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SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY

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SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY

PROCEDURE

1. IDENTIFY & MAJOR DEPOSITIONAL UNITS

2. INTEGRATE WELL & SEISMIC

3. ANLYZE REFLECTION CHRACTERISTICS

4. RELATE LITHOLOGY TO SEISMIC

5. PREDICT ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING & LITHOLOGY

6. DETERMINE AN AGE MODEL

7. EVALUATE PREDICTIONS

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SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY

TECHNIQUE

1. SEISMIC SEQUENCE ANALYSIS

2. SEISMIC-WELL TIE

3. SEISMIC FACES ANALUSIS

4. SEISMIC CALIBRATION

5. GEOLOGIC INTERPRETION

6. CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

7. SEISMIC AND STRATIGRAPHIC MODELING

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USING A STRATIGRPHIC

FRAMEWORK

ANALYSIS

MODELING

PREDICTION

STRATIGRAPHIC

FRAMEWORK

BURIAL

HISTORYTRAP

DEVELOPMENT

AND TIMINGTEMPERATURE

HISTORY

HYDROCARBON

GENERATION

RESERVOIR

PROPERTIES

SOURCE MIGRATION RESERVOIR SEAL TRAP

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EPSODIC VS CYCLIC DEPOSOTION

SCALE OF DEPOSITION

I

N

C

R

E

A

S

I

N

G

LAMINA

LAMINASET

BED

BEDSET

PARASEQUENCE

PARASEQUENCESET

SEQUENCE

CONTROLS

STORMS

FLOODS

TIDES

E

P

I

S

O

D

I

C

SHIFTING SEDIMENT

DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS

SEA-LEVEL FLUCTUATIONS

LONG-TERM TECTONICS

C

Y

C

L

I

C

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BED VS DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCES

BEDSDEPOSITIONAL

SEQUECES

FORMATION

BOUNDING

SURFACES

MORPHOLOGY

A SINGLE EPISODE

OF DEPOSITION

A SINGLE CYCLE

OF DEPOSITION

BEDDING

PLANESUNCONFORMITIES

LIMITED EXTENT

SMALL THICKNESS

TERMINATES WHERE

BEDDING SURFACES

INTERSECT

WIDESPREAD

THICK ENOUGH TO

RESOLVE SEISMICALLY

TERMINATES AGAINST

UNCON-FORMITIES OR

THEIR CORRELATIVE

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SEISMIC REFLECTION

GENERATED AT PHYSICAL SURFACES ACROSS WHICH

THERE IS A CHANGE IN IMPEDENCE

POLARITY IS DETERMINED BY SIGN OF THE REFLECTION

COEFFCIENT

AMPLITUDE IS A FUNCTION OF:

- MAGNITUDE OF THE REFLECTION COEFFCIENT

- SHARPNESS OF THE REFLECTION COEFFCIENT

- RESOLUTION OF THE SYSTEM

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REFLECTION AND TIME-STRATIGRAPHY

GENERATING

FEATURE

UNCONFORMITIES

STRATAL

SURFACES

YES

YES

SEPARATES OLDER

STRATA BELOW FROM

YOUNGER STRATA

ABOVE

TIME-STRATIGRAPHY

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SEISMIC RESPONSE OF STARATALSURFACES

SEISMIC REFLECTIONS PARALLEL STARATAL SURFACES

RESOLUTION IS COMMONLY AT SCALE OF PARASQUENCES

REFLECTION TERMINATION INDICATES THE ASSOCIATED

STRATAL UNIT HAS:

- ENDED ABRUPTLY (TRUNCATION)

OR

- THINNED BELOW RESOLUTION (LABOUT)

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MARKING THE SEISMIC SECTION

LOCATE UNCONFORMITIES

AT THE BASE OF ONLAPS AND DOWNLAPS

HALF CYCLE ABOVE TRUNCATION AND TOPLAP

MARK

ONSETS (ZERO-CROSSINGS) FRO MINIMUM

PHASE

PEAKS?TROUGHS FOR ZERO PHASE

REFLECTION CHARECTERISTICS CAN VARY

ALONG AN UNCONFORMITY

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SEISMIC RESPONSE OF FACIES CHANGES

SEISMIC REFLECTIONS DO NOT FOLLOW

FACIES BOUNDARIES

HOWEVERE

REFLECTION CHRACTERISTICS ARE AFFECTED

BY CHANGES IN THE FACIES

- REFLECTION AMPLITUDE

- REFLECTION CONTINUITY

- REFLECTION POLARITY

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LIMITATIONS

RESOLUTION

VERTICAL

LATERAL

IMPROPER POSITIONING REFLECTIONS

DIP ANALOG SECTION

OUT-OF-PLANE REFLECTION

NONPRIMARY REFLECTIONS

NONCOHERENT NOISE

COHERENT NOISE

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LITHOLOGY PREDICTION

CHRONO-

STRATIGRAPHIC

FRAMEWORK

DEPOSITIONAL

FRAMEWORK

SEISMIC DATA

SEISMIC

SEQUENCES

SEISMIC

REFLECTIONCHARACTERISTICS

DEPOSITIONAL

ENVIRONMENT

SEISMIC SEQUENCE

ANALYSIS

SEISMIC FACIES

ANALYSIS

GEOLOGICINTRPRETATION

LITHOLOGY

PREDICTION

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SEISMIC FACIES ANALYSIS APPROACH

