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New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone:AN ASSESSMENT OF FREE ECONOMIC ZONES (FEZ’s) IN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES: PERFORMANCE AND MAIN FEATURES.
51
Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone Decade 2010 - 2020 To develop Panama in a balanced and sustainable way... Francisco Antonio Cerón García ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank and acknowledge the support received from the invaluable contribution of the data banks of public access to the IDB, IMF, UN, OECD, WB, WTO and other national and international agencies, whose list is so extensive that I refer the reader to the bibliography and links to the cited end of the document. I hope that this working paper serves as a useful strategy for the future Panama’s Free Economic Zone . 1
Transcript
Page 1: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

Strategic Guidelines amp Development Planrsquos New Colon amp Panamarsquos Free Economic Zone

Decade 2010 - 2020

To develop Panama in a balanced and sustainable way

Francisco Antonio Ceroacuten Garciacutea

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to thank and acknowledge the support received from the invaluable contribution of the data banks of public access to the IDB IMF UN OECD WB WTO and other national and international agencies whose list is so extensive that I refer

the reader to the bibliography and links to the cited end of the document

I hope that this working paper serves as a useful strategy for the future Panamarsquos Free Economic Zone

1

New Colon amp Panamarsquos Free Economic Zone

AN ASSESSMENT OF FREE ECONOMIC ZONES (FEZrsquos) IN LATIN

AMERICAN COUNTRIES PERFORMANCE AND MAIN

FEATURES

Working Paperrsquos Francisco Antonio Ceron Garcia

Abstract Free Economics Zones (FEZ) have become increasingly important as developing countries seed to attract foreign investment in order to promote trade and growth A large number of FEZ have been put into operation throughout the World and more are in the planning process Even though they offer almost similar incentives and facilities their degree of success differ from one country to another Macro as well as micro level constraints have impeded the success of most of the zones which require a careful reassessment of their existing measures Jebel Ali Free Zone proved to be the most successful in Arab countries in terms of investment attracted to the zone level of exports and foreign exchange as well as backward and forward linkages with the domestic economy To be successful Fezrsquos in Latin American countries have to concentrate on competing on the basis of the services offered and their quality

2

Index 3 Abstract 2 1 Razones para realizar el Proyecto de la Nueva Zona de Libre Comercio en Panamaacute 4 2 The main reasons to develop the Colon amp Panamarsquos Free Zone Project 5 3 OCDE Investment Programme What do we mean by free economics zones 7 4 Criteria for Establishing Free Economics Zones Elements of Success 12 41 Political Stability 12 42 Commitment to Free Economy (Openness) 12 43 Strategic Location 12 44 Availability of Labour and Low Labour Costs 13 45 Availability of Good Infrastructure Facilities 13 5 Free Economics Zones in Latin American Countries Trend and Main Features 13 6 Main Features Incentives Facilities and Administration of Free Zones 14 61 Fiscal and Financial Incentives 14 62 Customs Exemptions Import Duties 14 63 Facilities and Administration 14 64 Administration of Free Zones in Panama 15 7 Attracting Foreign Investment and Capital 15 8 Free Zones Obstacles and Problems Reasons for Poor Performance 15 8 I Macro Level Administrative Obstacles 15 8 II Macro Level Marketing Obstacles 16 8 III Micro Level 16 9 Conclusion and Policy Implications 16 Bibliography 18 Useful Links 19

3

(Spanish Language)

1 Razones para realizar el Proyecto de la Nueva Zona de Libre Comercio en Panamaacute

Primer Argumento ldquoOacuteptima Localizacioacuten tanto Geograacutefica como

Estrateacutegicardquo Panamaacute es el centro geograacutefico y estrateacutegico entre Norteameacuterica y Sudameacuterica y entre Asia Aacutefrica y Europa Si se transforma en un ldquoHubrdquo de libre comercio tendriacutea gran eacutexito

Segundo Argumento ldquoSinergias y Experiencias Logiacutesticas del Puerto Libre de Coloacutenrdquo

Se aprovechariacutean las sinergias y experiencias logiacutesticas previas del Puerto Libre de Coloacuten

Tercer Argumento ldquoSinergias y Experiencias Logiacutesticas del Canal de Panamaacuterdquo

Se aprovechariacutean las sinergias y experiencias logiacutesticas previas del Canal de Panamaacute Cuarto Argumento ldquoSudameacuterica es la principal zona del Mundo que tiene las Commodities que tanto necesitan las economiacuteas emergentes de Asiardquo De mi trabajo anterior ldquoPlan de Desarrollo y Lineamientos Estrateacutegicos Provincia de Salta (Argentina) Deacutecada 2008 ndash 2018rdquo se concluye que Sudameacuterica es la principal zona que tiene las materias primas alimentos y combustibles de todo el mundo y que tanto necesitan las economiacuteas emergentes de Asia en particular la India y China Luego es una enorme razoacuten de peso de cara al futuro pues el traacutefico de dichas relaciones comerciales pasariacutea por Panamaacute que es quien estaacute mejor situado al respecto en toda Ameacuterica

Quinto Argumento ldquoEl bilinguumlismo Ingleacutes y Espantildeol de Panamaacuterdquo Habriacutea la muy importante ventaja competitiva antildeadida del bilinguumlismo Espantildeol ndash Ingleacutes en Panamaacute

Sexto Argumento ldquoLa Crisis Mundial es precisamente el momento de mayor oportunidad para llevar a cabo el Proyectordquo

Por uacuteltimo la crisis es precisamente el mejor momento de mayor oportunidad para llevar a cabo la realizacioacuten del proyecto pues precisamente porque

4

quiebran algunas de las maacutes importantes multinacionales como Opel en EEUU otras toman el relevo de dicho nicho de mercado y cuando la economiacutea mundial se reactive este antildeo que viene entonces se estaraacute en los primeros puestos de salida Dejar de realizar el proyecto ahora mismo es perder una oportunidad competitiva ventajosa uacutenica para ser los primeros y tener eacutexito precisamente por la competencia en la regioacuten de otras zonas como Jamaica

Uacuteltimo Argumento ldquoEl Marketing y la Calidad de los Servicios es el Secreto del Eacutexito del Proyectordquo

iexclEl Marketing y la Calidad de los Servicios es el Secreto del Eacutexito del Proyecto Por eso para capitalizar desde el comienzo del mismo ante el mundo entero el marketing tanto del Puerto Libre de Coloacuten como del Canal de Panamaacute propongo que dicho proyecto se denomine ldquoLa Nueva Zona de Libre Comercio de Colon y el Canal de Panamaacuterdquo o en ingleacutes ldquoNew Colon amp Panamas Channel Free Economic Zonerdquo

(English Language)

2 The main reasons to develop the Colon amp Panama Free Zone Project

First Reason ldquoPanama could be the ldquoNew Free Economic Zone

Hubrdquo who connects all the worlds continentsrdquo Panama is the geographical centre between North America and South America for one side and for the other side between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean or in other words between Asia Africa and Europe Then Panama could be the ldquoNew Free Economic Zone Hubrdquo who connects all the worlds continents and this project would be successful at all

5

Second Reason ldquoSynergies and Logistic Experiences from the Colons Free Portrdquo

If the New Colon Free Economic Zone could start up the project would benefits with all the synergies and logistic experiences from the Colons Free Port

Third Reason ldquoSynergies and Logistic Experiences from the Panamas Channelrdquo

If the New Colon Free Economic Zone could start up the project would benefits with all the synergies and logistic experiences from the Panamas Channel who connect by maritime way the Pacific Ocean with the Atlantic Ocean

Fourth Reason ldquoLatin America has all the commodities who need the Asian countriesrdquo

From my previous original paper ldquoPlan de Desarrollo y Lineamientos Estrateacutegicos Provincia de Salta (Argentina) Deacutecada 2008 ndash 2018rdquo you could realize that Latin America is the only continent over the entire world who has all the commodities who need the Asian countries like India and China Then Panama would be the best Hub to connect Asia and Latin American countries throughout the New Colon Free Economic Zone

Fifth Reason ldquoSpeaking of both languages English and Spanishrdquo Panama has another great advantage compared for example with Jamaica who is the speaking of both languages English and Spanish

Sixth Reason The ldquoGlobal Crisisrdquo is the best opportunity to start up this ldquoGlobal Projectrdquo

This main ldquoGlobal Crisisrdquo is the best opportunity to start up this ldquoGlobal Projectrdquo because of the lack of something corporations like for example Opel in EEUU Then the market is in a dynamical quickly evolution and new corporations covert the lack of the traditional and main global corporations and again in this way is the best opportunity to start up the New Colon amp Panama Free Economic Zone

And the last Reason I recommended to name the new Free Economic Zone as ldquoNew Colon amp Panama Free Economic Zonerdquo

The marketing and the quality of the services of the project are the secret of the successful of it Then from the beginning I recommended to name the new Free Economic Zone as ldquoNew Colon amp Panama Free Economic Zonerdquo to capitalise all the marketing of Panamas Channel and Colons Free Port

6

7

8

9

10

11

In the nexts paragraphs I will study and analyse with others characteristics this two main characteristics the marketing and the quality of the services from the point of view of the successfully Free Zones like Jebel Ali Free Economic Zone from Dubai and others failures projects in the same geographical region

4 Criteria for Establishing Free Economics Zones Elements of Success In order for a free zone to succeed the factors that attract firms must be known Should a government or free zone authority not have a thorough grasp of the need of firms and then the development of a free zone can become a very expensive lesson in what firms do and do not need The more information available to free zone authorities concerning factors involved in the decision of the zonersquos management to locate in certain area the more capable the authorities will be in providing critical information to interested firms Studies carried out on free zones in developing countries conclude that criteria governing the decision to invest in a free zone area include the following

41 Political Stability This is considered the most important factor that attracts capital to the host country Foreign investment companies are always hesitant to undertake ventures in politically unstable countries where their interests are consistently threatened

42 Commitment to Free Economy (Openness) In fact a suitable macroeconomic exchange rate and trade policy regime together with a legal regulatory environment favourable to business is a basic and critical element for the entry of a developing economy into the world market Where there are tariffs and other taxes or restrictions on imports of producer goods export policies must provide exporters with a free trade status which their competitors around the world enjoy So the more committed the host government is to investment free trade etc the more guarantees foreign firms have and the more attractive the free zone is to foreign investment

43 Strategic Location Free Zones have to be established close to major international markets In order to succeed a free zone has to have a good geographical and strategic location ie close to the traffic of international trade For instance Dubairsquos strategic location at the crossroads between the East and the West has made it the leading hub between Europe and the Far East Dubairsquos traditional links with the nearby Gulf States the Red Sea East Africa and the Indian subcontinent have enhanced the success of the free zone in Jebel Ali

12

Comprehensive theories for the location of manufacturing activities have been developed throughout history In making allocation decisions several determinants or factors such as transportation cost labour cost marketing advantages and proximity to auxiliary industries are considered Some economists referred to the best location as that site from which a given number of buyers can be served at the lowest total cost In that sense the location theory involves both cost and demand curves

44 Availability of Labour and Low Labour Costs Because foreign firms and companies are interested in lowering their cost of production the cost and availability of labour are one of the main factors that attract foreign investment to free zones and in turn enhance their success However recently and due to many reasons the cost and availability of are losing importance in the face of other factors of a more qualitative nature such as transport conditions and cost and business establishment conditions

45 Availability of Good Infrastructure Facilities Availability of infrastructure as well as other supply services is considered a must for a free zone to succeed Availability of good transportation and communication systems for instance in addition to a good administrative system away from red tape and bureaucracy would definitely enhance the success of the zone The availability of a modern seaport for instance with its terminals and modern international airport with its cargo village and its air-freight handling capability and the Manifest and Documentation System (MDS) have tremendously enhanced the success of Jebel Ali Free Zone tremendously The Free Zonersquos infrastructure facilities which would compete with those of other zones and contribute to the zonersquos success include low cost pre-fabricated warehouses offices and refrigerated stores open stores and retail transport facilities abundant power supply and highly efficient support services by the engineering and data system Also the fully free flow of capital and tax-free profits andor returns are important facilities to be considered

5 Free Economics Zones in Latin American Countries Trend and Main Features

The geographical location of Panamarsquos country allow it to act as a bridge between four continents namely Asia Africa Europe and between North America and South America Panamarsquos country strategic location at the crossroads between East and West and North and South has contribute to their importance in international trade where it is considered important gateways to large numbers of people and where it provide essential meeting points for production and consumption markets

13

The idea of establishing free zones in the region is gathering momentum especially with the general trend in the area towards liberalization and globalization trends and the newly emerging economics blocs Like most free zones in the world free zones in Panamarsquos country would be located either in or near seaports or near airports and international borders Such locations would be attractive to low as well as high-value products In fact without access to services that are essential to export and industrial operations some free zones in Panamarsquos country may find it hard to attract foreign investment 6 Main Features Incentives Facilities and Administration of Free Zones

61 Fiscal and Financial Incentives The variety and magnitude of fiscal and financial incentives given to investors in Free Zones vary from country to another Jebel Ali Free Zone for example seems to offer the most attractive incentives where there are no limitations on foreign ownership no personal and income taxes and exemption from corporate taxes is for almost 30 years Apart from fiscal incentives (tax exemption) most free zones offer financial incentives such as exemption from taxes on profits and from foreign currency controls Most Free Zones permit the unlimited transfer of profits as from the first year of production and repatriation of the total initial investment after a relatively short period of about 3 years 62 Customs Exemptions Import Duties Apart from its duty-free privileges free zones are characterized by the speed and simplicity of import and export transactions In Jebel Ali Zone (Dubai) for example time-consuming procedures on importation and exportations are kept to a minimum 63 Facilities and Administration Free Zone in Panamarsquos country would be provided with various types of infrastructure facilities and services This would include roads ports (Colon) airport (The International Airport of Panama) facilities for storage and standard factory buildings The support services would include physical services such as the supply of electricity and water telecommunication facilities commercial services such as banking insurance shipping and forwarding agents etc and social services such a medical care food facilities etc The most extensive infrastructure facilities over the world are those provided in Jebel Ali Free Zone This includes a modern port generous space a modern communication system and pre-built facilities for lease Abundant and inexpensive energy is also available

14

64 Administration of Free Zones in Panama It should be administer by a separate authority which should be call The Free Zone Authority or Corporation It should has representatives from various ministries in fact the existence of a centralized administrative office with the authority to intercede between firms in the Free Zone and other government departments helps to provide investors with a simple and straightforward administrative procedure ie one window service

7 Attracting Foreign Investment and Capital Investment activities in free zones were dominated by storage projects that not require large amounts of capital The source of the invested capital determines to some extent the ability of the Zone to attract foreign investment What I believe determines the success of a Free Zone is its external competitiveness relative to other zones in the region rather than its internal profitability as captured by only cost-benefit analysis The rate of return of investments in the Zone may be extremely high but foreign investors are not attracted So may be what is needed is an international competitiveness analysis that is carried out parallel to the cost-benefits analysis Having looked at some of the main issues that determine the success of Jebel Ali Free Zone it appears that success depends on a number of economic social and geographical factors in effect within the country and abroad It is essential that we do not overlook the fact that in general a Free Economic Zone is a mature phenomenon of the international economy It is believed that an understanding of the features objectives and mechanism of the Zones and their role in the global economy is essential to the success of every zone

8 Free Zones Obstacles and Problems Reasons for Poor Performance

Investors in Free Zones are continuously faced with problems and obstacles that impede the operations of their firms in the zones Some of these problems are related to the macro level while others to sectoral and firm levels Also some are considered administrative and marketing problems while other are legal and technical ones Although assessment shows that the type and magnitude of obstacles differ from country to another the major problems are considered to be similar 8 I On the Macro Level Administrative Obstacles include among other things

1 Excessive red tape and bureaucracy where investors have to deal with several departments to obtain licenses or approvals The process is tedious and lengthy

2 Lack of actual autonomy of Free Zones even though they are accorded by law financial and administrative authority

3 Unexpected changes in laws and regulations that continuously confuse investors

4 Conflict and overlap of laws and procedures related to Free Zones as well as to customs

15

8 II On the other hand Marketing Obstacles include

1 Free zones lack of effective promotional policies They failed to understand that marketing is a task requiring most of the attention of top management

2 There is a difficulty in marketing products of Free Zones because Free Zones in the region are similar and produce almost similar products

At the same time adequate Infrastructure Facilities surrounding the Economic Free Zone are necessary pre-condition for attracting foreign investment However this is not the case in most Free Zones in the region of Panamarsquos country Infrastructure obstacles include Inadequate infrastructure utilities and services especially communication as well as lack and inefficiency of ports used to carry Zones products and materials necessary for production 8 III On the Sectoral and Micro Level Some problems are related to the nature of industrial activities such as the small-sized industries in the Free Zones and their inability to compete in the markets Others are related to the dependence on imported raw materials which has tremendously increased the cost of production of industrial products As a result the ability of industries to compete has decreased At the same time certain problems such as the lack of a complex production process have led to the limited transfer of technology to industries As a result the transfer of technology through industries was relatively limited It is believed that a simple production process generates very few backward linkages with other production activities in the economy and most of the material that requires technical knowledge is being imported from foreign sources As a result there is no room to develop specific technologies in the zones What actually exist is only assembly lines as well as putting together of ready made parts It is believed that Free Economics Zones are going to be more important in the present decade than they were in the last decade or so because they can be the doorways to growth and development that can be opened and closed according to the countryrsquos interest and benefits

9 Conclusion and Policy Implications

In recent years Free Economics Zones have become increasingly important as countries sought to attract foreign investment for the purpose of promoting growth through increasing exports foreign exchange and employment opportunities as well as enhancing the transfer of technology The result the relatively limited effect of Free Zones on the host economies except in the case of Jebel Ali Free Zone was mainly due to macro as well as sectoral level obstacles that impeded the operation of firms in the zones Looking back at the experience of partly successful Free Zones in Arab countries one can identify a number of classical failures at the planning and design stage They include the choice of inappropriate location for the zone

16

lack of sufficient basic infrastructure such as telecommunications and inefficient institutional linkages between the Zone Authority and other government departments As a result careful consideration of the existing rules and measures is necessary for the Zones to succeed The recommended measures include among others things

91 Legislative reforms that would take care of the numerous contradictions and duplications of laws and regulations in the Zones to reduce bureaucracy and give more independence to the authorities Investment laws should remain in force for long periods in order to give investors peace and mind 92 Sufficient infrastructure facilities and services are needed in most of the Free Zones in the region The availability of such infrastructure facilities would give to the New Colon Free Zone in Panamarsquos country a comparative advantage within the entire region 93 Reforms that encourage the expansion of export industries in the Zones such as the removal of barriers to the movement of finished goods in the region In fact is essential to have regulations that attract large and medium size industries rather than small industries as it is the case in Jebel Ali Free Zone 94 Encouragement of employment of nationals in Free Zones which may require giving more attention to training of manpower by the Free Zone Authority on one hand by local and foreign firms on the other 95 Promotion and marketing of the Zones that requires the attention of top management So promotional and marketing programs that attract clients and keep them happy should be developed Priority should be given to meeting clients needs as well as the countryrsquos objectives In fact it makes little sense to invest in land infrastructure utilities etc and fail to provide enough investment for marketing and promotion

Finally we can say that Panamarsquos country have not probably been active as any others regions in establishing and developing Free Economics Zones like the Arab countries and in particular Dubai with the Jebel Ali Free Zone The idea was to get around a large amount of existing regulations and to provide infrastructure facilities and services to attract foreign investment and in turn to promote growth To be successful Free Economic Zones in Panama have to concentrate on competing on the basis of the services offered and the quality of such services In others words their comparative advantage of liberalization should be in their services Aggressive Free Zones can create good opportunities for themselves within the region while traditional and slow Free Zones which are not able to adapt quickly become uncompetitive and in turn a classical example of failure It is the job of dynamic managers to seize the opportunity to attract business and investment to the zone and I can do that for the New Colon Free Zone in Panama because I am a successful CEO actively seeking new opportunities to capture new business opportunities to which I may offer my global approach along with extensive experience

17

Bibliography Tahir Jamil (1998) ldquoAn Assessment of Free Economic Zones (FEZs) in Arab Countries - Performance and Main Featuresrdquo Working Paper 9926 It was presented in an international conference on ldquoNew Economics Developments and Their Impact on Arab Economiesrdquo held in Tunis during the period 3-5 June 1998 Guangwen Meng (2003) ldquoThe Theory and Practice of Free Economic Zones A Case Study of Tianjin Peoplersquos Republic of Chinardquo Submitted to the Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics of the Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Germany for the Degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences Oral Examination 14022003 Watson Noel Newton (1998) ldquoEVALUATING THE NET ECONOMICS BENEFITS OF FREE TRADE ZONES IN THEORY AND PRACTICE - APPLIED TO THE KINGSTON EXPORT FREE ZONE IN JAMAICArdquo Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Economics of Simon Fraser University November 1998 Ministry of Finance and Economy (Republic of Korea) ldquoFree Economic Zones in Korea (2003) The Future of Northeast Asiardquo September 2003 httpenglishmosfgokr Salma Ali Saif Bin Hareb Chief Executive Zonersquos Jebel Free Zone of Government of Dubai (2007) ldquoJafza Corporate Brochurerdquo November 2007 httpwwwjafzaaeen Knowledge Innovation Zone Research Project (2006) ldquoSPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES (SEZ) VERSUS KNOWLEDGE INNOVATION ZONES (KIZ) - A COMPARISONrdquo httpwwwinthekzonecom OECD Private Sector Development Division (2008) ldquoFree Economic Zones in the MENA Region Update 2008rdquo Tarun Dhingra Dr Ambalika Sinha Dr Tripti Singh (2008) ldquoLocation strategy for competitiveness of Special Economic Zones in India ndash A Generic frameworkrdquo

18

Useful Links

Jebel Ali Free Zone (Jafza) httpwwwjafzaaeen SEZ stands for Special Economic Zone a tax free area for manufacturing RampD Trading and Services units (Inspira Infrastructure) httpwwwinspirainfracom Yellow Sea Free Economic Zone (Yesfez) httpwwwyesfezgokrengyesfezsongak_districtasp Tanger Free Zone httpwwwtangerfreezonecom Hamriyah Free Zone httpwwwhfzaae Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone (RAK FTZ) httpwwwrakftzcomen Jebel Ali Free Zone Online Directory (Potential Customer for the New Free Zone) httpwwwjdae

International Trade General International Trade and Trade Policy Free Economic Zones

bull UN Resources bull Documents bull Photos

Free Economic Zones in Korea The Future of Northeast Asia Foreign-invested firms have begun to take a close look at the benefits of locating in one of these zones 8 9 Page 11 What are Free Economic Zones Sector unpan1unorgintradocgroupspublicdocumentsAPCITYUNPAN0 UNESCAP Taking off in earnest Koreas free economic zones are at the forefront of the scenic coastal cities of Incheon Busan-Jinhae and Gwangyang the zones form an wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue78_16nov2005doc UNESCAP By Kim Min-hee Korea will move swiftly to further improve the contents of its free economic zones as well as strengthen its sales pitch to potential investors wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue75_18Oct2005doc

NATIONAL PROFILE FOR THE INFORMATION SOCIETY IN THE UNITED ARAB Also the growth of ICT Free Zones companies and activities is certain to The UAE has made extensive use of duty free economic zones to stimulate business wwwescwaorglbwsisreportsdocsUAE_2005-Epdf Economic and Social Council the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352

ةماعلا ةيعمجلا the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and has introduced many kinds of special zones of various areas For example Xiamen Special Economic Zone covers about 131 million while Tianjin Free Trade Zone wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377pub_2377 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and In 1990 it established free trade zones (bonded areas) altogether 15 to date seven of which are located in special economic zones and five of which are

19

wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377ftz_ch4 TID inputs to 61st Session of the Commission regional special economic zones (along a similar format as ldquogrowth trianglesrdquo) for disaster-affected areas could be considered which would grant duty-free wwwunescaporgtidnewstsunami_briefpdf Economic Cooperation and Integration Sub-programme Provisional These can include regional clusters Internet-based business models business incubators free economic zones technological and science centres platforms and wwwuneceorgcecidocsECI_conceptual_framework_29May2006p See also

Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial development support services gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial sector gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Duty free transit International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Free ports

Free economic zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

Many countries have or have had at some time designated areas where companies are taxed very lightly or not at all to encourage development or for some other reason These are known as free economic zones

Sometimes they are called free ports by an analogy with free ports known for a long time in history - the ports free of customs or with favorable customs regulations eg the free port of Trieste Very often free ports are parts of free economic zones

Contents [hide]

bull 1 Free economic zones by countryo 11 Armenia o 12 Belarus o 13 Brazil o 14 Bulgaria

20

o 15 Chile o 16 China o 17 Egypt o 18 Georgia o 19 India o 110 Iran o 111 Italy o 112 Lithuania o 113 Malaysia o 114 Russia o 115 South Korea o 116 Spain o 117 Ukraine o 118 United Arab Emirateso 119 Uzbekistan o 120 United Kingdom

bull 2 References

[edit] Free economic zones by country

[edit] Armenia

bull Gyumri

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Bulgaria

bull Burgas bull Rousse bull Plovdiv bull Dragoman bull Vidin bull Svilengrad

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] China

21

bull Hong Kong

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said Public Free Zone bull Alexandria Public Free Zone bull Nasr City Public Free Zone bull Suez Public Free Zone bull Ismailia Public Free Zone bull Damietta Public Free Zone bull Media Public Free Zone bull Shebin El- Kom Public Free Zone bull Qeft Public Free Zone bull Port Said East Port Public Free Zone

[edit] Georgia

bull Poti Samegrelo region

[edit] India

bull Sricity Multi Product SEZ Andhra Pradesh [1] bull SEEPZ India bull Inspira Pharma amp Biotech Park Aurangabad Maharashtra[2]

[edit] Iran

bull Kish bull Aras Free Zone bull Anzali Free Zone bull Arvand Free Zone bull Chabahar Free Zone bull Gheshm Free Zone

[edit] Italy

bull Catania bull Erice bull Gela bull Crotone bull Rossano bull Lamezia Terme bull Matera bull Taranto bull Lecce bull Andria bull Naples bull Torre Annunziata bull Mondragone

22

bull Campobasso bull Cagliari bull Quartu SantElena bull Iglesias bull Velletri bull Sora bull Pescara bull Massa Carrara bull Ventimiglia

[edit] Lithuania

bull Klaipeda Free Economic Zone bull Kaunas Free Economic Zone

[edit] Malaysia

bull Port Klang Free Zone

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Ingushetia bull Yantar Kaliningrad

[edit] South Korea

bull Yellow Sea bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang

[edit] Spain

bull Ibiza

[edit] Ukraine

bull Quarantine Pier of Odessa trade sea port January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Ajman Free Zone[1] bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center

23

bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Studio City

[edit] Uzbekistan

bull Navoiy

[edit] United Kingdom

bull London Docklands bull Bristol Subverbs

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwsricityin 2 ^ httpwwwinspirainfracom

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_economic_zone Categories Special Economic Zones

Special Economic Zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding reliable references Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (January 2007)

A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a countrys typical economic laws The category SEZ covers a broad range of more specific zone types including Free Trade Zones (FTZ) Export Processing Zones (EPZ) Free Zones (FZ) Industrial Estates (IE) Free Ports Urban Enterprise Zones and others Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors typically an international business or a multinational corporation (MNC)

One of the earliest and the most famous Special Economic Zones were found by the government of the Peoples Republic of China under Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s The most successful Special Economic Zone in China Shenzhen has developed from a small village into a city with a population over 10 million within 20 years

Following the Chinese examples Special Economic Zones have been established in several countries including Brazil India Iran Jordan Kazakhstan Pakistan the

24

Philippines Poland Russia and Ukraine Currently Puno Peru has been slated to become a Zona Economica by its president Alan Garcia

A single SEZ can contain multiple specific zones within its boundaries In India the Government has sanctioned few large multi-product Special Exconomic Zones (SEZ) where one can set-up any kind of business (services manufacturing trading etc) Some of the most promoinent large multiple zone SEZs are Sricity SEZ near Chennai and Mundra SEZ in Gujarat India The other two most prominent examples of this layered approach are Subic Bay Freeport Zone in the Philippines the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority in Jordan and According to World Bank estimates as of 2007 there are more than 3000 projects taking place in SEZs in 120 countries worldwide

SEZs have been implemented using a variety of institutional structures across the world ranging from fully public (government operator government developer government regulator) to fully private (private operator private developer public regulator) In many cases public sector operators and developers act as quasi-government agencies in that they have a pseudo-corporate institutional structure and have budgetary autonomy SEZs are often developed under a public-private partnership arrangement in which the public sector provides some level of support (provision of off-site infrastructure equity investment soft loans bond issues etc) to enable a private sector developer to obtain a reasonable rate of return on the project (typically 10-20 depending on risk levels)

Contents [hide]

bull 1 China bull 2 India

o 21 List of SEZs in India bull 3 Indonesia bull 4 Iran bull 5 Kazakhstan bull 6 North Korea bull 7 Pakistan

o 71 List of SEZs in the Pakistan bull 8 Philippines

o 81 List of SEZs in the Philippines bull 9 Poland bull 10 Russia

o 101 TechnicalInnovational Zones o 102 Industrialdevelopmental Zoneso 103 Tourist Zones

bull 11 Ukraine bull 12 References bull 13 External links

25

[edit] China Main article Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

Currently the most prominent SEZs in the country are Shenzhen Xiamen Shantou Zhuhai and Hainan Province

