rn to Ma lacca,Governor Bannernan sent W. Farquhar to Borneo and Rhiau( s e e J o h o r e T r e a t y o f 1 8 1 8 p . 2 2 ) a n d W . C . C r a c r o f t t o P e r a k( s e e P e r a k T r e a t y o f 1 8 1 8 p . 3 7 2 ) a n d S e l a n g o r t o s e c u r et rea t ies w i th loca i ru le rs by wh ich Ho l land rn igh t be de ter redf rom re- ins t i tu t ing her nonopo l ies . The Se langor Trea ty ,l i ke i t s Perak counterpar t , p rov ided tha t Su l tan Ib rah im o fSe langor wou ld no t rev ive any obso le te t rea t ies w i th o therpowers , g ran t any monopo l ies , nor in any way obs t ruc t theC o m p a n y r s c o m m e r c e ( S e l a n g o r T r e a t y o f 1 8 1 8 ) . T h e s e p r o -v is ions lvere d i rec t l y con t ravened the very nex t year whenthe Dutch Governor o f Ma lacca persuaded Ib rah im to s ign at r e a t y o n t h e l i n e s o f t h e i r p r e v i o u s a g r e e n e n t o f 1 7 8 6 .A s i t t u r n e d o u t , h o w e v e r , B r i t i s h t r a d e w a s n o t s e r i o u s l ya f fec ted s ince the Batav ian Governrnent re fused to ra t i f y thet r e a t y o f 1 8 1 9 .
I f t h e D u t c h t h r e a t w a s p r o v i s i o n a l l y d e a l t w i t h , t h eSianese one rena ined. In 1818 the Ru ler o f Kedah, apparent -l y under p ressure f rom S ian , over ran Perak and fo rced i t tosend the bunga mas to Bangkok . In 1821 S iam invaded Kedahi tse l f , and the Ru ler o f Perak took advantage o f the oppor -tun i ty to ca l l in the a id o f Su l tan Ib rah im o f Se langor tof ree h is count ry (cp . no tes on Perak Trea t ies o f 1818 and1 8 2 5 ) . S u l t a n I b r a h i r n w a s a B u g i s , d e s c r i b e d b y M i 1 l s l * a s" a b 1 e a n d p i r a t i c a l " , a n d h a v i n g l i b e r a t e d P e r a k h e l e f tt h e r e o n e R a j a H a s s a n t o c o l l e c t t r i b u t e w h i l e h e h i m s e l fre tu rned to Se langor . Accord ing to Br i t i sh sources , theS i a m e s e C h a o P t y a o r R u l e r o f L i g o r n o w p l a n n e d a d o u b l e -invas ion o f Perak and Se langor , h is p re tex t be ing tha t Ra jaHassan was p lunder ing Perak whose government had asked fo rh is a id . I t appears 1 ike1y tha t there was a pro-S iameseparty in Perak, but Sultan Ibrahim had a good deal of sympathy
* For foo tno te see p .435
434
f rom the St ra i ts Set t lenents , and Governor Fu l le r ton in
1825 sent John Anderson, a leader o f the an t i -s ia rnese fac-
t ion in Penang, to p rocure t rea t ies o f f r iendsh ip w i th bo th
Sta tes and se t t le ou ts tand ing d i f fe rences be tween them:Br i ta in 's ma in a im be ing to fo r t i f y them aga ins t S iam. 0s-
tens ib ly Andersonrs miss ion arose ou t o f the Pre l im inaryTreaty signed between Burney and the Chao P'ya of Ligorwhereby the la t te r p rorn ised no t to a t tack Perak i f the fo r -
mer wou ld see to the prob lem o f Ra ja Hassan (see s iam Treaty
o f 1 8 2 5 p . 3 0 9 ) . S e l a n g o r g a v e A n d e r s o n a c o n s i d e r a b l e w e l -come and appears readi ly to have agreed to withdraw RajaHassan, f ix the River Bernam as the boundary between the twoSta tes , and avo id any fu tu re in te r fe lence in Perakrs a f fa i rs(Se langor Trea ty o f 1825 p .439) ' By th is t rea ty Se langorwas ev ident ly saved f rom any fu r ther S iamese pressure , aL-though Perak required further bolster ing by the Low Treat ieso f t h e f o l l o w i n g y e a r ( s e e P e r a k T r e a t i e s o f 1 8 2 6 p - 3 7 7 ) ,
t .
FOOTNOTE
Bv, i t i sh Malaya, LB24-67, Kua la Lumpur , 1966, p .140.
435
SELANGOR TREATY of 22 August, 1818
Cracro f t ts Commerc ia l T rea ty l *
Treaty of Commercial Al l iance between the HonorableEng l ish Eas t Ind ia Company and H is Ma jes ty the Ra jah o fSa lengore , se t t led by Mr Wal te r Sewe1 l Cracro f t , in v i r tueof powers delegated to him by the Honorable John AlexanderBannerman, Governor o f Pr ince o f Walesr Is land and i t s de-p e n d e n c i e s .
Done on the 20 th Shawal , 1233 (answer ing to the even ingo f t h e 2 2 n d A u g u s t , 1 8 1 8 ) .
A r t i c l e 1 s t
The peace and fr iendship now subsist ing between theHonorab le
'Eng l ish Eas t Ind ia Company and H is Ma jes ty the
R a j a h o f S a l e n g o r e s h a l l b e p e r p e t u a l .
A r t i c l e 2 n d
T h e v e s s e l s a n d n e r c h a n d i z e b e l o n g i n g t o B r i t i s h s u b j e c t s ,o r persons be ing under the pro tec t ion o f the Honorab le Eas tInd ia Company sha1 l a lways en joy in the por ts and domin ionssub jec t to H is I t i l a jes ty the Ra jah o f Sa lengore a l l the pr i -v i leges and advantages wh ich are now, o r may a t any t imehereaf te r , be gran ted to the sub jec ts o f the most favouredn a t i o n s .
A r t i c l e 3 r d
The vesse ls and nerchand ize be long ing to the sub jec tso f H is Ma jes ty the Ra jah o f Sa lengore sha l1 a lways rece ives imi la r advantages and pr iv i leges w i th those in the preced-ing Ar t i -c1e , as long as they are in the harbour o f For tCornwal l i s , and i -n a l l o ther p laces dependent on the Br i t i shGovernrnent o f Pr ince o f Walesr Is land.
A r t i c l e 4 t h
Hl -s Ma jes ty o f Sa lengore agrees tha t he w j - l l no t renewany obso le te and in te r rup ted t rea t ies w i th o ther na t ions ,pub l ic bod ies , o r ind iv idua ls , the prov is ions o f wh ich rnay ,in any degree, tend to exc lude or obs t ruc t the t rade o fBr i t i sh sub jec ts , who fu r ther sha11 no t be bur thened w i th
o o t n o t e s s e e P . 4 4 1
436
any impos i t ions or Dut ies no t lev ied on the sub jec ts o fo t h e r S t a t e s .
A r t i c l e 5 t h
His Ma jes ty the Ra jah o f Sa lengore fu r ther engages,tha t he w i11 , upon no pre tence whatsoever , g ran t a monopo lyo f any ar t i c les o f t rade or commodi t ies , the produce o f h iste r r i to r ies , to any person or persons , European, Aner icanor na t ives o f any o ther count ry , bu t tha t he w i l l a l lowBr i t i sh sub jec ts to come and buy a l l sor ts o f rnerchand izethe same as o ther peop le .
A r t i c l e 6 t h
The Honorab le Eas t Ind ia Company engage tha t they w i l lnot forn any Treat ies or Engagements which may exclude orobs t ruc t the merchand ize o f the sub jec ts o f the Ra jah o fSa lengore , who come to t rade a t Penang, nor w i l l they gran ta monopo ly o f any sor t o f nerchand ize to one descr ip t ion o fp e r s o n s o n l y , a s i s s p e c i f i e d i n t h e 5 t h A r t i c l e , b u t w i l la l low the na t ivesof Sa lengore to corne and buy a l l sor ts o fmerchand ize the same as o ther peop le .
A r t i c l e 7 t h
His Ma jes ty the Ra jah o f Sa lengore engages tha t i f anyperson br ings subjects of the company from Penang and i tsd e p e n d e n c i e s f o r s a l e , h e w i l l n o t a l l o w o f t h e i r s a l e i nthe count ry o f Sa lengore , and the Honorab le Company w i l l bebound by a s imi la r Agreement w i th respec t to the sub jec ts o fSa lengore , fo r the laws o f Eng land on no account a l low o fsuch proceed ings in any o f the count r ies sub jec t to theB r i t i s h a u t h o r i t y .
A r t i c l e 8 t h
Th is Trea ty , accord ing to the fo rego ing Ar t i c les , i smade fo r the purpose o f p romot ing the peace and f r iendsh ipo f the two Sta tes , and secur ing the l iber ty o f commerce andnav iga t ion be tween the i r respec t ive sub jec ts , to the mutua ladvantage o f bo th , and o f i t one dra f t i s re ta ined by H isMajes ty the Ra jah o f Sa lengore , and one by l r { r Wal te r Cracro f t ,Agent o f the Honorab le the Governor o f Penang. To th is i sa f f i x e d t h e s e a l o f H i s M a j e s t y t h e R a j a h o f S a l e n g o r e t ora t i f y i t to the Honorab le Eng l ish Eas t Ind ia Cornpany, sotha t no d isputes may hereaf te r a r ise concern ing i t , bu t tha tis may be permanent and las t fo r ever .
437
Seal o f the Ru ler o f Se langor
S ignature W.S. CRACROFT, Commiss ioner
A True Copy
Signature JOHN ANDERSON,I{alay Translator to the Government.
438
SELANGOR TREATY of 20 August, 1825
Andersonrs Trea ty2
An Agreement of Peace and Friendship between the Honour-ab le Eas t Ind ia Company and Sr i Su l tan Ib rah in Shah, K ing o fSa langore , se t t led by Mr John Anderson, in v i r tue o f powersde legated to h im by the Honourab le Rober t Fu l le r ton , Gover -nor o f Pu lo Penang and i t s dependenc ies .
Done at the Fort of Salangore, on the sth day of Mohur-rum, in the year o f the Heg i ra 124I , o r 20 th day o f August ,4 . D . 1 8 2 5 .
A r t i c l e i
Whereas the relat ions of peace and fr iendship have sub-s is ted fo r a length o f t ine be tween the Honourab le Eas tInd ia Company and H is Ma jes ty the K ing o f Sa langore , andwere conf i rmed by a Trea ty o f commerc ia l a l l i -ance, cons is t i rgo f e igh t Ar t i c les , conc luded by Mr Wal te r Sewe11 Cracro f t ,on the 20th day of the month Shawal, in the year of theH e g i r a 1 2 3 3 , o r t h e 2 3 r d d a y o f A u g u s t , A . D . 1 8 1 8 , f o r t h epurpose o f fac i l i ta t ing the comnerc ia l i -n te rcourse be tweenthe two Sta tes , i t i s now agreed be tween H is Mjaes ty theKing of Salangore, and Mr John Anderson, as Agent to theHonourab le Rober t Fu l le r ton , Governor o f Pu lo Penang, toconf irm the said Treaty, which wi l l remain unchanged fore v e r .
A r t i c l e i i
H is Ma jes ty o f Sa langore engages w i th the l - lonourab leRober t Fu l le r ton , Governor o f Pu lo Penang, tha t f rom thedate o f th is Engagement , and fo r the t ime to come, the es-tab l i shed boundary be tween the Sta tes o f Perak and Sa langoreshal l be the River Bernam, and no armarnent by land or seaf rom Sa langore sha11 en ter any par t o f the Perak te r r i to ryor i t s dependenc ies , nor sha l l H is Ma jes ty o f Sa langoreinterfere in the governrnent of the Perak Country, for i t ishereby res tored to the K ing o f Perak , p rov ided, however ,tha t p rows f ron Sa langore sha11 be a t l iber ty to p roceed toPerak fo r the purpose o f commerce, conforming to the ru lesand cus toms o f o ther t raders resor t ing th i ther .
439
A r t i c l e i i i
H is Ma jes ty o f Sa langore engages to d i rec t the imned ia teremova l f rom the Perak te r r i to ry o f Ra jah Hassan, who is nowe s t a b l i s h e d a t S u n g i e B i d o r ; a n d H i s M a j e s t y o f S a l a n g o r efur ther engages tha t he w i l l no t pern i t Ra jah Hassan to re -turn thi ther, nor to interfere in any way with the govern-ment o f the Perak Count ry , and a lso tha t Ra jah Hassan sha11be prohibi ted from carrying away any people from that coun-t ry , o r the ryo ts o f the K ing o f Perak , who are unwi l l ing toaccomnanv h im.
A r t i c l e i v
The K ing o fto resor t to anyPu lo Penang w i l l
Sa langore engages no tpar t o f h is te r r i to ry ,be bound by a s imi la r
to permi t any p i ra tesand the Governor of
engagement .
A r t i c l e v
The K ing o f Sa langore engages to se ize and re tu rn toPu lo Penang, any o f fenders , such as p i ra tes , robbers , mur -derers and o thers who may escape to Sa langore , and i f anypersons o f the descr ip t ion above ment ioned f l y f rom Sa lan-gore to PuIo Penang, the Governor w i l t be bound by a s imi la rAgreement .
A r t i c l e v i
Th is Agreement i s made be tween H is Ma jes ty o f Sa langoreand the Honourable East India Company, with rnutual consentand good w i l l be tween bo th par t ies , fo r the purpose o f p ro-long ing the peace and f r iend ly communica t ion be tween thetwo Sta tes , and i t sha1 l con t inue as long as the revo lu t ionof the starry sphere, in which the Sun and l ' {oon performt h e i r m o t i o n s , s h a l l e n d u r e .
Th is Engagement i s nade in the presence o f a l l assem-b led , and to i t i s a f f i xed the chop o f H is Ma jes ty o f Sa lan-gore , and the Sea l o f the Honourab le Eas t Ind ia Company,be ing wr i t ten and executed in dup l i ca te , one copy be ingre ta ined by the K ing o f Sa langore , and the o ther by theHonourab le Eas t Ind ia Company.
The end
JOHN ANDERSON, Po l i t i ca l Agent o f theGovernor o f the St ra i ts Set t lements .
S ignature
440
2 .
A t rue copy .
Signature JOHN ANDERSON
The 26th August , 1825.
True copy .
S ignature J .W. SALMOND,Res ident Counc i l lo r ,P r i n c e o f W a l e s r I s l a n d
FOOTNOTES
John Anderson, PoliticaL and Conrnercial Constdev,ationsRelatiue to the Malayan Pentnsula and the Bz,itishSett lements in the Stnaits of Malacca, Penang, 1,824,reprinted in facsirni le JMBRAS, XXXV, iv (1962), ed.J . B a s t i n : A p p e n d i x , p p . x v i i i - x x . W e h a v e n o t , h o w e v e r ,accepted Anderson 's da t ing , bu t have rep laced i t w i thM . & G . r s . A n d e r s o n f s c o p y r e a d s " D o n e o f t h e 2 0 t hS h a w a l , S a t u r d a y , 1 2 3 3 , o r 2 3 t d A u g u s t , A . D . 1 8 1 8 . "The 20 th Shawal , 1233, s ta r ted on the even ing o f 22August 1818 bu t th is was a Thursday , and f in ished a t6 p . m . o n F r i d a y , 2 5 A u g u s t . M . & C . ' s v e r s i o n ( p . 3 0 )there fore seems more l i ke ly to be cor rec t .
P r o v e n a n c e : M . & G . , p p . 3 2 - 3 4 .
441
Note on the Se langor Documents o f 1860
The 1818 and 1825 Se langor Trea t ies , wh ich had sa fe-guarded the t rad ing r igh ts o f Br i t i sh sub jec ts , had beenconc luded w i th the Su l tan . By the midd le o f the century ,however , the Su l tanrs ru le was on ly norn ina l and Se langorwas d iv ided in to f i ve a lmost independent s ta tes : Lukut ,Klang, Langat, Selangor and Bernam. Lukut and Klang wereru led by two Bug is b ro thers - Juma 'a t and Abdu l lah respec-t i ve ly - who owed the i r pos i t ion to rescu ing Su l tan Muham-nad from bankruptcy. Lukut, the terr i tory nearest toMalacca, p rospered f rom the produc t ion and expor t o f t in ,and Governor Cavenagh (1859-67) encouraged the ru le o fJumara t s ince he appeared to be " the nos t ac t i ve and en l igh-tened ch ie f in the pen insu la" who cou ld p rov ide secur i tyand prosper i ty in a s ta te where Br i t i sh t rade migh t th r ivewi thout the need fo r po l i t i ca l in te rvent ion . r In re tu rnRa ja Jumara t gave the St ra i ts Government land a t Cape Rachadoto bu i ld a l igh thouse (Se langor Docunent o f 23 August 1860)and Su l tan Abdu l Samad agreed to th is t rans fer o f te r r i to ry(Se langor Document o f 26 November 1860) . Th is l igh thousewas comple ted in 1863. When, a f te r the death o f Juma?at in1864, p i racy and c iv i l s t r i fe re tu rned to th is par t o f Se-langor , the de fence o f the l igh thouse on Cape Rachado wou ldprovide Governor Clarke with an opportunity for intervent ioni n t h e a f f a i r s o f S e l a n s o r .
