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Strategic Communication
Strategic Communication
Or... United States (Foreign Aimed) Propaganda
History – Many Offices
● Foreign Information Service (1941-42)● Office of War Information (1942-45)● Office of International Information & Cultural Affairs (1945-48)● Office of International Information (1948-50)● Office of International Information & of the Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs (1950-52)● International Communication Administration (1952-53)● United States Information Agency (1953-77)● International Information Agency (1978-82)● United States Information Agency (1983-98)● International Public Information Core Group (1998-2001)● Office of Strategic Influence (2001-02)● Office of Global Communications (2002-05)● Bureau of International Information Programs (2005-2016)
USIA
USIA
USIA
Synonyms and Terminology
● Information Support● Psychological Operation● Perception Management● Public Diplomacy● Information Operation● Strategic Influence● Strategic Communication● Special Planning
DoD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms
PSYOP
Perception Management
Strategic Communication
Public Diplomacy and Strategic Communication
Public Diplomacy and Strategic Communication
Recent Legislation/Policy
NSDD*-45 (1982), NSDD-77 (1983), NSDD-130 (1984)
“[This group] will be responsible for the planning and coordination of major speeches on national security subjects and other public appearances by senior officials... with foreign and public dimensions.”
“The fundamental purpose of US international information programs is to affect foreign audiences in ways favorable to US national interests.”
“The Department of Defense is directed, with appropriate interagency coordination and in accordance with national law and policy, to participate in overt PSYOP programs in peacetime.”
Recent Legislation/Policy
DoD Directive S-3321.1 (1984)
Established the Overt Peacetime PSYOP Program (OP3), still operative today.
http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/332101p.pdf
Controlled document.
Recent Legislation/Policy
H.R.2915 (1983)
https://www.congress.gov/bill/98th-congress/house-bill/2915
“Authorizes appropriations for the USIA for FY 1984 and 1985.”
“Directs the Administrator of General Services to provide for the distribution within the United States of the U.S.I.A. film "Thanksgiving in Peshawar." ”
Recent Legislation/Policy
DoD Psychological Operations Master Plan March 1985 & 1990
https://archive.org/stream/DODPsychologicalOperationsMasterPlanMarch1990/DOD%20Psychological%20Operations%20Master%20Plan%20March%201990_djvu.txt
“Today's environment for PSYOP involves not only the continuous and global war of information between the Soviet Union and the United States, but similar conflict among other aligned and non-aligned nations as well.”
“Operation JUST CAUSE commanders continue to attest to the combat advantage PSYOP forces brought to their battle.”
Recent Legislation/Policy
National Security Directive 51 (1990)
https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsd/nsd51.pdf
“In a period of historic change, a global U.S. Government broadcasting capability remains necessary.”
“To provide surrogate programming where local governments curtail the free flow of information to their people and where surrogate programming is in the U.S. interest.”
“Broadcasting should serve and advance U.S. foreign policy objectives through radio and television to foreign audiences.”
Recent Legislation/Policy
Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act (1998)
https://www.congress.gov/105/bills/hr1757/BILLS-105hr1757enr.pdf
“by striking ‘‘United States Information Agency’’ each
place it appears and inserting ‘‘Broadcasting Board of Governors’’;.”
“Section 1(b) of the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 (22 U.S.C. 2651a(b)) is amended by striking ‘‘5’’ and inserting ‘‘6’’”
Recent Legislation/Policy
Recent Legislation/Policy
Presidential Decision Directive PDD 68 (1999)
http://fas.org/irp/offdocs/pdd/pdd-68.htm
“The International Public Information [IPI] System is designed to "influence foreign audiences" in support of US foreign policy and to counteract propaganda by enemies of the United States.”
“intended to "influence the emotions, motives, objective reasoning and ultimately the behavior of foreign governments, organizations, groups and individuals."”
Recent Legislation/Policy
NSPD-1 (2001)
Controlled document.
“The International Public Information [IPI] System is designed to "influence foreign audiences" in support of US foreign policy and to counteract propaganda by enemies of the United States.”