[edit] India Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country and realising the need that a level playing field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally the Government of India had in April 2000 announced the introduction of Special Economic Zones policy in the country deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations duties and tariffs As of 2007 more than 500 SEZs have been proposed 220 of which have been created This has raised the concern of the World Bank which questions the sustainability of such a large number of SEZs The Special Economic Zones in India closely follow the PRC model

India passed special economic zone act in 2005 In India the government has been proactive in the development of the SEZs They have formulated policies reviewed them occasionally and have ensured that ample facilities are provided to the developers of the SEZs as well as to the companies setting up units in the SEZs

[edit] List of SEZs in India

The policy provides for setting up of SEZs in the public private joint sector or by State Governments One of them is Sricity Multi product SEZ part of Sricity which is a developing satellite city in the epicentre of AP amp TN It was also envisaged that some of the existing Export Processing Zones would be converted into Special Economic Zones

bull Sricity (SEZ) (Andhra Pradesh) (httpwwwsricityin) bull Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) bull Polepally (Andhra Pradesh) bull Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) bull Velankani SEZ (Chennai) (httpwwwvelankanisezcom) bull Pharma and Biotech SEZ Aurangabad Maharashtra

(httpwwwinspirainfracom) bull Ahmedabad Baroda Kandla and Surat (Gujarat) bull Cochin (Kerala) bull Pithampur (Madhya Pradesh) bull Nagpur also refer MIHAN Pune and SEEPZ in Mumbai (Maharashtra) bull Chennai Ilandaikulam Madurai Nanguneri and Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu) bull NOIDA Greater NOIDA (Uttar Pradesh) UP bull Falta (West Bengal) bull Bangalore [Karnataka] bull Kensington [Powai Mumbai] bull Mangalore (Karnataka)

26

Currently India has 1022 units in operations in 9 functional SEZs each an average size of 200 acres (081 km2) 8 Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been converted into SEZs These are fully functional All these SEZs are in various parts of the country in the privatejoint sectors or by the State Government But this process of planning and development is under question as the states in which the SEZs have been approved are facing intense protests from the farming community accusing the government of forcibly snatching fertile land from them at heavily discounted prices as against the prevailing prices in the commercial real estate industry Also some reputed companies like Bajaj and others have commented against this policy and have suggested using barren and wasteland for setting up of SEZs

Attempts to set up a Special Economic Zone in Nandigram have led to protests by villagers in the area A Parliamentary Committee to study and give recommendations on SEZs has said that no further SEZs be notified unless the existing law is amended to incorporate the changes related to the land acquisitions

Genpact has announced its plans to expand its presence in Hyderabad by setting up a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) across 50 acres (200000 m2) in the city at Jawahar Nagar

[edit] Indonesia Main article Batam IslandSEZ - Special Economic Zones

[edit] Iran bull Arg - e - Jadid Special Economic Zone Vehicle Manufacturing Hub bull PetZone Petrochemical special economic Zone Mahshahr bull Kish Kish island special economic zone bull Sarakhs bull Sirjan bull Shahid Rajaee Port[1] bull Amirabad Special Economic Zone[2] bull Bushehr Port

[edit] Kazakhstan bull Astana

Multiple Economic zones created by the mandate of the President Each zone has a different focus South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone is dedicated to the development of the textile industry in Kazakhstan

[edit] North Korea The Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone was established under a UN economic development programme in 1994 Located on the bank of the Tuman River the zone borders on the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (or Yeonbyeon in Korean) of

27

the Peoples Republic of China as well as Russia In 2000 the name of the area was shortened to Rason and became separate from the North Hamgyeong Province

[edit] Pakistan Taking the example of the Chinese success with their SEZs China is helping Pakistan develop the Haier-Ruba economic zone on the outskirts of Lahore

Other economic zones include the China-Pakistan economic zone open only to Chinese investors and also the future crown jewel of Pakistan Gwadar

There are also talks of creating a Japanese city for foreign investors from Japan only

There has also been new SEZ proposed on the currently under construction Sialkot-Lahore motorway Qatar has proposed an investment for $1 billion in a new SEZ along the motorway

There is also a new zone under construction in Faislababd which will be the biggest industrial estate of Pakistan when complete it has sections for each country and the first phrase is already complete with a special Chinese zone in it

[edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan

bull Karachi Export Processing Zone Karachi Sindh bull Risalpur Export Processing Zone Risalpur bull Sialkot Export Processing Zone Sialkot Punjab bull Gujranwala Export Processing Zone Gujranwala Punjab bull Saindak Export Processing Zone Saindak Balochistan bull Reko Diq Export Processing Zone bull Khalifa Coastal Oil Refinery EPZ bull Gwadar Export Processing Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Special Industrial Development Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Faisalabad Export Processing Zone Faisalabad Punjab bull Special Inudstrial Economic Zone Lahore Punjab

[edit] Philippines Philippine economic zones (ecozones) are collections of industries brought together geographically for the purpose of promoting economic development Although designed to operate separately from the political and economic milieu of surrounding communities Philippine economic zones do in fact interact with their neighbors There are 41 private-owned economic zones and 4 government owned economic zones in the Philippines Of the 41 private economic zones the biggest exporter is Gateway Business Park in General Trias Cavite and the second biggest private ecozone is Laguna Technopark Inc The four governmentally owned are Cavite Economic Zone Bataan Economic Zone Mactan Economic Zone and Baguio City Economic Zone Thus it is a useful act for the growth of economic zone of the country

[edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines

28

bull Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority bull Clark Special Economic Zone bull Philippine Economic Zone Authority bull PHIVIDEC Industrial Authority bull Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone Authority bull Cagayan Economic Zone Authority

[edit] Poland There are 14 Special Economic Zones in Poland[1]

bull Kamiennogoacuterska SSE bull Katowice Special Economic Zone bull Kostrzyńsko-Słubicka SSE bull Krakowski Park Technologiczny bull Legnicka SSE bull Łoacutedzka SSE bull SSE EURO-PARK MIELEC bull Słupska SSE bull SSE Starachowice bull Suwalska SSE bull Pomorska SSE (Pomeranian Special Economic Zone) bull Tarnobrzeska SSE bull Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone INVEST-PARK bull Warmińsko-Mazurska SSE

[edit] Russia

[edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones

bull Dubna bull Zelenograd bull Noidorf (Russian Нойдорф) - industrial and business park in special economic

zone in Strelna near Saint Petersburg Russia bull Novo-Orlovskoe (Russian Ново-Орловское) - SEZ territory in Saint

Petersburg Russia bull Tomsk

[edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones

bull ldquoAlabugardquo (special economic zone) bull Lipetsk

[edit] Tourist Zones

bull Krasnodar Krai bull Stavropol Krai bull Kaliningrad Oblast (Yantar Kaliningrad Special Economic Zone) bull Altai Krai

29

bull Altai Republic bull Irkutsk Oblast bull Buryatia

[edit] Ukraine Special Economic Zones existed in Ukraine until March 31 2005 The first created was the Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone Syvash (since 1996) From 1998 to 2000 11 new zones were created

Name Location Area Established Time limit

NCEEZ Syvash Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1996 5 years

Slavutych Slavutych Kiev Oblast 2000 ha 30061998 till 01012020

Azov Mariupol Donetsk Oblast 315 ha 21071998 60 years Donetsk Donetsk Donetsk Oblast 466 ha 21071998 60 years

Zakarpattia Uzhhorodskyi Raion and Mukachivskyi Raion Zakarpattia Oblast

737 ha 09011999 30 years

Yavoriv Yavorivskyi Raion Lviv Oblast

116000 ha 17021999 till

01012020 Interport Kovel Kovel Volyn Oblast 57 ha 01012000 20 years Kurortopolis Truskavets Truskavets Lviv Oblast 774 ha 01012000 20 years

Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Oblast shipyard territory and adjoining area

865 ha 01012000 30 years

Port Krym Kerch Autonomous Republic of Crimea 27 ha 01012000 30 years

Porto-Franco Odessa part of Odessa Trade Sea Ports territory 32 ha 01012000 25 years

Reni Reni Odessa Oblast 94 ha 17052000 30 years Initially planned time of operation given All zones were shut down on March 31 2005

NCEEZ mdash Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone

Sources [3] [4] [5] and Пехник АВ Іноземні інвестиції в економіку України Навчальний посібник Вид laquoЗнанняraquo Київ 2007 pages 49 310ndash319

[edit] References

30

1 ^ httpwwwmggovplSpecjalne+strefy+ekonomiczneWykaz+SSE

bull Chee Kian Leong 2007 A Tale of Two Countries Openness and Growth in China and India [6] Dynamics Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper

[edit] External links bull South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone bull Regularly updated news about SEZs in India bull Indian Special Economic Zones bull Russian Special Economic Zones bull Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan bull Indian SEZ bull PEZA Philippines bull The New Maharajas of India bull India Special Economic zones map bull Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones (Russia)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zone Categories International business | International trade | International economics | Special Economic Zones

List of free ports From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Free economic zones may also be called free ports

Most commonly a free port is a special customs area with favorable customs regulations (or no customs duties and controls for transshipment) Earlier in history some free ports like Hong Kong enjoyed political autonomy Many international airports have free ports though they tend to be called customs areas customs zones or international zones

Contents [hide]

31

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

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Financial system middot Financial services middot Chinese currency middot Chinese yuan middot Renminbi middot China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation middot Banking (History middot Central bank middot Other banks) middot Foreign exchange reserve middot Beijing Financial Street middot Stock Exchange Executive Council middot Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE Composite) middot Shenzhen Stock Exchange middot Dalian Commodity Exchange middot Shanghai Metal Exchange middot Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange middot Hedge fund industry middot Accounting in China

Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 2: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

New Colon amp Panamarsquos Free Economic Zone

AN ASSESSMENT OF FREE ECONOMIC ZONES (FEZrsquos) IN LATIN

AMERICAN COUNTRIES PERFORMANCE AND MAIN

FEATURES

Working Paperrsquos Francisco Antonio Ceron Garcia

Abstract Free Economics Zones (FEZ) have become increasingly important as developing countries seed to attract foreign investment in order to promote trade and growth A large number of FEZ have been put into operation throughout the World and more are in the planning process Even though they offer almost similar incentives and facilities their degree of success differ from one country to another Macro as well as micro level constraints have impeded the success of most of the zones which require a careful reassessment of their existing measures Jebel Ali Free Zone proved to be the most successful in Arab countries in terms of investment attracted to the zone level of exports and foreign exchange as well as backward and forward linkages with the domestic economy To be successful Fezrsquos in Latin American countries have to concentrate on competing on the basis of the services offered and their quality

2

Index 3 Abstract 2 1 Razones para realizar el Proyecto de la Nueva Zona de Libre Comercio en Panamaacute 4 2 The main reasons to develop the Colon amp Panamarsquos Free Zone Project 5 3 OCDE Investment Programme What do we mean by free economics zones 7 4 Criteria for Establishing Free Economics Zones Elements of Success 12 41 Political Stability 12 42 Commitment to Free Economy (Openness) 12 43 Strategic Location 12 44 Availability of Labour and Low Labour Costs 13 45 Availability of Good Infrastructure Facilities 13 5 Free Economics Zones in Latin American Countries Trend and Main Features 13 6 Main Features Incentives Facilities and Administration of Free Zones 14 61 Fiscal and Financial Incentives 14 62 Customs Exemptions Import Duties 14 63 Facilities and Administration 14 64 Administration of Free Zones in Panama 15 7 Attracting Foreign Investment and Capital 15 8 Free Zones Obstacles and Problems Reasons for Poor Performance 15 8 I Macro Level Administrative Obstacles 15 8 II Macro Level Marketing Obstacles 16 8 III Micro Level 16 9 Conclusion and Policy Implications 16 Bibliography 18 Useful Links 19

3

(Spanish Language)

1 Razones para realizar el Proyecto de la Nueva Zona de Libre Comercio en Panamaacute

Primer Argumento ldquoOacuteptima Localizacioacuten tanto Geograacutefica como

Estrateacutegicardquo Panamaacute es el centro geograacutefico y estrateacutegico entre Norteameacuterica y Sudameacuterica y entre Asia Aacutefrica y Europa Si se transforma en un ldquoHubrdquo de libre comercio tendriacutea gran eacutexito

Segundo Argumento ldquoSinergias y Experiencias Logiacutesticas del Puerto Libre de Coloacutenrdquo

Se aprovechariacutean las sinergias y experiencias logiacutesticas previas del Puerto Libre de Coloacuten

Tercer Argumento ldquoSinergias y Experiencias Logiacutesticas del Canal de Panamaacuterdquo

Se aprovechariacutean las sinergias y experiencias logiacutesticas previas del Canal de Panamaacute Cuarto Argumento ldquoSudameacuterica es la principal zona del Mundo que tiene las Commodities que tanto necesitan las economiacuteas emergentes de Asiardquo De mi trabajo anterior ldquoPlan de Desarrollo y Lineamientos Estrateacutegicos Provincia de Salta (Argentina) Deacutecada 2008 ndash 2018rdquo se concluye que Sudameacuterica es la principal zona que tiene las materias primas alimentos y combustibles de todo el mundo y que tanto necesitan las economiacuteas emergentes de Asia en particular la India y China Luego es una enorme razoacuten de peso de cara al futuro pues el traacutefico de dichas relaciones comerciales pasariacutea por Panamaacute que es quien estaacute mejor situado al respecto en toda Ameacuterica

Quinto Argumento ldquoEl bilinguumlismo Ingleacutes y Espantildeol de Panamaacuterdquo Habriacutea la muy importante ventaja competitiva antildeadida del bilinguumlismo Espantildeol ndash Ingleacutes en Panamaacute

Sexto Argumento ldquoLa Crisis Mundial es precisamente el momento de mayor oportunidad para llevar a cabo el Proyectordquo

Por uacuteltimo la crisis es precisamente el mejor momento de mayor oportunidad para llevar a cabo la realizacioacuten del proyecto pues precisamente porque

4

quiebran algunas de las maacutes importantes multinacionales como Opel en EEUU otras toman el relevo de dicho nicho de mercado y cuando la economiacutea mundial se reactive este antildeo que viene entonces se estaraacute en los primeros puestos de salida Dejar de realizar el proyecto ahora mismo es perder una oportunidad competitiva ventajosa uacutenica para ser los primeros y tener eacutexito precisamente por la competencia en la regioacuten de otras zonas como Jamaica

Uacuteltimo Argumento ldquoEl Marketing y la Calidad de los Servicios es el Secreto del Eacutexito del Proyectordquo

iexclEl Marketing y la Calidad de los Servicios es el Secreto del Eacutexito del Proyecto Por eso para capitalizar desde el comienzo del mismo ante el mundo entero el marketing tanto del Puerto Libre de Coloacuten como del Canal de Panamaacute propongo que dicho proyecto se denomine ldquoLa Nueva Zona de Libre Comercio de Colon y el Canal de Panamaacuterdquo o en ingleacutes ldquoNew Colon amp Panamas Channel Free Economic Zonerdquo

(English Language)

2 The main reasons to develop the Colon amp Panama Free Zone Project

First Reason ldquoPanama could be the ldquoNew Free Economic Zone

Hubrdquo who connects all the worlds continentsrdquo Panama is the geographical centre between North America and South America for one side and for the other side between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean or in other words between Asia Africa and Europe Then Panama could be the ldquoNew Free Economic Zone Hubrdquo who connects all the worlds continents and this project would be successful at all

5

Second Reason ldquoSynergies and Logistic Experiences from the Colons Free Portrdquo

If the New Colon Free Economic Zone could start up the project would benefits with all the synergies and logistic experiences from the Colons Free Port

Third Reason ldquoSynergies and Logistic Experiences from the Panamas Channelrdquo

If the New Colon Free Economic Zone could start up the project would benefits with all the synergies and logistic experiences from the Panamas Channel who connect by maritime way the Pacific Ocean with the Atlantic Ocean

Fourth Reason ldquoLatin America has all the commodities who need the Asian countriesrdquo

From my previous original paper ldquoPlan de Desarrollo y Lineamientos Estrateacutegicos Provincia de Salta (Argentina) Deacutecada 2008 ndash 2018rdquo you could realize that Latin America is the only continent over the entire world who has all the commodities who need the Asian countries like India and China Then Panama would be the best Hub to connect Asia and Latin American countries throughout the New Colon Free Economic Zone

Fifth Reason ldquoSpeaking of both languages English and Spanishrdquo Panama has another great advantage compared for example with Jamaica who is the speaking of both languages English and Spanish

Sixth Reason The ldquoGlobal Crisisrdquo is the best opportunity to start up this ldquoGlobal Projectrdquo

This main ldquoGlobal Crisisrdquo is the best opportunity to start up this ldquoGlobal Projectrdquo because of the lack of something corporations like for example Opel in EEUU Then the market is in a dynamical quickly evolution and new corporations covert the lack of the traditional and main global corporations and again in this way is the best opportunity to start up the New Colon amp Panama Free Economic Zone

And the last Reason I recommended to name the new Free Economic Zone as ldquoNew Colon amp Panama Free Economic Zonerdquo

The marketing and the quality of the services of the project are the secret of the successful of it Then from the beginning I recommended to name the new Free Economic Zone as ldquoNew Colon amp Panama Free Economic Zonerdquo to capitalise all the marketing of Panamas Channel and Colons Free Port

6

7

8

9

10

11

In the nexts paragraphs I will study and analyse with others characteristics this two main characteristics the marketing and the quality of the services from the point of view of the successfully Free Zones like Jebel Ali Free Economic Zone from Dubai and others failures projects in the same geographical region

4 Criteria for Establishing Free Economics Zones Elements of Success In order for a free zone to succeed the factors that attract firms must be known Should a government or free zone authority not have a thorough grasp of the need of firms and then the development of a free zone can become a very expensive lesson in what firms do and do not need The more information available to free zone authorities concerning factors involved in the decision of the zonersquos management to locate in certain area the more capable the authorities will be in providing critical information to interested firms Studies carried out on free zones in developing countries conclude that criteria governing the decision to invest in a free zone area include the following

41 Political Stability This is considered the most important factor that attracts capital to the host country Foreign investment companies are always hesitant to undertake ventures in politically unstable countries where their interests are consistently threatened

42 Commitment to Free Economy (Openness) In fact a suitable macroeconomic exchange rate and trade policy regime together with a legal regulatory environment favourable to business is a basic and critical element for the entry of a developing economy into the world market Where there are tariffs and other taxes or restrictions on imports of producer goods export policies must provide exporters with a free trade status which their competitors around the world enjoy So the more committed the host government is to investment free trade etc the more guarantees foreign firms have and the more attractive the free zone is to foreign investment

43 Strategic Location Free Zones have to be established close to major international markets In order to succeed a free zone has to have a good geographical and strategic location ie close to the traffic of international trade For instance Dubairsquos strategic location at the crossroads between the East and the West has made it the leading hub between Europe and the Far East Dubairsquos traditional links with the nearby Gulf States the Red Sea East Africa and the Indian subcontinent have enhanced the success of the free zone in Jebel Ali

12

Comprehensive theories for the location of manufacturing activities have been developed throughout history In making allocation decisions several determinants or factors such as transportation cost labour cost marketing advantages and proximity to auxiliary industries are considered Some economists referred to the best location as that site from which a given number of buyers can be served at the lowest total cost In that sense the location theory involves both cost and demand curves

44 Availability of Labour and Low Labour Costs Because foreign firms and companies are interested in lowering their cost of production the cost and availability of labour are one of the main factors that attract foreign investment to free zones and in turn enhance their success However recently and due to many reasons the cost and availability of are losing importance in the face of other factors of a more qualitative nature such as transport conditions and cost and business establishment conditions

45 Availability of Good Infrastructure Facilities Availability of infrastructure as well as other supply services is considered a must for a free zone to succeed Availability of good transportation and communication systems for instance in addition to a good administrative system away from red tape and bureaucracy would definitely enhance the success of the zone The availability of a modern seaport for instance with its terminals and modern international airport with its cargo village and its air-freight handling capability and the Manifest and Documentation System (MDS) have tremendously enhanced the success of Jebel Ali Free Zone tremendously The Free Zonersquos infrastructure facilities which would compete with those of other zones and contribute to the zonersquos success include low cost pre-fabricated warehouses offices and refrigerated stores open stores and retail transport facilities abundant power supply and highly efficient support services by the engineering and data system Also the fully free flow of capital and tax-free profits andor returns are important facilities to be considered

5 Free Economics Zones in Latin American Countries Trend and Main Features

The geographical location of Panamarsquos country allow it to act as a bridge between four continents namely Asia Africa Europe and between North America and South America Panamarsquos country strategic location at the crossroads between East and West and North and South has contribute to their importance in international trade where it is considered important gateways to large numbers of people and where it provide essential meeting points for production and consumption markets

13

The idea of establishing free zones in the region is gathering momentum especially with the general trend in the area towards liberalization and globalization trends and the newly emerging economics blocs Like most free zones in the world free zones in Panamarsquos country would be located either in or near seaports or near airports and international borders Such locations would be attractive to low as well as high-value products In fact without access to services that are essential to export and industrial operations some free zones in Panamarsquos country may find it hard to attract foreign investment 6 Main Features Incentives Facilities and Administration of Free Zones

61 Fiscal and Financial Incentives The variety and magnitude of fiscal and financial incentives given to investors in Free Zones vary from country to another Jebel Ali Free Zone for example seems to offer the most attractive incentives where there are no limitations on foreign ownership no personal and income taxes and exemption from corporate taxes is for almost 30 years Apart from fiscal incentives (tax exemption) most free zones offer financial incentives such as exemption from taxes on profits and from foreign currency controls Most Free Zones permit the unlimited transfer of profits as from the first year of production and repatriation of the total initial investment after a relatively short period of about 3 years 62 Customs Exemptions Import Duties Apart from its duty-free privileges free zones are characterized by the speed and simplicity of import and export transactions In Jebel Ali Zone (Dubai) for example time-consuming procedures on importation and exportations are kept to a minimum 63 Facilities and Administration Free Zone in Panamarsquos country would be provided with various types of infrastructure facilities and services This would include roads ports (Colon) airport (The International Airport of Panama) facilities for storage and standard factory buildings The support services would include physical services such as the supply of electricity and water telecommunication facilities commercial services such as banking insurance shipping and forwarding agents etc and social services such a medical care food facilities etc The most extensive infrastructure facilities over the world are those provided in Jebel Ali Free Zone This includes a modern port generous space a modern communication system and pre-built facilities for lease Abundant and inexpensive energy is also available

14

64 Administration of Free Zones in Panama It should be administer by a separate authority which should be call The Free Zone Authority or Corporation It should has representatives from various ministries in fact the existence of a centralized administrative office with the authority to intercede between firms in the Free Zone and other government departments helps to provide investors with a simple and straightforward administrative procedure ie one window service

7 Attracting Foreign Investment and Capital Investment activities in free zones were dominated by storage projects that not require large amounts of capital The source of the invested capital determines to some extent the ability of the Zone to attract foreign investment What I believe determines the success of a Free Zone is its external competitiveness relative to other zones in the region rather than its internal profitability as captured by only cost-benefit analysis The rate of return of investments in the Zone may be extremely high but foreign investors are not attracted So may be what is needed is an international competitiveness analysis that is carried out parallel to the cost-benefits analysis Having looked at some of the main issues that determine the success of Jebel Ali Free Zone it appears that success depends on a number of economic social and geographical factors in effect within the country and abroad It is essential that we do not overlook the fact that in general a Free Economic Zone is a mature phenomenon of the international economy It is believed that an understanding of the features objectives and mechanism of the Zones and their role in the global economy is essential to the success of every zone

8 Free Zones Obstacles and Problems Reasons for Poor Performance

Investors in Free Zones are continuously faced with problems and obstacles that impede the operations of their firms in the zones Some of these problems are related to the macro level while others to sectoral and firm levels Also some are considered administrative and marketing problems while other are legal and technical ones Although assessment shows that the type and magnitude of obstacles differ from country to another the major problems are considered to be similar 8 I On the Macro Level Administrative Obstacles include among other things

1 Excessive red tape and bureaucracy where investors have to deal with several departments to obtain licenses or approvals The process is tedious and lengthy

2 Lack of actual autonomy of Free Zones even though they are accorded by law financial and administrative authority

3 Unexpected changes in laws and regulations that continuously confuse investors

4 Conflict and overlap of laws and procedures related to Free Zones as well as to customs

15

8 II On the other hand Marketing Obstacles include

1 Free zones lack of effective promotional policies They failed to understand that marketing is a task requiring most of the attention of top management

2 There is a difficulty in marketing products of Free Zones because Free Zones in the region are similar and produce almost similar products

At the same time adequate Infrastructure Facilities surrounding the Economic Free Zone are necessary pre-condition for attracting foreign investment However this is not the case in most Free Zones in the region of Panamarsquos country Infrastructure obstacles include Inadequate infrastructure utilities and services especially communication as well as lack and inefficiency of ports used to carry Zones products and materials necessary for production 8 III On the Sectoral and Micro Level Some problems are related to the nature of industrial activities such as the small-sized industries in the Free Zones and their inability to compete in the markets Others are related to the dependence on imported raw materials which has tremendously increased the cost of production of industrial products As a result the ability of industries to compete has decreased At the same time certain problems such as the lack of a complex production process have led to the limited transfer of technology to industries As a result the transfer of technology through industries was relatively limited It is believed that a simple production process generates very few backward linkages with other production activities in the economy and most of the material that requires technical knowledge is being imported from foreign sources As a result there is no room to develop specific technologies in the zones What actually exist is only assembly lines as well as putting together of ready made parts It is believed that Free Economics Zones are going to be more important in the present decade than they were in the last decade or so because they can be the doorways to growth and development that can be opened and closed according to the countryrsquos interest and benefits

9 Conclusion and Policy Implications

In recent years Free Economics Zones have become increasingly important as countries sought to attract foreign investment for the purpose of promoting growth through increasing exports foreign exchange and employment opportunities as well as enhancing the transfer of technology The result the relatively limited effect of Free Zones on the host economies except in the case of Jebel Ali Free Zone was mainly due to macro as well as sectoral level obstacles that impeded the operation of firms in the zones Looking back at the experience of partly successful Free Zones in Arab countries one can identify a number of classical failures at the planning and design stage They include the choice of inappropriate location for the zone

16

lack of sufficient basic infrastructure such as telecommunications and inefficient institutional linkages between the Zone Authority and other government departments As a result careful consideration of the existing rules and measures is necessary for the Zones to succeed The recommended measures include among others things

91 Legislative reforms that would take care of the numerous contradictions and duplications of laws and regulations in the Zones to reduce bureaucracy and give more independence to the authorities Investment laws should remain in force for long periods in order to give investors peace and mind 92 Sufficient infrastructure facilities and services are needed in most of the Free Zones in the region The availability of such infrastructure facilities would give to the New Colon Free Zone in Panamarsquos country a comparative advantage within the entire region 93 Reforms that encourage the expansion of export industries in the Zones such as the removal of barriers to the movement of finished goods in the region In fact is essential to have regulations that attract large and medium size industries rather than small industries as it is the case in Jebel Ali Free Zone 94 Encouragement of employment of nationals in Free Zones which may require giving more attention to training of manpower by the Free Zone Authority on one hand by local and foreign firms on the other 95 Promotion and marketing of the Zones that requires the attention of top management So promotional and marketing programs that attract clients and keep them happy should be developed Priority should be given to meeting clients needs as well as the countryrsquos objectives In fact it makes little sense to invest in land infrastructure utilities etc and fail to provide enough investment for marketing and promotion

Finally we can say that Panamarsquos country have not probably been active as any others regions in establishing and developing Free Economics Zones like the Arab countries and in particular Dubai with the Jebel Ali Free Zone The idea was to get around a large amount of existing regulations and to provide infrastructure facilities and services to attract foreign investment and in turn to promote growth To be successful Free Economic Zones in Panama have to concentrate on competing on the basis of the services offered and the quality of such services In others words their comparative advantage of liberalization should be in their services Aggressive Free Zones can create good opportunities for themselves within the region while traditional and slow Free Zones which are not able to adapt quickly become uncompetitive and in turn a classical example of failure It is the job of dynamic managers to seize the opportunity to attract business and investment to the zone and I can do that for the New Colon Free Zone in Panama because I am a successful CEO actively seeking new opportunities to capture new business opportunities to which I may offer my global approach along with extensive experience

