Strain in Diving

Diving or HyperbaricEnvironment

Is an environment with ambient pressure characteristic more than one atmosphere, therfore it will give stressor to diver

Adaptation Mechanism in Diving Activity

Is an human defence mechanism for limiting stressor diving environment and controlling physiological changes

Main Stressor inAir & Enriched-air Dive

Changes of Hydrostatis Pressure (“per se”) Increased of Inspiratory Gas Density Increased of N2, O2 Partial Pressure

Physiological Strainin Diving Activity

Pulmonary Strain Cardiovascular Strain CNS Strain ENT Strain

Cardiovascular Strainin Diving Activity

Bradycardia Arythmia Decrease of Cardiac Out-put Decrease of Physical Performance

Cardiovascular Stressorin Diving Activity

• 1. Hydrostatis Pressure• 2. Partial Pressure Gasses• 3. Temperature• 4. Reflex of The Body Contact

Bradicardia Vs Hyperoxia & Hypercapnia

• Hyperoxia Clark & Lambertsen 1984 (3 ata, O2) Shida & Lin 1981 (1-10 ata) Simon & Torbati 1982 (1,3 – 5 ata O2) Eckendorff & Knight 1984 (4 ata air) Guritno 1992, 1994 (4 ata udara, nitrox 5 % O2)

• Hypercapnia Hesser 1978 (8 ata air, 6.3 nitrox) Giry (saturation 46 ata) Sagittaire (300 ata Heliox) Guritno 1992, 1994 (4 ata air)

Inert Gas Vs Bradikardia

Pulmonary Strainin Diving Activity

• Ventilation Modification• Alveolar-ventilation & Capillary Diffusion• Transportation of O2 & CO2 • Controll of ventilation• Thermal Exchange in Airway• Breathing during physical exercise

Hypoxia of Ascent

Pulmonary Stressorin Diving Activity

• Enhancement of Density• Enhancement of Oxygen Partial

Pressure• Enhancement of Nitrogen

Partial Pressure

Resistance Respiratory General

CNS Strainin Diving Activity

In Deep Diving Syndrome modification behavior, performance and electrophysiology.

Depend not only depth, but also speed of compression and breathing mixture gas Hypothesis of the origin and mechanism of HPNS a. Hypoxia hypothesis b. Amino acid hypothesis (GABA) c. Mono amin hypothesis (DOPA)

ENT (Ears) Strainin Diving Activity

There must be a gas-filled space There must be a change ambient pressure or

environment The space must have rigid wall, middle ear

membrane pushed to outside The space must be enclosed, the pressure of

middle ear must be equalized via eustachius tube