FOOTNOTE
C.M. Turnbu l I , The St ra i ts Set t lements 1826-67, London,1972, pp .301-302; cp . Khoo Kay K im, The Western MalagS t a t e s 1 8 5 0 - 1 8 7 3 , K u a l a L u m p u r , 1 9 7 2 , p . 1 4 1 .
442
SELANGOR DOCUMENT o f 23 August , 1860
0 n W e d n e s d a y , a t 1 0 o r c l o c k a t n o o n , t h e s t h d a y o f t h emonth of Saphar, in the lv lahomedan year 1277 (correspondingw i t h t h e 2 3 r d d a y o f A u g u s t , 1 8 6 0 ) .
Be i t known to a l l . men, tha t I Ra jah Jurnahat b in Ra jahJapar , the Ru1er o f the Ter r i to ry o f Lookoot ,2 do o f my ownf ree w i l l and p leasure , make over to the Government o f theQueen o f Eng land, Cape Rachado (commonly ca l led "Tan jongTuan"J s i tua ted w i th in the Ter r i to ry o f Lookoot a fo resa id .
That the Engl ish Government do covenant and agree tobu i ld and keep a L igh t house fo r the benef i t o f a l l na t ionsin re la t ien o f the i r sh ips o r boats upon the sa i_d CapeRachado (commonly ca l led Tan jong Tuan) and in the event o fthe Eng l i . sh Government fa i l ing to ab ide by the sa id agree-ment , then and in such case, the cess ion upon rny par t to ben u l 1 a n d v o i d .
And in tes t imony o f the above agreenent , to wh ich Ib ind myse l f , , ' ny He i rs and Successors in the Sovere ign ty o fthe Ter r i to ry o f Lookoot , I hereunto a t tach my Roya l Sea la t t h i s m y p a l a c e i n L o o k o o t a s a f o r e s a i d .
A t r u e t r a n s l a t i o n .
S ignature R. I\,IACPHERSON,R e s i d e n t C o u n c i l l o r , M a l a c c a
F o r f o o t n o t e s s e e p . 4 4 4
443
SELANG0R DOCUMENT of 26 November, 1860
Let te r f ro rn the Su l tan o f Se langor to the Governor o f theSt ra i ts Set t lements regard ing the Cess ion o f Cape Rachado,
Sea l o f Su l tan ABDUL SAMAD of Se langor .
We have to inform our fr iend that we send this let terin order to inform our fr iend that his let ter has reachedus; we have opened i t and perused i t f rom beginning to endwi th g rea t joy , and have unders tood i t s con ten ts . The re -ques t con ta ined there in we have a lso l i s tened to w i th muchpleasure, and now acquaint our fr iend that we can accede tothe wish expressed by our fr iend and give our seal to makethe mat te r se t t led . 0n th is po in t our f r iend need no t bei 1 l a t e a s e .
Since the ground is not of many acres, and we concurwith our fr iend in his opinion that to have a l ight burntthereon, w i l l p rove a g rea t benef i t : Now in o rder to havethe mat te r c lear ly and de f in i te ly se t t led we g ive th i -sle t te r w i th our sea l there to a f f i xed w i th g rea t joy andpureness of heart . What we have given we cannot retract,and what we have given we have bestowed for ever.
To the truth of what is above stated we do hereby aff ixt h i s o u r s e a l .
Wr i t ten on the lZ th day o f Junad i -a l -Awal 1277, a t 9o r c l o c k 8 . D . , c o r r e s p o n d i n g w i t h t h e 2 6 t h d a y o f N o v e m b e r ,1 8 6 0 .
True t rans lat ion.
Signature J . BURN,R e s i d e n t C o u n c i l l o r .
FOOTNOTES
P r o v e n a n c e : M . 6 G . , p , 3 4 .
In May 1861 S ingapore repor ted to For t Wi l l iam tha t ,u n o f f i c i a l l y a t 1 e a s t , " t h e R a j a h o f L o o k o o t [ R a j aJumara t ] has been recent ly ves ted by the Su l tan w i thsupreme author i ty over the who le o f Se langore ' r (c i tedi n K h o o K a y K i m , o p . c i t . , p . 1 4 1 ) . C f . B r i t i s h D o c r n n e n to f 1 8 6 0 . p : 5 1 6 . -P r o v e n a f i c ' e : M . & G . , p . 3 5 .
1 .
7
444
Note on the Se langor Docunents o f 1874 and 1875
I n t h e l a t e 1 8 6 0 r s c o n d i t i o n s i n S e l a n g o r ( a s i n o t h e rwest -coas t S ta tes) became s tead i l y worse as the r i va l r iesbetween the Ch inese conmuni t ies o f the n in ing areas in te r -locked w i th the feuds o f te r r i to r ia l Ma lay ch ie fs . By theend of 1870 the fortunes of Yap Ah Loyrs party around KualaLumpur had becorne l inked with those of Tengku Ziauddin (aKedah pr ince who, having marr ied the daughter of the Sultanof Se langor , had been non ina ted h is I ' v i ceroy" ) , wh i le Yap AhLoy 's enern ies had jo ined fo rces w i th Ra ja Mahd i (a d iscon-ten ted ch ie f who cont ro l led the Se langor R iver ) . A l thoughremain ing Malay ch ie fs op ted fo r one or o ther o f the twocamps, Su l tan Abdu l Samad s t rugg led to p reserve a p recar iousneut ra l i t y .
S i r Har ry Ord (Governor 1867-73) was prevented by h ismasters in London f rom tak ing e f fec t i ve s teps to res to re o rdert o S e l a n g o r , b u t , w h i l e O r d w a s o n I e a v e i n 1 8 7 I , h i s d e p u t y ,Co lone l Anson, made an a t tempt a t in te rvent ion . In thepursu i t o f p i ra tes Anson exceeded the te rms o f the 1825Treaty , and depar ted f rom Co lon ia l Of f i ce po l i cy by embark-ing on a course o f gunboat d ip lomacy. He despatched aforce to bombard the fo r ts o f Ra ja Mahd i , who had thwar tedt h e e x p e d i t i o n , a n d , t h r o u g h t h e o f f i c e s o f J . W . W . B i r c h , h ec o m p e l l e d t h e S u l t a n t o d e c l a r e R a j a M a h d i a n d h i s a 1 l i e sout laws and to p lace Tengku Z iaudd in in the pos i t ion o fGovernor o f the who le o f Se langor . Desp i te the imp l ica t ionsof these ac t ions , London approved Ansonts conduct bu t choseto regard the a f fa i r as an iso la ted inc ident ra ther than thes tar t o f a new course . Indeed, therea f te r the Governmentre tu rned to the es tab l i shed po l i cy o f min ima l and ine f fec-t i ve in te rvent ion w i th regard to Se langor unres t , wh i le thewar fa re be tween the fac t ions o f Ra ja Mahd i and Tengku Z taud-d i n c o n t i n u e d .
In the surnmer o f 1873, however , fear o f fo re ign in te r -vent ion in the Malay Pen insu la p rec ip i ta ted a change inpo l i cy in London. In September S i r Andrew Clarke (Governor7873-75) Was instructed to seek and report on means - pe:: i rapsthe ex tens ion o f t rea t ies , maybe the appo in tment o f Br i t i shagents - whereby Br i ta in , as paramount power , migh t Tes toreorder to the west -coas t S ta tes and e l im ina te the th rea t o ffo re ign in te r fe rence. 0n h is amiva l in the St ra i ts Set t le -ments , C la rke qu ick ly took mat te rs in to h is own hands; inFebruary I874, hav ing conc luded the Pangkor Trea ty w i th somePerak ch ie fs , he took the oppor tun i ty p rov ided by fu r ther
445
i ns tances o f p i racy ( inc lud ing an a t tack on the Cape Rachadol i g h t h o u s e ) t o d e a l w i t h t h e p r o b l e r n o f S e l a n g o r . C l a r k e ' sf i rs t concern was to reduce the in f luence o f Ma lay malcon-ten ts by e f fec t ing a reconc i l ia t ion be tween Tengku Z iaudd inand Su l tan Abdu l Samad who had dr i f ted apar t s i ,nce Anson 'si n t e r v e n t i o n . T o t h i s e n d C l a r k e r e l i e d o n J . G . D a v i d s o n ,a S ingapore lawyer and bus inessman who had a l ready es tab l i shedh i m s e l f a s c o n f i d a n t o f Z i a u d d i n a t K l a n g , a n d F . A . S w e t t e n -ham, whom he sent to the Su l tan ts cour t a t Langat . Dur ingSwet tenhamrs miss ion to Se langor (13 August - 2 September1874) Su l tan Abdu l Samad o f fe red to p rov ide h im wi th p rov i -s ions and to pay h is sa la ry and the wages o f h is men. Swet -tenharn , hav ing confer red w i th C larke in S ingapore , re tu rnedto the Su l tan w i th a le t te r and a proc lamat ion fo r H is H igh-ness to s ign . In the le t te r (Se langor Document o f 2 October1874) Abdu l Samad agreed to p rov ide Swet tenham wi th h is sa-Ia ty and a house, and to hand over to h im "a11 ar rangementsfo r open ing my countTy and co l lec t ing i t s revenue ' r . Theproc lamat ion , wh ich was s igned on the same date and probab lyident ica l w i th tha t wh ich was pub l ished in the Co lony thefo l low ing month (Se langor Document o f 18 November I874) ,announced: f i r s t , the appo in tment o f a Br i t i - sh o f f i cer " tol i v e w i t h u s , a n d t o a i d a n d a d v i s e u s " a n d , s e c o n d , t h eR u l e r ' s d e s i r e t o r e s t o r e t r a d e . B y t h e e n d o f 1 8 7 4 C l a r k ewas in a pos i t ion to recommend to the Co lon ia l Of f i ce theappointments of Davidson and Swettenham as Resi-dent andAss is tan t Res ident respec t ive ly , and ear ly the nex t year -
and be fore rece iv ing conf i rna t ion f rom London - he announcedthe i r despatch to Se langor (Se langor Document o f 25 January1 8 7 s ) .
I n A p r i l 1 8 7 5 C l a r k e r e c e i v e d t h e S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e r sapprova l o f these appo in tments fo r a f i xed per iod . TheGovernor in fo r rned the Res idents tha t the ar rangements wereprov is iona l . In June, Swet tenham deL ivered a le t te r f romthe Governor to the Su l tan reques t ing fo rmal acceptance o fh im as Ass is tan t Res ident . We unders tand tha t a documentanswer ing to a descr ip t ion o f th is reques t was once par t o fthe Swet tenham Col lec t ion a t the Ark ib Negara l4a lays ia .Th is i s the le t te r to wh ich the la te Dr Emi ly Sadka re fe r redin The Pv,otected Malay States 1874-1895 (Kuala Lurnpur, 1968,p . 5 7 ) ; i t c a m e f r o m C l a r k e a n d i t s d a t e - 1 8 J u n e - w a sadded a f te r h is depar tu re f rom the St ra i ts Set t lements .Beneath C larke ts s ignature were a few l ines f rom Abdu l Samada c c e p t i n g S w e t t e n h a m w i t h I ' g r e a t p l e a s u r e " ; t h e s e w e r efo l lowed by the sea ls o f the Governor and Su l tan . Thoughwe have seen a t ranscr ip t ion o f th is purpor ted cor respondence,we have no t seen the or ig i -na l and there fore do no t fee l ab le
446
to inc lude i t in th is co l lec t ion . I t shou ld be added tha tBurns and Cowan state that the let ter request ing Abdul Samad'sforrnal acceptance of an Assistant. Resident carne fron Clarke'ss u c c e s s o r , J e r v o i s . l
One f ina l po in t may be no ted here : C la rke re f ra inedf rom drawing up a new t rea ty de f in ing the Br i t i sh pos i t ionin Selangor. Instead he ernphasised that the appointnentso f Res ident and Ass is tan t Res ident were made on ly a t theSu l tan 's inv i ta t ion . Th is i s ev ident f ro rn the documents weprint here and also in the Journals of Swettenham who recor-ded dur ing h is f i rs t v is i t to Langat in August 1874:
I asked h im f the Su l tan ] i f he rea11y w ished me tostay with hin as the Governor would on no account per-n i t ne to do so un less he rea l l y des i red i t . To th ishe rep l i .ed " I f you are p leased to s t *y I am ten t imesmore p leased tha t you shou ld do so" . l
Nonethe less , the in i t ia t i ve o f course 1ay w i th the Br i t i shthroughout these proceedings and i t is c lear from Swettenhamrsowrr account that the Sultan hesitated in the face of objec-t ions ra ised by h is own sons be fore he pu t h is sea l (on 2October) to the let ter and proclamation which Swettenhambrought from Singapore.
FOOTNOTES
Sir Frank Saettenhan's l,laLagan Jouz,nals 1874-1876K u a l a L u m p u r , 1 9 7 5 , p . 2 5 2 , f n . 2 .
I b i d . p . i O e .2 .
447
SELANGOR DOCTJMENT of 2 October, T874
Letter f rom the Sultan of Selangor to the Governor of the
Res ident r "
I inform myletter brought byi t con ta ins .
As to the $1Swettenham and Ien ter i t in to my
fr iend that I haveMr Swettenham and
rece ived my f r iendrshave unders tood a l l tha t
,000, I w i l l pay tha t sum month ly to t r { rshould be much obl iged i f my fr iend wouldcount ry t s accounts .
As to my f r iend 's reques t tha t I w i l l en ter in to anagreement with my fr iend in order that ny fr iend may col lecta l l the taxes o f my count ry , I shou ld be very g lad i f myf r iend wou ld se t my count ry to r igh t and co l lec t a l l i t staxes . Th is le t te r o f m ine w i th my chop on i t can be atoken to my f r iend tha t I t rus t in my f r iend 's ass is tanceand that I hand over to ny fr iend al l arrangements foropening my country and col lect ing i ts revenue, for I am onthe most fr iendly terms with my fr iend and I t rust that myf r iend w i l l ass is t me in th is mat te r .
And as regards my country at this t ime there is no dis-turbance whatever in i t and I tnrst in my fr iend that theremay be unbroken peace in my country.
Moreover I inform my fr iend that when this fast ingmonth is over I in tend to t rave l in the severa l d is t r i c tsof the country with Mr Swettenharn in order that I may seethe cond i t ion o f the count ry . As regards my f r iend 'sOff icer, Mr Swettenham, I have already informed my fr iend,I arn now making a house for hin in order that he may l ivewi th me in comfor t . Th is i s what I in fo rn my f r iend .
Seal of Sultan ABDUL SAMAD of Selangor
Langat , 21 Shaban, 12912 n d O c t o b e r 1 8 7 4 . 2
448
For foo tno tes see p .450
SELANGOR DOCUMENT of 18 November, I874
Proc lamat ion by the Su l tan o f Se1"ngor3
Be i t known to al l nen that We, Sultan Abdussamad binTunku Abdul lah, who is now si t t ing on the throne of theKingdon o f Sa langore , make th is Proc lamat ion .
Now, We wish to open our countTy Salangore ( for t rade)and i t s dependenc ies , and our in ten t ion is to secure peaceand prosper i ty to a l l our sub jec ts .
We have a Bri t ish Off icer by our request from Hi.sE x c e l l e n c y S i r A n d r e w C l a r k e , R . E . , C . B . , K . C . M . G . , G o v e r n o ro f the th ree Set t lements , S ingapore , Penang, and Malacca,f ron h is Government to l i ve w i th us , and to a id and adv iseuS, in o rder tha t We may ru le our count ry w i th jus t i ce , andto pro tec t the l i ves o f the Merchants as we l l as o f thepeop le o f every na t ion .
Now, We, Su l tan Abdussarnad, in fo rm a l1 European Gent le -men, Ch inese Headmen, and o thers , tha t We sha1 l be exceed-ing ly g lad i f any one w i l l come to do any use fu l bus inessfor themse lves in our count ry , such as to open t in o r go ldMines , o r fo r purposes o f cu l t i va t ion , o r to cu t T inber , o rto look fo r Gut ta Percha and on any o ther p ro f i tab le bus iness ;as fo r a l l these we des i re to p ro tec t them, as much as wecan, who cone to our count ry as we l l as we l l as the i r l j - vesand proper t ies . And whosoever open the t in -mines they mustpay the taxes which according to the rule of our country areb e i n g c o l l e c t e d i n K l a n g , S a l a n g o r e , a n d o t h e r p L a c e s u r i d e rour au thor i ty ; and whoever l i ke to cu l t i va te Sugar , Tobacco,Paddy or o ther k ind o f p roduce we w i l l g ran t to them landsfree of payrnent for cul t ivat ion, and the cul t ivators rnaycont inue the i r bus iness fo r a te rm o f th ree years w i thoutpay ing taxes on the produce.
Th is i s what we in fo rm a l l those who l i ke to car ry ou tthe bus iness , tha t they may corne and ta lk w i th 'us persona l ly ,o r w i th our agent , o r V iceroy Tunku D ia Ud in , the son o f thela te Z inur rasheed, who is now in K lang a t the town o f Pang-k a 1 1 a n B a t u , w e w i l l c o n f i r m h i s a c t i o n s . A n d a c c o r d i n g l ywe se t our sea l upon th is no t ice as a s ign o f ver i t y .