17

Bibliography Tahir Jamil (1998) ldquoAn Assessment of Free Economic Zones (FEZs) in Arab Countries - Performance and Main Featuresrdquo Working Paper 9926 It was presented in an international conference on ldquoNew Economics Developments and Their Impact on Arab Economiesrdquo held in Tunis during the period 3-5 June 1998 Guangwen Meng (2003) ldquoThe Theory and Practice of Free Economic Zones A Case Study of Tianjin Peoplersquos Republic of Chinardquo Submitted to the Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics of the Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Germany for the Degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences Oral Examination 14022003 Watson Noel Newton (1998) ldquoEVALUATING THE NET ECONOMICS BENEFITS OF FREE TRADE ZONES IN THEORY AND PRACTICE - APPLIED TO THE KINGSTON EXPORT FREE ZONE IN JAMAICArdquo Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Economics of Simon Fraser University November 1998 Ministry of Finance and Economy (Republic of Korea) ldquoFree Economic Zones in Korea (2003) The Future of Northeast Asiardquo September 2003 httpenglishmosfgokr Salma Ali Saif Bin Hareb Chief Executive Zonersquos Jebel Free Zone of Government of Dubai (2007) ldquoJafza Corporate Brochurerdquo November 2007 httpwwwjafzaaeen Knowledge Innovation Zone Research Project (2006) ldquoSPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES (SEZ) VERSUS KNOWLEDGE INNOVATION ZONES (KIZ) - A COMPARISONrdquo httpwwwinthekzonecom OECD Private Sector Development Division (2008) ldquoFree Economic Zones in the MENA Region Update 2008rdquo Tarun Dhingra Dr Ambalika Sinha Dr Tripti Singh (2008) ldquoLocation strategy for competitiveness of Special Economic Zones in India ndash A Generic frameworkrdquo

18

Useful Links

Jebel Ali Free Zone (Jafza) httpwwwjafzaaeen SEZ stands for Special Economic Zone a tax free area for manufacturing RampD Trading and Services units (Inspira Infrastructure) httpwwwinspirainfracom Yellow Sea Free Economic Zone (Yesfez) httpwwwyesfezgokrengyesfezsongak_districtasp Tanger Free Zone httpwwwtangerfreezonecom Hamriyah Free Zone httpwwwhfzaae Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone (RAK FTZ) httpwwwrakftzcomen Jebel Ali Free Zone Online Directory (Potential Customer for the New Free Zone) httpwwwjdae

International Trade General International Trade and Trade Policy Free Economic Zones

bull UN Resources bull Documents bull Photos

Free Economic Zones in Korea The Future of Northeast Asia Foreign-invested firms have begun to take a close look at the benefits of locating in one of these zones 8 9 Page 11 What are Free Economic Zones Sector unpan1unorgintradocgroupspublicdocumentsAPCITYUNPAN0 UNESCAP Taking off in earnest Koreas free economic zones are at the forefront of the scenic coastal cities of Incheon Busan-Jinhae and Gwangyang the zones form an wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue78_16nov2005doc UNESCAP By Kim Min-hee Korea will move swiftly to further improve the contents of its free economic zones as well as strengthen its sales pitch to potential investors wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue75_18Oct2005doc

NATIONAL PROFILE FOR THE INFORMATION SOCIETY IN THE UNITED ARAB Also the growth of ICT Free Zones companies and activities is certain to The UAE has made extensive use of duty free economic zones to stimulate business wwwescwaorglbwsisreportsdocsUAE_2005-Epdf Economic and Social Council the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352

ةماعلا ةيعمجلا the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and has introduced many kinds of special zones of various areas For example Xiamen Special Economic Zone covers about 131 million while Tianjin Free Trade Zone wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377pub_2377 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and In 1990 it established free trade zones (bonded areas) altogether 15 to date seven of which are located in special economic zones and five of which are

19

wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377ftz_ch4 TID inputs to 61st Session of the Commission regional special economic zones (along a similar format as ldquogrowth trianglesrdquo) for disaster-affected areas could be considered which would grant duty-free wwwunescaporgtidnewstsunami_briefpdf Economic Cooperation and Integration Sub-programme Provisional These can include regional clusters Internet-based business models business incubators free economic zones technological and science centres platforms and wwwuneceorgcecidocsECI_conceptual_framework_29May2006p See also

Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial development support services gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial sector gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Duty free transit International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Free ports

Free economic zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

Many countries have or have had at some time designated areas where companies are taxed very lightly or not at all to encourage development or for some other reason These are known as free economic zones

Sometimes they are called free ports by an analogy with free ports known for a long time in history - the ports free of customs or with favorable customs regulations eg the free port of Trieste Very often free ports are parts of free economic zones

Contents [hide]

bull 1 Free economic zones by countryo 11 Armenia o 12 Belarus o 13 Brazil o 14 Bulgaria

20

o 15 Chile o 16 China o 17 Egypt o 18 Georgia o 19 India o 110 Iran o 111 Italy o 112 Lithuania o 113 Malaysia o 114 Russia o 115 South Korea o 116 Spain o 117 Ukraine o 118 United Arab Emirateso 119 Uzbekistan o 120 United Kingdom

bull 2 References

[edit] Free economic zones by country

[edit] Armenia

bull Gyumri

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Bulgaria

bull Burgas bull Rousse bull Plovdiv bull Dragoman bull Vidin bull Svilengrad

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] China

21

bull Hong Kong

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said Public Free Zone bull Alexandria Public Free Zone bull Nasr City Public Free Zone bull Suez Public Free Zone bull Ismailia Public Free Zone bull Damietta Public Free Zone bull Media Public Free Zone bull Shebin El- Kom Public Free Zone bull Qeft Public Free Zone bull Port Said East Port Public Free Zone

[edit] Georgia

bull Poti Samegrelo region

[edit] India

bull Sricity Multi Product SEZ Andhra Pradesh [1] bull SEEPZ India bull Inspira Pharma amp Biotech Park Aurangabad Maharashtra[2]

[edit] Iran

bull Kish bull Aras Free Zone bull Anzali Free Zone bull Arvand Free Zone bull Chabahar Free Zone bull Gheshm Free Zone

[edit] Italy

bull Catania bull Erice bull Gela bull Crotone bull Rossano bull Lamezia Terme bull Matera bull Taranto bull Lecce bull Andria bull Naples bull Torre Annunziata bull Mondragone

22

bull Campobasso bull Cagliari bull Quartu SantElena bull Iglesias bull Velletri bull Sora bull Pescara bull Massa Carrara bull Ventimiglia

[edit] Lithuania

bull Klaipeda Free Economic Zone bull Kaunas Free Economic Zone

[edit] Malaysia

bull Port Klang Free Zone

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Ingushetia bull Yantar Kaliningrad

[edit] South Korea

bull Yellow Sea bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang

[edit] Spain

bull Ibiza

[edit] Ukraine

bull Quarantine Pier of Odessa trade sea port January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Ajman Free Zone[1] bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center

23

bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Studio City

[edit] Uzbekistan

bull Navoiy

[edit] United Kingdom

bull London Docklands bull Bristol Subverbs

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwsricityin 2 ^ httpwwwinspirainfracom

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_economic_zone Categories Special Economic Zones

Special Economic Zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding reliable references Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (January 2007)

A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a countrys typical economic laws The category SEZ covers a broad range of more specific zone types including Free Trade Zones (FTZ) Export Processing Zones (EPZ) Free Zones (FZ) Industrial Estates (IE) Free Ports Urban Enterprise Zones and others Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors typically an international business or a multinational corporation (MNC)

One of the earliest and the most famous Special Economic Zones were found by the government of the Peoples Republic of China under Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s The most successful Special Economic Zone in China Shenzhen has developed from a small village into a city with a population over 10 million within 20 years

Following the Chinese examples Special Economic Zones have been established in several countries including Brazil India Iran Jordan Kazakhstan Pakistan the

24

Philippines Poland Russia and Ukraine Currently Puno Peru has been slated to become a Zona Economica by its president Alan Garcia

A single SEZ can contain multiple specific zones within its boundaries In India the Government has sanctioned few large multi-product Special Exconomic Zones (SEZ) where one can set-up any kind of business (services manufacturing trading etc) Some of the most promoinent large multiple zone SEZs are Sricity SEZ near Chennai and Mundra SEZ in Gujarat India The other two most prominent examples of this layered approach are Subic Bay Freeport Zone in the Philippines the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority in Jordan and According to World Bank estimates as of 2007 there are more than 3000 projects taking place in SEZs in 120 countries worldwide

SEZs have been implemented using a variety of institutional structures across the world ranging from fully public (government operator government developer government regulator) to fully private (private operator private developer public regulator) In many cases public sector operators and developers act as quasi-government agencies in that they have a pseudo-corporate institutional structure and have budgetary autonomy SEZs are often developed under a public-private partnership arrangement in which the public sector provides some level of support (provision of off-site infrastructure equity investment soft loans bond issues etc) to enable a private sector developer to obtain a reasonable rate of return on the project (typically 10-20 depending on risk levels)

Contents [hide]

bull 1 China bull 2 India

o 21 List of SEZs in India bull 3 Indonesia bull 4 Iran bull 5 Kazakhstan bull 6 North Korea bull 7 Pakistan

o 71 List of SEZs in the Pakistan bull 8 Philippines

o 81 List of SEZs in the Philippines bull 9 Poland bull 10 Russia

o 101 TechnicalInnovational Zones o 102 Industrialdevelopmental Zoneso 103 Tourist Zones

bull 11 Ukraine bull 12 References bull 13 External links

25

[edit] China Main article Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

Currently the most prominent SEZs in the country are Shenzhen Xiamen Shantou Zhuhai and Hainan Province

[edit] India Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country and realising the need that a level playing field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally the Government of India had in April 2000 announced the introduction of Special Economic Zones policy in the country deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations duties and tariffs As of 2007 more than 500 SEZs have been proposed 220 of which have been created This has raised the concern of the World Bank which questions the sustainability of such a large number of SEZs The Special Economic Zones in India closely follow the PRC model

India passed special economic zone act in 2005 In India the government has been proactive in the development of the SEZs They have formulated policies reviewed them occasionally and have ensured that ample facilities are provided to the developers of the SEZs as well as to the companies setting up units in the SEZs

[edit] List of SEZs in India

The policy provides for setting up of SEZs in the public private joint sector or by State Governments One of them is Sricity Multi product SEZ part of Sricity which is a developing satellite city in the epicentre of AP amp TN It was also envisaged that some of the existing Export Processing Zones would be converted into Special Economic Zones

bull Sricity (SEZ) (Andhra Pradesh) (httpwwwsricityin) bull Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) bull Polepally (Andhra Pradesh) bull Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) bull Velankani SEZ (Chennai) (httpwwwvelankanisezcom) bull Pharma and Biotech SEZ Aurangabad Maharashtra

(httpwwwinspirainfracom) bull Ahmedabad Baroda Kandla and Surat (Gujarat) bull Cochin (Kerala) bull Pithampur (Madhya Pradesh) bull Nagpur also refer MIHAN Pune and SEEPZ in Mumbai (Maharashtra) bull Chennai Ilandaikulam Madurai Nanguneri and Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu) bull NOIDA Greater NOIDA (Uttar Pradesh) UP bull Falta (West Bengal) bull Bangalore [Karnataka] bull Kensington [Powai Mumbai] bull Mangalore (Karnataka)

26

Currently India has 1022 units in operations in 9 functional SEZs each an average size of 200 acres (081 km2) 8 Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been converted into SEZs These are fully functional All these SEZs are in various parts of the country in the privatejoint sectors or by the State Government But this process of planning and development is under question as the states in which the SEZs have been approved are facing intense protests from the farming community accusing the government of forcibly snatching fertile land from them at heavily discounted prices as against the prevailing prices in the commercial real estate industry Also some reputed companies like Bajaj and others have commented against this policy and have suggested using barren and wasteland for setting up of SEZs

Attempts to set up a Special Economic Zone in Nandigram have led to protests by villagers in the area A Parliamentary Committee to study and give recommendations on SEZs has said that no further SEZs be notified unless the existing law is amended to incorporate the changes related to the land acquisitions

Genpact has announced its plans to expand its presence in Hyderabad by setting up a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) across 50 acres (200000 m2) in the city at Jawahar Nagar

[edit] Indonesia Main article Batam IslandSEZ - Special Economic Zones

[edit] Iran bull Arg - e - Jadid Special Economic Zone Vehicle Manufacturing Hub bull PetZone Petrochemical special economic Zone Mahshahr bull Kish Kish island special economic zone bull Sarakhs bull Sirjan bull Shahid Rajaee Port[1] bull Amirabad Special Economic Zone[2] bull Bushehr Port

[edit] Kazakhstan bull Astana

Multiple Economic zones created by the mandate of the President Each zone has a different focus South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone is dedicated to the development of the textile industry in Kazakhstan

[edit] North Korea The Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone was established under a UN economic development programme in 1994 Located on the bank of the Tuman River the zone borders on the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (or Yeonbyeon in Korean) of

27

the Peoples Republic of China as well as Russia In 2000 the name of the area was shortened to Rason and became separate from the North Hamgyeong Province

[edit] Pakistan Taking the example of the Chinese success with their SEZs China is helping Pakistan develop the Haier-Ruba economic zone on the outskirts of Lahore

Other economic zones include the China-Pakistan economic zone open only to Chinese investors and also the future crown jewel of Pakistan Gwadar

There are also talks of creating a Japanese city for foreign investors from Japan only

There has also been new SEZ proposed on the currently under construction Sialkot-Lahore motorway Qatar has proposed an investment for $1 billion in a new SEZ along the motorway

There is also a new zone under construction in Faislababd which will be the biggest industrial estate of Pakistan when complete it has sections for each country and the first phrase is already complete with a special Chinese zone in it

[edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan

bull Karachi Export Processing Zone Karachi Sindh bull Risalpur Export Processing Zone Risalpur bull Sialkot Export Processing Zone Sialkot Punjab bull Gujranwala Export Processing Zone Gujranwala Punjab bull Saindak Export Processing Zone Saindak Balochistan bull Reko Diq Export Processing Zone bull Khalifa Coastal Oil Refinery EPZ bull Gwadar Export Processing Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Special Industrial Development Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Faisalabad Export Processing Zone Faisalabad Punjab bull Special Inudstrial Economic Zone Lahore Punjab

[edit] Philippines Philippine economic zones (ecozones) are collections of industries brought together geographically for the purpose of promoting economic development Although designed to operate separately from the political and economic milieu of surrounding communities Philippine economic zones do in fact interact with their neighbors There are 41 private-owned economic zones and 4 government owned economic zones in the Philippines Of the 41 private economic zones the biggest exporter is Gateway Business Park in General Trias Cavite and the second biggest private ecozone is Laguna Technopark Inc The four governmentally owned are Cavite Economic Zone Bataan Economic Zone Mactan Economic Zone and Baguio City Economic Zone Thus it is a useful act for the growth of economic zone of the country

[edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines

28

bull Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority bull Clark Special Economic Zone bull Philippine Economic Zone Authority bull PHIVIDEC Industrial Authority bull Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone Authority bull Cagayan Economic Zone Authority

[edit] Poland There are 14 Special Economic Zones in Poland[1]

bull Kamiennogoacuterska SSE bull Katowice Special Economic Zone bull Kostrzyńsko-Słubicka SSE bull Krakowski Park Technologiczny bull Legnicka SSE bull Łoacutedzka SSE bull SSE EURO-PARK MIELEC bull Słupska SSE bull SSE Starachowice bull Suwalska SSE bull Pomorska SSE (Pomeranian Special Economic Zone) bull Tarnobrzeska SSE bull Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone INVEST-PARK bull Warmińsko-Mazurska SSE

[edit] Russia

[edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones

bull Dubna bull Zelenograd bull Noidorf (Russian Нойдорф) - industrial and business park in special economic

zone in Strelna near Saint Petersburg Russia bull Novo-Orlovskoe (Russian Ново-Орловское) - SEZ territory in Saint

Petersburg Russia bull Tomsk

[edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones

bull ldquoAlabugardquo (special economic zone) bull Lipetsk

[edit] Tourist Zones

bull Krasnodar Krai bull Stavropol Krai bull Kaliningrad Oblast (Yantar Kaliningrad Special Economic Zone) bull Altai Krai

29

bull Altai Republic bull Irkutsk Oblast bull Buryatia

[edit] Ukraine Special Economic Zones existed in Ukraine until March 31 2005 The first created was the Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone Syvash (since 1996) From 1998 to 2000 11 new zones were created

Name Location Area Established Time limit

NCEEZ Syvash Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1996 5 years

Slavutych Slavutych Kiev Oblast 2000 ha 30061998 till 01012020

Azov Mariupol Donetsk Oblast 315 ha 21071998 60 years Donetsk Donetsk Donetsk Oblast 466 ha 21071998 60 years

Zakarpattia Uzhhorodskyi Raion and Mukachivskyi Raion Zakarpattia Oblast

737 ha 09011999 30 years

Yavoriv Yavorivskyi Raion Lviv Oblast

116000 ha 17021999 till

01012020 Interport Kovel Kovel Volyn Oblast 57 ha 01012000 20 years Kurortopolis Truskavets Truskavets Lviv Oblast 774 ha 01012000 20 years

Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Oblast shipyard territory and adjoining area

865 ha 01012000 30 years

Port Krym Kerch Autonomous Republic of Crimea 27 ha 01012000 30 years

Porto-Franco Odessa part of Odessa Trade Sea Ports territory 32 ha 01012000 25 years

Reni Reni Odessa Oblast 94 ha 17052000 30 years Initially planned time of operation given All zones were shut down on March 31 2005

NCEEZ mdash Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone

Sources [3] [4] [5] and Пехник АВ Іноземні інвестиції в економіку України Навчальний посібник Вид laquoЗнанняraquo Київ 2007 pages 49 310ndash319

[edit] References

30

1 ^ httpwwwmggovplSpecjalne+strefy+ekonomiczneWykaz+SSE

bull Chee Kian Leong 2007 A Tale of Two Countries Openness and Growth in China and India [6] Dynamics Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper

[edit] External links bull South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone bull Regularly updated news about SEZs in India bull Indian Special Economic Zones bull Russian Special Economic Zones bull Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan bull Indian SEZ bull PEZA Philippines bull The New Maharajas of India bull India Special Economic zones map bull Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones (Russia)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zone Categories International business | International trade | International economics | Special Economic Zones

List of free ports From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Free economic zones may also be called free ports

Most commonly a free port is a special customs area with favorable customs regulations (or no customs duties and controls for transshipment) Earlier in history some free ports like Hong Kong enjoyed political autonomy Many international airports have free ports though they tend to be called customs areas customs zones or international zones

Contents [hide]

31

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

Finance and banking

Financial system middot Financial services middot Chinese currency middot Chinese yuan middot Renminbi middot China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation middot Banking (History middot Central bank middot Other banks) middot Foreign exchange reserve middot Beijing Financial Street middot Stock Exchange Executive Council middot Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE Composite) middot Shenzhen Stock Exchange middot Dalian Commodity Exchange middot Shanghai Metal Exchange middot Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange middot Hedge fund industry middot Accounting in China

Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 3: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

Index 3 Abstract 2 1 Razones para realizar el Proyecto de la Nueva Zona de Libre Comercio en Panamaacute 4 2 The main reasons to develop the Colon amp Panamarsquos Free Zone Project 5 3 OCDE Investment Programme What do we mean by free economics zones 7 4 Criteria for Establishing Free Economics Zones Elements of Success 12 41 Political Stability 12 42 Commitment to Free Economy (Openness) 12 43 Strategic Location 12 44 Availability of Labour and Low Labour Costs 13 45 Availability of Good Infrastructure Facilities 13 5 Free Economics Zones in Latin American Countries Trend and Main Features 13 6 Main Features Incentives Facilities and Administration of Free Zones 14 61 Fiscal and Financial Incentives 14 62 Customs Exemptions Import Duties 14 63 Facilities and Administration 14 64 Administration of Free Zones in Panama 15 7 Attracting Foreign Investment and Capital 15 8 Free Zones Obstacles and Problems Reasons for Poor Performance 15 8 I Macro Level Administrative Obstacles 15 8 II Macro Level Marketing Obstacles 16 8 III Micro Level 16 9 Conclusion and Policy Implications 16 Bibliography 18 Useful Links 19

3

(Spanish Language)

1 Razones para realizar el Proyecto de la Nueva Zona de Libre Comercio en Panamaacute

Primer Argumento ldquoOacuteptima Localizacioacuten tanto Geograacutefica como

Estrateacutegicardquo Panamaacute es el centro geograacutefico y estrateacutegico entre Norteameacuterica y Sudameacuterica y entre Asia Aacutefrica y Europa Si se transforma en un ldquoHubrdquo de libre comercio tendriacutea gran eacutexito

Segundo Argumento ldquoSinergias y Experiencias Logiacutesticas del Puerto Libre de Coloacutenrdquo

Se aprovechariacutean las sinergias y experiencias logiacutesticas previas del Puerto Libre de Coloacuten

Tercer Argumento ldquoSinergias y Experiencias Logiacutesticas del Canal de Panamaacuterdquo

Se aprovechariacutean las sinergias y experiencias logiacutesticas previas del Canal de Panamaacute Cuarto Argumento ldquoSudameacuterica es la principal zona del Mundo que tiene las Commodities que tanto necesitan las economiacuteas emergentes de Asiardquo De mi trabajo anterior ldquoPlan de Desarrollo y Lineamientos Estrateacutegicos Provincia de Salta (Argentina) Deacutecada 2008 ndash 2018rdquo se concluye que Sudameacuterica es la principal zona que tiene las materias primas alimentos y combustibles de todo el mundo y que tanto necesitan las economiacuteas emergentes de Asia en particular la India y China Luego es una enorme razoacuten de peso de cara al futuro pues el traacutefico de dichas relaciones comerciales pasariacutea por Panamaacute que es quien estaacute mejor situado al respecto en toda Ameacuterica

Quinto Argumento ldquoEl bilinguumlismo Ingleacutes y Espantildeol de Panamaacuterdquo Habriacutea la muy importante ventaja competitiva antildeadida del bilinguumlismo Espantildeol ndash Ingleacutes en Panamaacute

Sexto Argumento ldquoLa Crisis Mundial es precisamente el momento de mayor oportunidad para llevar a cabo el Proyectordquo

Por uacuteltimo la crisis es precisamente el mejor momento de mayor oportunidad para llevar a cabo la realizacioacuten del proyecto pues precisamente porque

4

quiebran algunas de las maacutes importantes multinacionales como Opel en EEUU otras toman el relevo de dicho nicho de mercado y cuando la economiacutea mundial se reactive este antildeo que viene entonces se estaraacute en los primeros puestos de salida Dejar de realizar el proyecto ahora mismo es perder una oportunidad competitiva ventajosa uacutenica para ser los primeros y tener eacutexito precisamente por la competencia en la regioacuten de otras zonas como Jamaica

Uacuteltimo Argumento ldquoEl Marketing y la Calidad de los Servicios es el Secreto del Eacutexito del Proyectordquo

iexclEl Marketing y la Calidad de los Servicios es el Secreto del Eacutexito del Proyecto Por eso para capitalizar desde el comienzo del mismo ante el mundo entero el marketing tanto del Puerto Libre de Coloacuten como del Canal de Panamaacute propongo que dicho proyecto se denomine ldquoLa Nueva Zona de Libre Comercio de Colon y el Canal de Panamaacuterdquo o en ingleacutes ldquoNew Colon amp Panamas Channel Free Economic Zonerdquo

(English Language)

2 The main reasons to develop the Colon amp Panama Free Zone Project

First Reason ldquoPanama could be the ldquoNew Free Economic Zone

Hubrdquo who connects all the worlds continentsrdquo Panama is the geographical centre between North America and South America for one side and for the other side between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean or in other words between Asia Africa and Europe Then Panama could be the ldquoNew Free Economic Zone Hubrdquo who connects all the worlds continents and this project would be successful at all

5

Second Reason ldquoSynergies and Logistic Experiences from the Colons Free Portrdquo

If the New Colon Free Economic Zone could start up the project would benefits with all the synergies and logistic experiences from the Colons Free Port

Third Reason ldquoSynergies and Logistic Experiences from the Panamas Channelrdquo

If the New Colon Free Economic Zone could start up the project would benefits with all the synergies and logistic experiences from the Panamas Channel who connect by maritime way the Pacific Ocean with the Atlantic Ocean

Fourth Reason ldquoLatin America has all the commodities who need the Asian countriesrdquo

From my previous original paper ldquoPlan de Desarrollo y Lineamientos Estrateacutegicos Provincia de Salta (Argentina) Deacutecada 2008 ndash 2018rdquo you could realize that Latin America is the only continent over the entire world who has all the commodities who need the Asian countries like India and China Then Panama would be the best Hub to connect Asia and Latin American countries throughout the New Colon Free Economic Zone

Fifth Reason ldquoSpeaking of both languages English and Spanishrdquo Panama has another great advantage compared for example with Jamaica who is the speaking of both languages English and Spanish

Sixth Reason The ldquoGlobal Crisisrdquo is the best opportunity to start up this ldquoGlobal Projectrdquo

This main ldquoGlobal Crisisrdquo is the best opportunity to start up this ldquoGlobal Projectrdquo because of the lack of something corporations like for example Opel in EEUU Then the market is in a dynamical quickly evolution and new corporations covert the lack of the traditional and main global corporations and again in this way is the best opportunity to start up the New Colon amp Panama Free Economic Zone

And the last Reason I recommended to name the new Free Economic Zone as ldquoNew Colon amp Panama Free Economic Zonerdquo

The marketing and the quality of the services of the project are the secret of the successful of it Then from the beginning I recommended to name the new Free Economic Zone as ldquoNew Colon amp Panama Free Economic Zonerdquo to capitalise all the marketing of Panamas Channel and Colons Free Port

6

7

8

9

10

11

In the nexts paragraphs I will study and analyse with others characteristics this two main characteristics the marketing and the quality of the services from the point of view of the successfully Free Zones like Jebel Ali Free Economic Zone from Dubai and others failures projects in the same geographical region

4 Criteria for Establishing Free Economics Zones Elements of Success In order for a free zone to succeed the factors that attract firms must be known Should a government or free zone authority not have a thorough grasp of the need of firms and then the development of a free zone can become a very expensive lesson in what firms do and do not need The more information available to free zone authorities concerning factors involved in the decision of the zonersquos management to locate in certain area the more capable the authorities will be in providing critical information to interested firms Studies carried out on free zones in developing countries conclude that criteria governing the decision to invest in a free zone area include the following

41 Political Stability This is considered the most important factor that attracts capital to the host country Foreign investment companies are always hesitant to undertake ventures in politically unstable countries where their interests are consistently threatened

42 Commitment to Free Economy (Openness) In fact a suitable macroeconomic exchange rate and trade policy regime together with a legal regulatory environment favourable to business is a basic and critical element for the entry of a developing economy into the world market Where there are tariffs and other taxes or restrictions on imports of producer goods export policies must provide exporters with a free trade status which their competitors around the world enjoy So the more committed the host government is to investment free trade etc the more guarantees foreign firms have and the more attractive the free zone is to foreign investment

43 Strategic Location Free Zones have to be established close to major international markets In order to succeed a free zone has to have a good geographical and strategic location ie close to the traffic of international trade For instance Dubairsquos strategic location at the crossroads between the East and the West has made it the leading hub between Europe and the Far East Dubairsquos traditional links with the nearby Gulf States the Red Sea East Africa and the Indian subcontinent have enhanced the success of the free zone in Jebel Ali

12

Comprehensive theories for the location of manufacturing activities have been developed throughout history In making allocation decisions several determinants or factors such as transportation cost labour cost marketing advantages and proximity to auxiliary industries are considered Some economists referred to the best location as that site from which a given number of buyers can be served at the lowest total cost In that sense the location theory involves both cost and demand curves

44 Availability of Labour and Low Labour Costs Because foreign firms and companies are interested in lowering their cost of production the cost and availability of labour are one of the main factors that attract foreign investment to free zones and in turn enhance their success However recently and due to many reasons the cost and availability of are losing importance in the face of other factors of a more qualitative nature such as transport conditions and cost and business establishment conditions

45 Availability of Good Infrastructure Facilities Availability of infrastructure as well as other supply services is considered a must for a free zone to succeed Availability of good transportation and communication systems for instance in addition to a good administrative system away from red tape and bureaucracy would definitely enhance the success of the zone The availability of a modern seaport for instance with its terminals and modern international airport with its cargo village and its air-freight handling capability and the Manifest and Documentation System (MDS) have tremendously enhanced the success of Jebel Ali Free Zone tremendously The Free Zonersquos infrastructure facilities which would compete with those of other zones and contribute to the zonersquos success include low cost pre-fabricated warehouses offices and refrigerated stores open stores and retail transport facilities abundant power supply and highly efficient support services by the engineering and data system Also the fully free flow of capital and tax-free profits andor returns are important facilities to be considered

5 Free Economics Zones in Latin American Countries Trend and Main Features

The geographical location of Panamarsquos country allow it to act as a bridge between four continents namely Asia Africa Europe and between North America and South America Panamarsquos country strategic location at the crossroads between East and West and North and South has contribute to their importance in international trade where it is considered important gateways to large numbers of people and where it provide essential meeting points for production and consumption markets

13

The idea of establishing free zones in the region is gathering momentum especially with the general trend in the area towards liberalization and globalization trends and the newly emerging economics blocs Like most free zones in the world free zones in Panamarsquos country would be located either in or near seaports or near airports and international borders Such locations would be attractive to low as well as high-value products In fact without access to services that are essential to export and industrial operations some free zones in Panamarsquos country may find it hard to attract foreign investment 6 Main Features Incentives Facilities and Administration of Free Zones

