STP 1469

Performance Tests for Hot MixAsphalt (HMA) IncludingFundamental and EmpiricalProcedures

Louay Mohammad, editor

ASTM Stock Number: STP1469

ASTM100 Barr Harbor DrivePO Box C700West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959

Printed in the U.S.A.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Performance tests for hot mix asphalt (HMA) including fundamental and empirical procedures / Louay Mohammad, editor.

p. cm. — (STP ; 1469)Papers presented at the ASTM symposium held Dec. 9-10, 2003, in

Tampa, Florida.ISBN 0-8031-3495-9 ISBN 978-0-8031-3495-91. Pavements, Asphalt—Testing—Congresses. I. Mohammad, Louay N. (Louay Nadhim), 1957– II. ASTM International. III. Series: ASTM special technical publication ; 1469. ISBN: 0-8031-3495-9TE270.P386 2006625.8'5—dc22

2006016414

Copyright © 2006 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS INTERNATIONAL,West Conshohocken, PA. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, inwhole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media,without the written consent of the publisher.

Photocopy Rights

Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use, orthe internal, personal, or educational classroom use of specific clients, is granted by theAmerican Society for Testing and Materials International (ASTM) provided that the appropriatefee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923; Tel:978-750-8400; online: http://www.copyright.com/.

Peer Review Policy

Each paper published in this volume was evaluated by two peer reviewers and at least one editor.The authors addressed all of the reviewers’ comments to the satisfaction of both the technicaleditor(s) and the ASTM International Committee on Publications.

The quality of the papers in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the au-thors and the technical editor(s), but also the work of the peer reviewers. In keeping with long-stand-ing publication practices, ASTM International maintains the anonymity of the peer reviewers. TheASTM International Committee on Publications acknowledges with appreciation their dedication andcontribution of time and effort on behalf of ASTM International.

Printed in Mayfield, PAAugust 2006

Foreword

This publication, Performance Tests for Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA), including Fundamental andEmpirical Procedures, includes peer reviewed papers presented at the ASTM D04 symposium by thissame name in December of 2003. The symposium, held in Tampa, FL, on December 9-10, 2003, fo-cused on this critical topic, chosen to provide practitioners with a forum to discuss the development,application, and field experience of both empirically mechanistically based performance test proce-dures for use in HMA mixture and quality control.

iii

Contents

Overview vii

An Overview of Fundamental and Simulative Performance Tests for Hot Mix Asphalt—J. ZHANG, E. R. BROWN, P. S. KANDHAL, AND R. WEST 1

Utilization of an Asphalt Pavement Analyzer for Hot Mix Asphalt Laboratory Mix Design—R. C. WILLIAMS, D. W. HILL, AND M. P. ROTTERMOND 16

Simulative Performance Test for Hot Mix Asphalt Using Asphalt Pavement Analyzer—P. S. KANDHAL AND L. A. COOLEY 41

Laboratory Investigation of HMA Performance Using Hamburg Wheel Trackingand DSR Torsional Creep Tests—G. H. REINKE, S. GLIDDEN, D. HERLITZKA, AND J. JORGENSON 50

Use of HMA Stiffness Results as a Referee Test in Indiana—R. S. MCDANIEL, V. L. GALLIVAN, G. A. HUBER, D. H. ANDREWSKI, AND M. MILLER 82

Mechanistic Quality Management of Hot Mix Asphalt Layers with Seismic Methods—S. NAZARIAN, V. TANDON, AND D. YUAN 88

Field Validation of Superpave Shear Test on NCAT Test Track—J. ZHANG, H. XIE,P. S. KANDHAL, AND R. D. POWELL 100

C-� Characterization Model for Design of Asphalt Mixtures and Asphalt Pavements—T. F. FWA AND S. A. TAN 113

Fracture Resistance Characterization of Superpave Mixtures Using the Semi-CircularBending Test—Z. WU, L. MOHAMMAD, L. B. WANG, AND M. A. MULL 127

Dynamic Modulus Testing of Thin Pavement Cores—T. PELLINEN, S. XIAO, AND S. Y. RAVAL 142

v

Identification of a Physical Model to Evaluate Rutting Performance of Asphalt Mixtures—C. A. DRAKOS, R. ROQUE, B. BIRGISSON, AND M. NOVAK 156

Obtaining Creep Compliance Parameters Accurately from Static or Cyclic Creep Tests—J. KIM, R. ROQUE, AND B. BIRGISSON 177