D a t e d 9 t h S h a w a i ' I 2 g I i . e . , 1 8 t h N o v e m b e r , I 8 7 4 . 4
449
tI ,!
J FTt t
[-F iss:
. ! F
tII
SELANG0R DOCUMENT of 25 January, 1875
Proclamation by the Governor of the Strai ts Sett lements re-gard ing the appo in tment o f a Br i t i sh Res ident :
Be i t known to al l men that Sultan Abdulsamad, Rulerof Salangor, K1ang, Langat, Bernarn and Lukut, with theirdependenc ies , be ing des i rous o f be t te r Government in h iscount ry , has asked us fo r an Eng l ish Of f i cer to ass is t h imto open up and govern his country, and, at his request, wehave sent h im two Of f i cers , Mr Dav idson to res ide a t K lang,and Mr Swettenham at Langat, to assist in this work, andespec ia l l y in p ro tec t ing the l i ves and proper ty o f dwe l le rsin , and t raders to , Sa langor and Prov inces . Now, there fore ,the Su l tan o f Sa langor hav ing issued a Proc lamat ion da tedthe 21st Shaban, 1291, invi t ing Merchants and others to seeka l i ve l ihood in h is count ry , we fu l l y approve o f tha t Pro-c lamat ion and our above-ment i -oned Of f i cers w i l l ass is t a l lgood men who w i l l go to Sa langor and Prov inces , e i ther tose t t le o r to t rade there ,
Bv H is Exce l l ency f s Comrnand .
T. BRADDELLColon ia l Secre tary o f theS t r a i t s S e t t l e m e n t s .
C o l o n i a l S e c r e t a r y r s O f f i c e ,S ingapore , 25 th January 1875.
FOOTNOTES
P r o v e n a n c e : M . & G . , p p . 3 5 - 6 .
M . Q G . i n c o r r e c t l y g i v e t h e d a t e a s 1 O c t o b e r , c p P . L .Burns and C.D. Cowan eds., Si t , Fz,ank SuettenhamtsMalayan Journa ls 1874-1876, Kua la Lumpur , 1975, p .340.
Provenance: Straits SettLements Gouernment Gaaette( S i n g a p o r e ) , 1 2 D e c . 7 8 7 4 , p p . 7 4 9 - 5 0 , r e p r o d u c e d i nB u r n s a n d C o w a n , o p . c i t . p p . 3 4 I - 4 2 .
Burns and Cowan comment: "Although dated 18 Novernberth is wou ld appear to be e i ther the Proc lamat ion s ignedon 2 October, or an al ternat ive version agreed upon by
1
2
450
the Su l tan perhaps on the Governor ,s suggest ion . TheSul tan ,appears to have . " . " iu "J - a rep ly to h is le t te rabout 8 November. The proclamation may have been re_drafted or sealed- gn t l " " ighfu"nth
and returned toS ingapore fo r pub l i ca t ion . , , " i i i a . , p .s i t ^ ; ; ; ^ ; ; -p . * * "f n . 3 .
P r o v e n a n c e : M . q C . , F . 3 6 .
451
Note on the Se langor Trea ty o f 1945
For a genera l no te on the MacMichae l Trea t ies see
p . 1 1 7 .
A l though MacMichae l repor ted f r iend ly negot ia t ions in
se langor , HH A lam Shah recorded h is p ro tes ts . In a le t te r
to Lord Marchwood, 18 February 1946, the Sultan told of the
ob jec t ions to new tTeaty wh ich he had ra ised dur ingMacMichae l ' s v is i t . He sa id he had s igned the Agreement in
the end because, amongst o ther th ings , he had unders toodfrom the Bri t ish Envoy that without i t peace in Malaya would
be imposs ib le , he had t rus ted the K ing , the su l tan o f Johore
had s igned, and MacMichae l had asked tha t the ' tRu le rs shou ld
n o t b e r e c a l c i t r a n t . t f l H i s H i g h n e s s t s a d v i s e r s , w h o h a d
served the recent ly deposed placeman of the Japanese, Tunku
Musa Ud in , had no t recovered the i r po ise by the t i rne o f the
L,tacMichael Mission and they probably recommended acquies-
cence to the unfavourable treaty rather than r isk confronta-
t i o n w i t h t h e B r i t i s h .
FOOTNOTE
Papers of Sir George Maxwel l (Roya1 CommonwealthSoc i -e ty L ib rary ) , I 4 .
452
Agreement betweenUnited Kingdom of Greatt h e S t a t e o f S e l a n g o r .
SELANGOR TREATY OF 24 October. 1945
' t *
MacMichael Treaty^
His l r {a jes ty rs Government w i th in theBr i ta in and Nor thern I re land and
Whereas nu tua l agreements subs is t be tween H i -s Br i tann icI t {a jes ty and H is H ighness the Su l tan o f the Sta te o f Se langor :
And whereas i t i s exped ien t to p rov ide fo r the cons t i -tu t iona l deve lopment o f the Malay Sta tes under the pro tec t ionof H is Ma jes ty and fo r the fu tu re government o f the Sta te o fS e l a n g o r :
I t i s hereby agreed be tween S i r Haro ld l {ac l r l i chae l ,G . C . l { . G . , D . S . 0 . , t h e S p e c i a l R e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f H i s N l a j e s t y ' sGovernment w i th in the Un l ted K i_ngdom o f Great Br i ta in andNor thern l re land on beha l f o f H is l , {a jes ty and H is H ighnessS i r H i s a m u d - d j - n A l a m S h a h , K . C . N { . G . , i b n i A 1 - N { a r h u m s u l t a nAla id in Su la i rnan Shah the Su l tan o f the Sta te o f Se lansorf o r h i m s e l f , h i s h e i r s a n d s u c c e s s o r s : -
H is H ighness the Su l tan agrees tha t H is l r4a jes tysha1 l have fu l1 power and ju r isd ic t ion w i th in theS t a t e o f S e l a n g o r .
Save in so fa r as the subs is t ing agreements a reincons is ten t w i th th is Agreernent o r w i th suchfuture const i tut ional arrangernents for Malaya asmay be approved by H is l r la jes ty the sa id agree lnentssha l l remain o f fu l l fo rce and e f fec t .
S igned th is 24 day o f October 1945
Signature
IV i tness
H .A. }ACMICFIAELSpec ia l Representa t ive o fthe Br i t i sh Government
H . T . B O U R D I L L O N
F o r f o o t n o t e s e e p . 4 5 4
453
Signature
Wi tnes ses
ALAM SHAHSul tan o f
HAMZAHNONG
Selangor
Sea l o f the Sta te o f Se langor .
FOOTNOTE
A copy cer t i f ied cor rec t byNotary Pub l ic o f Eng land, i sArch ives o f Ma lays ia , Kua la
Major Leonard Owen,in the Nat iona l
Lunpur.
454
Note on the Se langor Trea ty o f 1948
As the result of Malay opposit ion to the Malayan Unionscheme and the MacMichael Treat ies the Bri t ish entered intonegot iat ions with the Rulers and the leaders of UMNO. Thesed iscuss ions went th rough severa l s tages be tween Ju ly 1946 andear ly 1948, and, a l though cer ta in Ma lay rad ica l and non-Malaygroups condemned as undenocrat ic both the consultat ive pro-cess and the cons t i tu t iona l p roposa ls , i t was dec ided: -( i ) to revoke the Malayan Un ion Order in Counc i l , 1946,( i i ) to rep lace the MacMichae l Trea t ies by new Sta te Agree-ments , and ( i i i ) to es tab l i sh a pen insu la r federa t ion .
The n ine a lmost iden t ica l S ta te Agreements were s ignedand sea led be tween the Ru lers and Gent (on beha l f o f H isMaies ty ) on 21 January - the day wh ich a lso saw the conc lu -s ion o f the Federa t ion o f Ma laya Agreement (see p .100 ) .Under these Sta te Agreenents the ju r isd ic t ion o f the Crownwas conf ined to external af fairs and defence. However, theMalay Ru lers were s t i l1 bound to accept the adv ice o f Br i t i shAdv isers (no te : the same t i t le was adopted by the pr inc ipa lBr i t i sh o f f i c ia ls pos ted to the Malay Sta tes) I 'on a l l mat te rsconnected with the government of the State other than mattersre la t ing to the Mus l im Re l ig ion and the Custom o f the Malays" .In add i t ion The i r H ighnesses were now sub jec ted to wr i t tencons t i tu t ions wh ich prov ided fo r a leg is la tu re (Counc i l o fS ta te ) and an Execut ive Counc i l in each Sta te . Up to th ist ine on ly Johore and Trengganu had possessed wr i t ten cons t i -tut ions (see Johore Document of 1895 p. 77 and TrengganuD o c u m e n t o f 1 9 1 1 p . 4 7 4 ) .
455
SELANGOR TREATY of 2I January, 1948
1 ) k
State Agreement revoking the MacMichael Treatyt
Agreement made the twenty - f i rs t day o f January , 1948,b e t w e e n S i r G e r a r d E d w a r d J a m e s G E N T , K . C . M . G . , D . S . O . ,0 . 8 . E . , M . C . , o n b e h a l f o f H i s M a j e s t y a n d H i s H i g h n e s sHISAMUDDIN ALAM SHAII ibni Alnarhum Sultan ALA-IDDIN SULAIMANS H M , K . C . M . G . , S u l t a n o f t h e S t a t e o f S E L A N G O R f o r H i m s e l fand H is Successors :
Whereas nu tua l agreements subs is t be tween H is Ma jes tyand H is H ighness :
And whereas i t has been represented to H is Ma jes ty tha tfresh arrangements should be made for the peace, order andgood government o f the Sta te o f Se langor :
And whereas H is Ma jes ty in token o f the f r iendsh ipwh ich he hears towards H is H ighness , the sub jec ts o f H isHighness , and the inhab i tan ts o f the Sta te o f Se langor i spleased to make fresh arrangements to take effect on suchday as H is Ma jes ty nay by Order in Counc i l appo in t (here in -a f te r ca11ed " the appo in ted day" ) :
And whereas i t is expedient to provi-de for the const i-tut ional development of the State of Selangor under the pro-tec t ion o f H is Ma jes ty and fo r i t s fu tu re government :
Now, there fore
Shor t t i t le andcommencenent.
In te rpre ta t ion
, i t i s agreed and dec la red as fo l lows:
1 . Th is Agreement nay be c i ted as theSe langor Agreement , 1948, and sha l l comeinto operat ion on the appointed dayimmediately after the coming into oper-a t ion o f the Order in Counc i l a fo resa id .Not i f i ca t ion o f the appo in ted day sha l1be publ ished in the Malayan UnionGazet te together w i th a copy o f th isAgreenent .
2 . In th is A .greenent :
"Enactment t r neans any law enac ted by H isHighness w i th the adv ice and consent o fa Counc i l o f S ta te cons t i tu ted in accor -dance w i th th is Agreement ;
F o r f o o t n o t e s e e n . 4 6 1
456
Protec t ion ande x t e r n a l a f f a i r s .
"Federal Government" means the Governmento f the Federa t ion ;
" the Federa t ion t r means the Federa t ion o fMalaya to be ca l1ed in Ma lay ' rPersekutuan
Tanah N le1ayu" , wh ich is to be es tab l i shedon the appointed day;t 'Federat ion Agreement 'r neans the Agree-ment wh ich is to be nade be tween H isMajes ty and The i r H ighnesses the Ru lerso f the Malay Sta tes o f Johore , Pahang,Negr i Sembi lan , Se langor , Perak , Kedah,Per l i s , Ke lan tan and Trengganu fo r thees tab l i shment o f the Federa t ion , andincludes any amendment thereof;r r the H igh Conrn iss ioner r r means the H ighConmiss ioner fo r the Federa t ion ;I 'H is H ighness i l means the Su l tan o fSe langor and H is Successors ;
"H is H ighness in Counc i l " neans H isHighness ac t ing a f te r consu l ta t ion w i ththe Sta te Execut ive Counc i l to be con-s t i tu ted in accordance w i th th is Agree-ment , bu t no t necessar i l y in accordancewi th the adv ice o f such Counc i l nornecessar i l y in such Counc i l assembled ;
"Secre tary o f S ta te ' t means one o f H isM a j e s t y r s P r i n c i p a l S e c r e t a r i e s o f S t a t e .
3 . ( 1 ) H i s M a j e s t y s h a 1 l h a v e c o r n p l e t econt ro l o f the de fence and o f a l l theex terna l a f fa i rs o f the Sta te o f Se langorand H is Ma jes ty under takes to p ro tec tthe Government and State of Selangor anda l l i t s dependenc ies f rom ex terna l hos-t i le a t tacks and fo r th is and o thers i m i l a r p u r p o s e s H i s M a j e s t y t s F o r c e sand persons authorised by or on behalfo f H i s M a j e s t y r s G o v e r n m e n t s h a l 1 a t a l lt imes be a l lowed f ree access to the Sta teo f Se langor and to employ a l l necessaryrneans o f oppos ing such a t tacks .
(2 ) H is H lghness under takes tha t ,w i thout the knowledge and consent o f H isM a j e s t y t s G o v e r n m e n t , h e w i l l n o t m a k eany t teaty, enter into any engagement,
45'l
B r i t i s h A d v i s e r
C o s t o f B r i t i s hA d v i s e r .
Appointment ofB r i t i s h A d v i s e r
Federa l o f f i cers
When Federaloff icers rnayper fo rm Sta tefunc t ions .
S t a t eC o n s t i t u t i o n .
dea l j -n o r cor respond on po l i t i ca lmat te rs w i th , o r send envoys to , anyf o r e i g n S t a t e .
4 . H is H ighness under takes to rece iveand prov ide a su i tab le res idence fo r aBr i t i sh Adv iser to adv ise on a l l mat te rsconnected with the government of theSta te o ther than mat te rs re la t ing tothe Mus l im Re l ig ion and the Custom o fthe Malays , and under takes to acceptsuch adv ice ; p rov ided tha t no th ing inth is c lause sha11 in any way pre jud icethe r igh t o f H is H ighness to address theHigh Commiss ioner , o r H is Ma jes tyth rough a Secre tary o f S ta te , i f H isH i g h n e s s s o d e s i r e s .
5 . The cos t o f the Br i t i sh Adv iser w i thh is es tab l i shment sha l1 be de terminedby the H igh Commiss ioner and sha l1 be acharge on the revenues o f the Sta te o fSe 1 angor .
6 . H i s H i g h n e s s s h a l 1 b e c o n s u l t e d b e -fo re any o f f i cer whom i t i s p roposed tos e n d a s B r i t i s h A d v i s e r i s a c t u a l l yappo in ted .
7 . H is H ighness under takes to rece ivewi th in h is S ta te such o f f i cers o f theFederal Government as that Governmentmay require and to permit such off icersto exercise such lawful authori ty andpowers and to perform such 1awfu1 func-t ions as may be necessary fo r the pur -poses o f the Federa l Government .
8 . Any o f f i cer o f the Federa l Govern-ment may, with the concurrence of theHigh Commiss ioner , per fo rm wi th in theSta te o f Se langor such Sta te du t iesand may exerc ise such Sta te powers asmay be imposed or conferred upon hirn byHis H ighness in Counc i l o r by Enactment .
9 . H is H ighness under takes to governthe Sta te o f Se langor in accordance w i th
458
Counc i ls to bec o n s t i t u t e d .
H is H ighness tob e c o n s u l t e d b e -fo re pos t ing o fo f f i cers by H ighCommiss ioner topos ts borne onS t a t e e s t i m a t e s .
Impart i a It rea tment .
Educat ion andt ra in ing o fM a l a y s .
Prev iousAgreements
the prov is ions o f a wr i t ten Const i tu t ionwhich shal1 be in conformity with theprovisions of this Agreement and of theFederat ion Agreement and which sha11 begranted and promulga ted by H is H ighnessas soon as conven ien t ly nay be e i therin who le o r , i f H is H ighness th inks ex-ped ien t , i -n Par ts f rom t ime to t ime.
10. In pursuance of the undertakingconta ined in C lause g o f th is Agreementand in conforn i ty w i th the prov is ions o fthe Federa t ion Agreement H is H ighnessunder takes fo r thwi th to cons t i tu te
(a) a Ma j l i s Meshuara t Kera jaan, to bec a l l e d i n E n g l i s h S t a t e E x e c u t i v eCounc i 1 ;
( b ) a M a j l i s M e s h u a r a t N e g r i , t o b ec a l l e d i n E n g l i s h C o u n c i l o f S t a t e .
1 1 . H i s H i g h n e s s , u n l e s s h e s h a l l o t h e r -w i s e d i r e c t , s h a 1 1 b e c o n s u l t e d b e f o r eany o f f i cer i s pos ted by or on theauthor i ty o f the H igh commiss ioner toany Dost borne on the Sta te Es t imates .
1 2 , A 1 1 p e r s o n s o f w h a t s o e v e r r a c e i nthe sarne grade in the service of theS t a t e o f S e l a n g o r s h a 1 1 , s u b j e c t t o t h eterms and cond i t ions o f the i r emplo lment ,be t rea ted impar t ia l l y .