61 Fiscal and Financial Incentives The variety and magnitude of fiscal and financial incentives given to investors in Free Zones vary from country to another Jebel Ali Free Zone for example seems to offer the most attractive incentives where there are no limitations on foreign ownership no personal and income taxes and exemption from corporate taxes is for almost 30 years Apart from fiscal incentives (tax exemption) most free zones offer financial incentives such as exemption from taxes on profits and from foreign currency controls Most Free Zones permit the unlimited transfer of profits as from the first year of production and repatriation of the total initial investment after a relatively short period of about 3 years 62 Customs Exemptions Import Duties Apart from its duty-free privileges free zones are characterized by the speed and simplicity of import and export transactions In Jebel Ali Zone (Dubai) for example time-consuming procedures on importation and exportations are kept to a minimum 63 Facilities and Administration Free Zone in Panamarsquos country would be provided with various types of infrastructure facilities and services This would include roads ports (Colon) airport (The International Airport of Panama) facilities for storage and standard factory buildings The support services would include physical services such as the supply of electricity and water telecommunication facilities commercial services such as banking insurance shipping and forwarding agents etc and social services such a medical care food facilities etc The most extensive infrastructure facilities over the world are those provided in Jebel Ali Free Zone This includes a modern port generous space a modern communication system and pre-built facilities for lease Abundant and inexpensive energy is also available

14

64 Administration of Free Zones in Panama It should be administer by a separate authority which should be call The Free Zone Authority or Corporation It should has representatives from various ministries in fact the existence of a centralized administrative office with the authority to intercede between firms in the Free Zone and other government departments helps to provide investors with a simple and straightforward administrative procedure ie one window service

7 Attracting Foreign Investment and Capital Investment activities in free zones were dominated by storage projects that not require large amounts of capital The source of the invested capital determines to some extent the ability of the Zone to attract foreign investment What I believe determines the success of a Free Zone is its external competitiveness relative to other zones in the region rather than its internal profitability as captured by only cost-benefit analysis The rate of return of investments in the Zone may be extremely high but foreign investors are not attracted So may be what is needed is an international competitiveness analysis that is carried out parallel to the cost-benefits analysis Having looked at some of the main issues that determine the success of Jebel Ali Free Zone it appears that success depends on a number of economic social and geographical factors in effect within the country and abroad It is essential that we do not overlook the fact that in general a Free Economic Zone is a mature phenomenon of the international economy It is believed that an understanding of the features objectives and mechanism of the Zones and their role in the global economy is essential to the success of every zone

8 Free Zones Obstacles and Problems Reasons for Poor Performance

Investors in Free Zones are continuously faced with problems and obstacles that impede the operations of their firms in the zones Some of these problems are related to the macro level while others to sectoral and firm levels Also some are considered administrative and marketing problems while other are legal and technical ones Although assessment shows that the type and magnitude of obstacles differ from country to another the major problems are considered to be similar 8 I On the Macro Level Administrative Obstacles include among other things

1 Excessive red tape and bureaucracy where investors have to deal with several departments to obtain licenses or approvals The process is tedious and lengthy

2 Lack of actual autonomy of Free Zones even though they are accorded by law financial and administrative authority

3 Unexpected changes in laws and regulations that continuously confuse investors

4 Conflict and overlap of laws and procedures related to Free Zones as well as to customs

15

8 II On the other hand Marketing Obstacles include

1 Free zones lack of effective promotional policies They failed to understand that marketing is a task requiring most of the attention of top management

2 There is a difficulty in marketing products of Free Zones because Free Zones in the region are similar and produce almost similar products

At the same time adequate Infrastructure Facilities surrounding the Economic Free Zone are necessary pre-condition for attracting foreign investment However this is not the case in most Free Zones in the region of Panamarsquos country Infrastructure obstacles include Inadequate infrastructure utilities and services especially communication as well as lack and inefficiency of ports used to carry Zones products and materials necessary for production 8 III On the Sectoral and Micro Level Some problems are related to the nature of industrial activities such as the small-sized industries in the Free Zones and their inability to compete in the markets Others are related to the dependence on imported raw materials which has tremendously increased the cost of production of industrial products As a result the ability of industries to compete has decreased At the same time certain problems such as the lack of a complex production process have led to the limited transfer of technology to industries As a result the transfer of technology through industries was relatively limited It is believed that a simple production process generates very few backward linkages with other production activities in the economy and most of the material that requires technical knowledge is being imported from foreign sources As a result there is no room to develop specific technologies in the zones What actually exist is only assembly lines as well as putting together of ready made parts It is believed that Free Economics Zones are going to be more important in the present decade than they were in the last decade or so because they can be the doorways to growth and development that can be opened and closed according to the countryrsquos interest and benefits

9 Conclusion and Policy Implications

In recent years Free Economics Zones have become increasingly important as countries sought to attract foreign investment for the purpose of promoting growth through increasing exports foreign exchange and employment opportunities as well as enhancing the transfer of technology The result the relatively limited effect of Free Zones on the host economies except in the case of Jebel Ali Free Zone was mainly due to macro as well as sectoral level obstacles that impeded the operation of firms in the zones Looking back at the experience of partly successful Free Zones in Arab countries one can identify a number of classical failures at the planning and design stage They include the choice of inappropriate location for the zone

16

lack of sufficient basic infrastructure such as telecommunications and inefficient institutional linkages between the Zone Authority and other government departments As a result careful consideration of the existing rules and measures is necessary for the Zones to succeed The recommended measures include among others things

91 Legislative reforms that would take care of the numerous contradictions and duplications of laws and regulations in the Zones to reduce bureaucracy and give more independence to the authorities Investment laws should remain in force for long periods in order to give investors peace and mind 92 Sufficient infrastructure facilities and services are needed in most of the Free Zones in the region The availability of such infrastructure facilities would give to the New Colon Free Zone in Panamarsquos country a comparative advantage within the entire region 93 Reforms that encourage the expansion of export industries in the Zones such as the removal of barriers to the movement of finished goods in the region In fact is essential to have regulations that attract large and medium size industries rather than small industries as it is the case in Jebel Ali Free Zone 94 Encouragement of employment of nationals in Free Zones which may require giving more attention to training of manpower by the Free Zone Authority on one hand by local and foreign firms on the other 95 Promotion and marketing of the Zones that requires the attention of top management So promotional and marketing programs that attract clients and keep them happy should be developed Priority should be given to meeting clients needs as well as the countryrsquos objectives In fact it makes little sense to invest in land infrastructure utilities etc and fail to provide enough investment for marketing and promotion

Finally we can say that Panamarsquos country have not probably been active as any others regions in establishing and developing Free Economics Zones like the Arab countries and in particular Dubai with the Jebel Ali Free Zone The idea was to get around a large amount of existing regulations and to provide infrastructure facilities and services to attract foreign investment and in turn to promote growth To be successful Free Economic Zones in Panama have to concentrate on competing on the basis of the services offered and the quality of such services In others words their comparative advantage of liberalization should be in their services Aggressive Free Zones can create good opportunities for themselves within the region while traditional and slow Free Zones which are not able to adapt quickly become uncompetitive and in turn a classical example of failure It is the job of dynamic managers to seize the opportunity to attract business and investment to the zone and I can do that for the New Colon Free Zone in Panama because I am a successful CEO actively seeking new opportunities to capture new business opportunities to which I may offer my global approach along with extensive experience

17

Bibliography Tahir Jamil (1998) ldquoAn Assessment of Free Economic Zones (FEZs) in Arab Countries - Performance and Main Featuresrdquo Working Paper 9926 It was presented in an international conference on ldquoNew Economics Developments and Their Impact on Arab Economiesrdquo held in Tunis during the period 3-5 June 1998 Guangwen Meng (2003) ldquoThe Theory and Practice of Free Economic Zones A Case Study of Tianjin Peoplersquos Republic of Chinardquo Submitted to the Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics of the Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Germany for the Degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences Oral Examination 14022003 Watson Noel Newton (1998) ldquoEVALUATING THE NET ECONOMICS BENEFITS OF FREE TRADE ZONES IN THEORY AND PRACTICE - APPLIED TO THE KINGSTON EXPORT FREE ZONE IN JAMAICArdquo Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Economics of Simon Fraser University November 1998 Ministry of Finance and Economy (Republic of Korea) ldquoFree Economic Zones in Korea (2003) The Future of Northeast Asiardquo September 2003 httpenglishmosfgokr Salma Ali Saif Bin Hareb Chief Executive Zonersquos Jebel Free Zone of Government of Dubai (2007) ldquoJafza Corporate Brochurerdquo November 2007 httpwwwjafzaaeen Knowledge Innovation Zone Research Project (2006) ldquoSPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES (SEZ) VERSUS KNOWLEDGE INNOVATION ZONES (KIZ) - A COMPARISONrdquo httpwwwinthekzonecom OECD Private Sector Development Division (2008) ldquoFree Economic Zones in the MENA Region Update 2008rdquo Tarun Dhingra Dr Ambalika Sinha Dr Tripti Singh (2008) ldquoLocation strategy for competitiveness of Special Economic Zones in India ndash A Generic frameworkrdquo

18

Useful Links

Jebel Ali Free Zone (Jafza) httpwwwjafzaaeen SEZ stands for Special Economic Zone a tax free area for manufacturing RampD Trading and Services units (Inspira Infrastructure) httpwwwinspirainfracom Yellow Sea Free Economic Zone (Yesfez) httpwwwyesfezgokrengyesfezsongak_districtasp Tanger Free Zone httpwwwtangerfreezonecom Hamriyah Free Zone httpwwwhfzaae Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone (RAK FTZ) httpwwwrakftzcomen Jebel Ali Free Zone Online Directory (Potential Customer for the New Free Zone) httpwwwjdae

International Trade General International Trade and Trade Policy Free Economic Zones

bull UN Resources bull Documents bull Photos

Free Economic Zones in Korea The Future of Northeast Asia Foreign-invested firms have begun to take a close look at the benefits of locating in one of these zones 8 9 Page 11 What are Free Economic Zones Sector unpan1unorgintradocgroupspublicdocumentsAPCITYUNPAN0 UNESCAP Taking off in earnest Koreas free economic zones are at the forefront of the scenic coastal cities of Incheon Busan-Jinhae and Gwangyang the zones form an wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue78_16nov2005doc UNESCAP By Kim Min-hee Korea will move swiftly to further improve the contents of its free economic zones as well as strengthen its sales pitch to potential investors wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue75_18Oct2005doc

NATIONAL PROFILE FOR THE INFORMATION SOCIETY IN THE UNITED ARAB Also the growth of ICT Free Zones companies and activities is certain to The UAE has made extensive use of duty free economic zones to stimulate business wwwescwaorglbwsisreportsdocsUAE_2005-Epdf Economic and Social Council the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352

ةماعلا ةيعمجلا the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and has introduced many kinds of special zones of various areas For example Xiamen Special Economic Zone covers about 131 million while Tianjin Free Trade Zone wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377pub_2377 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and In 1990 it established free trade zones (bonded areas) altogether 15 to date seven of which are located in special economic zones and five of which are

19

wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377ftz_ch4 TID inputs to 61st Session of the Commission regional special economic zones (along a similar format as ldquogrowth trianglesrdquo) for disaster-affected areas could be considered which would grant duty-free wwwunescaporgtidnewstsunami_briefpdf Economic Cooperation and Integration Sub-programme Provisional These can include regional clusters Internet-based business models business incubators free economic zones technological and science centres platforms and wwwuneceorgcecidocsECI_conceptual_framework_29May2006p See also

Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial development support services gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial sector gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Duty free transit International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Free ports

Free economic zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

Many countries have or have had at some time designated areas where companies are taxed very lightly or not at all to encourage development or for some other reason These are known as free economic zones

Sometimes they are called free ports by an analogy with free ports known for a long time in history - the ports free of customs or with favorable customs regulations eg the free port of Trieste Very often free ports are parts of free economic zones

Contents [hide]

bull 1 Free economic zones by countryo 11 Armenia o 12 Belarus o 13 Brazil o 14 Bulgaria

20

o 15 Chile o 16 China o 17 Egypt o 18 Georgia o 19 India o 110 Iran o 111 Italy o 112 Lithuania o 113 Malaysia o 114 Russia o 115 South Korea o 116 Spain o 117 Ukraine o 118 United Arab Emirateso 119 Uzbekistan o 120 United Kingdom

bull 2 References

[edit] Free economic zones by country

[edit] Armenia

bull Gyumri

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Bulgaria

bull Burgas bull Rousse bull Plovdiv bull Dragoman bull Vidin bull Svilengrad

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] China

21

bull Hong Kong

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said Public Free Zone bull Alexandria Public Free Zone bull Nasr City Public Free Zone bull Suez Public Free Zone bull Ismailia Public Free Zone bull Damietta Public Free Zone bull Media Public Free Zone bull Shebin El- Kom Public Free Zone bull Qeft Public Free Zone bull Port Said East Port Public Free Zone

[edit] Georgia

bull Poti Samegrelo region

[edit] India

bull Sricity Multi Product SEZ Andhra Pradesh [1] bull SEEPZ India bull Inspira Pharma amp Biotech Park Aurangabad Maharashtra[2]

[edit] Iran

bull Kish bull Aras Free Zone bull Anzali Free Zone bull Arvand Free Zone bull Chabahar Free Zone bull Gheshm Free Zone

[edit] Italy

bull Catania bull Erice bull Gela bull Crotone bull Rossano bull Lamezia Terme bull Matera bull Taranto bull Lecce bull Andria bull Naples bull Torre Annunziata bull Mondragone

22

bull Campobasso bull Cagliari bull Quartu SantElena bull Iglesias bull Velletri bull Sora bull Pescara bull Massa Carrara bull Ventimiglia

[edit] Lithuania

bull Klaipeda Free Economic Zone bull Kaunas Free Economic Zone

[edit] Malaysia

bull Port Klang Free Zone

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Ingushetia bull Yantar Kaliningrad

[edit] South Korea

bull Yellow Sea bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang

[edit] Spain

bull Ibiza

[edit] Ukraine

bull Quarantine Pier of Odessa trade sea port January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Ajman Free Zone[1] bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center

23

bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Studio City

[edit] Uzbekistan

bull Navoiy

[edit] United Kingdom

bull London Docklands bull Bristol Subverbs

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwsricityin 2 ^ httpwwwinspirainfracom

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_economic_zone Categories Special Economic Zones

Special Economic Zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding reliable references Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (January 2007)

A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a countrys typical economic laws The category SEZ covers a broad range of more specific zone types including Free Trade Zones (FTZ) Export Processing Zones (EPZ) Free Zones (FZ) Industrial Estates (IE) Free Ports Urban Enterprise Zones and others Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors typically an international business or a multinational corporation (MNC)

One of the earliest and the most famous Special Economic Zones were found by the government of the Peoples Republic of China under Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s The most successful Special Economic Zone in China Shenzhen has developed from a small village into a city with a population over 10 million within 20 years

Following the Chinese examples Special Economic Zones have been established in several countries including Brazil India Iran Jordan Kazakhstan Pakistan the

24

Philippines Poland Russia and Ukraine Currently Puno Peru has been slated to become a Zona Economica by its president Alan Garcia

A single SEZ can contain multiple specific zones within its boundaries In India the Government has sanctioned few large multi-product Special Exconomic Zones (SEZ) where one can set-up any kind of business (services manufacturing trading etc) Some of the most promoinent large multiple zone SEZs are Sricity SEZ near Chennai and Mundra SEZ in Gujarat India The other two most prominent examples of this layered approach are Subic Bay Freeport Zone in the Philippines the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority in Jordan and According to World Bank estimates as of 2007 there are more than 3000 projects taking place in SEZs in 120 countries worldwide

SEZs have been implemented using a variety of institutional structures across the world ranging from fully public (government operator government developer government regulator) to fully private (private operator private developer public regulator) In many cases public sector operators and developers act as quasi-government agencies in that they have a pseudo-corporate institutional structure and have budgetary autonomy SEZs are often developed under a public-private partnership arrangement in which the public sector provides some level of support (provision of off-site infrastructure equity investment soft loans bond issues etc) to enable a private sector developer to obtain a reasonable rate of return on the project (typically 10-20 depending on risk levels)

Contents [hide]

bull 1 China bull 2 India

o 21 List of SEZs in India bull 3 Indonesia bull 4 Iran bull 5 Kazakhstan bull 6 North Korea bull 7 Pakistan

o 71 List of SEZs in the Pakistan bull 8 Philippines

o 81 List of SEZs in the Philippines bull 9 Poland bull 10 Russia

o 101 TechnicalInnovational Zones o 102 Industrialdevelopmental Zoneso 103 Tourist Zones

bull 11 Ukraine bull 12 References bull 13 External links

25

[edit] China Main article Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

Currently the most prominent SEZs in the country are Shenzhen Xiamen Shantou Zhuhai and Hainan Province

[edit] India Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country and realising the need that a level playing field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally the Government of India had in April 2000 announced the introduction of Special Economic Zones policy in the country deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations duties and tariffs As of 2007 more than 500 SEZs have been proposed 220 of which have been created This has raised the concern of the World Bank which questions the sustainability of such a large number of SEZs The Special Economic Zones in India closely follow the PRC model

India passed special economic zone act in 2005 In India the government has been proactive in the development of the SEZs They have formulated policies reviewed them occasionally and have ensured that ample facilities are provided to the developers of the SEZs as well as to the companies setting up units in the SEZs

[edit] List of SEZs in India

The policy provides for setting up of SEZs in the public private joint sector or by State Governments One of them is Sricity Multi product SEZ part of Sricity which is a developing satellite city in the epicentre of AP amp TN It was also envisaged that some of the existing Export Processing Zones would be converted into Special Economic Zones

bull Sricity (SEZ) (Andhra Pradesh) (httpwwwsricityin) bull Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) bull Polepally (Andhra Pradesh) bull Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) bull Velankani SEZ (Chennai) (httpwwwvelankanisezcom) bull Pharma and Biotech SEZ Aurangabad Maharashtra

(httpwwwinspirainfracom) bull Ahmedabad Baroda Kandla and Surat (Gujarat) bull Cochin (Kerala) bull Pithampur (Madhya Pradesh) bull Nagpur also refer MIHAN Pune and SEEPZ in Mumbai (Maharashtra) bull Chennai Ilandaikulam Madurai Nanguneri and Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu) bull NOIDA Greater NOIDA (Uttar Pradesh) UP bull Falta (West Bengal) bull Bangalore [Karnataka] bull Kensington [Powai Mumbai] bull Mangalore (Karnataka)

26

Currently India has 1022 units in operations in 9 functional SEZs each an average size of 200 acres (081 km2) 8 Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been converted into SEZs These are fully functional All these SEZs are in various parts of the country in the privatejoint sectors or by the State Government But this process of planning and development is under question as the states in which the SEZs have been approved are facing intense protests from the farming community accusing the government of forcibly snatching fertile land from them at heavily discounted prices as against the prevailing prices in the commercial real estate industry Also some reputed companies like Bajaj and others have commented against this policy and have suggested using barren and wasteland for setting up of SEZs

Attempts to set up a Special Economic Zone in Nandigram have led to protests by villagers in the area A Parliamentary Committee to study and give recommendations on SEZs has said that no further SEZs be notified unless the existing law is amended to incorporate the changes related to the land acquisitions

Genpact has announced its plans to expand its presence in Hyderabad by setting up a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) across 50 acres (200000 m2) in the city at Jawahar Nagar

[edit] Indonesia Main article Batam IslandSEZ - Special Economic Zones

[edit] Iran bull Arg - e - Jadid Special Economic Zone Vehicle Manufacturing Hub bull PetZone Petrochemical special economic Zone Mahshahr bull Kish Kish island special economic zone bull Sarakhs bull Sirjan bull Shahid Rajaee Port[1] bull Amirabad Special Economic Zone[2] bull Bushehr Port

[edit] Kazakhstan bull Astana

Multiple Economic zones created by the mandate of the President Each zone has a different focus South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone is dedicated to the development of the textile industry in Kazakhstan

[edit] North Korea The Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone was established under a UN economic development programme in 1994 Located on the bank of the Tuman River the zone borders on the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (or Yeonbyeon in Korean) of

27

the Peoples Republic of China as well as Russia In 2000 the name of the area was shortened to Rason and became separate from the North Hamgyeong Province

[edit] Pakistan Taking the example of the Chinese success with their SEZs China is helping Pakistan develop the Haier-Ruba economic zone on the outskirts of Lahore

Other economic zones include the China-Pakistan economic zone open only to Chinese investors and also the future crown jewel of Pakistan Gwadar

There are also talks of creating a Japanese city for foreign investors from Japan only

There has also been new SEZ proposed on the currently under construction Sialkot-Lahore motorway Qatar has proposed an investment for $1 billion in a new SEZ along the motorway

There is also a new zone under construction in Faislababd which will be the biggest industrial estate of Pakistan when complete it has sections for each country and the first phrase is already complete with a special Chinese zone in it

[edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan

bull Karachi Export Processing Zone Karachi Sindh bull Risalpur Export Processing Zone Risalpur bull Sialkot Export Processing Zone Sialkot Punjab bull Gujranwala Export Processing Zone Gujranwala Punjab bull Saindak Export Processing Zone Saindak Balochistan bull Reko Diq Export Processing Zone bull Khalifa Coastal Oil Refinery EPZ bull Gwadar Export Processing Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Special Industrial Development Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Faisalabad Export Processing Zone Faisalabad Punjab bull Special Inudstrial Economic Zone Lahore Punjab

[edit] Philippines Philippine economic zones (ecozones) are collections of industries brought together geographically for the purpose of promoting economic development Although designed to operate separately from the political and economic milieu of surrounding communities Philippine economic zones do in fact interact with their neighbors There are 41 private-owned economic zones and 4 government owned economic zones in the Philippines Of the 41 private economic zones the biggest exporter is Gateway Business Park in General Trias Cavite and the second biggest private ecozone is Laguna Technopark Inc The four governmentally owned are Cavite Economic Zone Bataan Economic Zone Mactan Economic Zone and Baguio City Economic Zone Thus it is a useful act for the growth of economic zone of the country

[edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines

28

bull Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority bull Clark Special Economic Zone bull Philippine Economic Zone Authority bull PHIVIDEC Industrial Authority bull Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone Authority bull Cagayan Economic Zone Authority

[edit] Poland There are 14 Special Economic Zones in Poland[1]

bull Kamiennogoacuterska SSE bull Katowice Special Economic Zone bull Kostrzyńsko-Słubicka SSE bull Krakowski Park Technologiczny bull Legnicka SSE bull Łoacutedzka SSE bull SSE EURO-PARK MIELEC bull Słupska SSE bull SSE Starachowice bull Suwalska SSE bull Pomorska SSE (Pomeranian Special Economic Zone) bull Tarnobrzeska SSE bull Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone INVEST-PARK bull Warmińsko-Mazurska SSE

[edit] Russia

[edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones

bull Dubna bull Zelenograd bull Noidorf (Russian Нойдорф) - industrial and business park in special economic

zone in Strelna near Saint Petersburg Russia bull Novo-Orlovskoe (Russian Ново-Орловское) - SEZ territory in Saint

Petersburg Russia bull Tomsk

[edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones

bull ldquoAlabugardquo (special economic zone) bull Lipetsk

[edit] Tourist Zones

bull Krasnodar Krai bull Stavropol Krai bull Kaliningrad Oblast (Yantar Kaliningrad Special Economic Zone) bull Altai Krai

29

bull Altai Republic bull Irkutsk Oblast bull Buryatia

[edit] Ukraine Special Economic Zones existed in Ukraine until March 31 2005 The first created was the Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone Syvash (since 1996) From 1998 to 2000 11 new zones were created

Name Location Area Established Time limit

NCEEZ Syvash Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1996 5 years

Slavutych Slavutych Kiev Oblast 2000 ha 30061998 till 01012020

Azov Mariupol Donetsk Oblast 315 ha 21071998 60 years Donetsk Donetsk Donetsk Oblast 466 ha 21071998 60 years

Zakarpattia Uzhhorodskyi Raion and Mukachivskyi Raion Zakarpattia Oblast

737 ha 09011999 30 years

Yavoriv Yavorivskyi Raion Lviv Oblast

116000 ha 17021999 till

01012020 Interport Kovel Kovel Volyn Oblast 57 ha 01012000 20 years Kurortopolis Truskavets Truskavets Lviv Oblast 774 ha 01012000 20 years

Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Oblast shipyard territory and adjoining area

865 ha 01012000 30 years

Port Krym Kerch Autonomous Republic of Crimea 27 ha 01012000 30 years

Porto-Franco Odessa part of Odessa Trade Sea Ports territory 32 ha 01012000 25 years

Reni Reni Odessa Oblast 94 ha 17052000 30 years Initially planned time of operation given All zones were shut down on March 31 2005

NCEEZ mdash Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone

Sources [3] [4] [5] and Пехник АВ Іноземні інвестиції в економіку України Навчальний посібник Вид laquoЗнанняraquo Київ 2007 pages 49 310ndash319

[edit] References

30

1 ^ httpwwwmggovplSpecjalne+strefy+ekonomiczneWykaz+SSE

bull Chee Kian Leong 2007 A Tale of Two Countries Openness and Growth in China and India [6] Dynamics Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper

[edit] External links bull South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone bull Regularly updated news about SEZs in India bull Indian Special Economic Zones bull Russian Special Economic Zones bull Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan bull Indian SEZ bull PEZA Philippines bull The New Maharajas of India bull India Special Economic zones map bull Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones (Russia)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zone Categories International business | International trade | International economics | Special Economic Zones

List of free ports From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Free economic zones may also be called free ports

Most commonly a free port is a special customs area with favorable customs regulations (or no customs duties and controls for transshipment) Earlier in history some free ports like Hong Kong enjoyed political autonomy Many international airports have free ports though they tend to be called customs areas customs zones or international zones

Contents [hide]

31

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

Finance and banking

Financial system middot Financial services middot Chinese currency middot Chinese yuan middot Renminbi middot China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation middot Banking (History middot Central bank middot Other banks) middot Foreign exchange reserve middot Beijing Financial Street middot Stock Exchange Executive Council middot Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE Composite) middot Shenzhen Stock Exchange middot Dalian Commodity Exchange middot Shanghai Metal Exchange middot Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange middot Hedge fund industry middot Accounting in China

Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 4: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

(Spanish Language)

1 Razones para realizar el Proyecto de la Nueva Zona de Libre Comercio en Panamaacute

Primer Argumento ldquoOacuteptima Localizacioacuten tanto Geograacutefica como

Estrateacutegicardquo Panamaacute es el centro geograacutefico y estrateacutegico entre Norteameacuterica y Sudameacuterica y entre Asia Aacutefrica y Europa Si se transforma en un ldquoHubrdquo de libre comercio tendriacutea gran eacutexito

Segundo Argumento ldquoSinergias y Experiencias Logiacutesticas del Puerto Libre de Coloacutenrdquo

Se aprovechariacutean las sinergias y experiencias logiacutesticas previas del Puerto Libre de Coloacuten

Tercer Argumento ldquoSinergias y Experiencias Logiacutesticas del Canal de Panamaacuterdquo

Se aprovechariacutean las sinergias y experiencias logiacutesticas previas del Canal de Panamaacute Cuarto Argumento ldquoSudameacuterica es la principal zona del Mundo que tiene las Commodities que tanto necesitan las economiacuteas emergentes de Asiardquo De mi trabajo anterior ldquoPlan de Desarrollo y Lineamientos Estrateacutegicos Provincia de Salta (Argentina) Deacutecada 2008 ndash 2018rdquo se concluye que Sudameacuterica es la principal zona que tiene las materias primas alimentos y combustibles de todo el mundo y que tanto necesitan las economiacuteas emergentes de Asia en particular la India y China Luego es una enorme razoacuten de peso de cara al futuro pues el traacutefico de dichas relaciones comerciales pasariacutea por Panamaacute que es quien estaacute mejor situado al respecto en toda Ameacuterica

Quinto Argumento ldquoEl bilinguumlismo Ingleacutes y Espantildeol de Panamaacuterdquo Habriacutea la muy importante ventaja competitiva antildeadida del bilinguumlismo Espantildeol ndash Ingleacutes en Panamaacute

Sexto Argumento ldquoLa Crisis Mundial es precisamente el momento de mayor oportunidad para llevar a cabo el Proyectordquo

Por uacuteltimo la crisis es precisamente el mejor momento de mayor oportunidad para llevar a cabo la realizacioacuten del proyecto pues precisamente porque

4

quiebran algunas de las maacutes importantes multinacionales como Opel en EEUU otras toman el relevo de dicho nicho de mercado y cuando la economiacutea mundial se reactive este antildeo que viene entonces se estaraacute en los primeros puestos de salida Dejar de realizar el proyecto ahora mismo es perder una oportunidad competitiva ventajosa uacutenica para ser los primeros y tener eacutexito precisamente por la competencia en la regioacuten de otras zonas como Jamaica

Uacuteltimo Argumento ldquoEl Marketing y la Calidad de los Servicios es el Secreto del Eacutexito del Proyectordquo

iexclEl Marketing y la Calidad de los Servicios es el Secreto del Eacutexito del Proyecto Por eso para capitalizar desde el comienzo del mismo ante el mundo entero el marketing tanto del Puerto Libre de Coloacuten como del Canal de Panamaacute propongo que dicho proyecto se denomine ldquoLa Nueva Zona de Libre Comercio de Colon y el Canal de Panamaacuterdquo o en ingleacutes ldquoNew Colon amp Panamas Channel Free Economic Zonerdquo