“intended to "influence the emotions, motives, objective reasoning and ultimately the behavior of foreign governments, organizations, groups and individuals."”
Recent Legislation/Policy
NSPD-16 (2002)
Controlled document.
http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB177/06_nspd_16.pdf
“PSYOP that affect friendly nations.”
Recent Legislation/Policy
Executive Order 13283 (2003)
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=61379
● “The Office shall assess the methods and strategies used by the United States Government to deliver information to audiences abroad.”
“The Office shall encourage the use of state-of-the-art media and technology and shall advise the United States Government of events, technologies, and other communications tools that may be available for use in conveying information.”
Recent Legislation/Policy
Information Operations Roadmap (2003)
http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB177/info_ops_roadmap.pdf
“DoD should collaborate with other agencies for U.S. Government public diplomacy programs and information objectives. PSYOP forces and capabilities can be employed in support of public diplomacy.”
● “Major DoD 'information activities' include public affairs, military support to public diplomacy and PSYOP. The State Department maintains the lead for public diplomacy, the [censored] and the International Broadcasting Board of Governors maintains the lead for broadcasting USG messages overseas, often with DoD in a supporting role.””
Recent Legislation/Policy
Information Operations Roadmap (2007)
http://www.nyu.edu/brademas/pdf/publications-moving-forward-strategic-communication-public-diplomacy.pdf
““Key Influencers” are those whose views can have a ripple effect throughout society. They include clerics, educators, journalists, women leaders, business and labor leaders, political leaders, scientists and military personnel. Our public diplomacy programs and efforts should engage these key influencers”
“In response to changing user habits and the dramatically different media landscape, new web-based approaches must be developed and expanded by all agencies. The interagency community should collaborate with technology professionals to identify recommendations on current trends and the most effective ways of reaching youth audiences.”
Recent Legislation/Policy
White Oak Document (2009)
Public document, but could not find a copy.
http://www.american.edu/soc/faculty/upload/Zaharna-public-diplomacy-islamic-world.pdf
“Public diplomacy is not just a 'war of ideas' but a multipronged effort to understand, inform, engage and influence the attitudes and behavior of foreign opinion leaders and publics, in ways that both promote better foreign understanding of American values, polices and goals, and better inform the U.S. policymaking process.”
Recent Legislation/Policy
Smith-Mundt Modernization Act of 2012 (2012)
http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c112:H.R.5736 :
“Nothing in this section shall be construed to prohibit the Department of State or the Broadcasting Board of Governors from engaging in any medium or form of communication, either directly or indirectly, because a United States domestic audience is or may be thereby exposed to program material, or based on a presumption of such exposure. Such material may be made available within the United States and disseminated, when appropriate, pursuant to sections 502 and 1005 of the United States Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948 (22 U.S.C. 1462 and 1437)”
Recent Legislation/Policy
National Defense Authorization Act for FY 2013 (2013)
https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr4310/text
“the Secretary and the Broadcasting Board of Governors may, upon request and reimbursement of the reasonable costs incurred in fulfilling such a request, make available, in the United States, motion pictures, films, video, audio, and other materials disseminated abroad”
Technical Capabilities
Technical Capabilities
Technical Capabilities
HBGary Federal Disclosures:Persona Management
HBGary Federal Disclosures:Persona Management
Persona Management:Operation Earnest Voice
Persona Management:Operation Earnest Voice
Snowden Disclosures:GCHQ JTRIG
Snowden Disclosures:GCHQ JTRIG
Snowden Disclosures:GCHQ JTRIG
DARPA SMISC
SMISC Open Research
SMISC Open Research
SMISC Open Research
SMISC Open Research
SMISC Open Research
SMISC Open Research
SMISC Open Research
SMISC Open Research
SMISC Open Research
SMISC Open Research
SMISC Open Research
DARPA: SMISC
The War of Ideas
The War of Ideas
The War of Ideas
The War of Ideas
Neural Based Messaging
Neural Based Messaging
What does it look like in practice?
What does it look like in practice?
What does it look like in practice?
What does it look like in practice?
What does it look like in practice?