1 3 . H i s H i g h n e s s d e s i r e s a n d H i s M a j e s t yagrees tha t i t sha l1 be a par t i cu la rcharge upon the Government of the Stateo f Se langor to p rov ide fo r and encouragethe educat ion and t ra in i -ng o f the Malayinhab i tan ts o f the Sta te o f Se langor soas to f i t them to take a fu l l share inthe economic progres-s , soc ia l we l fa re andgovernment of the State and of theF e d e r a t i o n .
14 . (1 ) The Agreement made on the 24 thd a y o f O c t o b e r , 1 9 4 5 , b e t w e e n H i s M a j e s t y f sGovernment w i th in the Un i ted K ingdom o f
459
Sovere ign ty o fthe Ru1er .
Language ofAgreement .
( 1 )Date of Agreernent
1 . J u 1 y , 1 8 9 5
In w i tness whereof S i r Gerard Edward James Gent ,K . C . M . G . , D . S . O . , O . B . E . , M . C . , h a s h e r e u n t o s e t h i s h a n dand sea l fo r and on beha l f o f H is Ma jes ty , and H is H ighnessHisamuddin Alam Shah ibni Alnarhurn Sultan A1a-Iddi-n SulairnanS h a h , K . C . M . G . , S u l t a n o f t h e S t a t e o f S e l a n g o r , h a s h e r e -un to se t h is hand and sea l , the day and year f i rs t abovew r i t t e n .
Great Br i ta in and Nor thern I re land andHis H ighness H lsamudd in A lam Shah,K . C . M . G . , i b n i A l m a r h u m S u l t a n A 1 a ' i d i nSu la iman Shah the Su l tan o f the Sta teo f Se langor , fo r H imse l f , H is He i rs andSuccessors i s hereby revoked.
(2 ) A11 Treat j -es and Agreenentssubs is t ing immedia te ly p r io r to themaking of the aforesaid Agreement of the24th day o f October , 1945, sha11 cont inuein force save in so far as they are in-cons is ten t w i th th is Agreenent o r theFedera t ion Agreement .
15 . The prerogat ives , power and ju r is -d i c t i o n o f H i s H i g h n e s s w i t h i n t h e S t a t eo f Se langor sha l l be those wh ich H ist { ighness the Su l tan o f Se langor possessedon the f i rs t day o f December , 194I , sub-jec t never the less to the prov is ions o fthe Federa t ion Agreenent and th is Agree-ment ; bu t und in in ished by the prov is ionsof any o f the Agreements spec i f ied inthe Schedu le to th is Agreement .
1 6 . T h i s A g r e e m e n t s h a l l b e e x p r e s s e din bo th the Eng l ish and the Malay langu-ages ; bu t , fo r the purposes o f in te r -p re ta t ion , regard sha11 be had on ly tot h e E n g l i s h v e r s i o n .
THE SCHEDULE( 2 )
T i t 1 e
Agreement between the Governor of theS t r a i t s S e t t l e m e n t s a c t i n g o n b e h a l f o fthe Governnent of Her } ,{ajesty the Queen,Empress o f Ind ia , and the Ru lers o f the
460
( 1 )Date of Agreement
2Oth October ,1 9 0 9 .
7th November,I 9 I 2 .
4 . 9 th Ju ly , 1924
24th Apr i l , 1927
r 1 ) .
rl; i"fo l low ing Malay Sta tes . tha t i s toSZy, Perak, Selangor, Pahang and theNegr i Sembi lan .
Agreernent between the High Commissionero f the Federa ted Malay Sta tes , ac t i -ngon behalf of the Governrnent of HisMajes ty the K ing , Emperor o f Ind ia ,and the Ru lers o f the Federa ted MalaySta tes o f Perak , Se langor , Pahang andthe Negr i Sembi lan .
Agreenent supplernental to the Agreenentfo r the Const i tu t ion o f a Federa lC o u n c i l , 1 9 1 2 .
Agreement further supplemental to theAgreement for the Const i tut ion of aF e d e r a l C o u n c i l .
Agreement between the High Commissionerfo r the Malay Sta tes , ac t ing on beha l fo f the Government o f H is Ma jes ty theKing , Emperor o f Ind ia , and the Ru lerso f the Federa ted Malay Sta tes o f Perak ,Se langor , Negr i Sembi lan and Pahang.
G . E . J . G E N Tfor and on beha l f o f l - l i s Ma jes ty .A . L . B I R S E
TENGKU ALAN{ SHAI{Su l tan o f Se langor
HAMZAH BIN ABDULLAHA.R. MAHMOODRAJA MOHMED BAZID
Signature and
Wi tness
Signature and
Wi tnesses
s e a l o f
s e a l o f
1 .
FOOTNOTE
Provenance: S ta tu to ry Ins tz .uments fo r , 194B, I , i , no108, The Federa t ion o f Ma laya Order in Counc i l , 1948
461
Trengganu
Dur ing the per iod immedia te ly fo l low ing the Ang lo-S ia-mese Treaty o f 1826 (see p .312 t f ) , the in te rna t iona l pos i -t ion of the ancient k ingdorn of Trengganu - whose Rulerstraced their genealogy back to the Malaccan sultanate - wasopen to in te rpre ta t ion . Whi le the Br i t i sh were genera l l yprepared to regard both Trengganu and Kelantan as ly ingwithin the Siamese orbi t , the Straj- ts Government was none-the less wary les t S ianese in f luence increased in these eas t -coas t S ta tes . Co lone l Cavenagh (Governor 1859-67) , suspec-t ing tha t S iam was tak ing advantage o f the Pahang c iv i l warto reinforce i ts hold over Trengganu, strove to st i f fen theant i -S iamese fac t ion to the ex ten t o f send ing two warsh ipsto Kua la Trengganu. La ter , however , the Br i t i sh cane toconf ine the i r a t ten t ion to those Malay Sta tes south o f Kedahand Trengganu, and to accept Siamese suzerainty over Trenggaruand Kelantan as wel l as over Kedah and Perl is. Towards theend o f the n ine teenth century au thor i t ies in London, par t i -cu la r ly the Fore ign Of f i ce , were most unwi l l ing to d is tu rbS iam in v iew o f the French pos i t ion in Indo-Ch ina (see Ang lo-S iamese Documents o f 1897 and 1899 , p .327 f f ) . In Trengganui tse l f Su l tan Bag inda Omar , who re igned f rom 1839 to 1876,was su f f i c ien t ly power fu l and su f f i c ien t ly renote f rom S iamto evade such dut ies of vassalage as the bunga mas. He wasa lso ab le to ins t i tu te a po l i cy o f cen t ra l i sa t ion and moder -nisat ion, which was cont inued by the mi lder Zainal AbidinI I I , w i th the resu l t tha t the admin is t ra t ion o f Trengganu a tthe turn of the century was far less degenerate than themournful tales told by European observers would have usbe l ieve . In 1902 London a l lowed the loca1 au thor i t ies norerein and Swettenhan (Governor- l1igh Cornmissioner 1901-03)embarked on a forward pol icy which aimed at introducingadv isers , s im i la r to FMS Res idents , in to Ke lan tan andTrengganu. Whi le he was par t ia l l y success fu l as fa r asKelantan was concerned, Trengganu refused to sign the 1902Agreement maintaining that she was and always had been inde-pendent o f S iam (see genera l no te on Ke lan tan p .187 , andn o t e o n t h e K e l a n t a n D o c u m e n t s o f 1 9 0 2 p . 1 9 6 ) .
462
Note on the Trengganu Document of 1909 and Treaty of 1910
When a Br i t i sh o f f i c ia l amived in Trengganu ear ly in1909 to take up the pos t o f Adv iser he was apparent ly no texpected and the Sultan, al though courteous, would not permithim to take up residence; nor would he accept from his handsa let ter f rom the King of Siam report ing the "handover 'r ofthe Sta te in consequence o f the 1909 Ang lo-S iamese Treaty ,nuch less sign any sort of draft agreement. I Governor SirJohn Anderson vj-s i ted Trengganu later in the year, and toh im the Ru ler p ro tes ted aga ins t a c lause in the dra f t t rea tyl im i t ing h is roya l p rerogat ive o f g ran t ing concess ions o f1and. Anderson explained that i t was meant to curb theac t iv i t ies o f " fo re igners r ' - non-Br i t i sh Europeans - bu tthe Sultan was unnoved and in the end Anderson proposedtha t he shoutd rewr i te the c lause h imse l f , w i th the he lp o fthe Br i t i - sh o f f i c . ia l , who was now permi t ted to s tay . Even-tua1 ly the Su l tan rewro te the en t i re t rea ty a lmost una ided,al though the Singapore authori t ies prevai led upon him toexchange a promise of uncondit ional support should Trengganuneed i t fo r a vague pron ise o f mutua l he lp , and to reducesomewhat the maximum size of concessions the Ruler couldgrant w i thout consu l ta t ion . The f ina l vers ion - o r ra thera rap id t rans la t ion o f i t , wh ich the Co lon ia l Of f i ce des-c r ibed as r r ra ther a hard document d ra f ted by the Su l tanr rwh ich ' rwou ld no t be su f f i c ien t as a permanent bas is o fadministrat ion"2 - was signed with much ceremony in Singaporei n A p r i l 1 9 1 0 . 3
Meanwhi le , however , the Su l tan had o f h is own in i t ia -t i ve wr i t ten a le t te r to the K ing o f Eng land and sent h imsome g i f t s . Th is document (Trengganu Document o f 1909)is o f more in te res t as an example o f Ma lay ep is to la ry e1e-gance than as a po l i t i ca l char te r , bu t a few decades ear l ie ri t m igh t have been taken as an excuse fo r in te rvent ion inTrengganuts a f fa i rs , and even in the per iod be tween theAng lo-S iamese Treaty and the s ign ing o f the .1910 Ang lo-Trengganu Treaty i t might have been used as evidence ofd iminu t ion o f Trengganuts independence had occas ion ar isen .
FOOTNOTES
C O 2 7 3 / 3 5 0 , A n d e r s o n t o C O , 3 A u g . 1 9 0 9 , G e n c 1 s .
C O 2 7 3 / 3 6 5 , C o l l i n s ' m i n u t e o f 9 J a n . 1 9 1 0 o n F 0 t oC O o f 2 4 D e c . 1 9 0 9 .
1 .
2 .
463
3. CO 273/350, Anderson to Stubbs pr iY l !9 ' - -?8 J^uty 1909;
Anderson to co ,3 Aug . 1909 ; & co 273 /36 I , Anderson to
c0, 27 Apr . ig io ' c i ' t , 9 : v ' A l len ' "The ancien
r\gtme in ft"ngganu,' 1909-1919" ' JIhBRAS ' XLI ' i (1968) '
464
TRENGGANU DOCUMENT of 7 November, 1909
TJk
Sul tan o f Trengganu 's Le t te r to the K ing o f Great Br i ta in '
T rans la t ion
Th is s incere le t te r and these var ied g i f t s , wh i -ch issuefrom a pure heart that harbours no doubt or suspicion butthe best of remembrance and conf idence which are ever presentso long as the sun and the moon pursue their courses, arefrorn me, Sultan ZainaT Abidin, possessor of Trengganu anda l l i t s d i s t r i c t s .
With the help of Almighty God are conveyed to theMighty and Dignif ied King Edward, who is now si t t ing on thethrone of Great Bri tain and reigning over count less countr iesdependent upon i t with just ice and humanity which ensurepeace and prosper i ty .
Wi th the deepest reverence I beg to submi t th is le t te rto Your Majesty, to say that I am most happy to shelter my-se l f in the shadow o f Your Ma jes ty ts Throne, and I am surethat there I sha11 always be safe fron hardships or di f f i -cu l t ies and be ab le to en joy every b less ing wh ich w i l l las tto the t ime o f my pos ter i t y who w i l l succeed me as Su l tanof Trengganu, such is my fervent hope.
There is nothing from me which could serve as a cur io-si ty to Your Majesty except some things which are rnanufac-tured in Trengganu and are quite worthless, namely, twopa i rs o f sarongs and some pa i rs o f b rass ar t i c les wh ich Ibeg to fo rward together w i th th is le t te r and hope w i l lreach Your Ma ies ty in sa fe ty .
That is al l except that I beg to add my deepest homageto Your Majesty with the most fervent prayers that God maygrant Your Ma jes ty a long l i fe and the h ighes t b less ing tos i t on the i l l us t r ious Throne and exerc ise the jus t i ce andhunan i ty whose l igh t i s now f i l l i ng every par t o f the g lobe
Dated in Trengganu the 7th of Novenber, 1909
Signature ZAINAL ABIDIN BIN AHMAD,Sultan of Trengganu.
For foo tno tes see p .468
465
TRENGGANU AGREEMENT of 22 Apri l , 1910
First Trengganu Treaty2
Agreement to determine certain matters concerning there la t ions be tween the Migh ty Government o f Great Br i ta in andthe Government of Trengganu, a sel f-governing Malayo-Muhamma-dan Sta te .
Made be tween the representa t ive o f H is Ma jes ty the K ingof Great Br i ta in , H is Exce l lency S i r John Anderson, GCMG,Governor of the Strai ts Sett lements and High Commissionerfo r the Federa ted Malay Sta tes , on beha l f o f H is Ma jes ty .
And His Highness Sultan Zainalabidin, who possessesand adninisters the Government of Trengganu and al l i ts de-pendenc ies , fo r h inse l f and h is he i rs to succeed h im asSultan in accordance with Malay custom in the Government ofTrengganu.
A r t i c l e i
H is Ma jes ty the K ing o f Great Br i ta in and H is H ighnessthe Sultan of Trengganu hereby agree that mutual help shal1be rendered by the two Governments.
So a lso in the mutua l de l i very o f o f fenders o r personsaccused or convicted of any offence, in accordance witharrangements to be made between the two Governments.
I t i s a lso agreed tha t bo th par t ies sha1 l ab ide s t r i c t l yby the prov is ions o f th is docurnent .
A r t i c l e i i
H is Ma jes ty the K ing o f Great Br i ta in dec la res tha t heon ly des i res to p lace a Br i t i sh Of f i cer to res ide in Treng-ganu to be an Agent with funct ions simi lar to those of aConsu lar Of f i cer .
His Highness the Sultan of Trengganu undertakes to re-ce ive th is Of f i cer and to p rov ide f ree o f cos t a p iece o fland in his country on which to bui ld a house for the occu-pat ion o f such Of f i cer .
466
. A r t i c l e i i i
H is Ma jes ty the K ing o f Great Br i ta in under takes on h ispart to protect the Government and the State of Trengganuand a1l i ts dependencies fron attacks by foreign enemies,and for this and other simi lar purposes the off icers of HisMajes ty rs Government sha l l a t a l l t imes be a l lowed f reeaccess to the seas and terr i tor ies of Trengganu and i ts de-pendencies and to employ proper means of opposing sucha t t a c k s .
Ar t i c le i v
His Highness the Sultan of Trengganu hereby agrees thatwithout the knowledge and consent of the Bri t ish Governnenthe w i l l no t make any t rea ty , dea l in o r cor respond on po l i t i -ca1 matters with or send envoys to any foreign Government,interfere in the pol i t ics of any Malay country or grant anymin ing concess ion exceed ing 500 acres or o ther land exceed-ing 3 ,000 acres in a rea to any person o ther than na t ivesand sub jec ts o f T rengganu.
I t i s a lso agreed tha t shou ld any cause ar ise requ i r ingpo l i t i ca l cor respondence be tween H is H ighness the Su l tan o fTrengganu and any foreign Government, such correspondenceshal1 be conducted through the Bri t ish Government on whomHis Highness the Sultan of Trengganu depends for help andfor the sett lement of any matter between the Government ofTrengganu and the foreign Government.
The las t p reced ing c lause does no t re fe r to non-po l i t i -cal correspondence or vis i ts of a fr iendly nature or the1 i k e .
In w i tness whereof H is Exce l lency ' S i r John Anderson,G . C . M . G . , a n d H i s H i g h n e s s t h e S u l t a n o f T r e n g g a n u h a v e s e tthe i r respec t ive sea ls and s ignatures .
Dated a t S ingapore , th isyear 1910, cor respond ingin the year 1328.
Sea l and S ignatureS
Wi- tnesses
twenty-second day of Apri l in theto the e leventh day o f Rab ia l -Akh i r
JOHN ANDERSON, Governor of theSt ra i ts Set t lements and H igh Commis-s ioner fo r the Malay Sta tes .
T. PERROTT,Commanding the Troops , S .S.
o f
467
S e a l o f
W i t n e s s e s
F . B E L F I E L D ,A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l , S . S .
ZAINALABIDIN BIN AHMADSul tan o f Trengganu.
OMAR BIN ABDULRAHIMHAJI NGAH BIN YUSOPAHMAD BIN ABDULRAHMAN
I
2
FOOTNOTES
Enc losed in C0 272/360, Anderson
Uns igned or ig ina l in CO 273/363,2 7 A p r . 1 9 1 0 .