(English Language)

2 The main reasons to develop the Colon amp Panama Free Zone Project

First Reason ldquoPanama could be the ldquoNew Free Economic Zone

Hubrdquo who connects all the worlds continentsrdquo Panama is the geographical centre between North America and South America for one side and for the other side between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean or in other words between Asia Africa and Europe Then Panama could be the ldquoNew Free Economic Zone Hubrdquo who connects all the worlds continents and this project would be successful at all

5

Second Reason ldquoSynergies and Logistic Experiences from the Colons Free Portrdquo

If the New Colon Free Economic Zone could start up the project would benefits with all the synergies and logistic experiences from the Colons Free Port

Third Reason ldquoSynergies and Logistic Experiences from the Panamas Channelrdquo

If the New Colon Free Economic Zone could start up the project would benefits with all the synergies and logistic experiences from the Panamas Channel who connect by maritime way the Pacific Ocean with the Atlantic Ocean

Fourth Reason ldquoLatin America has all the commodities who need the Asian countriesrdquo

From my previous original paper ldquoPlan de Desarrollo y Lineamientos Estrateacutegicos Provincia de Salta (Argentina) Deacutecada 2008 ndash 2018rdquo you could realize that Latin America is the only continent over the entire world who has all the commodities who need the Asian countries like India and China Then Panama would be the best Hub to connect Asia and Latin American countries throughout the New Colon Free Economic Zone

Fifth Reason ldquoSpeaking of both languages English and Spanishrdquo Panama has another great advantage compared for example with Jamaica who is the speaking of both languages English and Spanish

Sixth Reason The ldquoGlobal Crisisrdquo is the best opportunity to start up this ldquoGlobal Projectrdquo

This main ldquoGlobal Crisisrdquo is the best opportunity to start up this ldquoGlobal Projectrdquo because of the lack of something corporations like for example Opel in EEUU Then the market is in a dynamical quickly evolution and new corporations covert the lack of the traditional and main global corporations and again in this way is the best opportunity to start up the New Colon amp Panama Free Economic Zone

And the last Reason I recommended to name the new Free Economic Zone as ldquoNew Colon amp Panama Free Economic Zonerdquo

The marketing and the quality of the services of the project are the secret of the successful of it Then from the beginning I recommended to name the new Free Economic Zone as ldquoNew Colon amp Panama Free Economic Zonerdquo to capitalise all the marketing of Panamas Channel and Colons Free Port

6

7

8

9

10

11

In the nexts paragraphs I will study and analyse with others characteristics this two main characteristics the marketing and the quality of the services from the point of view of the successfully Free Zones like Jebel Ali Free Economic Zone from Dubai and others failures projects in the same geographical region

4 Criteria for Establishing Free Economics Zones Elements of Success In order for a free zone to succeed the factors that attract firms must be known Should a government or free zone authority not have a thorough grasp of the need of firms and then the development of a free zone can become a very expensive lesson in what firms do and do not need The more information available to free zone authorities concerning factors involved in the decision of the zonersquos management to locate in certain area the more capable the authorities will be in providing critical information to interested firms Studies carried out on free zones in developing countries conclude that criteria governing the decision to invest in a free zone area include the following

41 Political Stability This is considered the most important factor that attracts capital to the host country Foreign investment companies are always hesitant to undertake ventures in politically unstable countries where their interests are consistently threatened

42 Commitment to Free Economy (Openness) In fact a suitable macroeconomic exchange rate and trade policy regime together with a legal regulatory environment favourable to business is a basic and critical element for the entry of a developing economy into the world market Where there are tariffs and other taxes or restrictions on imports of producer goods export policies must provide exporters with a free trade status which their competitors around the world enjoy So the more committed the host government is to investment free trade etc the more guarantees foreign firms have and the more attractive the free zone is to foreign investment

43 Strategic Location Free Zones have to be established close to major international markets In order to succeed a free zone has to have a good geographical and strategic location ie close to the traffic of international trade For instance Dubairsquos strategic location at the crossroads between the East and the West has made it the leading hub between Europe and the Far East Dubairsquos traditional links with the nearby Gulf States the Red Sea East Africa and the Indian subcontinent have enhanced the success of the free zone in Jebel Ali

12

Comprehensive theories for the location of manufacturing activities have been developed throughout history In making allocation decisions several determinants or factors such as transportation cost labour cost marketing advantages and proximity to auxiliary industries are considered Some economists referred to the best location as that site from which a given number of buyers can be served at the lowest total cost In that sense the location theory involves both cost and demand curves

44 Availability of Labour and Low Labour Costs Because foreign firms and companies are interested in lowering their cost of production the cost and availability of labour are one of the main factors that attract foreign investment to free zones and in turn enhance their success However recently and due to many reasons the cost and availability of are losing importance in the face of other factors of a more qualitative nature such as transport conditions and cost and business establishment conditions

45 Availability of Good Infrastructure Facilities Availability of infrastructure as well as other supply services is considered a must for a free zone to succeed Availability of good transportation and communication systems for instance in addition to a good administrative system away from red tape and bureaucracy would definitely enhance the success of the zone The availability of a modern seaport for instance with its terminals and modern international airport with its cargo village and its air-freight handling capability and the Manifest and Documentation System (MDS) have tremendously enhanced the success of Jebel Ali Free Zone tremendously The Free Zonersquos infrastructure facilities which would compete with those of other zones and contribute to the zonersquos success include low cost pre-fabricated warehouses offices and refrigerated stores open stores and retail transport facilities abundant power supply and highly efficient support services by the engineering and data system Also the fully free flow of capital and tax-free profits andor returns are important facilities to be considered

5 Free Economics Zones in Latin American Countries Trend and Main Features

The geographical location of Panamarsquos country allow it to act as a bridge between four continents namely Asia Africa Europe and between North America and South America Panamarsquos country strategic location at the crossroads between East and West and North and South has contribute to their importance in international trade where it is considered important gateways to large numbers of people and where it provide essential meeting points for production and consumption markets

13

The idea of establishing free zones in the region is gathering momentum especially with the general trend in the area towards liberalization and globalization trends and the newly emerging economics blocs Like most free zones in the world free zones in Panamarsquos country would be located either in or near seaports or near airports and international borders Such locations would be attractive to low as well as high-value products In fact without access to services that are essential to export and industrial operations some free zones in Panamarsquos country may find it hard to attract foreign investment 6 Main Features Incentives Facilities and Administration of Free Zones

61 Fiscal and Financial Incentives The variety and magnitude of fiscal and financial incentives given to investors in Free Zones vary from country to another Jebel Ali Free Zone for example seems to offer the most attractive incentives where there are no limitations on foreign ownership no personal and income taxes and exemption from corporate taxes is for almost 30 years Apart from fiscal incentives (tax exemption) most free zones offer financial incentives such as exemption from taxes on profits and from foreign currency controls Most Free Zones permit the unlimited transfer of profits as from the first year of production and repatriation of the total initial investment after a relatively short period of about 3 years 62 Customs Exemptions Import Duties Apart from its duty-free privileges free zones are characterized by the speed and simplicity of import and export transactions In Jebel Ali Zone (Dubai) for example time-consuming procedures on importation and exportations are kept to a minimum 63 Facilities and Administration Free Zone in Panamarsquos country would be provided with various types of infrastructure facilities and services This would include roads ports (Colon) airport (The International Airport of Panama) facilities for storage and standard factory buildings The support services would include physical services such as the supply of electricity and water telecommunication facilities commercial services such as banking insurance shipping and forwarding agents etc and social services such a medical care food facilities etc The most extensive infrastructure facilities over the world are those provided in Jebel Ali Free Zone This includes a modern port generous space a modern communication system and pre-built facilities for lease Abundant and inexpensive energy is also available

14

64 Administration of Free Zones in Panama It should be administer by a separate authority which should be call The Free Zone Authority or Corporation It should has representatives from various ministries in fact the existence of a centralized administrative office with the authority to intercede between firms in the Free Zone and other government departments helps to provide investors with a simple and straightforward administrative procedure ie one window service

7 Attracting Foreign Investment and Capital Investment activities in free zones were dominated by storage projects that not require large amounts of capital The source of the invested capital determines to some extent the ability of the Zone to attract foreign investment What I believe determines the success of a Free Zone is its external competitiveness relative to other zones in the region rather than its internal profitability as captured by only cost-benefit analysis The rate of return of investments in the Zone may be extremely high but foreign investors are not attracted So may be what is needed is an international competitiveness analysis that is carried out parallel to the cost-benefits analysis Having looked at some of the main issues that determine the success of Jebel Ali Free Zone it appears that success depends on a number of economic social and geographical factors in effect within the country and abroad It is essential that we do not overlook the fact that in general a Free Economic Zone is a mature phenomenon of the international economy It is believed that an understanding of the features objectives and mechanism of the Zones and their role in the global economy is essential to the success of every zone

8 Free Zones Obstacles and Problems Reasons for Poor Performance

Investors in Free Zones are continuously faced with problems and obstacles that impede the operations of their firms in the zones Some of these problems are related to the macro level while others to sectoral and firm levels Also some are considered administrative and marketing problems while other are legal and technical ones Although assessment shows that the type and magnitude of obstacles differ from country to another the major problems are considered to be similar 8 I On the Macro Level Administrative Obstacles include among other things

1 Excessive red tape and bureaucracy where investors have to deal with several departments to obtain licenses or approvals The process is tedious and lengthy

2 Lack of actual autonomy of Free Zones even though they are accorded by law financial and administrative authority

3 Unexpected changes in laws and regulations that continuously confuse investors

4 Conflict and overlap of laws and procedures related to Free Zones as well as to customs

15

8 II On the other hand Marketing Obstacles include

1 Free zones lack of effective promotional policies They failed to understand that marketing is a task requiring most of the attention of top management

2 There is a difficulty in marketing products of Free Zones because Free Zones in the region are similar and produce almost similar products

At the same time adequate Infrastructure Facilities surrounding the Economic Free Zone are necessary pre-condition for attracting foreign investment However this is not the case in most Free Zones in the region of Panamarsquos country Infrastructure obstacles include Inadequate infrastructure utilities and services especially communication as well as lack and inefficiency of ports used to carry Zones products and materials necessary for production 8 III On the Sectoral and Micro Level Some problems are related to the nature of industrial activities such as the small-sized industries in the Free Zones and their inability to compete in the markets Others are related to the dependence on imported raw materials which has tremendously increased the cost of production of industrial products As a result the ability of industries to compete has decreased At the same time certain problems such as the lack of a complex production process have led to the limited transfer of technology to industries As a result the transfer of technology through industries was relatively limited It is believed that a simple production process generates very few backward linkages with other production activities in the economy and most of the material that requires technical knowledge is being imported from foreign sources As a result there is no room to develop specific technologies in the zones What actually exist is only assembly lines as well as putting together of ready made parts It is believed that Free Economics Zones are going to be more important in the present decade than they were in the last decade or so because they can be the doorways to growth and development that can be opened and closed according to the countryrsquos interest and benefits

9 Conclusion and Policy Implications

In recent years Free Economics Zones have become increasingly important as countries sought to attract foreign investment for the purpose of promoting growth through increasing exports foreign exchange and employment opportunities as well as enhancing the transfer of technology The result the relatively limited effect of Free Zones on the host economies except in the case of Jebel Ali Free Zone was mainly due to macro as well as sectoral level obstacles that impeded the operation of firms in the zones Looking back at the experience of partly successful Free Zones in Arab countries one can identify a number of classical failures at the planning and design stage They include the choice of inappropriate location for the zone

16

lack of sufficient basic infrastructure such as telecommunications and inefficient institutional linkages between the Zone Authority and other government departments As a result careful consideration of the existing rules and measures is necessary for the Zones to succeed The recommended measures include among others things

91 Legislative reforms that would take care of the numerous contradictions and duplications of laws and regulations in the Zones to reduce bureaucracy and give more independence to the authorities Investment laws should remain in force for long periods in order to give investors peace and mind 92 Sufficient infrastructure facilities and services are needed in most of the Free Zones in the region The availability of such infrastructure facilities would give to the New Colon Free Zone in Panamarsquos country a comparative advantage within the entire region 93 Reforms that encourage the expansion of export industries in the Zones such as the removal of barriers to the movement of finished goods in the region In fact is essential to have regulations that attract large and medium size industries rather than small industries as it is the case in Jebel Ali Free Zone 94 Encouragement of employment of nationals in Free Zones which may require giving more attention to training of manpower by the Free Zone Authority on one hand by local and foreign firms on the other 95 Promotion and marketing of the Zones that requires the attention of top management So promotional and marketing programs that attract clients and keep them happy should be developed Priority should be given to meeting clients needs as well as the countryrsquos objectives In fact it makes little sense to invest in land infrastructure utilities etc and fail to provide enough investment for marketing and promotion

Finally we can say that Panamarsquos country have not probably been active as any others regions in establishing and developing Free Economics Zones like the Arab countries and in particular Dubai with the Jebel Ali Free Zone The idea was to get around a large amount of existing regulations and to provide infrastructure facilities and services to attract foreign investment and in turn to promote growth To be successful Free Economic Zones in Panama have to concentrate on competing on the basis of the services offered and the quality of such services In others words their comparative advantage of liberalization should be in their services Aggressive Free Zones can create good opportunities for themselves within the region while traditional and slow Free Zones which are not able to adapt quickly become uncompetitive and in turn a classical example of failure It is the job of dynamic managers to seize the opportunity to attract business and investment to the zone and I can do that for the New Colon Free Zone in Panama because I am a successful CEO actively seeking new opportunities to capture new business opportunities to which I may offer my global approach along with extensive experience

17

Bibliography Tahir Jamil (1998) ldquoAn Assessment of Free Economic Zones (FEZs) in Arab Countries - Performance and Main Featuresrdquo Working Paper 9926 It was presented in an international conference on ldquoNew Economics Developments and Their Impact on Arab Economiesrdquo held in Tunis during the period 3-5 June 1998 Guangwen Meng (2003) ldquoThe Theory and Practice of Free Economic Zones A Case Study of Tianjin Peoplersquos Republic of Chinardquo Submitted to the Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics of the Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Germany for the Degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences Oral Examination 14022003 Watson Noel Newton (1998) ldquoEVALUATING THE NET ECONOMICS BENEFITS OF FREE TRADE ZONES IN THEORY AND PRACTICE - APPLIED TO THE KINGSTON EXPORT FREE ZONE IN JAMAICArdquo Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Economics of Simon Fraser University November 1998 Ministry of Finance and Economy (Republic of Korea) ldquoFree Economic Zones in Korea (2003) The Future of Northeast Asiardquo September 2003 httpenglishmosfgokr Salma Ali Saif Bin Hareb Chief Executive Zonersquos Jebel Free Zone of Government of Dubai (2007) ldquoJafza Corporate Brochurerdquo November 2007 httpwwwjafzaaeen Knowledge Innovation Zone Research Project (2006) ldquoSPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES (SEZ) VERSUS KNOWLEDGE INNOVATION ZONES (KIZ) - A COMPARISONrdquo httpwwwinthekzonecom OECD Private Sector Development Division (2008) ldquoFree Economic Zones in the MENA Region Update 2008rdquo Tarun Dhingra Dr Ambalika Sinha Dr Tripti Singh (2008) ldquoLocation strategy for competitiveness of Special Economic Zones in India ndash A Generic frameworkrdquo

18

Useful Links

Jebel Ali Free Zone (Jafza) httpwwwjafzaaeen SEZ stands for Special Economic Zone a tax free area for manufacturing RampD Trading and Services units (Inspira Infrastructure) httpwwwinspirainfracom Yellow Sea Free Economic Zone (Yesfez) httpwwwyesfezgokrengyesfezsongak_districtasp Tanger Free Zone httpwwwtangerfreezonecom Hamriyah Free Zone httpwwwhfzaae Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone (RAK FTZ) httpwwwrakftzcomen Jebel Ali Free Zone Online Directory (Potential Customer for the New Free Zone) httpwwwjdae

International Trade General International Trade and Trade Policy Free Economic Zones

bull UN Resources bull Documents bull Photos

Free Economic Zones in Korea The Future of Northeast Asia Foreign-invested firms have begun to take a close look at the benefits of locating in one of these zones 8 9 Page 11 What are Free Economic Zones Sector unpan1unorgintradocgroupspublicdocumentsAPCITYUNPAN0 UNESCAP Taking off in earnest Koreas free economic zones are at the forefront of the scenic coastal cities of Incheon Busan-Jinhae and Gwangyang the zones form an wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue78_16nov2005doc UNESCAP By Kim Min-hee Korea will move swiftly to further improve the contents of its free economic zones as well as strengthen its sales pitch to potential investors wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue75_18Oct2005doc

NATIONAL PROFILE FOR THE INFORMATION SOCIETY IN THE UNITED ARAB Also the growth of ICT Free Zones companies and activities is certain to The UAE has made extensive use of duty free economic zones to stimulate business wwwescwaorglbwsisreportsdocsUAE_2005-Epdf Economic and Social Council the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352

ةماعلا ةيعمجلا the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and has introduced many kinds of special zones of various areas For example Xiamen Special Economic Zone covers about 131 million while Tianjin Free Trade Zone wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377pub_2377 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and In 1990 it established free trade zones (bonded areas) altogether 15 to date seven of which are located in special economic zones and five of which are

19

wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377ftz_ch4 TID inputs to 61st Session of the Commission regional special economic zones (along a similar format as ldquogrowth trianglesrdquo) for disaster-affected areas could be considered which would grant duty-free wwwunescaporgtidnewstsunami_briefpdf Economic Cooperation and Integration Sub-programme Provisional These can include regional clusters Internet-based business models business incubators free economic zones technological and science centres platforms and wwwuneceorgcecidocsECI_conceptual_framework_29May2006p See also

Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial development support services gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial sector gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Duty free transit International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Free ports

Free economic zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

Many countries have or have had at some time designated areas where companies are taxed very lightly or not at all to encourage development or for some other reason These are known as free economic zones

Sometimes they are called free ports by an analogy with free ports known for a long time in history - the ports free of customs or with favorable customs regulations eg the free port of Trieste Very often free ports are parts of free economic zones

Contents [hide]

bull 1 Free economic zones by countryo 11 Armenia o 12 Belarus o 13 Brazil o 14 Bulgaria

20

o 15 Chile o 16 China o 17 Egypt o 18 Georgia o 19 India o 110 Iran o 111 Italy o 112 Lithuania o 113 Malaysia o 114 Russia o 115 South Korea o 116 Spain o 117 Ukraine o 118 United Arab Emirateso 119 Uzbekistan o 120 United Kingdom

bull 2 References

[edit] Free economic zones by country

[edit] Armenia

bull Gyumri

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Bulgaria

bull Burgas bull Rousse bull Plovdiv bull Dragoman bull Vidin bull Svilengrad

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] China

21

bull Hong Kong

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said Public Free Zone bull Alexandria Public Free Zone bull Nasr City Public Free Zone bull Suez Public Free Zone bull Ismailia Public Free Zone bull Damietta Public Free Zone bull Media Public Free Zone bull Shebin El- Kom Public Free Zone bull Qeft Public Free Zone bull Port Said East Port Public Free Zone

[edit] Georgia

bull Poti Samegrelo region

[edit] India

bull Sricity Multi Product SEZ Andhra Pradesh [1] bull SEEPZ India bull Inspira Pharma amp Biotech Park Aurangabad Maharashtra[2]

[edit] Iran

bull Kish bull Aras Free Zone bull Anzali Free Zone bull Arvand Free Zone bull Chabahar Free Zone bull Gheshm Free Zone

[edit] Italy

bull Catania bull Erice bull Gela bull Crotone bull Rossano bull Lamezia Terme bull Matera bull Taranto bull Lecce bull Andria bull Naples bull Torre Annunziata bull Mondragone

22

bull Campobasso bull Cagliari bull Quartu SantElena bull Iglesias bull Velletri bull Sora bull Pescara bull Massa Carrara bull Ventimiglia

[edit] Lithuania

bull Klaipeda Free Economic Zone bull Kaunas Free Economic Zone

[edit] Malaysia

bull Port Klang Free Zone

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Ingushetia bull Yantar Kaliningrad

[edit] South Korea

bull Yellow Sea bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang

[edit] Spain

bull Ibiza

[edit] Ukraine

bull Quarantine Pier of Odessa trade sea port January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Ajman Free Zone[1] bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center

23

bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Studio City

[edit] Uzbekistan

bull Navoiy

[edit] United Kingdom

bull London Docklands bull Bristol Subverbs

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwsricityin 2 ^ httpwwwinspirainfracom

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_economic_zone Categories Special Economic Zones

Special Economic Zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding reliable references Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (January 2007)

A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a countrys typical economic laws The category SEZ covers a broad range of more specific zone types including Free Trade Zones (FTZ) Export Processing Zones (EPZ) Free Zones (FZ) Industrial Estates (IE) Free Ports Urban Enterprise Zones and others Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors typically an international business or a multinational corporation (MNC)

One of the earliest and the most famous Special Economic Zones were found by the government of the Peoples Republic of China under Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s The most successful Special Economic Zone in China Shenzhen has developed from a small village into a city with a population over 10 million within 20 years

Following the Chinese examples Special Economic Zones have been established in several countries including Brazil India Iran Jordan Kazakhstan Pakistan the

24

Philippines Poland Russia and Ukraine Currently Puno Peru has been slated to become a Zona Economica by its president Alan Garcia

A single SEZ can contain multiple specific zones within its boundaries In India the Government has sanctioned few large multi-product Special Exconomic Zones (SEZ) where one can set-up any kind of business (services manufacturing trading etc) Some of the most promoinent large multiple zone SEZs are Sricity SEZ near Chennai and Mundra SEZ in Gujarat India The other two most prominent examples of this layered approach are Subic Bay Freeport Zone in the Philippines the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority in Jordan and According to World Bank estimates as of 2007 there are more than 3000 projects taking place in SEZs in 120 countries worldwide

SEZs have been implemented using a variety of institutional structures across the world ranging from fully public (government operator government developer government regulator) to fully private (private operator private developer public regulator) In many cases public sector operators and developers act as quasi-government agencies in that they have a pseudo-corporate institutional structure and have budgetary autonomy SEZs are often developed under a public-private partnership arrangement in which the public sector provides some level of support (provision of off-site infrastructure equity investment soft loans bond issues etc) to enable a private sector developer to obtain a reasonable rate of return on the project (typically 10-20 depending on risk levels)

Contents [hide]

bull 1 China bull 2 India

o 21 List of SEZs in India bull 3 Indonesia bull 4 Iran bull 5 Kazakhstan bull 6 North Korea bull 7 Pakistan

o 71 List of SEZs in the Pakistan bull 8 Philippines

o 81 List of SEZs in the Philippines bull 9 Poland bull 10 Russia

o 101 TechnicalInnovational Zones o 102 Industrialdevelopmental Zoneso 103 Tourist Zones

bull 11 Ukraine bull 12 References bull 13 External links

25

[edit] China Main article Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

Currently the most prominent SEZs in the country are Shenzhen Xiamen Shantou Zhuhai and Hainan Province

[edit] India Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country and realising the need that a level playing field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally the Government of India had in April 2000 announced the introduction of Special Economic Zones policy in the country deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations duties and tariffs As of 2007 more than 500 SEZs have been proposed 220 of which have been created This has raised the concern of the World Bank which questions the sustainability of such a large number of SEZs The Special Economic Zones in India closely follow the PRC model

India passed special economic zone act in 2005 In India the government has been proactive in the development of the SEZs They have formulated policies reviewed them occasionally and have ensured that ample facilities are provided to the developers of the SEZs as well as to the companies setting up units in the SEZs

[edit] List of SEZs in India

The policy provides for setting up of SEZs in the public private joint sector or by State Governments One of them is Sricity Multi product SEZ part of Sricity which is a developing satellite city in the epicentre of AP amp TN It was also envisaged that some of the existing Export Processing Zones would be converted into Special Economic Zones

bull Sricity (SEZ) (Andhra Pradesh) (httpwwwsricityin) bull Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) bull Polepally (Andhra Pradesh) bull Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) bull Velankani SEZ (Chennai) (httpwwwvelankanisezcom) bull Pharma and Biotech SEZ Aurangabad Maharashtra

(httpwwwinspirainfracom) bull Ahmedabad Baroda Kandla and Surat (Gujarat) bull Cochin (Kerala) bull Pithampur (Madhya Pradesh) bull Nagpur also refer MIHAN Pune and SEEPZ in Mumbai (Maharashtra) bull Chennai Ilandaikulam Madurai Nanguneri and Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu) bull NOIDA Greater NOIDA (Uttar Pradesh) UP bull Falta (West Bengal) bull Bangalore [Karnataka] bull Kensington [Powai Mumbai] bull Mangalore (Karnataka)

26

Currently India has 1022 units in operations in 9 functional SEZs each an average size of 200 acres (081 km2) 8 Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been converted into SEZs These are fully functional All these SEZs are in various parts of the country in the privatejoint sectors or by the State Government But this process of planning and development is under question as the states in which the SEZs have been approved are facing intense protests from the farming community accusing the government of forcibly snatching fertile land from them at heavily discounted prices as against the prevailing prices in the commercial real estate industry Also some reputed companies like Bajaj and others have commented against this policy and have suggested using barren and wasteland for setting up of SEZs

Attempts to set up a Special Economic Zone in Nandigram have led to protests by villagers in the area A Parliamentary Committee to study and give recommendations on SEZs has said that no further SEZs be notified unless the existing law is amended to incorporate the changes related to the land acquisitions

Genpact has announced its plans to expand its presence in Hyderabad by setting up a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) across 50 acres (200000 m2) in the city at Jawahar Nagar

[edit] Indonesia Main article Batam IslandSEZ - Special Economic Zones

[edit] Iran bull Arg - e - Jadid Special Economic Zone Vehicle Manufacturing Hub bull PetZone Petrochemical special economic Zone Mahshahr bull Kish Kish island special economic zone bull Sarakhs bull Sirjan bull Shahid Rajaee Port[1] bull Amirabad Special Economic Zone[2] bull Bushehr Port

[edit] Kazakhstan bull Astana

Multiple Economic zones created by the mandate of the President Each zone has a different focus South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone is dedicated to the development of the textile industry in Kazakhstan

[edit] North Korea The Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone was established under a UN economic development programme in 1994 Located on the bank of the Tuman River the zone borders on the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (or Yeonbyeon in Korean) of

27

the Peoples Republic of China as well as Russia In 2000 the name of the area was shortened to Rason and became separate from the North Hamgyeong Province

[edit] Pakistan Taking the example of the Chinese success with their SEZs China is helping Pakistan develop the Haier-Ruba economic zone on the outskirts of Lahore

Other economic zones include the China-Pakistan economic zone open only to Chinese investors and also the future crown jewel of Pakistan Gwadar

There are also talks of creating a Japanese city for foreign investors from Japan only

There has also been new SEZ proposed on the currently under construction Sialkot-Lahore motorway Qatar has proposed an investment for $1 billion in a new SEZ along the motorway

There is also a new zone under construction in Faislababd which will be the biggest industrial estate of Pakistan when complete it has sections for each country and the first phrase is already complete with a special Chinese zone in it

[edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan

bull Karachi Export Processing Zone Karachi Sindh bull Risalpur Export Processing Zone Risalpur bull Sialkot Export Processing Zone Sialkot Punjab bull Gujranwala Export Processing Zone Gujranwala Punjab bull Saindak Export Processing Zone Saindak Balochistan bull Reko Diq Export Processing Zone bull Khalifa Coastal Oil Refinery EPZ bull Gwadar Export Processing Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Special Industrial Development Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Faisalabad Export Processing Zone Faisalabad Punjab bull Special Inudstrial Economic Zone Lahore Punjab

[edit] Philippines Philippine economic zones (ecozones) are collections of industries brought together geographically for the purpose of promoting economic development Although designed to operate separately from the political and economic milieu of surrounding communities Philippine economic zones do in fact interact with their neighbors There are 41 private-owned economic zones and 4 government owned economic zones in the Philippines Of the 41 private economic zones the biggest exporter is Gateway Business Park in General Trias Cavite and the second biggest private ecozone is Laguna Technopark Inc The four governmentally owned are Cavite Economic Zone Bataan Economic Zone Mactan Economic Zone and Baguio City Economic Zone Thus it is a useful act for the growth of economic zone of the country

[edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines

28

bull Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority bull Clark Special Economic Zone bull Philippine Economic Zone Authority bull PHIVIDEC Industrial Authority bull Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone Authority bull Cagayan Economic Zone Authority

[edit] Poland There are 14 Special Economic Zones in Poland[1]

bull Kamiennogoacuterska SSE bull Katowice Special Economic Zone bull Kostrzyńsko-Słubicka SSE bull Krakowski Park Technologiczny bull Legnicka SSE bull Łoacutedzka SSE bull SSE EURO-PARK MIELEC bull Słupska SSE bull SSE Starachowice bull Suwalska SSE bull Pomorska SSE (Pomeranian Special Economic Zone) bull Tarnobrzeska SSE bull Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone INVEST-PARK bull Warmińsko-Mazurska SSE