SEISMIC FACIES ANALYSIS

REFLECTIONGEOMETRIES

CORE

ANALYSIS

REFLECTIONCHARACTERISTICS

LOGANALYSIS

CALIBRATION

INTERPRETATION

FACIES

MODELDEPOSITIONAL

ENVIRONMENT

PRIDICTION

SEDIMENT

SUPPLY

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INTEGRATED FACIES ANALYSIS

WELL AND SEISMIC DATA

OBSERVE

CALIBRATE

INTERBRATE

PREDICT

VARIATIONS IN CORES, ON LOGS AND ON SEISMIC

LOG RESPONSE TO CORE LITHOFACIES

SEISMIC PESPONSE TO CORES AND LOGS

DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS

SUBENVIRONMENTS SETTING

LATERAL AND VERTICAL

LITHOLOGIC DISTRIBUTION

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SEISMIC FACIES

PARAMETERS

REFLECTION GEOMETRIES

REFLECTION CHARACTERISTICS

INTERVAL VELOCITY

TERMINATION PATTERN

INTERNAL CONFIGRATION

EXTERNAL FORM

AMPLITUDE

CONTINUITY

FREQUENCY

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REFLECTION GEOMETRIES

INTERNAL CONFIGURATIONS

STRATIFIED UNSTRATIFIED

SIMPLE PROGADATIONAL COMPLEX

BARALLEL

SUBPARALLEL

DIVERGENT

SEGMIOD

OBLIQUE

COMBINATION

SHINGLED

MOUNDED

HUMMOCHY

DEFORMED

CHAOTIC REFLECTION

FREE

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REFLECTION GEOMETRIES

EXTERNAL FORM

UNIFORM

THICKNESSVARYING

THICKNESS

SHEET-EVEN

SHEET-DRAPE

SHEET-SMOOTHING

FILL

MOND

COMBINATION

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GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS

ABC TECHNIQUE

C

B-AEROSION

TOPLAP

CONCODANT

ONLAP

DOWNLAP

CONCORDANT

PARALLEL

SUBPARALLEL

DIVERGENT

SIGMOID

OBLIQUE

SHINGLED

MOUNDED

HUMMOCKY

DEFORMED

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DEPOSITIONAL ENERGY

HIGH LOW

DEPOSITIONAL

PROCESSES

SEDIMENTARY

FACIES

DIAGNOSTICGEOMETRIES

EXPLORATION

ACTIVE

SORTED

COARSEST

AVAILABLE GRAIN

SIZE

TOPLAB/OBLIQUEMOUNDS

QUIET WATER

POOR SORTING

FINE PRESENT

SHEET/DRAPE

SIGMOID PROG.

SLOPE FRONT FILL

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REFLECTION CHARECTERISTICS AND

DEPOSITIONAL ENERGY

AMPLITUDE

LOW

HIGH

VARIABLE

LITHOLOGYCONDITIONS

MASSIVE

INTERFINGERED

DISCONTINUOUS

UNIFORM

ALTERNATING

VARYING

CONTINUITY DEPOSITION

HIGH WIDESPREAD

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LITHOLOGY PREDICTION

I) ESTABLISH CHORONOSTRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK

II) DEVELOP DEPOSOTIONAL FRAMEWORK

SEISMIC SEQUENCE ANALYSIS

TIE WELL AND SEISMIC

ANALYZE REFLECTION GEOMETRIES

TIE WELL AND SEISMIC

INTERPRET DEPOSITIONAL SETTINGCALIBRATE SEISMIC FACIES

EXTRAPOLATE AWAY FROM WELL(S)

USE FACIES MODELS

USE CONCEPT OF DEPOSITIONAL ENERGY

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VISUAL SEISMIC SIGNATURES OF

HYDROCARBON INDICATORS

AMPLITUDE ANOMALY

FREQUENCY ANOMALY

TIME SAG

ABRUPT TERMINATIONS

PHASE CHANGE

FLUID CONTACT REFLECTION

SHADOW ZONE

CHINMEY

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FALSE HDIS AND PITFALLS

LOW IMPEDANCE ROCKS

FLAT REFLECTIONS NOT RELATED TO

FLUID CONTACTS

INCORRECT SECTION POLARITY

LOW GAS STATURATION RESERVOIRS

PROSITY PRESERVATION BY PRESENCE OF

HYDROCARBONS

- STRATIGRAPHY

- MULTIPLES

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PRELIMINARY EVALUATION

2-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES

TECHNIQUES

MANUAL

(SERIAL

OVERLAY)