T a k e n f r o m M . 6 G . , p . 1 1 3 .
t o co , 5 Jan . 1910
Anderson to C0,
468
Note on the Trengganu Document of 1911 and the Treaty of
No de ta i led s tudy o f the 19 l l T rengganu Const i tu t ionhas yet been rnade, but i t was almost certainly the work ofSultan ZainaI Abidin I I I hinself , aided perhaps by Wan AbuBakar, a former schoolteacher from Johore, among others.I t appears to have been designed, as was i ts Johore counter-par t (see Johore Document o f 1895 p . 77 ) , to meet the dua lcha l lenge o f Br i t i sh p ressure f ron w i thout and fac t iona l i smwi th in the Sta te . I t i s a lso in some sense a b lue-pr in tfor future Trengganu society, sketching a system in whichbir th counts for less, and meri t and bureaucrat ic senior i tyfo r more , than in the pas t . The ins t i tu t ions i t p rescr ibeswere opera t ive , w i th some rnod j - f i ca t ions , up to 1945.
How fa r i t so lved prob lems caused by fac t iona l i sm isno t c lear : cer ta in ly i -n 1914 there was ta lkoo f i t be ingannu l led "because i t i s no t be ing fo l Iowed. " r Nor a t f i r s tdoes i t seem to have been o f much va lue in he lp ing the Sta teto res is t Br i t i sh p ressure . A l though i t s ex is tence wasmentioned, Singapore and London did not even receive a trans-la t ion o f i t un t i l the end o f 1919, when the Second TrengganuTreaty had a l ready been s igned. I t was t rans la ted in con-nect ion with the proposal to depose Sultan Muhammad, andSir Arthur Young, who had been High Conmissioner throughoutthe in te rven ing years and had on ly jus t re t i red , wro te tothe Co lon ia l Of f i ce :
I have no t ment ioned the so-ca11ed cons t i tu t ion , i ti s a s lav ish copy o f the [1895] Johore Const i tu t ionand of course the agreenent rnade last May lie the 79L9Trengganu Treaty ] , even i - f the Const i tu t ion had beenrecogn ised, has nod i f ied i t in the same way tha t the[1914] agreement made w i th Johore mod i f ied the JohoreC o n s t i t u t i o n . z
Youngrs temporary replacement in Singapore, Seton Jarnes,m a d e t h e p o i n t t h a t ' r . . . l t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n ] h a s n e v e r b e e nof f i c j -a l l y submi t ted to o r recogn ised by the H igh Commiss ion-er"3 but the Colonial Off ice di-d not conrni t i tsel f on whetherth is rendered i t inva l id in Br i t i sh eyes . London o f f i c ia lsd id , however , no te tha t the Const i tu t ion d id no t g ive themany r ight to depose the Ruler, and a few rnonths later theyrecogn ised h is "abd ica t ion" under Sec t ion i i i w i thout demur .
Br i t i sh po l i cy in Trengganu in the years 1919-1920
F o r f o o t n o t e s s e e o . 4 7 2
469
deserves more attent i -on from scholars than i t has so farrece ived fo r i t marks the lowest po in t in Br i t i sh respec tfo r Ma lay Ru lers and the i r t rea t ies s ince the 1870s. A tthe t ime o f the s ign ing o f the 1910 Treaty , la rge ly d ra f tedby Sultan Zainal Abidin, i t had been noted that such a docu-nent cou ld no t fo rn a las t ing bas is fo r Br i t i sh ru le (seeNote on Trengganu 1910 Treaty ) . As the Great war d rew toa c lose , and w i th i t h is own te rm o f o f f i ce , Governor -H ighcommissioner sir Arthur Young announced his intent ion ofr rpu t t ing th ings on a be t te r foo t ing . , , In Ju ly 19 Ig hesummoned sultan zainar Abidin to Singapore to confront hinwi th a l i s t o f compla in ts and ( fo l low ing the same tac t ic hehad employed in Johore in 1914: see Note on Johore Trea tyand Docunents o f 1914 p . lO2 ) demand the se t t ing up o f acOmmiss ion to exant i r te T leng g . t r tu c f fa i ts - l f .on- r - n f h i c cnnp la in ts were success fu l l y par r ied , bu t in the end Youngsucceeded in ge t t ing permiss ion to send such a commiss ion ,a l though the Ru ler ins is ted , very much aga ins t h is w ishes ,on returning to Trengganu to consult the State Counci l be-fore authori ty was granted. The Commission was at onceappointed and short ly afterwards arr ived in Trengganu aton ly one day 's no t ice . I t i s wor th record ing tha t i - t wasonly at this stage that London heard anything about themat te r a t a IL .4
The Commiss ionrs repor t was c r i t i ca l o f the Trengganureg ime, espec ia l l y in connect ion w i th the admin is t ra t ion o fone o f i t s d is t r i c ts , po l i ce a f fa i rs , and the cond i t ion o fthe pr ison . Young asked and rece ived London 's au thor i tyto ins is t tha t the Br i t i sh Agent shou ld be upgraded to anAdv iser w i th ident ica l powers to those o f Br i t i sh Adv isersin the other Unfederated States5 and sent for the Ruler tocome to Singapore once more. I ' leanwhi le, however, SultanZa ina [ Ab id in had d ied o f a sudden i l lness in la te 1918 andhad been succeeded by h is son. Su l tan Muhanmad dec l inedthe S ingapore inv i ta t ion on grounds o f i11-hea l th . Af i rmer one was sent , and he f ina l l y a r r i ved in mid-1919 rv i tha group o f Min is te rs and Sta te Counc i l lo rs . Young presentedhim with a new Treaty, taking the form of an amendnent tothe ear l ie r one (cp . Johore Trea ty o f 1914) g iv ing theAdv iser appropr ia te powers . The Su l tanrs adv isersproposed an amendrnent to the effect that the Adviserrsadv ice shou ld be taken on ly i f i t was fo r the good o fTrengganu - sc . in the op i -n ion o f the Ru ler and h is Counc i l .Th is Young re fused, bu t he d id g ive the Ru ler a le t te r p ro-mis ing tha t i f he cou ld no t agree w i th h is Adv iser the mat te rshou ld be re fe r red fo r a rb i t ra t ion to the .H igh Commiss ionerand u l t imate ly to the Secre tary o f S ta te .o I t was
470
regre t tab le fo r Trengganu tha t the Su l tan d id no t ins is t onhaving i t publ ished as a sure.t akuan - cp. Johore Docunentsof 1914 and Kedah Docunents of 1923 - for in the eventne i ther S ingapore nor London took the le t te r very ser ious ly .The Su l tan then sea led the Trea ty a f te r consu l ta t ion w i thh is Min is te rs (Trengganu Treaty o f 1919) and re tu rned home.Young, fo r h is par t , despatched a le t te r to the Ru ler lay ingdown what he ca l led "gu ide l ines t ' fo r the fu tu re admin is t ra -t ion o f the Sta te and then re t i red to Br i ta in , apparent lyqu i te sa t is f ied tha t he had fu l f i l l ed h is ambi t ion in tha td i r e c t i o n .
Y o u n g r s " g u i d e l i n e s " w e r e a s f o l l o w s :
( i ) T h e R u l e r r s a l l o w a n c e , w h i c h h e h a d r e c e n t l y r a i s e df r o m $ 6 , 0 0 0 t o $ 9 , 5 0 0 p e r m o n t h , t o b e c u t t o$ 3 , 5 0 0 p e r m o n t h ;
( i i ) the Adv iser was to '? regu la te i l the a f fa i rs o f theLands and Mines Department (which was responsiblefo r dea l ing w i th concess ions) , the Cour ts and theTreasury ;
( i i i ) an Ass is tan t Adv iser wou ld be appo in ted shor t l y whowould si t on the Suprerne and Appeal Courts alongw i t h M a l a y j u d g e s ;
( i v ) P o l i c e a n d P . W . D . o f f i c e r s w o u l d b e s e c o n d e d t oTrengganu as soon as poss ib le ; and
(v ) the Adv iser wou ld in fu tu re p repare es t ina tes andsubnit them to the Hi-gh Commissioner for approyal,and wou ld a lso prepare a Trengganu Pena l Code. /
Not surpr is ing ly , perhaps , the Su l tan opposed most o f thesep r o v i s i o n s e s p e c i a l l y t h a t r e g a r d i n g h i s o w n a l l o w a n c e .He wro te to S ingapore in Ju ly accept ing the las t p roposa lbu t re jec t ing the f i rs t th ree and ask ing to know the sa la -r i e s o f t h e P . W . D . a n d P o l l c e o f f i c e r s r r i n t h e f i r s t i n s t a n c e ' t .London la te r descr ibed th is le t te r as " imper t inent t ' andf ' b a r e l y c i v i l " b u t t h i s w a s n o t a f a i r d e s c r i p t i o n o f i t .Youngts le t te r au thor is ing h im to appea l to the Secre taryo f S ta te i f need be imp l ied the r igh t to d isagree w i th theGovernor -H igh Conrn iss ioner as rve1 l as the Adv iser , and i tappears that disagreement was al l Sultan Muhammad wished tor e g i s t e r .
In the interregnum after Young?s departure and beforethe ar r i vaL o f h is successor respons ib i l i t y fo r dea l ingwi th the Su l tan devo lved nore than ever upon the Adv iser ,J .L . Hunphreys . He now wro te ask ing the Su l tan to p rove
4'11
tha t i t was i rnposs ib le fo r h im to accept a reduced a l lowanceby prov id ing a s ta tement o f how he spent h is p resent one.The Ru ler ts response to th is reques t rea11y was "bare lycivi l r ' - and srnal l wonder! Hulnphreys thereupon assembleda nurnber of adverse comments upon the Sultan by earl ierBr i t i sh o f f i c ia ls and asked S ingapore fo r permiss ion to de-pose h in as phys ica l l y incapab le o f ru l ing . The Co lon ia lOf f i . ce consu l ted Young, who adv ised aga ins t depos i t ion a tthe mornent, among other reasons because there was no Bri t ishdoctor in Trengganu to substant iate Humphreys I c laims thatthe Ru ler was phys ica l l y incapab le . A l though Co lon ia lOf f i ce o f f i c ia ls a rgued tha t the Ang lo-S ianese Treaty o f1909 (qu) gave Br i ta in the au thor i ty to depose a Ru ler o fTrengganu, i t was decj-ded to temporise and ask for moredeta i l s i f on ly , as Young pu t i t , because ' r there are c ranksin Parl iament who are quite ready to take up such a case andask ques t ions . "B
I t i s no t ye t es tab l i shed what was happen ing in Treng-ganu neanwhi le but in May 1920 the Colonial Off ice - whohad heard no th ing s ince Seton James ' despatch o f December1919 - were inforned by Gui l lenard that Sultan Muhammad hadaf te r a l l ' rabd ica ted" under C lause i i i o f the Const i tu t ion ,and had been succeeded by h is ha l f -b ro ther w i th the approva lo f the Min is te rs and Sta te Counc i l and Gu i l lemard 's ownconf i rmat ion . No fu r ther ev idence o f Su l tan Muhammadrshealth or behavi-our was forthcoming, but London raised noob jec t ion and the mat te r was a l lowed to d rop .
The ques t ion o f the va l id i ty o f the 1911 Const i tu t ionarose again in connect ion with the 1945 Trengganu Treaty(q .u . ) .
C 0 2 7 3 / 4 I 1 , e n c l
FOOTNOTES
in Young to CO, 8 June 1914.
C O 5 3 7 / 7 9 7 , Y o u n g t o C o l l i n s p r i v a t e , 2 9 F e b . 1 9 2 0 .
I b i d . , J a m e s t o C O , 3 0 D e c . 1 9 1 9 .
C O 2 7 3 / 4 7 1 , Y o u n g t o C O , 8 O c t . 1 9 1 8 ; C O 2 7 3 / 4 7 3 , Y o u n gt o C O , 1 4 S e p t . 1 9 1 8 ; C O 2 7 3 / 4 7 4 , Y o u n g t o C 0 , 2 3 D e c .1 9 1 8 .
C O 2 7 3 / 4 8 6 , Y o u n g t o C O t e l . , 2 6 M a r . 1 9 1 9 .
Th is le t te r i s rnent ioned in CO 273/487, Young to COconf . 4 June 1919, bu t no copy was enc losed.
1
1
5
472
7 .
8 .
CO 273/478, YoungYoung to Sultan of
CO 537 /798, Young
t o C O c o n f . , 4 J u n e 1 9 1 9 , e n c 1 .Trengganu o f 26 May 1919.
t o C o l l i n s p r i v a t e , 2 9 F e b . 1 9 2 0 .
473
TRENGGANU DOCUMENT of 22 November, 1911
l ' rengganu Const i tut ionl
(Trans la t ion)
Sta te Sea l and S ignature ZAINAL ABIDIN
In the name o f God, the Compass ionate and the Merc i fu l .
In the reign of A1-Sultan Zainal Abidin the Third,Supreme Ruler of the State of Trengganu, i ts terr i tor ies anddependenc ies .
Know ye , th is i s a S ta tu te fo r Const i tu t ion o f theGovernment of Trengganu in which are set forth certain rulesrelat ing thereto and governing our own procedure, the pro-cedure o f our successors in o f f i ce , o f M in is te rs , Ch ie fs ,Of f i cers and sub jec ts o f the Sta te and the i r successors .We name th is book t 'A tkanu l -mu luk b i taad i l -u1-su luk" (Const i -tu t ion o f the Sta te) . I t cons is ts o f a p re face or p reanb le ,f i f t y - th ree sec t ions and one conc lus ion .
Preface or Preamble
Whereas we, Zatnal Abidin, Sultan, son of the lateSultan Ahmad, who hold and control the Government of Treng-ganu, by v i r tue o f our o f f i ce , w i th the consent and approva lo f our Min is te rs and Sta te Counc i - l , Ch ie fs and Heads o fDepar tments , have, a f te r fu11 and mature cons idera t ion ,deemed i t f i t and expedient for us to frame and put intoforce a Statute for the Const i tut ion of the Government ofTrengganu, for and on behalf of ourself and our successorsin the off ice of Sultan of Trengganu in order that suchStatute and i ts appl icat ion to and by the Government nay beknown to a l l the peop le o f the count ry . By the Grace o fGod this may be the permanent Const i tut ion of our Governmentand a 1aw for ever from generat ion to generat ion, not to bea l te red , amended, changed, b roken or des t royed.
And whereas we have been p leased and w i l l i ng to approvewhat is contained in this Statute for ourself and our suc-cessors in the o f f i ce o f Su l tan and Ru ler o f T rengganu.And whereas our Ministers, Chiefs and Heads of Departmentshave a l l s ign i f ied the i r w i l l i ngness and consent to fo l lowand ab ide by our w ishes , wh ich accord w i th the i r own des i reand w ishes on beha l f o f themse lves , the i r he i rs and succes-s o r s a n d a l l o u r s u b i e c t s .* For foo tno tes see p .493
474
Finding we are united in our desire and wishes we issueal l the rules contained in this Statute which are consideredto be very desirable to serve as a guide in matters ofS t a t e .
Know ye, by vir tue of our Off ice we hereby inpose onourse l f , our successors and a l l the observance o f a l l theprovisions of this Statute; they are true and straight andhave been adopted for our State and Government. Whoeverrefuses to observe them sha11 therefore be deemed as unjust,wrong and rebe l l ious .
Sec t ion i
The Ru ler , He i rs& Menbers of theGovernment.
1 . Ru ler : Th is i s H is H ighness theSultan, Suprerne Ruler of Trengganu, whocont ro ls and ho lds a l l the powers o fthe Government of Trengganu, i ts terr i -to r ies and dependenc ies . He is theHead of the Government.
2 . He i r -apparent . Th is i s the Ru ler -elect, namely the Yang di Pertuan Muda.
3 . He i r -p resumpt ive . Th is i s a son o fthe Ru ler .
4 . Second he i r -p resumpt ive . Th is i sthe neares t re la t i ve o f the Su l tan whomay take the p lace o f the f i rs t he i r -p resumpt ive in h is absence.
5 . He i rs and o ther members o f theRul ing House. These are he i rs who mayreplace those above in the event of anyvacancy ar is ing .
6 . Min is te rs . These are Members o fthe State Counci l who hold senior ranksand off ices to which the Ruler hasappointed them.
7 . Heads. These are those Members ofthe State Counci l who are not in theCab ine t o f M in is te rs o r o f f i cers whoho ld rank and the te rm inc ludes U lemats ,wea l thy men and ch ie f penghu lus .
8 . P i l l a r s o f t h e S t a t e . T h e s e a r eMembers of the Cabinet of Ministers andheads who are en t i t led to have a say in
475
R u l e r r sQual i f icat ions
Order o fR u l e r s .
When Su l tanrsDescendant no ta v a i l a b l e .
When nodescendant o f
the se lec t ion o f theirnportant af fairs.
S e c t i o n i i
In the absence o f athe Su l tans as la id
Ruler and in other
descendant of any ofdown i n Sec t i on i i i
The Ru ler o f the Sta te c f T rengganusha l l a lways be a person who pro fessest h e R e l i g i c n o f I s l a m , b e o f M a l a y r a c eand a true descendant of the Sultans ofTrengganu, and paragraphs 3, 4, and 5[ S e c t i o n i ] . T h i s a p p l i e s t o t h ee lec t ion o f the he i r -apparent and o therh e i r s .
S e c t i o n i i i
The Ru ler a f te r the present Ru ler sha l1be a true and acknowledged descendantof His Highness Sultan Zainalabidin theTh i rd , son o f the la te Su l tan Ahmad.I t sha1 l no t be lawfu l to p roc la imRuler an) 'one not being a descendant ofthe Sultan Zainalabidin, so long as anyof h is descendants i s l i v ing , exceptwhen such descendant has a mater ialde fec t d isqua l i f y ing h im f rom the Of f i ceo f Ru ler , such as lunacy , b l indness ,dumbness or any o ther d isc red i tab lequal i ty which the Shariah Law does notapprove o f in a Ru ler .