[edit] Russia

[edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones

bull Dubna bull Zelenograd bull Noidorf (Russian Нойдорф) - industrial and business park in special economic

zone in Strelna near Saint Petersburg Russia bull Novo-Orlovskoe (Russian Ново-Орловское) - SEZ territory in Saint

Petersburg Russia bull Tomsk

[edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones

bull ldquoAlabugardquo (special economic zone) bull Lipetsk

[edit] Tourist Zones

bull Krasnodar Krai bull Stavropol Krai bull Kaliningrad Oblast (Yantar Kaliningrad Special Economic Zone) bull Altai Krai

29

bull Altai Republic bull Irkutsk Oblast bull Buryatia

[edit] Ukraine Special Economic Zones existed in Ukraine until March 31 2005 The first created was the Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone Syvash (since 1996) From 1998 to 2000 11 new zones were created

Name Location Area Established Time limit

NCEEZ Syvash Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1996 5 years

Slavutych Slavutych Kiev Oblast 2000 ha 30061998 till 01012020

Azov Mariupol Donetsk Oblast 315 ha 21071998 60 years Donetsk Donetsk Donetsk Oblast 466 ha 21071998 60 years

Zakarpattia Uzhhorodskyi Raion and Mukachivskyi Raion Zakarpattia Oblast

737 ha 09011999 30 years

Yavoriv Yavorivskyi Raion Lviv Oblast

116000 ha 17021999 till

01012020 Interport Kovel Kovel Volyn Oblast 57 ha 01012000 20 years Kurortopolis Truskavets Truskavets Lviv Oblast 774 ha 01012000 20 years

Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Oblast shipyard territory and adjoining area

865 ha 01012000 30 years

Port Krym Kerch Autonomous Republic of Crimea 27 ha 01012000 30 years

Porto-Franco Odessa part of Odessa Trade Sea Ports territory 32 ha 01012000 25 years

Reni Reni Odessa Oblast 94 ha 17052000 30 years Initially planned time of operation given All zones were shut down on March 31 2005

NCEEZ mdash Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone

Sources [3] [4] [5] and Пехник АВ Іноземні інвестиції в економіку України Навчальний посібник Вид laquoЗнанняraquo Київ 2007 pages 49 310ndash319

[edit] References

30

1 ^ httpwwwmggovplSpecjalne+strefy+ekonomiczneWykaz+SSE

bull Chee Kian Leong 2007 A Tale of Two Countries Openness and Growth in China and India [6] Dynamics Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper

[edit] External links bull South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone bull Regularly updated news about SEZs in India bull Indian Special Economic Zones bull Russian Special Economic Zones bull Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan bull Indian SEZ bull PEZA Philippines bull The New Maharajas of India bull India Special Economic zones map bull Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones (Russia)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zone Categories International business | International trade | International economics | Special Economic Zones

List of free ports From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Free economic zones may also be called free ports

Most commonly a free port is a special customs area with favorable customs regulations (or no customs duties and controls for transshipment) Earlier in history some free ports like Hong Kong enjoyed political autonomy Many international airports have free ports though they tend to be called customs areas customs zones or international zones

Contents [hide]

31

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

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Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 5: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

quiebran algunas de las maacutes importantes multinacionales como Opel en EEUU otras toman el relevo de dicho nicho de mercado y cuando la economiacutea mundial se reactive este antildeo que viene entonces se estaraacute en los primeros puestos de salida Dejar de realizar el proyecto ahora mismo es perder una oportunidad competitiva ventajosa uacutenica para ser los primeros y tener eacutexito precisamente por la competencia en la regioacuten de otras zonas como Jamaica

Uacuteltimo Argumento ldquoEl Marketing y la Calidad de los Servicios es el Secreto del Eacutexito del Proyectordquo

iexclEl Marketing y la Calidad de los Servicios es el Secreto del Eacutexito del Proyecto Por eso para capitalizar desde el comienzo del mismo ante el mundo entero el marketing tanto del Puerto Libre de Coloacuten como del Canal de Panamaacute propongo que dicho proyecto se denomine ldquoLa Nueva Zona de Libre Comercio de Colon y el Canal de Panamaacuterdquo o en ingleacutes ldquoNew Colon amp Panamas Channel Free Economic Zonerdquo

(English Language)

2 The main reasons to develop the Colon amp Panama Free Zone Project

First Reason ldquoPanama could be the ldquoNew Free Economic Zone

Hubrdquo who connects all the worlds continentsrdquo Panama is the geographical centre between North America and South America for one side and for the other side between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean or in other words between Asia Africa and Europe Then Panama could be the ldquoNew Free Economic Zone Hubrdquo who connects all the worlds continents and this project would be successful at all

5

Second Reason ldquoSynergies and Logistic Experiences from the Colons Free Portrdquo

If the New Colon Free Economic Zone could start up the project would benefits with all the synergies and logistic experiences from the Colons Free Port

Third Reason ldquoSynergies and Logistic Experiences from the Panamas Channelrdquo

If the New Colon Free Economic Zone could start up the project would benefits with all the synergies and logistic experiences from the Panamas Channel who connect by maritime way the Pacific Ocean with the Atlantic Ocean

Fourth Reason ldquoLatin America has all the commodities who need the Asian countriesrdquo

From my previous original paper ldquoPlan de Desarrollo y Lineamientos Estrateacutegicos Provincia de Salta (Argentina) Deacutecada 2008 ndash 2018rdquo you could realize that Latin America is the only continent over the entire world who has all the commodities who need the Asian countries like India and China Then Panama would be the best Hub to connect Asia and Latin American countries throughout the New Colon Free Economic Zone

Fifth Reason ldquoSpeaking of both languages English and Spanishrdquo Panama has another great advantage compared for example with Jamaica who is the speaking of both languages English and Spanish

Sixth Reason The ldquoGlobal Crisisrdquo is the best opportunity to start up this ldquoGlobal Projectrdquo

This main ldquoGlobal Crisisrdquo is the best opportunity to start up this ldquoGlobal Projectrdquo because of the lack of something corporations like for example Opel in EEUU Then the market is in a dynamical quickly evolution and new corporations covert the lack of the traditional and main global corporations and again in this way is the best opportunity to start up the New Colon amp Panama Free Economic Zone

And the last Reason I recommended to name the new Free Economic Zone as ldquoNew Colon amp Panama Free Economic Zonerdquo

The marketing and the quality of the services of the project are the secret of the successful of it Then from the beginning I recommended to name the new Free Economic Zone as ldquoNew Colon amp Panama Free Economic Zonerdquo to capitalise all the marketing of Panamas Channel and Colons Free Port

6

7

8

9

10

11

In the nexts paragraphs I will study and analyse with others characteristics this two main characteristics the marketing and the quality of the services from the point of view of the successfully Free Zones like Jebel Ali Free Economic Zone from Dubai and others failures projects in the same geographical region

4 Criteria for Establishing Free Economics Zones Elements of Success In order for a free zone to succeed the factors that attract firms must be known Should a government or free zone authority not have a thorough grasp of the need of firms and then the development of a free zone can become a very expensive lesson in what firms do and do not need The more information available to free zone authorities concerning factors involved in the decision of the zonersquos management to locate in certain area the more capable the authorities will be in providing critical information to interested firms Studies carried out on free zones in developing countries conclude that criteria governing the decision to invest in a free zone area include the following

41 Political Stability This is considered the most important factor that attracts capital to the host country Foreign investment companies are always hesitant to undertake ventures in politically unstable countries where their interests are consistently threatened

42 Commitment to Free Economy (Openness) In fact a suitable macroeconomic exchange rate and trade policy regime together with a legal regulatory environment favourable to business is a basic and critical element for the entry of a developing economy into the world market Where there are tariffs and other taxes or restrictions on imports of producer goods export policies must provide exporters with a free trade status which their competitors around the world enjoy So the more committed the host government is to investment free trade etc the more guarantees foreign firms have and the more attractive the free zone is to foreign investment

43 Strategic Location Free Zones have to be established close to major international markets In order to succeed a free zone has to have a good geographical and strategic location ie close to the traffic of international trade For instance Dubairsquos strategic location at the crossroads between the East and the West has made it the leading hub between Europe and the Far East Dubairsquos traditional links with the nearby Gulf States the Red Sea East Africa and the Indian subcontinent have enhanced the success of the free zone in Jebel Ali

12

Comprehensive theories for the location of manufacturing activities have been developed throughout history In making allocation decisions several determinants or factors such as transportation cost labour cost marketing advantages and proximity to auxiliary industries are considered Some economists referred to the best location as that site from which a given number of buyers can be served at the lowest total cost In that sense the location theory involves both cost and demand curves

44 Availability of Labour and Low Labour Costs Because foreign firms and companies are interested in lowering their cost of production the cost and availability of labour are one of the main factors that attract foreign investment to free zones and in turn enhance their success However recently and due to many reasons the cost and availability of are losing importance in the face of other factors of a more qualitative nature such as transport conditions and cost and business establishment conditions

45 Availability of Good Infrastructure Facilities Availability of infrastructure as well as other supply services is considered a must for a free zone to succeed Availability of good transportation and communication systems for instance in addition to a good administrative system away from red tape and bureaucracy would definitely enhance the success of the zone The availability of a modern seaport for instance with its terminals and modern international airport with its cargo village and its air-freight handling capability and the Manifest and Documentation System (MDS) have tremendously enhanced the success of Jebel Ali Free Zone tremendously The Free Zonersquos infrastructure facilities which would compete with those of other zones and contribute to the zonersquos success include low cost pre-fabricated warehouses offices and refrigerated stores open stores and retail transport facilities abundant power supply and highly efficient support services by the engineering and data system Also the fully free flow of capital and tax-free profits andor returns are important facilities to be considered

5 Free Economics Zones in Latin American Countries Trend and Main Features

The geographical location of Panamarsquos country allow it to act as a bridge between four continents namely Asia Africa Europe and between North America and South America Panamarsquos country strategic location at the crossroads between East and West and North and South has contribute to their importance in international trade where it is considered important gateways to large numbers of people and where it provide essential meeting points for production and consumption markets

13

The idea of establishing free zones in the region is gathering momentum especially with the general trend in the area towards liberalization and globalization trends and the newly emerging economics blocs Like most free zones in the world free zones in Panamarsquos country would be located either in or near seaports or near airports and international borders Such locations would be attractive to low as well as high-value products In fact without access to services that are essential to export and industrial operations some free zones in Panamarsquos country may find it hard to attract foreign investment 6 Main Features Incentives Facilities and Administration of Free Zones

61 Fiscal and Financial Incentives The variety and magnitude of fiscal and financial incentives given to investors in Free Zones vary from country to another Jebel Ali Free Zone for example seems to offer the most attractive incentives where there are no limitations on foreign ownership no personal and income taxes and exemption from corporate taxes is for almost 30 years Apart from fiscal incentives (tax exemption) most free zones offer financial incentives such as exemption from taxes on profits and from foreign currency controls Most Free Zones permit the unlimited transfer of profits as from the first year of production and repatriation of the total initial investment after a relatively short period of about 3 years 62 Customs Exemptions Import Duties Apart from its duty-free privileges free zones are characterized by the speed and simplicity of import and export transactions In Jebel Ali Zone (Dubai) for example time-consuming procedures on importation and exportations are kept to a minimum 63 Facilities and Administration Free Zone in Panamarsquos country would be provided with various types of infrastructure facilities and services This would include roads ports (Colon) airport (The International Airport of Panama) facilities for storage and standard factory buildings The support services would include physical services such as the supply of electricity and water telecommunication facilities commercial services such as banking insurance shipping and forwarding agents etc and social services such a medical care food facilities etc The most extensive infrastructure facilities over the world are those provided in Jebel Ali Free Zone This includes a modern port generous space a modern communication system and pre-built facilities for lease Abundant and inexpensive energy is also available

14

64 Administration of Free Zones in Panama It should be administer by a separate authority which should be call The Free Zone Authority or Corporation It should has representatives from various ministries in fact the existence of a centralized administrative office with the authority to intercede between firms in the Free Zone and other government departments helps to provide investors with a simple and straightforward administrative procedure ie one window service

7 Attracting Foreign Investment and Capital Investment activities in free zones were dominated by storage projects that not require large amounts of capital The source of the invested capital determines to some extent the ability of the Zone to attract foreign investment What I believe determines the success of a Free Zone is its external competitiveness relative to other zones in the region rather than its internal profitability as captured by only cost-benefit analysis The rate of return of investments in the Zone may be extremely high but foreign investors are not attracted So may be what is needed is an international competitiveness analysis that is carried out parallel to the cost-benefits analysis Having looked at some of the main issues that determine the success of Jebel Ali Free Zone it appears that success depends on a number of economic social and geographical factors in effect within the country and abroad It is essential that we do not overlook the fact that in general a Free Economic Zone is a mature phenomenon of the international economy It is believed that an understanding of the features objectives and mechanism of the Zones and their role in the global economy is essential to the success of every zone

8 Free Zones Obstacles and Problems Reasons for Poor Performance

Investors in Free Zones are continuously faced with problems and obstacles that impede the operations of their firms in the zones Some of these problems are related to the macro level while others to sectoral and firm levels Also some are considered administrative and marketing problems while other are legal and technical ones Although assessment shows that the type and magnitude of obstacles differ from country to another the major problems are considered to be similar 8 I On the Macro Level Administrative Obstacles include among other things

1 Excessive red tape and bureaucracy where investors have to deal with several departments to obtain licenses or approvals The process is tedious and lengthy

2 Lack of actual autonomy of Free Zones even though they are accorded by law financial and administrative authority

3 Unexpected changes in laws and regulations that continuously confuse investors

4 Conflict and overlap of laws and procedures related to Free Zones as well as to customs

15

8 II On the other hand Marketing Obstacles include

1 Free zones lack of effective promotional policies They failed to understand that marketing is a task requiring most of the attention of top management

2 There is a difficulty in marketing products of Free Zones because Free Zones in the region are similar and produce almost similar products

At the same time adequate Infrastructure Facilities surrounding the Economic Free Zone are necessary pre-condition for attracting foreign investment However this is not the case in most Free Zones in the region of Panamarsquos country Infrastructure obstacles include Inadequate infrastructure utilities and services especially communication as well as lack and inefficiency of ports used to carry Zones products and materials necessary for production 8 III On the Sectoral and Micro Level Some problems are related to the nature of industrial activities such as the small-sized industries in the Free Zones and their inability to compete in the markets Others are related to the dependence on imported raw materials which has tremendously increased the cost of production of industrial products As a result the ability of industries to compete has decreased At the same time certain problems such as the lack of a complex production process have led to the limited transfer of technology to industries As a result the transfer of technology through industries was relatively limited It is believed that a simple production process generates very few backward linkages with other production activities in the economy and most of the material that requires technical knowledge is being imported from foreign sources As a result there is no room to develop specific technologies in the zones What actually exist is only assembly lines as well as putting together of ready made parts It is believed that Free Economics Zones are going to be more important in the present decade than they were in the last decade or so because they can be the doorways to growth and development that can be opened and closed according to the countryrsquos interest and benefits

9 Conclusion and Policy Implications

In recent years Free Economics Zones have become increasingly important as countries sought to attract foreign investment for the purpose of promoting growth through increasing exports foreign exchange and employment opportunities as well as enhancing the transfer of technology The result the relatively limited effect of Free Zones on the host economies except in the case of Jebel Ali Free Zone was mainly due to macro as well as sectoral level obstacles that impeded the operation of firms in the zones Looking back at the experience of partly successful Free Zones in Arab countries one can identify a number of classical failures at the planning and design stage They include the choice of inappropriate location for the zone

16

lack of sufficient basic infrastructure such as telecommunications and inefficient institutional linkages between the Zone Authority and other government departments As a result careful consideration of the existing rules and measures is necessary for the Zones to succeed The recommended measures include among others things

91 Legislative reforms that would take care of the numerous contradictions and duplications of laws and regulations in the Zones to reduce bureaucracy and give more independence to the authorities Investment laws should remain in force for long periods in order to give investors peace and mind 92 Sufficient infrastructure facilities and services are needed in most of the Free Zones in the region The availability of such infrastructure facilities would give to the New Colon Free Zone in Panamarsquos country a comparative advantage within the entire region 93 Reforms that encourage the expansion of export industries in the Zones such as the removal of barriers to the movement of finished goods in the region In fact is essential to have regulations that attract large and medium size industries rather than small industries as it is the case in Jebel Ali Free Zone 94 Encouragement of employment of nationals in Free Zones which may require giving more attention to training of manpower by the Free Zone Authority on one hand by local and foreign firms on the other 95 Promotion and marketing of the Zones that requires the attention of top management So promotional and marketing programs that attract clients and keep them happy should be developed Priority should be given to meeting clients needs as well as the countryrsquos objectives In fact it makes little sense to invest in land infrastructure utilities etc and fail to provide enough investment for marketing and promotion

Finally we can say that Panamarsquos country have not probably been active as any others regions in establishing and developing Free Economics Zones like the Arab countries and in particular Dubai with the Jebel Ali Free Zone The idea was to get around a large amount of existing regulations and to provide infrastructure facilities and services to attract foreign investment and in turn to promote growth To be successful Free Economic Zones in Panama have to concentrate on competing on the basis of the services offered and the quality of such services In others words their comparative advantage of liberalization should be in their services Aggressive Free Zones can create good opportunities for themselves within the region while traditional and slow Free Zones which are not able to adapt quickly become uncompetitive and in turn a classical example of failure It is the job of dynamic managers to seize the opportunity to attract business and investment to the zone and I can do that for the New Colon Free Zone in Panama because I am a successful CEO actively seeking new opportunities to capture new business opportunities to which I may offer my global approach along with extensive experience

17

Bibliography Tahir Jamil (1998) ldquoAn Assessment of Free Economic Zones (FEZs) in Arab Countries - Performance and Main Featuresrdquo Working Paper 9926 It was presented in an international conference on ldquoNew Economics Developments and Their Impact on Arab Economiesrdquo held in Tunis during the period 3-5 June 1998 Guangwen Meng (2003) ldquoThe Theory and Practice of Free Economic Zones A Case Study of Tianjin Peoplersquos Republic of Chinardquo Submitted to the Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics of the Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Germany for the Degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences Oral Examination 14022003 Watson Noel Newton (1998) ldquoEVALUATING THE NET ECONOMICS BENEFITS OF FREE TRADE ZONES IN THEORY AND PRACTICE - APPLIED TO THE KINGSTON EXPORT FREE ZONE IN JAMAICArdquo Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Economics of Simon Fraser University November 1998 Ministry of Finance and Economy (Republic of Korea) ldquoFree Economic Zones in Korea (2003) The Future of Northeast Asiardquo September 2003 httpenglishmosfgokr Salma Ali Saif Bin Hareb Chief Executive Zonersquos Jebel Free Zone of Government of Dubai (2007) ldquoJafza Corporate Brochurerdquo November 2007 httpwwwjafzaaeen Knowledge Innovation Zone Research Project (2006) ldquoSPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES (SEZ) VERSUS KNOWLEDGE INNOVATION ZONES (KIZ) - A COMPARISONrdquo httpwwwinthekzonecom OECD Private Sector Development Division (2008) ldquoFree Economic Zones in the MENA Region Update 2008rdquo Tarun Dhingra Dr Ambalika Sinha Dr Tripti Singh (2008) ldquoLocation strategy for competitiveness of Special Economic Zones in India ndash A Generic frameworkrdquo

18

Useful Links

Jebel Ali Free Zone (Jafza) httpwwwjafzaaeen SEZ stands for Special Economic Zone a tax free area for manufacturing RampD Trading and Services units (Inspira Infrastructure) httpwwwinspirainfracom Yellow Sea Free Economic Zone (Yesfez) httpwwwyesfezgokrengyesfezsongak_districtasp Tanger Free Zone httpwwwtangerfreezonecom Hamriyah Free Zone httpwwwhfzaae Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone (RAK FTZ) httpwwwrakftzcomen Jebel Ali Free Zone Online Directory (Potential Customer for the New Free Zone) httpwwwjdae

International Trade General International Trade and Trade Policy Free Economic Zones

bull UN Resources bull Documents bull Photos

Free Economic Zones in Korea The Future of Northeast Asia Foreign-invested firms have begun to take a close look at the benefits of locating in one of these zones 8 9 Page 11 What are Free Economic Zones Sector unpan1unorgintradocgroupspublicdocumentsAPCITYUNPAN0 UNESCAP Taking off in earnest Koreas free economic zones are at the forefront of the scenic coastal cities of Incheon Busan-Jinhae and Gwangyang the zones form an wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue78_16nov2005doc UNESCAP By Kim Min-hee Korea will move swiftly to further improve the contents of its free economic zones as well as strengthen its sales pitch to potential investors wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue75_18Oct2005doc

NATIONAL PROFILE FOR THE INFORMATION SOCIETY IN THE UNITED ARAB Also the growth of ICT Free Zones companies and activities is certain to The UAE has made extensive use of duty free economic zones to stimulate business wwwescwaorglbwsisreportsdocsUAE_2005-Epdf Economic and Social Council the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352

ةماعلا ةيعمجلا the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and has introduced many kinds of special zones of various areas For example Xiamen Special Economic Zone covers about 131 million while Tianjin Free Trade Zone wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377pub_2377 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and In 1990 it established free trade zones (bonded areas) altogether 15 to date seven of which are located in special economic zones and five of which are

19

wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377ftz_ch4 TID inputs to 61st Session of the Commission regional special economic zones (along a similar format as ldquogrowth trianglesrdquo) for disaster-affected areas could be considered which would grant duty-free wwwunescaporgtidnewstsunami_briefpdf Economic Cooperation and Integration Sub-programme Provisional These can include regional clusters Internet-based business models business incubators free economic zones technological and science centres platforms and wwwuneceorgcecidocsECI_conceptual_framework_29May2006p See also

Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial development support services gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial sector gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Duty free transit International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Free ports

Free economic zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

Many countries have or have had at some time designated areas where companies are taxed very lightly or not at all to encourage development or for some other reason These are known as free economic zones

Sometimes they are called free ports by an analogy with free ports known for a long time in history - the ports free of customs or with favorable customs regulations eg the free port of Trieste Very often free ports are parts of free economic zones

Contents [hide]

bull 1 Free economic zones by countryo 11 Armenia o 12 Belarus o 13 Brazil o 14 Bulgaria

20

o 15 Chile o 16 China o 17 Egypt o 18 Georgia o 19 India o 110 Iran o 111 Italy o 112 Lithuania o 113 Malaysia o 114 Russia o 115 South Korea o 116 Spain o 117 Ukraine o 118 United Arab Emirateso 119 Uzbekistan o 120 United Kingdom

bull 2 References

[edit] Free economic zones by country

[edit] Armenia

bull Gyumri

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Bulgaria

bull Burgas bull Rousse bull Plovdiv bull Dragoman bull Vidin bull Svilengrad

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] China

21

bull Hong Kong

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said Public Free Zone bull Alexandria Public Free Zone bull Nasr City Public Free Zone bull Suez Public Free Zone bull Ismailia Public Free Zone bull Damietta Public Free Zone bull Media Public Free Zone bull Shebin El- Kom Public Free Zone bull Qeft Public Free Zone bull Port Said East Port Public Free Zone

[edit] Georgia

bull Poti Samegrelo region

[edit] India

bull Sricity Multi Product SEZ Andhra Pradesh [1] bull SEEPZ India bull Inspira Pharma amp Biotech Park Aurangabad Maharashtra[2]

[edit] Iran

bull Kish bull Aras Free Zone bull Anzali Free Zone bull Arvand Free Zone bull Chabahar Free Zone bull Gheshm Free Zone

[edit] Italy

bull Catania bull Erice bull Gela bull Crotone bull Rossano bull Lamezia Terme bull Matera bull Taranto bull Lecce bull Andria bull Naples bull Torre Annunziata bull Mondragone

22

bull Campobasso bull Cagliari bull Quartu SantElena bull Iglesias bull Velletri bull Sora bull Pescara bull Massa Carrara bull Ventimiglia

[edit] Lithuania

bull Klaipeda Free Economic Zone bull Kaunas Free Economic Zone

[edit] Malaysia

bull Port Klang Free Zone

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Ingushetia bull Yantar Kaliningrad

[edit] South Korea

bull Yellow Sea bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang

[edit] Spain

bull Ibiza

[edit] Ukraine

bull Quarantine Pier of Odessa trade sea port January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Ajman Free Zone[1] bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center

23

bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Studio City

[edit] Uzbekistan

bull Navoiy

[edit] United Kingdom

bull London Docklands bull Bristol Subverbs

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwsricityin 2 ^ httpwwwinspirainfracom

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_economic_zone Categories Special Economic Zones

Special Economic Zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding reliable references Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (January 2007)

A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a countrys typical economic laws The category SEZ covers a broad range of more specific zone types including Free Trade Zones (FTZ) Export Processing Zones (EPZ) Free Zones (FZ) Industrial Estates (IE) Free Ports Urban Enterprise Zones and others Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors typically an international business or a multinational corporation (MNC)

One of the earliest and the most famous Special Economic Zones were found by the government of the Peoples Republic of China under Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s The most successful Special Economic Zone in China Shenzhen has developed from a small village into a city with a population over 10 million within 20 years

Following the Chinese examples Special Economic Zones have been established in several countries including Brazil India Iran Jordan Kazakhstan Pakistan the

24

Philippines Poland Russia and Ukraine Currently Puno Peru has been slated to become a Zona Economica by its president Alan Garcia

A single SEZ can contain multiple specific zones within its boundaries In India the Government has sanctioned few large multi-product Special Exconomic Zones (SEZ) where one can set-up any kind of business (services manufacturing trading etc) Some of the most promoinent large multiple zone SEZs are Sricity SEZ near Chennai and Mundra SEZ in Gujarat India The other two most prominent examples of this layered approach are Subic Bay Freeport Zone in the Philippines the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority in Jordan and According to World Bank estimates as of 2007 there are more than 3000 projects taking place in SEZs in 120 countries worldwide

SEZs have been implemented using a variety of institutional structures across the world ranging from fully public (government operator government developer government regulator) to fully private (private operator private developer public regulator) In many cases public sector operators and developers act as quasi-government agencies in that they have a pseudo-corporate institutional structure and have budgetary autonomy SEZs are often developed under a public-private partnership arrangement in which the public sector provides some level of support (provision of off-site infrastructure equity investment soft loans bond issues etc) to enable a private sector developer to obtain a reasonable rate of return on the project (typically 10-20 depending on risk levels)

Contents [hide]

bull 1 China bull 2 India

o 21 List of SEZs in India bull 3 Indonesia bull 4 Iran bull 5 Kazakhstan bull 6 North Korea bull 7 Pakistan

o 71 List of SEZs in the Pakistan bull 8 Philippines

o 81 List of SEZs in the Philippines bull 9 Poland bull 10 Russia

o 101 TechnicalInnovational Zones o 102 Industrialdevelopmental Zoneso 103 Tourist Zones

bull 11 Ukraine bull 12 References bull 13 External links

25

[edit] China Main article Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

Currently the most prominent SEZs in the country are Shenzhen Xiamen Shantou Zhuhai and Hainan Province

[edit] India Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country and realising the need that a level playing field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally the Government of India had in April 2000 announced the introduction of Special Economic Zones policy in the country deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations duties and tariffs As of 2007 more than 500 SEZs have been proposed 220 of which have been created This has raised the concern of the World Bank which questions the sustainability of such a large number of SEZs The Special Economic Zones in India closely follow the PRC model

India passed special economic zone act in 2005 In India the government has been proactive in the development of the SEZs They have formulated policies reviewed them occasionally and have ensured that ample facilities are provided to the developers of the SEZs as well as to the companies setting up units in the SEZs

[edit] List of SEZs in India

The policy provides for setting up of SEZs in the public private joint sector or by State Governments One of them is Sricity Multi product SEZ part of Sricity which is a developing satellite city in the epicentre of AP amp TN It was also envisaged that some of the existing Export Processing Zones would be converted into Special Economic Zones

bull Sricity (SEZ) (Andhra Pradesh) (httpwwwsricityin) bull Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) bull Polepally (Andhra Pradesh) bull Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) bull Velankani SEZ (Chennai) (httpwwwvelankanisezcom) bull Pharma and Biotech SEZ Aurangabad Maharashtra

(httpwwwinspirainfracom) bull Ahmedabad Baroda Kandla and Surat (Gujarat) bull Cochin (Kerala) bull Pithampur (Madhya Pradesh) bull Nagpur also refer MIHAN Pune and SEEPZ in Mumbai (Maharashtra) bull Chennai Ilandaikulam Madurai Nanguneri and Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu) bull NOIDA Greater NOIDA (Uttar Pradesh) UP bull Falta (West Bengal) bull Bangalore [Karnataka] bull Kensington [Powai Mumbai] bull Mangalore (Karnataka)

26

Currently India has 1022 units in operations in 9 functional SEZs each an average size of 200 acres (081 km2) 8 Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been converted into SEZs These are fully functional All these SEZs are in various parts of the country in the privatejoint sectors or by the State Government But this process of planning and development is under question as the states in which the SEZs have been approved are facing intense protests from the farming community accusing the government of forcibly snatching fertile land from them at heavily discounted prices as against the prevailing prices in the commercial real estate industry Also some reputed companies like Bajaj and others have commented against this policy and have suggested using barren and wasteland for setting up of SEZs