WITHOUT TIME

SLICES, FEW

CROSS LINES

ADVANTAGES

CHEAP

NO SPECIAL

EQUIPMENT

FAST IN

STRUCTURA

LLY SIMPLE

AREAS

DISADVANTAGES

MISS STRUCTURES

THAT STRIKE SUB-

PARALLEL TO LINES

INACCURATE 3-D TIES

OF HORIZONS &STRUCTURES

MAPPING IS

ADDITIONAL STEP

CUMBERSOME

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PRELIMINARY EVALUATION

3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES

MANUAL BUT WITH

TIME SLICES (GS)

SEISCROP

DISADVANTAGES

EXPENSIVE AND SLOW TO

MAKE FILM

DIFFICULT TO TIE LINES

(PAPER) TO TIME SLICES

(PROJECTED)

NOT USABLE IN AREAS OF

POOR REFLECTIONCONTINUITY

CUMBERSOME

AMPLITUDE CONTROLS

POSITION OF TIME SLICE

PICKS

TECHNIQUES ADVANTAGES

EASY TO RECOGNIZE

STRUCTURES IN MOST

ORIENTATIONS

ACCURATE 3-D TIES

OF HORIZONS &

STRUCTURES

FAST WITH GOODREFLECTION

QONTINUITY

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TRUE 3-D GRID

DISADVANTAGES

VERY SLOW

MANY TIES

TECHNIQUES

ADVANTAGES

VERY DETAILED

MAPS

MOST ACCURATE

PICTURES OF FAULT

PATTERNS

HIGHEST

CONFIDENCE

INTERPRETATION

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION

3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES

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USING A STRATIGRPHIC

FRAMEWORK

ANALYSIS

MODELING

PREDICTION

STRATIGRAPHIC

FRAMEWORK

BURIAL

HISTORYTRAP

DEVELOPMENT

AND TIMINGTEMPERATURE

HISTORY

HYDROCARBON

GENERATION

RESERVOIR

PROPERTIES

SOURCE MIGRATION RESERVOIR SEAL TRAP

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PRELIMINARY EVALUATION

3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES

TECHNIQUES

MANUAL

(SERIAL

OVERLAY)

WITHOUT TIME

SLICES, FEW

CROSS LINES

ADVANTAGES

CHEAP

NO SPECIAL

EQUIPMENT

FAST IN

STRUCTURA

LLY SIMPLE

AREAS

DISADVANTAGES

MISS STRUCTURES

THAT STRIKE SUB-

PARALLEL TO LINES

INACCURATE 3-D TIES

OF HORIZONS &STRUCTURES

MAPPING IS

ADDITIONAL STEP

CUMBERSOME

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PRELIMINARY EVALUATION

3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES

MANUAL BUT WITH

TIME SLICES (GS)

SEISCROP

DISADVANTAGES

EXPENSIVE AND SLOW TO

MAKE FILM

DIFFICULT TO TIE LINES

(PAPER) TO TIME SLICES

(PROJECTED)

NOT USABLE IN AREAS OF

POOR REFLECTIONCONTINUITY

CUMBERSOME

AMPLITUDE CONTROLS

POSITION OF TIME SLICE

PICKS

TECHNIQUES ADVANTAGES

EASY TO RECOGNIZE

STRUCTURES IN MOST

ORIENTATIONS

ACCURATE 3-D TIES

OF HORIZONS &

STRUCTURES

FAST WITH GOODREFLECTION

QONTINUITY

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TRUE 3-D GRID

DISADVANTAGES

VERY SLOW

MANY TIES

TECHNIQUES

ADVANTAGES

VERY DETAILED

MAPS

MOST ACCURATE

PICTURES OF FAULT

PATTERNS

HIGHEST

CONFIDENCE

INTERPRETATION

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION

3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES

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PRELIMINARY EVALUATION

3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES

ISIS-

EPR INTERACTIVESEISMIC

INTERPRATATION

SYSTEM

DISADVANTAGES

CONVERSION OF

SEISMIC DATA TO

ACCEPTABLEFORMAT CAN BE

TIME-CONSUMMING

EXCESSIVE DETAIL

AVAILABLE

TECHNIQU

ES

ADVANTAGES

ALOWS USE OF ANY

TECHNIQUE

MOST ACCURATE TIES OF TIME

SLICES TO LINES AND LINES TO

CROSS-LINES

LESS PAPER TO SHUFFLE

AMPLITUDE/COLOR SCALING

RAPID, ACCURATE DIGITIZING

CONTOUR MAPS OF HORIZONSDIGITIZED ON LINES AND/OR

SLICES

IMAGE MANIPULATIONS

ZOOM, STRETCH, SQUEEZE,

REVERSE POLARITY

RELIEVES INTRPRETATER

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SEISMIC-WELL TIES

PURPOSE: TO COMBINE TWO DATA SETS FOR A MORE

COMPLETE INTERPERATION

SEISMIC DATA

TWO WAY TIME

SEISMIC VELOCITY

SEISMIC IMPEDENCE

SEISMIC SEQUENCES

SEISMIC FACIES

STRUCTURE

WELL DATA

LINEAR DEPTH

VELOCITY

DENSITY

GEOLOGIC AGE

LITHOLOGY

FAULT ORIENTATION