Sec t ion iv
I f no descendant of Sultan ZainalAb id in can be found or i f h is on ly de-scendant is unf i t by reason of any ofthe de fec ts la id down in Sec t ion i i i ,then a rnale descendant of the presentS u l t a n t s p r e d e c e s s o r s h a 1 l b e s e l e c t e d ,and i f no such descendant can be found,then a descendant of the former Sultan,and so on unt i l Zainal Abidin, the f i rstRu ler o f T rengganu, i s reached.
Sect ion v
476
of any Su l tana v a i l a b l e .
Appointment ofo f f i cers bythe Ru ler .
Power o f Ru lerto removeMin is te rs f ront h e i r p o s t s .
Ru ler inC o u n c i l .
and iv, or i f the only descendant isd isqua l i f ied as in Sec t ion i i i , thenthe se lec t ion o f a Ru ler sha i l res t en-t i re ly on the d isc re t ion o f the Sta teCounc i l , the Min is te rs and the o therpeop le who are en t i t led to have a vo icein such se lec t ion , p rov ided tha t theman so se lec ted fo r the pos i t ion sha11be a male person of nature age, of sounds e n s e , o f t h e R e l i g i o n o f I s l a m , o fTrengganu Malay Race, a sub jec t o f T reng-g a n u , n o t b e i n g a s l a v e o r a n i l l e g i t i -mate ch i ld , and capab le o f read ing andwr i t ing h is own language and possess inggood character and praiseworthy conduct.
No se lec t ion o f a Ru ler sha l l be lawfu lo r va l id un less i t i s car r ied ou t inaccordance with the procedure laid downabove.
Sect ion v i_
The Ru ler has the so le r igh t to appo in tMin is te rs and o f f i cers and to f i x the i rpowers , du t ies and sa la r ies and to g ran trank and dignity to thern and to givethem o f f i c ia l assurance.
S e c t i o n v i i
The Ru ler has the r igh t to d ismissand remove Ministers and off icers fromthe i r o f f i ces . i f they o f fend aga ins tany law o f the Government o r ac t fa lse lyaccording to the Shariah Law their pun-ishment sha l l be cons idered by the Ru ler .
S e c t i o n v i i i
A l though a l l the powers o f the Sta te andthe Government are vested in the Ru1er,yet i t is usual and important that hehe shou ld confer w i th the Min is te rs ina l l mat te rs o f S ta te and in a l l mat te rsre la t ing to laws and regu la t ions .
477
Ruler I s powersin the absenceo f C o u n c i l .
Ru le r I s O r d e r .
Ru ler inMinor i ty .
When Ruleri s a b s e n t .
Sec t ion ix
I f the Ru ler shou ld , dur ing the absenceof the Members o f Counc i l , cons ider any-thing to be of such good or convenienceto the publ ic or to be so dangerous asto demand immediate act ion, then he mayact on h is own d isc re t ion , bu t when theCounc i l a re assembled such ac t ion migh tbe considered and i f i t is found to beopposed to the v iews o f the Counc i l ,then i t nay be over - ru led .
Sec t ion x
The Ru ler has the r igh t , i f he so w ishes ,to i ssue ins t ruc t io rspersona l ly to a l lof f icers who hold Government appoi-ntmentsto the exc lus ion o f a l l except thoseheads who have spec ia l l y been appo in tedfor tha t purpose.
Sect ion x i
I f a Ru ler be appo in ted whose age isunder 2I years, before he attains thatage there sha l l be a Regent se lec tedby the Min is te rs o f S ta te , who may e i therbe o f Roya l b lood or o therw ise , and hesha l l be respons ib le fo r a l l the ac ts o fthe Ru1er . I f such ac ts be cont ra ry tothe custom and 1aw of the Country, theMinisters shal1 have the r ight to removethe man act ing as Regent and replace hinby another man.
S e c t i o n x i i
I f the Ru ler des i res to under take avoyage or journey away from Trengganu,be fore h is depar tu re there sha l1 be ap-pointed a Regent to perforn his dut iesdur ing h is absence, and i f the Ru lerleaves the Sta te fo r any per iod exceed ingf ive years w i thout any obs tac les to p re-vent h is re tu rn , o r i f he has any bus i -ness wh ich necess i ta tes h is s tay ing in aforeign country for a long period, then
478
-
New Ru ler .
Res t r i c t ionsR u l e r .
the Sta te Counc i l sha11 have the r igh tto consider such matters with a view ofarr iv ing at a decision as to whetherthey ought to await the Rulerfs returno r n o t .
I f i t i s dec ided to awa i t h im i t shou ldbe stated for how long; and i f theyshould deem his return improbable, thena successor may be e lec ted in accordancewith the procedure laid down in Sect ionsi i i , i v , a n d v .
S e c t i o n x i i i
When a man is e lec ted to succeed theabsent Ru ler , then tha t Ru ler sha1 l bedeemed as having ret i red from his off iceand shal1 be under the law governing Ex-Ru lers . I f the absent Ru ler shou ld re -tu rn a f te r the e lec t ion o f a successort o h i m , i t s h a l 1 n o t n e c e s s i t a t e t h e r e -t i rement of the new Ruler from off iceand the handing over of al l h is powersto h im, even i f the re tu rn shou ld beon ly one day a f te r the e lec t ion o f thenew Ru1er .
Sec t ion x iv
I t sha11 be un lawfu l fo r the Ru ler tomake any agreement or arrangement forsurrendering the State and his Governmentor any of the powers and pr iv i leges ofthe Government to any Government orPower of Europe or others.
I f the Ruler should attempt to contravenethe above then he sha11 be deemed to havebroken the fai th or trust placed upon himand such ac t ion sha l1 no t be va l id .
And on the occurrence of such a cont in-gency i t sha1l no longer be incunbentupon the Members of the Government andthe peop le o f the Sta te to be 1oya l tohim, and he may be deposed from theThrone and another man selected to re-p l a c e h i m .
479
Ruler mayres ign thethrone.
Retirement ofAbsent Ru ler .
Res t r i c t ionson ex-Ru ler ,
Sec t ion xv
If the Ruler should no longer desire tooccupy the Throne but to resign and ret i retherefrom for any reason which he may ormay not consent to explain, he may beal. lowed to do so and to reside at anyp lace in accordance w i th h is des i re ,ei ther in the terr i tory of Trengganu, orany other country not being an enemy ofTrengganu, provided that at the t ime ofh is res ignat ion he sha l1 du ly express h isw ish to res ign to be w i tnessed by a t Leas tthree State Ministers who shal1 aff ixthe i r s ignatures to the document o f res ig -nat ion signed by the Ruler himself andbear ing the Sta te Sea l . Then the Min is te rso f S ta te sha l l p roc la im the fac t to the in -habitants of the Country with the name ofthe man to be e lec ted as h is successor inaccordance w i th the prov is ions o f th isSta tu te in a l l respec ts .
Sec t ion xv i
I f the Ru ler des i r ing to re t i re happens tobe outside the State of Trengganu, then i tno t be necessary to p roceed accord ing toSect ion xv ; in such case i t sha l l be su f -f ic ient to have a document signed by himand du ly w i tnessed no t i f y ing h is res igna-t i o n .
Sec t ion xv i i
A Ruler who has resigned the Throne as inSect ion xv and xvi shal1 not interfere orvo ice h is op in ion in the a f fa i rs o f theState, whether he is l iv ing in Trengganuor in another country, except at the spe-c ia l reques t o f h is successor and theState Counci l or at the request of theState Counci l with the approval of there ign ing Ru ler .
Sec t ion xv i i i
An ex-Ruler, whether l iv ing in TrengganuE x - R u l e r r s
480
Sub s istencea l lowance.
Offence byex-Ru l .e r .
Ru ler I sA l lowance .
Subsis tenceal lowance ofMembers of
or any ot i : r country, has the r ight to asubsistence al lor{ance from the revenuesof the Scate , such a l lowance no t to ex-ceed I of the amount he was in receipt ofwh i ls t re ign ing and he is a lso en t i t ledwhi lst residing in Trengganu to a housebef i t t ing h is pos i t ion to be prov ided bythe Governnent.
Sect ion x ix
I f an ex-Ru ler shou ld ins t iga te o r inc i tethe peop le to ac t d is loya l l y towards thenew RuLer or confer with any one or anyforeign power with a view to doing an in-ju ry to the Sta te o r i t s in te res ts theGovernment shal1 have the r ight to stoph is subs is tence a l lowance, and he sha11be regarded as a po l i t i ca l o f fender . I fhe should interfere in any of the affairso f the Sta te w i thout a spec ia l reques t aslaid down in Sect ion xvi i the Governmentsha l l have the r igh t to w i th -ho ld h is sub-s is tence a l lowance and the per iod fo rwh ich i t shaL l be so w i th -he ld sha l l bedetermined by the reigning Ruler inC o u n c i l .
Sect ion xx
The a l lowance o f the Ru ler sha l1 be o fsuch an amount as to be suff ic ient for hisexpenses and for support ing his digni tyand pos i t ion in a sa t is fac to ry manner .The amount sha11 be considered and f ixedby the State Counci l and i t may (subse-quent ly) be increased i f the Counci l be ofopinion that c ircumstances just i fy i tsb e i n g r a i s e d .
Whatever income the Ruler gets from hispr iva te es ta tes or en terpr ises sha l1 no tbe taken in to cons idera t ion .
Sec t ion xx i
The gran t ing o f these a l lowances is en-t i re ly in the hands o f the Ru ler w i th theconsent o f the Sta te Counc i l as to the
4E l
Ruling House
Payments otherthan subs is tencea1 lowance .
Appointment ofM i n i s t e r s .
f ix ing of the amounts, and the fol lowingare en t i t led to such a l lowances .
(1 ) Wives o f the Ru ler who bear the t i t le' rPermai-sur i f r , or t tTungku Arnpuantt .
(2 ) Sons and daughters o f the Ru ler .
(3 ) Bro thers and s is te rs o f the Ru ler .
(4 ) Unc ies and aunts o f the Ru ler .
(5 ) Nephews and n ieces o f the Ru ler whoseparents have d ied .
Except the above, no one sha l l be en t i t ledto a subsistence al lowance from the Govern-nent and whatever may be granted to anyperson other than the above sha1l be en-t i re ly ou t o f compass ion or char i ty o f theRuler and Sta te Counc i l .
The above l i s t inc ludes re la t i ves o f there ign ing Ru ler as we l l as the re la t i ves o fa Ruler who has ceased to reign by reasonof death or o therw ise .
Sec t ion xx i i
I f any o f the above re la t i ves o f a Ru lerho lds a Government pos t he sha l1 be pa ida f ixed amount of salary in addit ion tothe subs is tence a l lowance and h is sa la rybe treated in a sirni lar nanner to thesa la r ies o f o ther o f f i cers .
Sec t ion xx i i i
The Min is te rs a re the pr inc ipa l o f f i cersof State and shal1 be appointed under theCommand direct ions of the Ruler announcingthe appointment and rank and def iningthe i r du t ies . Th is be ing so they becomethe co-operators and supporters of theRuler in a l l mat te rs o f S ta te . When the i rdu t ies a re du ly de f ined the execut ionthereof sha l l au tomat ica l l y devo lve uponthem.
I t i s no t necessary tha t every Min is te rappo in ted shou ld bear a t i t le , no t eventhe Prime Minister or the Deoutv Prime
482
Number ofMin is te rs
Loya l ty o fM i n i s t e r s .
Rest r i c t ionson Min is te rs Gother Membersof the Govern-m e n t .
M i n i s t e r ; t h e t i t l e w h e n g i v e n i s q n l y t oserve as an ornament. He ranks with al lhis col leagues and his appointment as aM i n i s t e r e n t i t l e s h i m t o a p l a c e i n a l lS ta te ceremonies or func t ions .
Sec t ion xx iv
The to ta l number o f Min is te rs sha l1 no t beless than e igh t o r exceed twe lve . A tthe i r head sha l l be the Pr ime Min is te r whosha l l be pres ident o f the Sta te Cour ic i l .A11 Min is te rs sha l1 be persons pro fess ingthe Re l ig ion o f Is lam and sha l l be sub jec tsof Trengganu.
Sect ion xxv
Every Min is te r sha11 swear a l leg iance ( tothe Ruler) and conf irm the oath by signa-ture in a book kept for that purpose inthe presence o f two w j - tnesses who must beGovernment o f f i cers . Such oa th sha1 l de-c la re a t leas t tha t the person tak ing i ti s o f t h e R e l i g i o n o f I s 1 a n , a s u b j e c t o fTrengganu and undertakes to be loyal tothe Ruler and the Government.
Sec t ion xxv i
I t sha11 no t be lawfu l o r va l id fo r anyMinister or any other member of the Govern-ment to enter into an agreement or arrange-ment with any individual or Government tocede the State or Government of Trengganuor to lessen or cur ta i l the powers o f theGovernrnent. Any one disregarding thisin junc t ion sha l l be deemed to be a t ra i to rto the Ruler and the Government and 1iableto a penalty cornmensurate with the offencecommi t ted . I f the Min is te rs o r o thermembers of the Governrnent be gui l ty ofany ev i l ac t ion they a lone sha11 be respon-s ib le fo r i t and the Ru ler sha11 no t beimpl icated .
483
P o s t s o fMin is te rs tobe f i11ed whenvacant .
Dif ferences ofopinion inse l ec t i on .
Se lec t i on o fPr ime Min is terq the DeputyPr ime Min is ter .
Qual i f icationsfor post ofPrime lr l inister& Deputy PrimeI t in is ter .
Retirementof Min is tersf rom of f ice.
Sect ion xxv i i
When the number of Ministers is renderedincomplete by the occurrence of a vacancyi t may be nade conplete by the Rulerrsselect ion, wi th the consent of theMin is ters , o f a man to f i l f i t , or by theMin is tersr se lect ion of a man wi th theapproval o f the Ru1er .
Every man e l .ected as a Min is ter sha1l beappointed under the Rulerrs Conmand, andan instrument of appointnent shal1 bedrawn up bearing the Chief SeaL of Stateand stat ing the designat ion of the of f iceto which he is appointed.
Sect ion xxv i i i
I f the Ruler des i res to se lect one personand the Ministers another for an appoint-ment of Min is ters then the se lect ion sha11be left to the Ruler and the Prime Ministeror the Deputy Pr ime Min is ter who shal1decide as to which is the best candidate.
Sect ion xx ix
Ttre r ight o f se lect ing an of f icer for thepost o f Pr ine Min is ter ent i re ly be longs tothe Ruler and the r ight o f appoint ing aperson to the post of Deputy Prime Mini-s ter ent i re ly be longs to the Cabinet o fMin is ters subject to the Prev ious approvalo f t he Ru1er .
Sect ion xxx
TLre persons se lected for these two appoint -ments must be men who have already servedas senior off icers in the service and nern-be rs o f t he S ta te Counc i l .
Sect ion xxx i
The Pr ime Min is ter , the Deputy Pr ime Min i -s ter and aLl o ther l { in is ters may ask tobe a l lowed to ret i re f rorn the i r posts andwhen such a request is enter ta in la by theRuler the man nraking it is released fromhis of f ice but sha11 not thereby cease tobe a member o f t he S ta te Counc i l . I f a
484
Decl in ing anappointment.
T i t l e o f aperson havingres igned .
Min is ter mayconsu l t h i sco1 leagues .
M in i s te rs rmee t ing .
min is ter des i res a lso to cease to be aMember of the Counci l he shal l make aseparate appl icat ion and i f th is isaccepted by the Ruler then he shall befree. The Government sha1l always havethe right to re-appoint off icers who haveres igned to the posts of Min is ters orMembers of the Counci l .
Sect ion xxx i i
A man may ask to be excused from beingappointed a Minister or Member of Counciland he shal l not be compel led to expl .a inh is reason for so doing.
Sect ion xxx i i i
l f i ren any Minister or off icer has resignedor vacated h is of f ice e i ther vo luntar i lyor conpulsor i ly then h is of f ic ia l t i t1e,i f any, shal l be deemed to have been re-moved from him.
Sect ion xxx iv
It is important that every Minister shouldconsul t and inv i te h is co l leagues to ex-press the i r v iews in mat ters of great in-por tance under h is inmediate contro l , a l -though he a lone sha11 be held responsib lefor the good or evi l result ing from theper formance of h is dut ies.
Section xxxv
The Cabinet o f Min is ters shal1 meet atleast once a month to confer on Stateaffairs or whenever they are commanded soto do by the Ruler , or a t the request o fthe Prime Minister or the Deputy PrimeMinis ter or o f three members of the Cabi -net . I t is not usual for them to meetduring the month of Rarnadhan (fastingmonth) , on fest iva l days or publ ic ho l idaysexcept in cases of urgency.
485
Sect ion xxxv i
Minimum numberof rnembers toform a rneet ing
At least f ive of the mernbers sha1l forma meet ing , bu t i f the Ru ler i s p resent i tsha1 l be su f f i c ien t to have on ly th ree o fthem, except when not ice has been givenof such meeting to al l members present inthe count ry , and in tha t case a l l sha11a s s e m b l e .