Attempts to set up a Special Economic Zone in Nandigram have led to protests by villagers in the area A Parliamentary Committee to study and give recommendations on SEZs has said that no further SEZs be notified unless the existing law is amended to incorporate the changes related to the land acquisitions

Genpact has announced its plans to expand its presence in Hyderabad by setting up a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) across 50 acres (200000 m2) in the city at Jawahar Nagar

[edit] Indonesia Main article Batam IslandSEZ - Special Economic Zones

[edit] Iran bull Arg - e - Jadid Special Economic Zone Vehicle Manufacturing Hub bull PetZone Petrochemical special economic Zone Mahshahr bull Kish Kish island special economic zone bull Sarakhs bull Sirjan bull Shahid Rajaee Port[1] bull Amirabad Special Economic Zone[2] bull Bushehr Port

[edit] Kazakhstan bull Astana

Multiple Economic zones created by the mandate of the President Each zone has a different focus South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone is dedicated to the development of the textile industry in Kazakhstan

[edit] North Korea The Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone was established under a UN economic development programme in 1994 Located on the bank of the Tuman River the zone borders on the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (or Yeonbyeon in Korean) of

27

the Peoples Republic of China as well as Russia In 2000 the name of the area was shortened to Rason and became separate from the North Hamgyeong Province

[edit] Pakistan Taking the example of the Chinese success with their SEZs China is helping Pakistan develop the Haier-Ruba economic zone on the outskirts of Lahore

Other economic zones include the China-Pakistan economic zone open only to Chinese investors and also the future crown jewel of Pakistan Gwadar

There are also talks of creating a Japanese city for foreign investors from Japan only

There has also been new SEZ proposed on the currently under construction Sialkot-Lahore motorway Qatar has proposed an investment for $1 billion in a new SEZ along the motorway

There is also a new zone under construction in Faislababd which will be the biggest industrial estate of Pakistan when complete it has sections for each country and the first phrase is already complete with a special Chinese zone in it

[edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan

bull Karachi Export Processing Zone Karachi Sindh bull Risalpur Export Processing Zone Risalpur bull Sialkot Export Processing Zone Sialkot Punjab bull Gujranwala Export Processing Zone Gujranwala Punjab bull Saindak Export Processing Zone Saindak Balochistan bull Reko Diq Export Processing Zone bull Khalifa Coastal Oil Refinery EPZ bull Gwadar Export Processing Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Special Industrial Development Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Faisalabad Export Processing Zone Faisalabad Punjab bull Special Inudstrial Economic Zone Lahore Punjab

[edit] Philippines Philippine economic zones (ecozones) are collections of industries brought together geographically for the purpose of promoting economic development Although designed to operate separately from the political and economic milieu of surrounding communities Philippine economic zones do in fact interact with their neighbors There are 41 private-owned economic zones and 4 government owned economic zones in the Philippines Of the 41 private economic zones the biggest exporter is Gateway Business Park in General Trias Cavite and the second biggest private ecozone is Laguna Technopark Inc The four governmentally owned are Cavite Economic Zone Bataan Economic Zone Mactan Economic Zone and Baguio City Economic Zone Thus it is a useful act for the growth of economic zone of the country

[edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines

28

bull Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority bull Clark Special Economic Zone bull Philippine Economic Zone Authority bull PHIVIDEC Industrial Authority bull Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone Authority bull Cagayan Economic Zone Authority

[edit] Poland There are 14 Special Economic Zones in Poland[1]

bull Kamiennogoacuterska SSE bull Katowice Special Economic Zone bull Kostrzyńsko-Słubicka SSE bull Krakowski Park Technologiczny bull Legnicka SSE bull Łoacutedzka SSE bull SSE EURO-PARK MIELEC bull Słupska SSE bull SSE Starachowice bull Suwalska SSE bull Pomorska SSE (Pomeranian Special Economic Zone) bull Tarnobrzeska SSE bull Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone INVEST-PARK bull Warmińsko-Mazurska SSE

[edit] Russia

[edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones

bull Dubna bull Zelenograd bull Noidorf (Russian Нойдорф) - industrial and business park in special economic

zone in Strelna near Saint Petersburg Russia bull Novo-Orlovskoe (Russian Ново-Орловское) - SEZ territory in Saint

Petersburg Russia bull Tomsk

[edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones

bull ldquoAlabugardquo (special economic zone) bull Lipetsk

[edit] Tourist Zones

bull Krasnodar Krai bull Stavropol Krai bull Kaliningrad Oblast (Yantar Kaliningrad Special Economic Zone) bull Altai Krai

29

bull Altai Republic bull Irkutsk Oblast bull Buryatia

[edit] Ukraine Special Economic Zones existed in Ukraine until March 31 2005 The first created was the Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone Syvash (since 1996) From 1998 to 2000 11 new zones were created

Name Location Area Established Time limit

NCEEZ Syvash Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1996 5 years

Slavutych Slavutych Kiev Oblast 2000 ha 30061998 till 01012020

Azov Mariupol Donetsk Oblast 315 ha 21071998 60 years Donetsk Donetsk Donetsk Oblast 466 ha 21071998 60 years

Zakarpattia Uzhhorodskyi Raion and Mukachivskyi Raion Zakarpattia Oblast

737 ha 09011999 30 years

Yavoriv Yavorivskyi Raion Lviv Oblast

116000 ha 17021999 till

01012020 Interport Kovel Kovel Volyn Oblast 57 ha 01012000 20 years Kurortopolis Truskavets Truskavets Lviv Oblast 774 ha 01012000 20 years

Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Oblast shipyard territory and adjoining area

865 ha 01012000 30 years

Port Krym Kerch Autonomous Republic of Crimea 27 ha 01012000 30 years

Porto-Franco Odessa part of Odessa Trade Sea Ports territory 32 ha 01012000 25 years

Reni Reni Odessa Oblast 94 ha 17052000 30 years Initially planned time of operation given All zones were shut down on March 31 2005

NCEEZ mdash Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone

Sources [3] [4] [5] and Пехник АВ Іноземні інвестиції в економіку України Навчальний посібник Вид laquoЗнанняraquo Київ 2007 pages 49 310ndash319

[edit] References

30

1 ^ httpwwwmggovplSpecjalne+strefy+ekonomiczneWykaz+SSE

bull Chee Kian Leong 2007 A Tale of Two Countries Openness and Growth in China and India [6] Dynamics Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper

[edit] External links bull South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone bull Regularly updated news about SEZs in India bull Indian Special Economic Zones bull Russian Special Economic Zones bull Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan bull Indian SEZ bull PEZA Philippines bull The New Maharajas of India bull India Special Economic zones map bull Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones (Russia)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zone Categories International business | International trade | International economics | Special Economic Zones

List of free ports From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Free economic zones may also be called free ports

Most commonly a free port is a special customs area with favorable customs regulations (or no customs duties and controls for transshipment) Earlier in history some free ports like Hong Kong enjoyed political autonomy Many international airports have free ports though they tend to be called customs areas customs zones or international zones

Contents [hide]

31

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

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Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

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[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

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Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

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47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 6: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

Second Reason ldquoSynergies and Logistic Experiences from the Colons Free Portrdquo

If the New Colon Free Economic Zone could start up the project would benefits with all the synergies and logistic experiences from the Colons Free Port

Third Reason ldquoSynergies and Logistic Experiences from the Panamas Channelrdquo

If the New Colon Free Economic Zone could start up the project would benefits with all the synergies and logistic experiences from the Panamas Channel who connect by maritime way the Pacific Ocean with the Atlantic Ocean

Fourth Reason ldquoLatin America has all the commodities who need the Asian countriesrdquo

From my previous original paper ldquoPlan de Desarrollo y Lineamientos Estrateacutegicos Provincia de Salta (Argentina) Deacutecada 2008 ndash 2018rdquo you could realize that Latin America is the only continent over the entire world who has all the commodities who need the Asian countries like India and China Then Panama would be the best Hub to connect Asia and Latin American countries throughout the New Colon Free Economic Zone

Fifth Reason ldquoSpeaking of both languages English and Spanishrdquo Panama has another great advantage compared for example with Jamaica who is the speaking of both languages English and Spanish

Sixth Reason The ldquoGlobal Crisisrdquo is the best opportunity to start up this ldquoGlobal Projectrdquo

This main ldquoGlobal Crisisrdquo is the best opportunity to start up this ldquoGlobal Projectrdquo because of the lack of something corporations like for example Opel in EEUU Then the market is in a dynamical quickly evolution and new corporations covert the lack of the traditional and main global corporations and again in this way is the best opportunity to start up the New Colon amp Panama Free Economic Zone

And the last Reason I recommended to name the new Free Economic Zone as ldquoNew Colon amp Panama Free Economic Zonerdquo

The marketing and the quality of the services of the project are the secret of the successful of it Then from the beginning I recommended to name the new Free Economic Zone as ldquoNew Colon amp Panama Free Economic Zonerdquo to capitalise all the marketing of Panamas Channel and Colons Free Port

6

7

8

9

10

11

In the nexts paragraphs I will study and analyse with others characteristics this two main characteristics the marketing and the quality of the services from the point of view of the successfully Free Zones like Jebel Ali Free Economic Zone from Dubai and others failures projects in the same geographical region

4 Criteria for Establishing Free Economics Zones Elements of Success In order for a free zone to succeed the factors that attract firms must be known Should a government or free zone authority not have a thorough grasp of the need of firms and then the development of a free zone can become a very expensive lesson in what firms do and do not need The more information available to free zone authorities concerning factors involved in the decision of the zonersquos management to locate in certain area the more capable the authorities will be in providing critical information to interested firms Studies carried out on free zones in developing countries conclude that criteria governing the decision to invest in a free zone area include the following

41 Political Stability This is considered the most important factor that attracts capital to the host country Foreign investment companies are always hesitant to undertake ventures in politically unstable countries where their interests are consistently threatened

42 Commitment to Free Economy (Openness) In fact a suitable macroeconomic exchange rate and trade policy regime together with a legal regulatory environment favourable to business is a basic and critical element for the entry of a developing economy into the world market Where there are tariffs and other taxes or restrictions on imports of producer goods export policies must provide exporters with a free trade status which their competitors around the world enjoy So the more committed the host government is to investment free trade etc the more guarantees foreign firms have and the more attractive the free zone is to foreign investment

43 Strategic Location Free Zones have to be established close to major international markets In order to succeed a free zone has to have a good geographical and strategic location ie close to the traffic of international trade For instance Dubairsquos strategic location at the crossroads between the East and the West has made it the leading hub between Europe and the Far East Dubairsquos traditional links with the nearby Gulf States the Red Sea East Africa and the Indian subcontinent have enhanced the success of the free zone in Jebel Ali

12

Comprehensive theories for the location of manufacturing activities have been developed throughout history In making allocation decisions several determinants or factors such as transportation cost labour cost marketing advantages and proximity to auxiliary industries are considered Some economists referred to the best location as that site from which a given number of buyers can be served at the lowest total cost In that sense the location theory involves both cost and demand curves

44 Availability of Labour and Low Labour Costs Because foreign firms and companies are interested in lowering their cost of production the cost and availability of labour are one of the main factors that attract foreign investment to free zones and in turn enhance their success However recently and due to many reasons the cost and availability of are losing importance in the face of other factors of a more qualitative nature such as transport conditions and cost and business establishment conditions

45 Availability of Good Infrastructure Facilities Availability of infrastructure as well as other supply services is considered a must for a free zone to succeed Availability of good transportation and communication systems for instance in addition to a good administrative system away from red tape and bureaucracy would definitely enhance the success of the zone The availability of a modern seaport for instance with its terminals and modern international airport with its cargo village and its air-freight handling capability and the Manifest and Documentation System (MDS) have tremendously enhanced the success of Jebel Ali Free Zone tremendously The Free Zonersquos infrastructure facilities which would compete with those of other zones and contribute to the zonersquos success include low cost pre-fabricated warehouses offices and refrigerated stores open stores and retail transport facilities abundant power supply and highly efficient support services by the engineering and data system Also the fully free flow of capital and tax-free profits andor returns are important facilities to be considered

5 Free Economics Zones in Latin American Countries Trend and Main Features

The geographical location of Panamarsquos country allow it to act as a bridge between four continents namely Asia Africa Europe and between North America and South America Panamarsquos country strategic location at the crossroads between East and West and North and South has contribute to their importance in international trade where it is considered important gateways to large numbers of people and where it provide essential meeting points for production and consumption markets

13

The idea of establishing free zones in the region is gathering momentum especially with the general trend in the area towards liberalization and globalization trends and the newly emerging economics blocs Like most free zones in the world free zones in Panamarsquos country would be located either in or near seaports or near airports and international borders Such locations would be attractive to low as well as high-value products In fact without access to services that are essential to export and industrial operations some free zones in Panamarsquos country may find it hard to attract foreign investment 6 Main Features Incentives Facilities and Administration of Free Zones

61 Fiscal and Financial Incentives The variety and magnitude of fiscal and financial incentives given to investors in Free Zones vary from country to another Jebel Ali Free Zone for example seems to offer the most attractive incentives where there are no limitations on foreign ownership no personal and income taxes and exemption from corporate taxes is for almost 30 years Apart from fiscal incentives (tax exemption) most free zones offer financial incentives such as exemption from taxes on profits and from foreign currency controls Most Free Zones permit the unlimited transfer of profits as from the first year of production and repatriation of the total initial investment after a relatively short period of about 3 years 62 Customs Exemptions Import Duties Apart from its duty-free privileges free zones are characterized by the speed and simplicity of import and export transactions In Jebel Ali Zone (Dubai) for example time-consuming procedures on importation and exportations are kept to a minimum 63 Facilities and Administration Free Zone in Panamarsquos country would be provided with various types of infrastructure facilities and services This would include roads ports (Colon) airport (The International Airport of Panama) facilities for storage and standard factory buildings The support services would include physical services such as the supply of electricity and water telecommunication facilities commercial services such as banking insurance shipping and forwarding agents etc and social services such a medical care food facilities etc The most extensive infrastructure facilities over the world are those provided in Jebel Ali Free Zone This includes a modern port generous space a modern communication system and pre-built facilities for lease Abundant and inexpensive energy is also available

14

64 Administration of Free Zones in Panama It should be administer by a separate authority which should be call The Free Zone Authority or Corporation It should has representatives from various ministries in fact the existence of a centralized administrative office with the authority to intercede between firms in the Free Zone and other government departments helps to provide investors with a simple and straightforward administrative procedure ie one window service

7 Attracting Foreign Investment and Capital Investment activities in free zones were dominated by storage projects that not require large amounts of capital The source of the invested capital determines to some extent the ability of the Zone to attract foreign investment What I believe determines the success of a Free Zone is its external competitiveness relative to other zones in the region rather than its internal profitability as captured by only cost-benefit analysis The rate of return of investments in the Zone may be extremely high but foreign investors are not attracted So may be what is needed is an international competitiveness analysis that is carried out parallel to the cost-benefits analysis Having looked at some of the main issues that determine the success of Jebel Ali Free Zone it appears that success depends on a number of economic social and geographical factors in effect within the country and abroad It is essential that we do not overlook the fact that in general a Free Economic Zone is a mature phenomenon of the international economy It is believed that an understanding of the features objectives and mechanism of the Zones and their role in the global economy is essential to the success of every zone

8 Free Zones Obstacles and Problems Reasons for Poor Performance

Investors in Free Zones are continuously faced with problems and obstacles that impede the operations of their firms in the zones Some of these problems are related to the macro level while others to sectoral and firm levels Also some are considered administrative and marketing problems while other are legal and technical ones Although assessment shows that the type and magnitude of obstacles differ from country to another the major problems are considered to be similar 8 I On the Macro Level Administrative Obstacles include among other things

1 Excessive red tape and bureaucracy where investors have to deal with several departments to obtain licenses or approvals The process is tedious and lengthy

2 Lack of actual autonomy of Free Zones even though they are accorded by law financial and administrative authority

3 Unexpected changes in laws and regulations that continuously confuse investors

4 Conflict and overlap of laws and procedures related to Free Zones as well as to customs

15

8 II On the other hand Marketing Obstacles include

1 Free zones lack of effective promotional policies They failed to understand that marketing is a task requiring most of the attention of top management

2 There is a difficulty in marketing products of Free Zones because Free Zones in the region are similar and produce almost similar products

At the same time adequate Infrastructure Facilities surrounding the Economic Free Zone are necessary pre-condition for attracting foreign investment However this is not the case in most Free Zones in the region of Panamarsquos country Infrastructure obstacles include Inadequate infrastructure utilities and services especially communication as well as lack and inefficiency of ports used to carry Zones products and materials necessary for production 8 III On the Sectoral and Micro Level Some problems are related to the nature of industrial activities such as the small-sized industries in the Free Zones and their inability to compete in the markets Others are related to the dependence on imported raw materials which has tremendously increased the cost of production of industrial products As a result the ability of industries to compete has decreased At the same time certain problems such as the lack of a complex production process have led to the limited transfer of technology to industries As a result the transfer of technology through industries was relatively limited It is believed that a simple production process generates very few backward linkages with other production activities in the economy and most of the material that requires technical knowledge is being imported from foreign sources As a result there is no room to develop specific technologies in the zones What actually exist is only assembly lines as well as putting together of ready made parts It is believed that Free Economics Zones are going to be more important in the present decade than they were in the last decade or so because they can be the doorways to growth and development that can be opened and closed according to the countryrsquos interest and benefits

9 Conclusion and Policy Implications

In recent years Free Economics Zones have become increasingly important as countries sought to attract foreign investment for the purpose of promoting growth through increasing exports foreign exchange and employment opportunities as well as enhancing the transfer of technology The result the relatively limited effect of Free Zones on the host economies except in the case of Jebel Ali Free Zone was mainly due to macro as well as sectoral level obstacles that impeded the operation of firms in the zones Looking back at the experience of partly successful Free Zones in Arab countries one can identify a number of classical failures at the planning and design stage They include the choice of inappropriate location for the zone

16

lack of sufficient basic infrastructure such as telecommunications and inefficient institutional linkages between the Zone Authority and other government departments As a result careful consideration of the existing rules and measures is necessary for the Zones to succeed The recommended measures include among others things

91 Legislative reforms that would take care of the numerous contradictions and duplications of laws and regulations in the Zones to reduce bureaucracy and give more independence to the authorities Investment laws should remain in force for long periods in order to give investors peace and mind 92 Sufficient infrastructure facilities and services are needed in most of the Free Zones in the region The availability of such infrastructure facilities would give to the New Colon Free Zone in Panamarsquos country a comparative advantage within the entire region 93 Reforms that encourage the expansion of export industries in the Zones such as the removal of barriers to the movement of finished goods in the region In fact is essential to have regulations that attract large and medium size industries rather than small industries as it is the case in Jebel Ali Free Zone 94 Encouragement of employment of nationals in Free Zones which may require giving more attention to training of manpower by the Free Zone Authority on one hand by local and foreign firms on the other 95 Promotion and marketing of the Zones that requires the attention of top management So promotional and marketing programs that attract clients and keep them happy should be developed Priority should be given to meeting clients needs as well as the countryrsquos objectives In fact it makes little sense to invest in land infrastructure utilities etc and fail to provide enough investment for marketing and promotion

Finally we can say that Panamarsquos country have not probably been active as any others regions in establishing and developing Free Economics Zones like the Arab countries and in particular Dubai with the Jebel Ali Free Zone The idea was to get around a large amount of existing regulations and to provide infrastructure facilities and services to attract foreign investment and in turn to promote growth To be successful Free Economic Zones in Panama have to concentrate on competing on the basis of the services offered and the quality of such services In others words their comparative advantage of liberalization should be in their services Aggressive Free Zones can create good opportunities for themselves within the region while traditional and slow Free Zones which are not able to adapt quickly become uncompetitive and in turn a classical example of failure It is the job of dynamic managers to seize the opportunity to attract business and investment to the zone and I can do that for the New Colon Free Zone in Panama because I am a successful CEO actively seeking new opportunities to capture new business opportunities to which I may offer my global approach along with extensive experience

17

Bibliography Tahir Jamil (1998) ldquoAn Assessment of Free Economic Zones (FEZs) in Arab Countries - Performance and Main Featuresrdquo Working Paper 9926 It was presented in an international conference on ldquoNew Economics Developments and Their Impact on Arab Economiesrdquo held in Tunis during the period 3-5 June 1998 Guangwen Meng (2003) ldquoThe Theory and Practice of Free Economic Zones A Case Study of Tianjin Peoplersquos Republic of Chinardquo Submitted to the Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics of the Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Germany for the Degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences Oral Examination 14022003 Watson Noel Newton (1998) ldquoEVALUATING THE NET ECONOMICS BENEFITS OF FREE TRADE ZONES IN THEORY AND PRACTICE - APPLIED TO THE KINGSTON EXPORT FREE ZONE IN JAMAICArdquo Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Economics of Simon Fraser University November 1998 Ministry of Finance and Economy (Republic of Korea) ldquoFree Economic Zones in Korea (2003) The Future of Northeast Asiardquo September 2003 httpenglishmosfgokr Salma Ali Saif Bin Hareb Chief Executive Zonersquos Jebel Free Zone of Government of Dubai (2007) ldquoJafza Corporate Brochurerdquo November 2007 httpwwwjafzaaeen Knowledge Innovation Zone Research Project (2006) ldquoSPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES (SEZ) VERSUS KNOWLEDGE INNOVATION ZONES (KIZ) - A COMPARISONrdquo httpwwwinthekzonecom OECD Private Sector Development Division (2008) ldquoFree Economic Zones in the MENA Region Update 2008rdquo Tarun Dhingra Dr Ambalika Sinha Dr Tripti Singh (2008) ldquoLocation strategy for competitiveness of Special Economic Zones in India ndash A Generic frameworkrdquo

18

Useful Links

Jebel Ali Free Zone (Jafza) httpwwwjafzaaeen SEZ stands for Special Economic Zone a tax free area for manufacturing RampD Trading and Services units (Inspira Infrastructure) httpwwwinspirainfracom Yellow Sea Free Economic Zone (Yesfez) httpwwwyesfezgokrengyesfezsongak_districtasp Tanger Free Zone httpwwwtangerfreezonecom Hamriyah Free Zone httpwwwhfzaae Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone (RAK FTZ) httpwwwrakftzcomen Jebel Ali Free Zone Online Directory (Potential Customer for the New Free Zone) httpwwwjdae

International Trade General International Trade and Trade Policy Free Economic Zones

bull UN Resources bull Documents bull Photos

Free Economic Zones in Korea The Future of Northeast Asia Foreign-invested firms have begun to take a close look at the benefits of locating in one of these zones 8 9 Page 11 What are Free Economic Zones Sector unpan1unorgintradocgroupspublicdocumentsAPCITYUNPAN0 UNESCAP Taking off in earnest Koreas free economic zones are at the forefront of the scenic coastal cities of Incheon Busan-Jinhae and Gwangyang the zones form an wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue78_16nov2005doc UNESCAP By Kim Min-hee Korea will move swiftly to further improve the contents of its free economic zones as well as strengthen its sales pitch to potential investors wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue75_18Oct2005doc

NATIONAL PROFILE FOR THE INFORMATION SOCIETY IN THE UNITED ARAB Also the growth of ICT Free Zones companies and activities is certain to The UAE has made extensive use of duty free economic zones to stimulate business wwwescwaorglbwsisreportsdocsUAE_2005-Epdf Economic and Social Council the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352

ةماعلا ةيعمجلا the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and has introduced many kinds of special zones of various areas For example Xiamen Special Economic Zone covers about 131 million while Tianjin Free Trade Zone wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377pub_2377 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and In 1990 it established free trade zones (bonded areas) altogether 15 to date seven of which are located in special economic zones and five of which are

19

wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377ftz_ch4 TID inputs to 61st Session of the Commission regional special economic zones (along a similar format as ldquogrowth trianglesrdquo) for disaster-affected areas could be considered which would grant duty-free wwwunescaporgtidnewstsunami_briefpdf Economic Cooperation and Integration Sub-programme Provisional These can include regional clusters Internet-based business models business incubators free economic zones technological and science centres platforms and wwwuneceorgcecidocsECI_conceptual_framework_29May2006p See also

Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial development support services gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial sector gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Duty free transit International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Free ports

Free economic zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

Many countries have or have had at some time designated areas where companies are taxed very lightly or not at all to encourage development or for some other reason These are known as free economic zones

Sometimes they are called free ports by an analogy with free ports known for a long time in history - the ports free of customs or with favorable customs regulations eg the free port of Trieste Very often free ports are parts of free economic zones

Contents [hide]

bull 1 Free economic zones by countryo 11 Armenia o 12 Belarus o 13 Brazil o 14 Bulgaria

20

o 15 Chile o 16 China o 17 Egypt o 18 Georgia o 19 India o 110 Iran o 111 Italy o 112 Lithuania o 113 Malaysia o 114 Russia o 115 South Korea o 116 Spain o 117 Ukraine o 118 United Arab Emirateso 119 Uzbekistan o 120 United Kingdom

bull 2 References

[edit] Free economic zones by country

[edit] Armenia

bull Gyumri

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Bulgaria

bull Burgas bull Rousse bull Plovdiv bull Dragoman bull Vidin bull Svilengrad

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] China

21

bull Hong Kong

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said Public Free Zone bull Alexandria Public Free Zone bull Nasr City Public Free Zone bull Suez Public Free Zone bull Ismailia Public Free Zone bull Damietta Public Free Zone bull Media Public Free Zone bull Shebin El- Kom Public Free Zone bull Qeft Public Free Zone bull Port Said East Port Public Free Zone

[edit] Georgia

bull Poti Samegrelo region

[edit] India

bull Sricity Multi Product SEZ Andhra Pradesh [1] bull SEEPZ India bull Inspira Pharma amp Biotech Park Aurangabad Maharashtra[2]

[edit] Iran

bull Kish bull Aras Free Zone bull Anzali Free Zone bull Arvand Free Zone bull Chabahar Free Zone bull Gheshm Free Zone

[edit] Italy

bull Catania bull Erice bull Gela bull Crotone bull Rossano bull Lamezia Terme bull Matera bull Taranto bull Lecce bull Andria bull Naples bull Torre Annunziata bull Mondragone

22

bull Campobasso bull Cagliari bull Quartu SantElena bull Iglesias bull Velletri bull Sora bull Pescara bull Massa Carrara bull Ventimiglia

[edit] Lithuania

bull Klaipeda Free Economic Zone bull Kaunas Free Economic Zone

[edit] Malaysia

bull Port Klang Free Zone

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Ingushetia bull Yantar Kaliningrad

[edit] South Korea

bull Yellow Sea bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang

[edit] Spain

bull Ibiza

[edit] Ukraine

bull Quarantine Pier of Odessa trade sea port January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Ajman Free Zone[1] bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center

23

bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Studio City

[edit] Uzbekistan

bull Navoiy

[edit] United Kingdom

bull London Docklands bull Bristol Subverbs

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwsricityin 2 ^ httpwwwinspirainfracom

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_economic_zone Categories Special Economic Zones

Special Economic Zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding reliable references Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (January 2007)

A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a countrys typical economic laws The category SEZ covers a broad range of more specific zone types including Free Trade Zones (FTZ) Export Processing Zones (EPZ) Free Zones (FZ) Industrial Estates (IE) Free Ports Urban Enterprise Zones and others Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors typically an international business or a multinational corporation (MNC)

One of the earliest and the most famous Special Economic Zones were found by the government of the Peoples Republic of China under Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s The most successful Special Economic Zone in China Shenzhen has developed from a small village into a city with a population over 10 million within 20 years

Following the Chinese examples Special Economic Zones have been established in several countries including Brazil India Iran Jordan Kazakhstan Pakistan the

24

Philippines Poland Russia and Ukraine Currently Puno Peru has been slated to become a Zona Economica by its president Alan Garcia

A single SEZ can contain multiple specific zones within its boundaries In India the Government has sanctioned few large multi-product Special Exconomic Zones (SEZ) where one can set-up any kind of business (services manufacturing trading etc) Some of the most promoinent large multiple zone SEZs are Sricity SEZ near Chennai and Mundra SEZ in Gujarat India The other two most prominent examples of this layered approach are Subic Bay Freeport Zone in the Philippines the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority in Jordan and According to World Bank estimates as of 2007 there are more than 3000 projects taking place in SEZs in 120 countries worldwide

SEZs have been implemented using a variety of institutional structures across the world ranging from fully public (government operator government developer government regulator) to fully private (private operator private developer public regulator) In many cases public sector operators and developers act as quasi-government agencies in that they have a pseudo-corporate institutional structure and have budgetary autonomy SEZs are often developed under a public-private partnership arrangement in which the public sector provides some level of support (provision of off-site infrastructure equity investment soft loans bond issues etc) to enable a private sector developer to obtain a reasonable rate of return on the project (typically 10-20 depending on risk levels)