Characterization of Asphalt Concrete by Multi-Stage True Triaxial Testing—L. WANG, L. R. HOYOS, L. MOHAMMAD, AND C. ABADIE 198

vi CONTENTS

Overview

BackgroundASTM Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials is active in sponsoring symposia and the pub-lication of technical papers related to the standardization work of the Committee. This STP,Performance Tests for Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA), Including Fundamental and Empirical Procedures,resulted from the Committee D04 Symposium held on December 9, 2003, at the ASTM StandardsDevelopment Meeting in Tampa, Florida. This critical topic was chosen to provide practitioners witha forum to discuss the development, application, and field experience of both empirically and mech-anistically based performance test procedures for use in HMA mixture design and quality control.The call for papers brought in 37 abstracts from authors all over the world who wished to present pa-pers at the symposium. Of the 13 papers included in the STP, thirteen were accepted for presentationat the symposium. In addition, xx papers have been published in the Journal of ASTM International(JAI), Vol. 2, No.3, March 2005 (online publication).

SHRP and Other Performance Test ResearchThe Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) concluded with the introduction of the Superpave(Superior Performing Asphalt Pavements) mix design and analysis system. Many state departmentsof transportation have either implemented or are currently implementing the Superpave system. Thissystem includes the performance graded binder specifications and mixture design methodology. Themixture design method is based on mix volumetric properties of the mixture and has no strength testto complement the designed mixtures similar to traditional Marshall and Hveem mix design methods.However, the original Superpave mix design protocol required mix verification for intermediate andhigh volume traffic through advanced materials characterizations tests utilizing the Superpave ShearTester test protocols. It was quickly recognized the complexity of those test protocols for routinemix design application and that a simple performance test is needed to complement the Superpavevolumetric mix design procedure. At present, both empirically based test procedures (wheel track-ing such as Hamburg, French tester, APA, etc) and engineering based (mechanistic) procedures arebeing used as proof tests to provide a comfort level in Superpave mix design for rutting. In the pastfew years, major research was conducted under the National Cooperative Highway ResearchProgram (NCHRP) Project 9-19 “Superpave Support and Performance Models Management”, whichwas aimed to recommend a “Simple Performance Test (SPT)” to complement the Superpave volu-metric mixture design method. The results from the NCHRP 9-19 project recommended three candi-date SPT tests: dynamic modulus |E*|, static creep (flow time), and triaxial repeated load permanentdeformation (flow number) to be used with the Superpave volumetric mix design procedures.However, it will take several years more before these tests are field-validated and standardized forroutine use.

This volume provides a collection of research and practical papers from an international as well asstate agency research and technology activities on the use of performance tests for HMA mixture de-sign and filed control.

vii

The papers are arranged in four groups designed to aid the reader in locating papers of interest andto compare and contrast the range of work and opinions presented:

(1) Mixture Simulative Performance Tests – The first section relates to the practical use of somesimulative loaded-wheel testers used in identifying rut-prone HMA mixtures.

(2) Mechanistic Test for Quality Control – The next grouping includes papers in that the mecha-nistic tests were used in field Quality Control of HMA mixtures.

(3) Mechanistic Tests for Mixture Design – This group contains several papers relating to the needfor mechanistic tests in HMA mixture design.

(4) Application of New Mechanistic Test Methods in HMA Mixture Performance Evaluation –The last group of papers concerns the use of newly developed mechanistic test methods, whichhave potentials to be used in HMA mixture performance evaluation.

While many of the papers might have been placed in several groups, it is hoped that this organiza-tion will help the reader understand and use the technology presented and to help Committee D04 indeveloping the new standards and tests needed to advance the performance evaluation of HMA ma-terials in the asphalt pavement community.

Importance of Mixture Performance TestsUser experience with the HMA mix design and performance evaluation, combined with the long-standing problems associated with the original SHRP Superpave performance models supportingwhat was then termed “Level 2 and 3” analyses, demonstrated the need for developing new perfor-mance tests used in complementing the current Superpave mixture design system. In the long run, itis important to field-validated and standardized for routine use of those developed test methods. Thekey is the development of evaluation procedures that will provide an accurate indication of the long-term performance of a mixture when produced, placed, and compacted properly. In advance of stan-dards development, this STP volume provides a cross section of research and practice on the devel-opment, application, and field experience of both empirically based and mechanistic basedperformance test procedures for use in a HMA mixture performance evaluation.

AcknowledgmentsI wish to thank the other members of the Committee D04 who all helped in the review of abstractsand papers for the 2003 Symposium on Performance Tests for Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA), IncludingFundamental and Empirical Procedures. I am also very appreciative of the professional and friendlyhelp that was received from the ASTM symposium and publication staff.

Louay N. MohammadLouisiana State UniversityLouisiana Transportation Research CenterBaton Rouge, LA

viii OVERVIEW