Sec t ion xxxv i i
The StateCounc i l .
The State Cor:nci l are the general adviserso f t h e R u l e r a n d t h e i r o b j e c t i s t o a s s i s th im and the Min is te rs in the admin is t ra -t ion o f the Count ry , in f raming, amend ingand addi.ng to the laws and regulat ionsother than those touch ing Re l ig ion andthe Shariah Law; in oPening uP theCount ry and deve lop ing i t and a lso tog ive adv ice on the bes t rne thods o f ra is ingrevenue, o f inc reas ing commerce and o fbe t te r ing the pos i t ion o f the peop legenera l l y . I t i . s a lso the i r du ty togive suggest ions for induclng permanentpeace in the Country of Trengganu andits dependencies and upkeeping thef r iendsh ip and good re la t ions be tweenTrengganu and other States.
S e c t i o n x x x v i i i
Appointnent ofMembers ofC o u n c i l .
The Menbers o f the Sta te Counc i l sha l i bethose Min is te rs an l o f f i cers , heac is andother persons who are proposed or nominatedby the Cabinet for elect ion and approvedby the Ru ler f rom t i rne to t ime. A nanwel l -versed in methods o f admin is t ra t ionmay be se lec ted to be Pres ident o f theCounc i l o ther than the Pr ime Min is te r .
Sec t ion xxx ix
Membersrq u a l i f i c a t i o n s .
The Members o f the Sta te Counc i l sha l l besub jec ts o f T rengganu, bu t they sha l1 no t
486
Members tob e l o y a 1 .
Minimum numberof members toform a neet ing
M e e t i n g s .
Membersr r igh tsa t m e e t i n g s .
necessar i l y be persons pro fess ing theIs lamic Re l ig ion or be long to the Malayr a c e .
Sect ion x l
Every nember of the State Counci l sha1lswear al legiance to the Ruler and Govern-ment and undertake to express suggest ionsand v iews o f an honest o r d is in te res tednature and in the interest of the countryand the peop le .
S e c t i o n x l i
The ninirnun number of members to form arneet ing o f the Sta te Counc i l sha11 beseven i f the total number of members isno t less than s ix teen, and f i f teen i f thetotal number is not less than 32, andth i r ty -one i f the to ta l number i s s ix ty -four or nore.
S e c t i o n x l i i
The Sta te Counc i l sha l l meet a t leas tonce in two nonths to confer on affai-rsof State or whenever conmanded to meet bythe Ru ler o r a t the reques t o f no t lessthan half the total number of members oft h e S t a t e C o u n c i l . S u b j e c t s t o b e d i s -cussed at the meeting must be made knownto members th ree days pr io r to the ho td ingthereof . I t i s no t usua l fo r the Counc i lto meet during the month of Ramadhan( fas t ing month) , on fes t i va ls o r pub l i cho l idays except in cases o f u rgency .
S e c t i o n x l i i i
A11 nenbers wh i ls t in conference are onan equal foot ing. Every rnember shal l bef ree to ra ise h is vo ice fo r o r aga ins twhatever measure may be moved or proposedand a lso to expose h is v iews whether suchviews be opposed to or in agreernent witht h o s e o f h i s c o l l e a g u e s . T h e d e c i s i o n o fthe major i t y sha l1 be accepted and submi t -t e d t o t h e R u 1 e r .
487
Dec is ion tobe recorded.
Counc i l r sDecis ion notassented toby Ru1er .
Laws andCustons ofthe Country .
Relat ions wi thFore igncountr ies.
Sect ion x l . iv
Every subject upon which a decis ion hasbeen arrived at and every measure havingbeen agreed to by the Counci l shai l berecorded in a book in a satisfactorymanner, and if the matter enbodies regula-t ions or ru les af fect ing the people ofthe country , i t shal1 be publ ished whenassented to by the Ruler . The date f romwhich such regulat ions or ru1es are to bebrought in to ef fect shal l a l .so be publ i -shed .
Sect ion xLv
If any measure decided upon by the Councilbe not assented to by the Ruler , i t maybe brought into Council again unti l i t hasbeen discussed thrice by the Council andi f then i t s t i1 l fa i ls to receive theRulerrs assent i t shal1 not be broughtin to Counci l again unt i l a year has e lap-sed when it nay be introduced again and ifa f ter th is four th d iscuss ion the StateCounci l s t i11 desi re i ts promul .gat ionthen it night be assented to by the RuLerto whorn no responsib i l i ty shal l thereaf terbe attached for the consequences of sucha neasure.
Sect ion x lv i
A11 Laws and customs of the country shal lbe exerc ised wi th just ice and honesty bythe Government Courts, off icers and rf l imbsof the Governnentrr among the people of thecountry as wel l as fore igners who res idetemporari ly or pennanently in the country.
Sec t i on x l v i i
The Ruler and Government of Trengganushal .L a lways exer t themselves in mainta in-ing good and cord ia l re la t ions wi th fore igngovernnents far and near, more especial lywith the Brit ish Government in order thatsuch re la t ions nay be Dermanent ly estab-1 i shed .
488
Adhesion toTreaty .
R igh ts o f Ru1er ,Governnent andCounci 1 .
Sec t ion x lv i i i
The Ruler and the Government shal1 adherestrongly to the Treaty nade by the Govern-nent on the 12 th o f Rab i -e1-Akh i r , L328(22nd Apri l , 1910)2 and fai thful ly andloya11y observe a l l i t s p rov is ions , andalso any other agreenent which nay benade with any Government, so long as suchagreement does not operate with in- ' iust iceand oppression and i-s not cancel led.
Sec t ion x l i x
The Ruler, the Government and the Counci lreserve to themselves the r ight to arnend,correct, al ter and add to the laws andregu la t ions re la t ing to the genera l ad-min is t ra t ion o f the Sta te , and a lso ther igh t to c rea te t i t les o r ranks fo roff icers in order that they may readi lybe dist inguished from one another.
Sect ion 1
A11 laws, ru les and regu la t ions now inforce shal l cont inue to operate unt i l theyare cancel led by the introduct ion ofo t h e r s .
Sec t ion 1 i
I t has always bgen understood that theGovernment of Trengganu is a Malayo-Is lan ic Power and tha t Is lam is the Sta teRe l ig ion . No o ther re l ig ion sha l1 everbe ca l led the Sta te Re l ig ion even i f i thas more fol lowers residing in Trengganut h a n I s l a m h a s .
S e c t i o n l i i
I f the Heir-apparent or the Heir-presump-t i ve o r any o ther he i r , M in is te r , Head o fDepartment or any of their relat ivescommits or attempts to commit t reasonagainst anyone ranking above him with theobject of securing his rank ei ther for
Lawst ions
regu la-fo rce .
andin
Sta te Re l ig ionand otherR e l i g i o n s .
Treachery orAttempt toCornmit i t .
489
h inse l f o r fo r o thers , such ac t sha l l bedeened to be a capital of fence and theperpetrator together with the person orpersons abet t ing the o f fence sha l1 be re -garded as rebe ls . i f such persons arenot -sentenced to death they sha11 bebanished frorn the country and shal l witha l l the i r descendants fo r fe i t a l l r igh tsconnected with the admirr istrat ion ofTrengganu; their rank and al lowance, i faDI , sha1 l cease and rever t to the Sta te .
S e c t i o n l i i i
The Ru ler reserves to h imse l f the r igh t toadd to or to enlarge, with the approvalo f the Sta te Counc i l , th is S ta tu te f romtime to t ime, whenever i t seems advisableto do so, provided that such addit ion orenlargement does not destroy i ts pr imaryob jec ts and pr i -nc ip les ; a lso to de f ineand in te rpre t any o f i t s sec t ions , expres-sion and rneaning. When such def ini t ionor interpretat ion as sha11 render nattersin th is c lear i s made i t sha l l be acceptedand deerned to be a Dart of this Statute.
Addit ion to andEnlargement ofS t a t u t e .
YANG DI-PERTUAN MUDA (MUHAMIIAD) BIN ZAINALbant] .
TENGKU MUDA (SULAIMAN) BIN ZAINAL ABIDIN,
Conclus ion
We, ZainaLabidin, Sultan of Trengganu, i ts terr i tor iesand dependenc ies , make th is S ta tu te to be inher i ted : i tshal1 not be amended, broken or 1ost, and that i t may br ingpermanent good and advantage is our hope.
Made in Trengganu on the l1 th o f Zu lka idah, \329,cor respond ing to the 22nd o f November , 1911.
In w i tness whereof , and to show tha t th is has beenenacted w i th genera l consent , the Sta te Sea l has been a f f i xedabove together with our sign-manual,anda11 the Members of theSta te Counc i l p resent have l i kewise a f f i xed the i r s ignaturesb e l o w : r
As God May Be Our Wi tness :
A B I D I N , W a r i t h
Warj-th Yang Pertarna
490
TENGKU NGAH (OMAR) BIN ABDUL RAHIM, Keramat Yang AkrabWazir dan Mentr i
TENGKU EMB0NG (MUSA) BIN SULAIMAN, Kerabat Yang Akrab Wazirdan Mentr i
ENGKU SEYYID'(AL-SEYYID ABDUL RAHMAN) BIN MONFIAMMED AL-IDRUS,Sha ikh A1-U1ama dan Ah l iMeshuarat
TUAN DALAM (AL-SEYYID MUSTAPHA) t15 ygflAMMED AL-IDRUS, Ulanadan Ahl i Meshuarat
TENGKU KHAJKI BIN ABU BAKAR, Kerabat Yang Am Waztr dan Ahl iMeshuarat
TENGKU CHIK BIN HITAM, Kerabat Yang An Pesurojahya BesarBesut dan Ahl i Meshuarat
BENTARA DALAM (TENGKU MAHMUD) BIN MOHAMMED, Kerabat Yang AmWazir dan Mentri
PENGLIMA BESAR (TENGKU LONG ABDULLAH) BIN OTHMAN, KerabatYang Am Wazir dan Mentr i
TENGKU CHIK (ABDUL RAHMAN) BIN ISHAK, Kerabat Yang Ain danAhl i Meshuarat
TENGKU CHIK (MMAD) BIN ABDUL RAHMAN, Kerabat Yarrg An Wazirdan Mentr i
DATO PENGLIMA DALAM (WAN MOHAMMED) BIN IBRAHIM, Wazir danMent r i
DATO NARA WANGSA (ENCHE MOHAMMED ALI) BIN ABDUL RAHIM, WAziTdan Mentr i
AL-HAJI WAN MOHAI\,tvIED SALLEH BIN MOHAMMED, Mufti dan AhliMeshuarat
AL-HAJI WAN MOHAMMED SALLEH BIN ISMAIL, Hakim dan Ahl iMeshuarat
AL-HAJI WAN SULAIMAN BIN DAUD, Hakim dan Ahl i MeshuaratDATO PENGLIMA PERANG (ENCHE YUSOF) BIN MUSA, Pegawai dan
AhIi MeshuaratDATO PENGLIMA MUDA (ENCHE OTHMAN) BIN IDRIS, Pegawai dan
Ahl i MeshuaratDATO SANGSURA PAHLAWAN (WAN HAMID) BIN SAAID, Pegawai dan
Ahl i MeshuaratAL-HAJI NGAH (MOHMAD) BIN YUSOF, Wazir dan Mentr iENCHE NIK (MOHAMMED) BIN HITAM, Naib Hakim dan Ahl i
MeshuaratDATO SHAHBANDAR (ENCHE EMBONG) BIN JMFAR, Pegawai dan Ahl i
MeshuaratENCHE MAT (MOHAMMED) BIN ABDUL RAHIM, Pegawai dan Ahl i
Meshuarat
491
TRENGGANU TREATY of 24 May, 1919
Second Treaty4
Whereas i t i s cons idered des i rab le by H is Exce l lencythe High Conmissioner for the Malay States and by His High-ness the Sultan of Trengganu with the concurrence of hisMinisters that the State of Trengganu shal1 be administeredon an inproved basis; and whereas His Bri tannic MajestytsGovernnent is bound by Treaty St ipulat ions to protect thesa id S ta te and to ass is t i t s RuLer :
Now i t is hereby agreed by and between His Excel lencyS i r A r t h u r H e n d e r s o n Y o u n g , G . C . M . G . , K . B . E . , G o v e r n o r o fthe Colony of the Strai ts Sett lements and High Conmissionerfor the lv laLay States, on behalf of His Bri tannic MajestytsGovernment, and His Highness Sultan Muhammad of the State ofTrengganu, that Art ic le i i of the Agreement of the 22ndApr i1 , 1910, nade by H is Exce l lency S i r John Anderson,G . C . M . G . , o n b e h a l f o f H i s B r i t a n n i c M a j e s t y t s G o v e r n n e n tand His Highness Sultan Zainalabidin of Trengganu, shal1 berepea led and the fo l low ing Ar t i c le subs t i tu ted there for : -
Ar t i c l e i i
rrHis Highness the Sultan of Trengganu wi l l receive andprov ide a su i tab le res idence fo r a Br i t i sh Of f i cer to beca l led the Br i t i sh Adv iser , who sha l l l i ve w i th in the Sta teof Trengganu, and whose advice must be asked and acted uponin al l matters affect ing the general administrat ion of thecountry and al1 quest ions other than those touching theMuhamnadan Rel igion.
t rThe cos t o f the Br i t i sh Adv iser w i th h is es tab l i shnentsha l1 be de termined by H is Exce l lency the H igh Commiss ionerand be a charge on the revenues of Trengganu.
rrThe col lect ion and disbursement of al l revenues of thecountry shal1 be regulated under the advice of the Bri t ishA d v i s e r . ' ?
In witness whereof His Excellency Sir Arthur HendersonYoung , G .C .M .G . , K .B .E . , and H i s H ighness t he Su l t an o fTrengganu have set their respective seals and signatures.
Dated at S ingapore, th is 24th day of May, 1919, corres-ponding to the 24th day of Sharaban, L337.
492
Seal and Signature ARTHUR Y0UNG,Governor of the Strai ts Sett lementsand High Commissioner for the MalayS t a t e s .
H. MARRIOTT,Genera l Adv iser , Johore (Ac t ing Co lon ia lSecretary)
Witnesses
J. L. HUMPI{REYS,Br i t i sh Agent , T rengganu
Seal of MUHAMMAD BIN ZAINAL ABIDIN,Sultan of Trengganu
Witnesses TENGKU NGAH (OMAR) BIN ABDUL RAHIMTUAN EMBONG (ABU BAKAR) BIN ABDUL RAHMANTENGKU CHIK (AHMAD) BIN ABDULRAHT,IANHAJI NGAH (MUHAMMAD) BIN YUSOP
FOOTNOTES
1. Th is t rans la t ion is enc losed in CO SS7/797, SetonJames to C0 o f 30 Dec. 1919 and is l i l :e ly to be thework o f the then Adv iser , J .L . Humphreys . I t hasnever been recognised in Trengganu as an off ic ialt ranslat ion. There is another version in Engl ish -l i kewise never recogn ised as o f f i c ia l - wh ich isthe work o f a la te r Adv iser , W. (S i r Wi l l iam) Goode,to be found in l,laLaysian ConstitutionaL Doeuments,vo l . i i , Kua la Lumpur 1962. The second t rans la t ionis rather more elegant but appears marginal ly lessclear in some important passages. There are,however, a few important divergences eg Sect ion iespeciaLly paragraphs 7 and 8.
2. The Mohamedan date of the 1910 Treaty was the l l thd a y o f R a b i - e l - A k h i r 1 3 2 8 , s e e p . 4 6 7 .
1 The State Counci lin the CO 537 /797ve rs ion .
Membersr signatures do not appearvers ion and are taken f rom Goodefs
Because of the complexi ty ar is ing out of a profusionof nicknames and bureaucrat ic and other t i t les inTrengganu, we have abandoned our normal pract iceand reproduced the signator ies as they appear inthe Goode vers ion . Br ie f l y , the names, n icknanes,t i t les and patronymics appear in capitals and there
493
A
fo l low in lower case the Malay descr ip t ion o f eachs ignatory as he is descr ibed in the document i t se l f :Wari th gant i - heir apparent, Wari th yang pertana _he i r p resumpt ive e tc .
E n c 1 . i n C 0 2 7 3 / 4 8 7 , Y o u n g t o C O c o n f . , 4 J u n e 1 9 1 9 .
494
Note on the Trengganu Treaty of 1945
Sultan Sulaiman of Trengganu, who succeeded after theabd ica t ion o f h is ha l f -b ro ther , Su l tan Muhammad, in 1920,died in 1942 and was succeeded by his son as Sultan A1i.I t has nowhere been o f f i c ia l l y s ta ted tha t the Br i t i sh in -tended to debar the new Sultan frorn the succession but hehad certainly not been popular with then before the Japaneseoccupat ion and Bri tain made no protest when, on 5 November1945, Sultan Al i was removed from the throne, presumablyunder the same c lause in the Const i tu t ion o f 1911 wh ich hadbeen used against Sultan Muharnnad. A Bri t ish off ic ialtour ing the States to prepare the ground for the MacMichaelmission may, in fact, have sanct ioned or even prompted thedeposit ion, though this is at the moment no more than sur-m i s e .
When MacMichael embarked on talks in Trengganu on 19December 1945 ( fo r de ta i l s o f MacMichae l ' s miss ion and thet rea t ies i -n genera l , see Note on Johore Trea ty o f 1945 pJ17;the new Ru1er , Su l tan Ismai l , a ha l f -b ro ther o f bo th Su l tanMuhamnad and Sultan Sulaiman, had already been accepted bythe Min is te rs and Sta te Counc i l , on 16 Decenber , bu t he hadnot yet received the formal Bri t i -sh "conf irmation'r whichMacMichae l was au thor ised to g ive or w i th -ho ld .
Accord ing to MacMichae l ts own Repor t , "ne i ther [ theRuler ] nor h is Counc i l lo rs fe l t ob jec t ion in p r inc ip le tosignature of the proposed Agreement: in fact they welcomedi t . . . " ; b u t , i n v i e w o f S e c t i o n x i - v o f t h e 1 9 1 1 C o n s t i t u t i o n(q .u . ) , " they fe l t g rave doubt whether i t wou ld be cons t i tu -t iona l . " Accord ing to MacMichae l , th is I 'unexpected d i f f i -cul ty" was resolved when the Mentr i Besar (Dato Jaya) pointedout that the clause in quest ion was " intended to prevent aSu l tan f rom se l l ing , leas ing or pawning the Sta te to aforeign power as had been done long ago in the case of
$ingapore." This was not the purpose of the new AgreementAnd the quest ion was rea11y a simple one: rrWas Trengganuprepared to t rus t the Br i t i sh Government o r no t? ' r Th is'v iew having been accepted al l went smoothly and the Agreenentwas s igned and the new Su l tan o f f i c ia l l y recogn ised on themorn ing o f 2 I December .
T h i s i s n o t s t r i c t l y t h e p l a c e t o d i s c u s s t h i s i n t e r -p re ta t ion o f Sec t ion x iv o f the 1911 Const i tu t ion , a l thoughis seems s l igh t ly soph is t i ca l . More re levant i s the a t t i -tude of MacMichael and the Bri t ish Government to the 1911
495
Constitut ion and its effect upon Anglo-Trengganu relations.MacMichael wrote that ilAs_fliS'ttlalestyrs Government havenever recognised the constitut ion in question the diff icuLtywas not one with whichl was formally concerned, but i t was,never theless, a rea l one, and by the inv i ta t ion of theSul tan and h is Counci l l .ors the serv ices of Br igadier Newboul t[ l tacMichael ts of f ic ia l a ide] were invoked to ass is t in so l -v ing i t . t t r The fact was, as he nust have real ised, thatwhether Britain had recognised the Constitut ion or not (andshe had accepted the deposit ion of one if not two Rulersunder i ts terms), i ts very existence fundamental ly affectedAnglo-Trengganu relations and night, i f things had workedout otherwise, ser ious ly have jeopard ised the success ofh is miss ion. For the Sect ion in quest ion not on ly forbadethe Ruler to surrender any part of Trengganurs governmentor sovereignty to another power, European or otherwise, butactuall .y decl.ared him deposed and his action unlawful i f hedid. Had MacMichael been obliged to ignore the Constitut ionand had the peopl.e of Trengganu come to regard the Rul.er whosigned the 1945 Treaty as deposed and the Treaty i tselfi1 legal , then the whole purpose of MacMichael rs miss ion,which was to secure Britaints sovereignty throughout thePeninsuLa by neans of treaties, would have been threatened.Once again, as in 1920, i t was only by avoid ing the issueof whether Br i ta in recognised the Const i tu t ion that ashowdown was prevented.
Sul.tan Ali and his family appealed to the Governor ofthe Malayan Union to be re-instated early in 1946 but theirappeal was re jected,
FOOTNOTE
1. Repont on a Mieeion to Malaya,Co lon ia l O f f i ce no . I 94 , 1946 ,
)etober 794 l-Januany 1.946,paragraph 23.
496
, - \\ . ^I - " i ,l v
TRENGGANU TREATY of 2I December, 1945
MacMichael Treatyl *
Whereas mutual agreements subsist between His Bri tannicMajes ty and H is H ighness the Su l tan o f the Sta te o f Treng-ganu:
And whereas i t is expedient to provide for the const i-tu t iona l deve lopment o f the Malay Sta tes under the pro tec-t ion of His Majesty and for the future government of theState of Trengganu:
I t i s hereby agreed be tween S i r Haro ld MacMichae l ,G . C . M . G . , D . S . 0 . , t h e S p e c i a l R e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f H i s M a j e s t y ' sGovernment within the United Kingdom of Great Bri tain andNor thern l re land on beha l f o f H is Ma jes ty and H is H ighnessSultan Ismai l ibni A1-Marhum Sultan Zainal Abidin the Sultanof the Sta te o f Trengganu fo r h imse l f , h is he i rs and succes-s o r s :
H is H ighness the Su l tan agrees tha t H is Ma jes tysha l l have fu l1 power and ju r isd ic t ion w i th in theState of Trengganu.
Save in so far as the subsist ing agreements areinconsj-stent with this Agreement or with suchfuture const i tut ional arrangenents for Malayaas may be approved by H is Ma jes ty , the sa idagreements sha11 remain of ful1 force ande f f e c t .
S igned th is 21
2 .
Signature
W i t n e s s
Signature
W i t n e s s e s
day o f December 1945.
H.A. MACMICHAEL,Spec ia l Representa t ive o f H is Ma jes ty rsGovernment within the United Kingdom ofGreat Bri tain and Northern Ireland.
H . T . B O U R D I L L O N
ISMAI L,Sultan of Trengganu
OMARHITAM
For foo tno te see P.498
497
t .
FOOTNOTE
A vers ion o f th is Trea ty , w i th the s ignature o f Ma jor
Leonard Owen, Notary puLt ic, England, to conf irm that
i t i s a t rue .opy o f the or ig ina l , i s in the Nat iona l
Archives of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur'
498
l {ote on the Trengganu Treaty of 1948
As the result of Malay opposit ion to the Malayan Unionscheme and the MacMichael Treat ies the Bri t ish entered intonegot ia t ions w i th the Ru lers and the leaders o f UMNO.These d iscuss ions went th rough severa l s tages be tween Ju ly1946 and eat ly 1948, and, al though certain lula\ay radlcaland non-Malay groups condemned as undemocrat ic both theconsu l ta t i ve p rocess and the cons t i tu t iona l p roposa ls , i twas dec ided: - ( i ) to revoke the Malayan Un ion Order inCounc i l , 1946, ( i i ) to rep lace the MacMichae l Trea t ies bynew Sta te Agreements , and ( i i i ) to es tab l i sh a pen insu la rfedera t ion .
The nine almost ident ical State Agreements were signedand sealed between the Rulers and Gent (on behalf of HisMajesty) on 21 January - the day whl-ch also saw the conclu-sion of the Federat ion of Malaya Agreement (see p. 100 ) .Under these State Agreernents the jur isdict ion of the Crownwas conf j-ned to external af fairs and defence. However,the Malay Ru lers were s t i l1 bound to accept the adv ice o fBr i t i sh Adv isers (no te : the sane t i t le was adopted by thepr inc ipa l . Br i t i sh o f f i c ia ls pos ted to the Malay Sta tes)r ron a l l mat te rs connected w i th the government o f the Sta teo ther than mat te rs re la t ing to the Mus l in Re l ig ion and theCustorn o f the Malaysr ' . In add i t ion The i r H ighnesses werenow sub jec ted to wr i t ten cons t i tu t ions wh ich prov ided fo ra leg is la tu re (Counc i l o f S ta te ) and an Execut ive Counc i lin each State. Up to this t ime only Johore and Trengganuhad possessed wr i t ten cons t i tu t ions (see Johore Document o f1 8 9 5 p . 7 7 a n d T r e n g g a n u D o c u m e n t o f 1 9 1 1 p . 4 7 4 ) .
499
f
.Fa
*
I tx! ! . i' a ?-'a j" ei r r I* . - i c
F>:33
TRENGGANU TREATY of 2l January 1948
1 *State Agreement revoking the MacMichael Treaty-
Agreement made the twenty-f i rst day of January, 1948,b e t w e e n S i r G e r a r d E d w a r d J a m e s G E N T , K . C . M . G . , D . S . 0 . ,0 . B . 0 . , M . C . , o n b e h a l f o f H i s M a j e s t y a n d H i s H i g h n e s sSULTAN ISMAIL ibn i A lnarhum Su l tan ZAINAL ABIDIN, C.M.G. ,Sultan of the State of TRENGGANU for Hinself and HisS u c c e s s o r s :
Whereas mutual agreements subsist between His Majestyand H is H ighness :
And whereas i t has been represented to His Majestythat f resh arrangements should be made for the peace, orderand good government of the State of Trengganu:
And whereas His Majesty in token of the fr iendshipwh ich he bears towards H is H ighness , the sub jec ts o f H isHighness, and the inhabitants of the State of Trengganu ispleased to make fresh arrangements to take effect on suchday as His Majesty nay by Order in Counci l appoint (herein-a f te r ca l led '? the appo in ted day ' r ) :
And whereas i t is expedient to provide for the const i-tut ional development of the State of Trengganu under theprotect ion of His Majesty and for i ts future government:
Now, there fore , i t i s agreed and dec la red as fo l lows:
Shor t t i t le andcornmencement.
In te rpre ta t ion .
1. This Agreement may be ci ted as theTrengganu Agreernent, 1948, and shal l coneinto operat ion on the appointed day immed-iately after the coming into operat ion ofthe Order in Counc i l a fo resa id . Not i f i -cat ion of the appointed day sha1l be pub-l ished in the Malayan Union Gazette to-gether with a copy of this Agreement.
2 . In th is Agreement :
rrEnactmentrr means any 1aw enacted by HisHighness with the advice and consent ofa Counc i l o f S ta te cons t i tu ted under thewri t ten Const i tut ion of the State referred
For foo tno te see P.504
500
eement ;to in C lause 9 o f th is
Protection andexternal a f fa i rs .
rrFederal Governmentrr means the Governnentof the Federation;rrthe Federationfr neans the Federation ofMalaya to be call ,ed in Malay rrPersekutuanTanah Melayurr, which is to be establishedon the appointed day;rrFederation Agreenentrr means the Agreementwhich is to be made between His Majestyand Their Highnesses the Rulers of theMalay States of Johore, Pahang, NegriSembi lan, Selangor , Perak, Kedah, Per l is ,Kel,antan and Trengganu for the establish-ment of the Federation, and includes anyanendment thereof;'r the High Commissionerrr means the HighCommissioner for the Federation;trHis Highnessrr neans the Sultan of Treng-ganu and His Successors;r rHis Highness in Counci l r r means His High-ness act ing af ter consul ta t ion wi th theState Execut ive Counci l to be const i tu tedunder the written Constitut ion of theState referred to in Clause 9 of th isAgreement, but not necessari1y in accor-dance with the advice of such CounciL nornecessar i ly in such Counci l assembled;I tSecretary of State ' r means one of HisMa jes ty f s P r inc ipa l Sec re ta r i es o f S ta te .
3. (1) His Majesty shal l havo 6onpletecontrol of the defence and of
-a11 the ex-
ternal affairs of the State of Trengganuand His Majesty undertakes to protect theGovernment and State of Trengganu and al li ts dependencies from external hosti leattacks and for this and other similarpurposes His Majesty ts Forces and personsauthor ised by or on behal . f o f His Majesty fsGovernnent sha1l a t a l l t imes be aLlowedfree access to the State of Trengganu andto employ a l .1 necessary means of opposingsuch at tacks.
501
B r i t i s h A d v i s e r .
C o s t o f B r i t i s hA d v i s e r .
Appointmento f B r i t i s hAdv iser .
Federa lo f f i c e r s .
When Federalo f f i cers mayperforn Statefunc t ions .
(2 ) t l i s H ighness under takes tha t ,without the knowledge and consent of HisMajes ty rs Governnent , he w i l l no t rnake anytreaty, enter into any engagement, deal i -nor cor respond on po l i t i ca l mat te rs w i th , o rsend envoys to , zf ly foreign State.
4 . H is H ighness under takes to rece iveand prov ide a su i tab le res idence fo r aBr i t i sh Adv iser to adv ise on a l l mat te rsconnected with the government of the Stateo ther than rna t te rs re la t ing to the Mus l imRel igi-on and the Custom of the Malays, andundertakes to accept such advice; providedtha t no th ing in th is c lause sha11 in anyway pre jud ice the r igh t o f H is H ighnessto address the H igh Comrn iss ioner , o r H isMajes ty th rough a Secre tary o f S ta te , i fH i . s H i g h n e s s s o d e s i r e s .
5 . The cos t o f the Br i t i sh Adv iser w i thh is es tab l i shnent sha l l be de tern ined bythe High Corunissioner and shal l be acharge on the revenues of the State ofTrengganu.
6 . H is H ighness sha l l be consu l ted be foreany off icer whom i t is proposed to send asBr i t i sh Adv iser i s ac tua l l y appo in ted .
7 . H is H ighness under takes to rece ivewi th in h is S ta te such o f f i cers o f theFederal Government as that Government nayrequire and to permit such off icers to ex-ercise such 1awfu1 authori ty and powersand to perform such 1awfu1 funct ions as maybe necessary for the purposes of the FederalGovernment.
8. Any off icer of the Federal Governmentmay, with the concurrence of the High Com-n iss ioner , per fo rm wi th in the Sta te o fTrengganu such State dut ies and nay exercisesuch State powers as may be imposed or con-ferred upon him by His Highness in Counci lor by Enactrnent.
502
Sta teConst i tu t ion .
Counc i l s to becons t i tu ted .
H is H ighness tobe consu l tedbefore post ingof o f f i cers byHigh Comniss io -ner to pos tsborne on Statee s t i n a t e s .
Impar t ia ltTeatment .
Educat ion andtraining ofM a l a y s .
PreviousAgreements .
9. His Highness undertakes to governthe State of Trengganu in accordance withthe provisions of a wri t ten Const i tut ionwhich shal l be in conformity with the pro*visions of this Agreernent and of the Fede-rat ion Agreement.
10. In pursuance of the undertaking con-tained in Clause 9 of this Agreement andin conformity with the provisions of theFederat ion Agreement His Highness under-takes forthwith to const i tute
(a) a Ma j l i s Meshuara t Kera jaan, to beca l1ed in Eng l ish Sta te Execut ive Counc i l ;
(b ) a Ma j l i s Meshuara t Negr i , to be ca l ledin Eng l ish Counc i l o f S ta te .
1 1 . H i s H i g h n e s s , u n l e s s h e s h a 1 1 o t h e r -w ise d i rec t , sha l1 be consu l ted be fore anyoff icer is posted by or on the authori tyof the High Commissioner to any post borneon the Sta te Es t imates .
12 . A11 persons o f whatsoever race in thesame grade in the service of the State ofTrengganu sha l l , sub jec t to the te rms andcondit ions of their ernployment, be treatedimpar t ia l l y .
13 . H is H ighness des i res and H is Ma jes tyagrees that i t sha11 be a part icular chargeupon the Government of the State of Treng-ganu to provide for and encourage the edu-ca t ion and t ra in ing o f the Malay inhab i -tants of the State of Trengganu so as tof i t them to take a ful I share in theeconomic progress , soc ia l we l fa re and go-vernment of the State and of the Federa-t i -on .
14 . (1 ) The Agreement nade on the 21s tday o f December , 1945, be tween H is Ma jes ty fsGovernment within the United Kingdom ofGreat Bri tain and Northern Ireland and His
503
Sovere ignty ofthe Ruler .
Language ofAgreement.
Highness Sultan Ismail ibni A1-MarhumSultan TaLnaL Abidin, the Sultan of theState of Trengganu for Hinsel f , His Hei rsSuccessors is hereby revoked.
(2) Ail . Treaties and Agreementssubsist ing inmediately prior to the makingof the aforesaid Agreement of the 2lstday of December, 1945, shal1 cont inue inforce save in so far as they are inconsis-tent with this Agreement or the FederationAgreenent.
15. The prerogat ives, power and jur isd ic-t ion of His Highness wi th in the State ofTrengganu shall be those which His High-ness the Sul tan of Trengganu possessedon the f i rs t day of Decenber , 1 .941, sub-ject never theLess to the prov is ions ofthe Federation Agreenent and this Agree-men t .
16. This Agreement shal l be expressed inboth the English and the Malay languages;but, for the purposes of interpretation,regard shall be had onl.y to the Englishvers ion .
In witness whereof Sir Gerard Edward James Gent,K ,C .M .G . , D .S .0 . , 0 .8 .E . , M .C . , has he reun to se t h i s handand seal for and on behal f o f His Majesty , and His HighnessIsmai l Ibn i A lmarhum Sul tan ZaLnaI Abid in, C.M.G. , Sul tanof the State of Trengganu, has hereunto set his hand andseal , the day and year f i rs t above wr i t ten.
Signature and seal o f G.E.J. GENT for and on behal f o fH is Ma jes ty .
Wi tness J .G . BLACK
Signature and seal o f ISMAIL,Sultan of Trengganu.
Witness TENGKU MUHA},IT,IAD
FOOTNOTE
1, Provenancet Statutory fnetrumente fon 7948, I, i , no.108, The Federat ion of Malaya Order in Counci l , 1948.