Contents [hide]

bull 1 China bull 2 India

o 21 List of SEZs in India bull 3 Indonesia bull 4 Iran bull 5 Kazakhstan bull 6 North Korea bull 7 Pakistan

o 71 List of SEZs in the Pakistan bull 8 Philippines

o 81 List of SEZs in the Philippines bull 9 Poland bull 10 Russia

o 101 TechnicalInnovational Zones o 102 Industrialdevelopmental Zoneso 103 Tourist Zones

bull 11 Ukraine bull 12 References bull 13 External links

25

[edit] China Main article Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

Currently the most prominent SEZs in the country are Shenzhen Xiamen Shantou Zhuhai and Hainan Province

[edit] India Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country and realising the need that a level playing field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally the Government of India had in April 2000 announced the introduction of Special Economic Zones policy in the country deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations duties and tariffs As of 2007 more than 500 SEZs have been proposed 220 of which have been created This has raised the concern of the World Bank which questions the sustainability of such a large number of SEZs The Special Economic Zones in India closely follow the PRC model

India passed special economic zone act in 2005 In India the government has been proactive in the development of the SEZs They have formulated policies reviewed them occasionally and have ensured that ample facilities are provided to the developers of the SEZs as well as to the companies setting up units in the SEZs

[edit] List of SEZs in India

The policy provides for setting up of SEZs in the public private joint sector or by State Governments One of them is Sricity Multi product SEZ part of Sricity which is a developing satellite city in the epicentre of AP amp TN It was also envisaged that some of the existing Export Processing Zones would be converted into Special Economic Zones

bull Sricity (SEZ) (Andhra Pradesh) (httpwwwsricityin) bull Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) bull Polepally (Andhra Pradesh) bull Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) bull Velankani SEZ (Chennai) (httpwwwvelankanisezcom) bull Pharma and Biotech SEZ Aurangabad Maharashtra

(httpwwwinspirainfracom) bull Ahmedabad Baroda Kandla and Surat (Gujarat) bull Cochin (Kerala) bull Pithampur (Madhya Pradesh) bull Nagpur also refer MIHAN Pune and SEEPZ in Mumbai (Maharashtra) bull Chennai Ilandaikulam Madurai Nanguneri and Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu) bull NOIDA Greater NOIDA (Uttar Pradesh) UP bull Falta (West Bengal) bull Bangalore [Karnataka] bull Kensington [Powai Mumbai] bull Mangalore (Karnataka)

26

Currently India has 1022 units in operations in 9 functional SEZs each an average size of 200 acres (081 km2) 8 Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been converted into SEZs These are fully functional All these SEZs are in various parts of the country in the privatejoint sectors or by the State Government But this process of planning and development is under question as the states in which the SEZs have been approved are facing intense protests from the farming community accusing the government of forcibly snatching fertile land from them at heavily discounted prices as against the prevailing prices in the commercial real estate industry Also some reputed companies like Bajaj and others have commented against this policy and have suggested using barren and wasteland for setting up of SEZs

Attempts to set up a Special Economic Zone in Nandigram have led to protests by villagers in the area A Parliamentary Committee to study and give recommendations on SEZs has said that no further SEZs be notified unless the existing law is amended to incorporate the changes related to the land acquisitions

Genpact has announced its plans to expand its presence in Hyderabad by setting up a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) across 50 acres (200000 m2) in the city at Jawahar Nagar

[edit] Indonesia Main article Batam IslandSEZ - Special Economic Zones

[edit] Iran bull Arg - e - Jadid Special Economic Zone Vehicle Manufacturing Hub bull PetZone Petrochemical special economic Zone Mahshahr bull Kish Kish island special economic zone bull Sarakhs bull Sirjan bull Shahid Rajaee Port[1] bull Amirabad Special Economic Zone[2] bull Bushehr Port

[edit] Kazakhstan bull Astana

Multiple Economic zones created by the mandate of the President Each zone has a different focus South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone is dedicated to the development of the textile industry in Kazakhstan

[edit] North Korea The Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone was established under a UN economic development programme in 1994 Located on the bank of the Tuman River the zone borders on the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (or Yeonbyeon in Korean) of

27

the Peoples Republic of China as well as Russia In 2000 the name of the area was shortened to Rason and became separate from the North Hamgyeong Province

[edit] Pakistan Taking the example of the Chinese success with their SEZs China is helping Pakistan develop the Haier-Ruba economic zone on the outskirts of Lahore

Other economic zones include the China-Pakistan economic zone open only to Chinese investors and also the future crown jewel of Pakistan Gwadar

There are also talks of creating a Japanese city for foreign investors from Japan only

There has also been new SEZ proposed on the currently under construction Sialkot-Lahore motorway Qatar has proposed an investment for $1 billion in a new SEZ along the motorway

There is also a new zone under construction in Faislababd which will be the biggest industrial estate of Pakistan when complete it has sections for each country and the first phrase is already complete with a special Chinese zone in it

[edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan

bull Karachi Export Processing Zone Karachi Sindh bull Risalpur Export Processing Zone Risalpur bull Sialkot Export Processing Zone Sialkot Punjab bull Gujranwala Export Processing Zone Gujranwala Punjab bull Saindak Export Processing Zone Saindak Balochistan bull Reko Diq Export Processing Zone bull Khalifa Coastal Oil Refinery EPZ bull Gwadar Export Processing Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Special Industrial Development Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Faisalabad Export Processing Zone Faisalabad Punjab bull Special Inudstrial Economic Zone Lahore Punjab

[edit] Philippines Philippine economic zones (ecozones) are collections of industries brought together geographically for the purpose of promoting economic development Although designed to operate separately from the political and economic milieu of surrounding communities Philippine economic zones do in fact interact with their neighbors There are 41 private-owned economic zones and 4 government owned economic zones in the Philippines Of the 41 private economic zones the biggest exporter is Gateway Business Park in General Trias Cavite and the second biggest private ecozone is Laguna Technopark Inc The four governmentally owned are Cavite Economic Zone Bataan Economic Zone Mactan Economic Zone and Baguio City Economic Zone Thus it is a useful act for the growth of economic zone of the country

[edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines

28

bull Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority bull Clark Special Economic Zone bull Philippine Economic Zone Authority bull PHIVIDEC Industrial Authority bull Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone Authority bull Cagayan Economic Zone Authority

[edit] Poland There are 14 Special Economic Zones in Poland[1]

bull Kamiennogoacuterska SSE bull Katowice Special Economic Zone bull Kostrzyńsko-Słubicka SSE bull Krakowski Park Technologiczny bull Legnicka SSE bull Łoacutedzka SSE bull SSE EURO-PARK MIELEC bull Słupska SSE bull SSE Starachowice bull Suwalska SSE bull Pomorska SSE (Pomeranian Special Economic Zone) bull Tarnobrzeska SSE bull Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone INVEST-PARK bull Warmińsko-Mazurska SSE

[edit] Russia

[edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones

bull Dubna bull Zelenograd bull Noidorf (Russian Нойдорф) - industrial and business park in special economic

zone in Strelna near Saint Petersburg Russia bull Novo-Orlovskoe (Russian Ново-Орловское) - SEZ territory in Saint

Petersburg Russia bull Tomsk

[edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones

bull ldquoAlabugardquo (special economic zone) bull Lipetsk

[edit] Tourist Zones

bull Krasnodar Krai bull Stavropol Krai bull Kaliningrad Oblast (Yantar Kaliningrad Special Economic Zone) bull Altai Krai

29

bull Altai Republic bull Irkutsk Oblast bull Buryatia

[edit] Ukraine Special Economic Zones existed in Ukraine until March 31 2005 The first created was the Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone Syvash (since 1996) From 1998 to 2000 11 new zones were created

Name Location Area Established Time limit

NCEEZ Syvash Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1996 5 years

Slavutych Slavutych Kiev Oblast 2000 ha 30061998 till 01012020

Azov Mariupol Donetsk Oblast 315 ha 21071998 60 years Donetsk Donetsk Donetsk Oblast 466 ha 21071998 60 years

Zakarpattia Uzhhorodskyi Raion and Mukachivskyi Raion Zakarpattia Oblast

737 ha 09011999 30 years

Yavoriv Yavorivskyi Raion Lviv Oblast

116000 ha 17021999 till

01012020 Interport Kovel Kovel Volyn Oblast 57 ha 01012000 20 years Kurortopolis Truskavets Truskavets Lviv Oblast 774 ha 01012000 20 years

Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Oblast shipyard territory and adjoining area

865 ha 01012000 30 years

Port Krym Kerch Autonomous Republic of Crimea 27 ha 01012000 30 years

Porto-Franco Odessa part of Odessa Trade Sea Ports territory 32 ha 01012000 25 years

Reni Reni Odessa Oblast 94 ha 17052000 30 years Initially planned time of operation given All zones were shut down on March 31 2005

NCEEZ mdash Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone

Sources [3] [4] [5] and Пехник АВ Іноземні інвестиції в економіку України Навчальний посібник Вид laquoЗнанняraquo Київ 2007 pages 49 310ndash319

[edit] References

30

1 ^ httpwwwmggovplSpecjalne+strefy+ekonomiczneWykaz+SSE

bull Chee Kian Leong 2007 A Tale of Two Countries Openness and Growth in China and India [6] Dynamics Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper

[edit] External links bull South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone bull Regularly updated news about SEZs in India bull Indian Special Economic Zones bull Russian Special Economic Zones bull Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan bull Indian SEZ bull PEZA Philippines bull The New Maharajas of India bull India Special Economic zones map bull Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones (Russia)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zone Categories International business | International trade | International economics | Special Economic Zones

List of free ports From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Free economic zones may also be called free ports

Most commonly a free port is a special customs area with favorable customs regulations (or no customs duties and controls for transshipment) Earlier in history some free ports like Hong Kong enjoyed political autonomy Many international airports have free ports though they tend to be called customs areas customs zones or international zones

Contents [hide]

31

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

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[show]

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[show] v bull d bull e

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History

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46

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Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

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Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

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comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

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Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 7: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

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In the nexts paragraphs I will study and analyse with others characteristics this two main characteristics the marketing and the quality of the services from the point of view of the successfully Free Zones like Jebel Ali Free Economic Zone from Dubai and others failures projects in the same geographical region

4 Criteria for Establishing Free Economics Zones Elements of Success In order for a free zone to succeed the factors that attract firms must be known Should a government or free zone authority not have a thorough grasp of the need of firms and then the development of a free zone can become a very expensive lesson in what firms do and do not need The more information available to free zone authorities concerning factors involved in the decision of the zonersquos management to locate in certain area the more capable the authorities will be in providing critical information to interested firms Studies carried out on free zones in developing countries conclude that criteria governing the decision to invest in a free zone area include the following

41 Political Stability This is considered the most important factor that attracts capital to the host country Foreign investment companies are always hesitant to undertake ventures in politically unstable countries where their interests are consistently threatened

42 Commitment to Free Economy (Openness) In fact a suitable macroeconomic exchange rate and trade policy regime together with a legal regulatory environment favourable to business is a basic and critical element for the entry of a developing economy into the world market Where there are tariffs and other taxes or restrictions on imports of producer goods export policies must provide exporters with a free trade status which their competitors around the world enjoy So the more committed the host government is to investment free trade etc the more guarantees foreign firms have and the more attractive the free zone is to foreign investment

43 Strategic Location Free Zones have to be established close to major international markets In order to succeed a free zone has to have a good geographical and strategic location ie close to the traffic of international trade For instance Dubairsquos strategic location at the crossroads between the East and the West has made it the leading hub between Europe and the Far East Dubairsquos traditional links with the nearby Gulf States the Red Sea East Africa and the Indian subcontinent have enhanced the success of the free zone in Jebel Ali

12

Comprehensive theories for the location of manufacturing activities have been developed throughout history In making allocation decisions several determinants or factors such as transportation cost labour cost marketing advantages and proximity to auxiliary industries are considered Some economists referred to the best location as that site from which a given number of buyers can be served at the lowest total cost In that sense the location theory involves both cost and demand curves

44 Availability of Labour and Low Labour Costs Because foreign firms and companies are interested in lowering their cost of production the cost and availability of labour are one of the main factors that attract foreign investment to free zones and in turn enhance their success However recently and due to many reasons the cost and availability of are losing importance in the face of other factors of a more qualitative nature such as transport conditions and cost and business establishment conditions

45 Availability of Good Infrastructure Facilities Availability of infrastructure as well as other supply services is considered a must for a free zone to succeed Availability of good transportation and communication systems for instance in addition to a good administrative system away from red tape and bureaucracy would definitely enhance the success of the zone The availability of a modern seaport for instance with its terminals and modern international airport with its cargo village and its air-freight handling capability and the Manifest and Documentation System (MDS) have tremendously enhanced the success of Jebel Ali Free Zone tremendously The Free Zonersquos infrastructure facilities which would compete with those of other zones and contribute to the zonersquos success include low cost pre-fabricated warehouses offices and refrigerated stores open stores and retail transport facilities abundant power supply and highly efficient support services by the engineering and data system Also the fully free flow of capital and tax-free profits andor returns are important facilities to be considered

5 Free Economics Zones in Latin American Countries Trend and Main Features

The geographical location of Panamarsquos country allow it to act as a bridge between four continents namely Asia Africa Europe and between North America and South America Panamarsquos country strategic location at the crossroads between East and West and North and South has contribute to their importance in international trade where it is considered important gateways to large numbers of people and where it provide essential meeting points for production and consumption markets

13

The idea of establishing free zones in the region is gathering momentum especially with the general trend in the area towards liberalization and globalization trends and the newly emerging economics blocs Like most free zones in the world free zones in Panamarsquos country would be located either in or near seaports or near airports and international borders Such locations would be attractive to low as well as high-value products In fact without access to services that are essential to export and industrial operations some free zones in Panamarsquos country may find it hard to attract foreign investment 6 Main Features Incentives Facilities and Administration of Free Zones

61 Fiscal and Financial Incentives The variety and magnitude of fiscal and financial incentives given to investors in Free Zones vary from country to another Jebel Ali Free Zone for example seems to offer the most attractive incentives where there are no limitations on foreign ownership no personal and income taxes and exemption from corporate taxes is for almost 30 years Apart from fiscal incentives (tax exemption) most free zones offer financial incentives such as exemption from taxes on profits and from foreign currency controls Most Free Zones permit the unlimited transfer of profits as from the first year of production and repatriation of the total initial investment after a relatively short period of about 3 years 62 Customs Exemptions Import Duties Apart from its duty-free privileges free zones are characterized by the speed and simplicity of import and export transactions In Jebel Ali Zone (Dubai) for example time-consuming procedures on importation and exportations are kept to a minimum 63 Facilities and Administration Free Zone in Panamarsquos country would be provided with various types of infrastructure facilities and services This would include roads ports (Colon) airport (The International Airport of Panama) facilities for storage and standard factory buildings The support services would include physical services such as the supply of electricity and water telecommunication facilities commercial services such as banking insurance shipping and forwarding agents etc and social services such a medical care food facilities etc The most extensive infrastructure facilities over the world are those provided in Jebel Ali Free Zone This includes a modern port generous space a modern communication system and pre-built facilities for lease Abundant and inexpensive energy is also available

14

64 Administration of Free Zones in Panama It should be administer by a separate authority which should be call The Free Zone Authority or Corporation It should has representatives from various ministries in fact the existence of a centralized administrative office with the authority to intercede between firms in the Free Zone and other government departments helps to provide investors with a simple and straightforward administrative procedure ie one window service

7 Attracting Foreign Investment and Capital Investment activities in free zones were dominated by storage projects that not require large amounts of capital The source of the invested capital determines to some extent the ability of the Zone to attract foreign investment What I believe determines the success of a Free Zone is its external competitiveness relative to other zones in the region rather than its internal profitability as captured by only cost-benefit analysis The rate of return of investments in the Zone may be extremely high but foreign investors are not attracted So may be what is needed is an international competitiveness analysis that is carried out parallel to the cost-benefits analysis Having looked at some of the main issues that determine the success of Jebel Ali Free Zone it appears that success depends on a number of economic social and geographical factors in effect within the country and abroad It is essential that we do not overlook the fact that in general a Free Economic Zone is a mature phenomenon of the international economy It is believed that an understanding of the features objectives and mechanism of the Zones and their role in the global economy is essential to the success of every zone

8 Free Zones Obstacles and Problems Reasons for Poor Performance

Investors in Free Zones are continuously faced with problems and obstacles that impede the operations of their firms in the zones Some of these problems are related to the macro level while others to sectoral and firm levels Also some are considered administrative and marketing problems while other are legal and technical ones Although assessment shows that the type and magnitude of obstacles differ from country to another the major problems are considered to be similar 8 I On the Macro Level Administrative Obstacles include among other things

1 Excessive red tape and bureaucracy where investors have to deal with several departments to obtain licenses or approvals The process is tedious and lengthy

2 Lack of actual autonomy of Free Zones even though they are accorded by law financial and administrative authority

3 Unexpected changes in laws and regulations that continuously confuse investors

4 Conflict and overlap of laws and procedures related to Free Zones as well as to customs

15

8 II On the other hand Marketing Obstacles include

1 Free zones lack of effective promotional policies They failed to understand that marketing is a task requiring most of the attention of top management

2 There is a difficulty in marketing products of Free Zones because Free Zones in the region are similar and produce almost similar products

At the same time adequate Infrastructure Facilities surrounding the Economic Free Zone are necessary pre-condition for attracting foreign investment However this is not the case in most Free Zones in the region of Panamarsquos country Infrastructure obstacles include Inadequate infrastructure utilities and services especially communication as well as lack and inefficiency of ports used to carry Zones products and materials necessary for production 8 III On the Sectoral and Micro Level Some problems are related to the nature of industrial activities such as the small-sized industries in the Free Zones and their inability to compete in the markets Others are related to the dependence on imported raw materials which has tremendously increased the cost of production of industrial products As a result the ability of industries to compete has decreased At the same time certain problems such as the lack of a complex production process have led to the limited transfer of technology to industries As a result the transfer of technology through industries was relatively limited It is believed that a simple production process generates very few backward linkages with other production activities in the economy and most of the material that requires technical knowledge is being imported from foreign sources As a result there is no room to develop specific technologies in the zones What actually exist is only assembly lines as well as putting together of ready made parts It is believed that Free Economics Zones are going to be more important in the present decade than they were in the last decade or so because they can be the doorways to growth and development that can be opened and closed according to the countryrsquos interest and benefits

9 Conclusion and Policy Implications

In recent years Free Economics Zones have become increasingly important as countries sought to attract foreign investment for the purpose of promoting growth through increasing exports foreign exchange and employment opportunities as well as enhancing the transfer of technology The result the relatively limited effect of Free Zones on the host economies except in the case of Jebel Ali Free Zone was mainly due to macro as well as sectoral level obstacles that impeded the operation of firms in the zones Looking back at the experience of partly successful Free Zones in Arab countries one can identify a number of classical failures at the planning and design stage They include the choice of inappropriate location for the zone

16

lack of sufficient basic infrastructure such as telecommunications and inefficient institutional linkages between the Zone Authority and other government departments As a result careful consideration of the existing rules and measures is necessary for the Zones to succeed The recommended measures include among others things

91 Legislative reforms that would take care of the numerous contradictions and duplications of laws and regulations in the Zones to reduce bureaucracy and give more independence to the authorities Investment laws should remain in force for long periods in order to give investors peace and mind 92 Sufficient infrastructure facilities and services are needed in most of the Free Zones in the region The availability of such infrastructure facilities would give to the New Colon Free Zone in Panamarsquos country a comparative advantage within the entire region 93 Reforms that encourage the expansion of export industries in the Zones such as the removal of barriers to the movement of finished goods in the region In fact is essential to have regulations that attract large and medium size industries rather than small industries as it is the case in Jebel Ali Free Zone 94 Encouragement of employment of nationals in Free Zones which may require giving more attention to training of manpower by the Free Zone Authority on one hand by local and foreign firms on the other 95 Promotion and marketing of the Zones that requires the attention of top management So promotional and marketing programs that attract clients and keep them happy should be developed Priority should be given to meeting clients needs as well as the countryrsquos objectives In fact it makes little sense to invest in land infrastructure utilities etc and fail to provide enough investment for marketing and promotion

Finally we can say that Panamarsquos country have not probably been active as any others regions in establishing and developing Free Economics Zones like the Arab countries and in particular Dubai with the Jebel Ali Free Zone The idea was to get around a large amount of existing regulations and to provide infrastructure facilities and services to attract foreign investment and in turn to promote growth To be successful Free Economic Zones in Panama have to concentrate on competing on the basis of the services offered and the quality of such services In others words their comparative advantage of liberalization should be in their services Aggressive Free Zones can create good opportunities for themselves within the region while traditional and slow Free Zones which are not able to adapt quickly become uncompetitive and in turn a classical example of failure It is the job of dynamic managers to seize the opportunity to attract business and investment to the zone and I can do that for the New Colon Free Zone in Panama because I am a successful CEO actively seeking new opportunities to capture new business opportunities to which I may offer my global approach along with extensive experience

17

Bibliography Tahir Jamil (1998) ldquoAn Assessment of Free Economic Zones (FEZs) in Arab Countries - Performance and Main Featuresrdquo Working Paper 9926 It was presented in an international conference on ldquoNew Economics Developments and Their Impact on Arab Economiesrdquo held in Tunis during the period 3-5 June 1998 Guangwen Meng (2003) ldquoThe Theory and Practice of Free Economic Zones A Case Study of Tianjin Peoplersquos Republic of Chinardquo Submitted to the Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics of the Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Germany for the Degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences Oral Examination 14022003 Watson Noel Newton (1998) ldquoEVALUATING THE NET ECONOMICS BENEFITS OF FREE TRADE ZONES IN THEORY AND PRACTICE - APPLIED TO THE KINGSTON EXPORT FREE ZONE IN JAMAICArdquo Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Economics of Simon Fraser University November 1998 Ministry of Finance and Economy (Republic of Korea) ldquoFree Economic Zones in Korea (2003) The Future of Northeast Asiardquo September 2003 httpenglishmosfgokr Salma Ali Saif Bin Hareb Chief Executive Zonersquos Jebel Free Zone of Government of Dubai (2007) ldquoJafza Corporate Brochurerdquo November 2007 httpwwwjafzaaeen Knowledge Innovation Zone Research Project (2006) ldquoSPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES (SEZ) VERSUS KNOWLEDGE INNOVATION ZONES (KIZ) - A COMPARISONrdquo httpwwwinthekzonecom OECD Private Sector Development Division (2008) ldquoFree Economic Zones in the MENA Region Update 2008rdquo Tarun Dhingra Dr Ambalika Sinha Dr Tripti Singh (2008) ldquoLocation strategy for competitiveness of Special Economic Zones in India ndash A Generic frameworkrdquo

18

Useful Links

Jebel Ali Free Zone (Jafza) httpwwwjafzaaeen SEZ stands for Special Economic Zone a tax free area for manufacturing RampD Trading and Services units (Inspira Infrastructure) httpwwwinspirainfracom Yellow Sea Free Economic Zone (Yesfez) httpwwwyesfezgokrengyesfezsongak_districtasp Tanger Free Zone httpwwwtangerfreezonecom Hamriyah Free Zone httpwwwhfzaae Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone (RAK FTZ) httpwwwrakftzcomen Jebel Ali Free Zone Online Directory (Potential Customer for the New Free Zone) httpwwwjdae

International Trade General International Trade and Trade Policy Free Economic Zones

bull UN Resources bull Documents bull Photos

Free Economic Zones in Korea The Future of Northeast Asia Foreign-invested firms have begun to take a close look at the benefits of locating in one of these zones 8 9 Page 11 What are Free Economic Zones Sector unpan1unorgintradocgroupspublicdocumentsAPCITYUNPAN0 UNESCAP Taking off in earnest Koreas free economic zones are at the forefront of the scenic coastal cities of Incheon Busan-Jinhae and Gwangyang the zones form an wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue78_16nov2005doc UNESCAP By Kim Min-hee Korea will move swiftly to further improve the contents of its free economic zones as well as strengthen its sales pitch to potential investors wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue75_18Oct2005doc

NATIONAL PROFILE FOR THE INFORMATION SOCIETY IN THE UNITED ARAB Also the growth of ICT Free Zones companies and activities is certain to The UAE has made extensive use of duty free economic zones to stimulate business wwwescwaorglbwsisreportsdocsUAE_2005-Epdf Economic and Social Council the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352

ةماعلا ةيعمجلا the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and has introduced many kinds of special zones of various areas For example Xiamen Special Economic Zone covers about 131 million while Tianjin Free Trade Zone wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377pub_2377 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and In 1990 it established free trade zones (bonded areas) altogether 15 to date seven of which are located in special economic zones and five of which are

19

wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377ftz_ch4 TID inputs to 61st Session of the Commission regional special economic zones (along a similar format as ldquogrowth trianglesrdquo) for disaster-affected areas could be considered which would grant duty-free wwwunescaporgtidnewstsunami_briefpdf Economic Cooperation and Integration Sub-programme Provisional These can include regional clusters Internet-based business models business incubators free economic zones technological and science centres platforms and wwwuneceorgcecidocsECI_conceptual_framework_29May2006p See also

Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial development support services gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial sector gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Duty free transit International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Free ports

Free economic zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

Many countries have or have had at some time designated areas where companies are taxed very lightly or not at all to encourage development or for some other reason These are known as free economic zones

Sometimes they are called free ports by an analogy with free ports known for a long time in history - the ports free of customs or with favorable customs regulations eg the free port of Trieste Very often free ports are parts of free economic zones

Contents [hide]

bull 1 Free economic zones by countryo 11 Armenia o 12 Belarus o 13 Brazil o 14 Bulgaria

20

o 15 Chile o 16 China o 17 Egypt o 18 Georgia o 19 India o 110 Iran o 111 Italy o 112 Lithuania o 113 Malaysia o 114 Russia o 115 South Korea o 116 Spain o 117 Ukraine o 118 United Arab Emirateso 119 Uzbekistan o 120 United Kingdom

bull 2 References

[edit] Free economic zones by country

[edit] Armenia

bull Gyumri

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Bulgaria

bull Burgas bull Rousse bull Plovdiv bull Dragoman bull Vidin bull Svilengrad

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] China

21

bull Hong Kong

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said Public Free Zone bull Alexandria Public Free Zone bull Nasr City Public Free Zone bull Suez Public Free Zone bull Ismailia Public Free Zone bull Damietta Public Free Zone bull Media Public Free Zone bull Shebin El- Kom Public Free Zone bull Qeft Public Free Zone bull Port Said East Port Public Free Zone

[edit] Georgia

bull Poti Samegrelo region

[edit] India

bull Sricity Multi Product SEZ Andhra Pradesh [1] bull SEEPZ India bull Inspira Pharma amp Biotech Park Aurangabad Maharashtra[2]

[edit] Iran

bull Kish bull Aras Free Zone bull Anzali Free Zone bull Arvand Free Zone bull Chabahar Free Zone bull Gheshm Free Zone

[edit] Italy

bull Catania bull Erice bull Gela bull Crotone bull Rossano bull Lamezia Terme bull Matera bull Taranto bull Lecce bull Andria bull Naples bull Torre Annunziata bull Mondragone

22

bull Campobasso bull Cagliari bull Quartu SantElena bull Iglesias bull Velletri bull Sora bull Pescara bull Massa Carrara bull Ventimiglia

[edit] Lithuania

bull Klaipeda Free Economic Zone bull Kaunas Free Economic Zone

[edit] Malaysia

bull Port Klang Free Zone

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Ingushetia bull Yantar Kaliningrad

[edit] South Korea

bull Yellow Sea bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang

[edit] Spain

bull Ibiza

[edit] Ukraine

bull Quarantine Pier of Odessa trade sea port January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Ajman Free Zone[1] bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center

23

bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Studio City

[edit] Uzbekistan

bull Navoiy

[edit] United Kingdom

bull London Docklands bull Bristol Subverbs

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwsricityin 2 ^ httpwwwinspirainfracom

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_economic_zone Categories Special Economic Zones

Special Economic Zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding reliable references Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (January 2007)

A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a countrys typical economic laws The category SEZ covers a broad range of more specific zone types including Free Trade Zones (FTZ) Export Processing Zones (EPZ) Free Zones (FZ) Industrial Estates (IE) Free Ports Urban Enterprise Zones and others Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors typically an international business or a multinational corporation (MNC)

One of the earliest and the most famous Special Economic Zones were found by the government of the Peoples Republic of China under Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s The most successful Special Economic Zone in China Shenzhen has developed from a small village into a city with a population over 10 million within 20 years

Following the Chinese examples Special Economic Zones have been established in several countries including Brazil India Iran Jordan Kazakhstan Pakistan the

24

Philippines Poland Russia and Ukraine Currently Puno Peru has been slated to become a Zona Economica by its president Alan Garcia

A single SEZ can contain multiple specific zones within its boundaries In India the Government has sanctioned few large multi-product Special Exconomic Zones (SEZ) where one can set-up any kind of business (services manufacturing trading etc) Some of the most promoinent large multiple zone SEZs are Sricity SEZ near Chennai and Mundra SEZ in Gujarat India The other two most prominent examples of this layered approach are Subic Bay Freeport Zone in the Philippines the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority in Jordan and According to World Bank estimates as of 2007 there are more than 3000 projects taking place in SEZs in 120 countries worldwide

SEZs have been implemented using a variety of institutional structures across the world ranging from fully public (government operator government developer government regulator) to fully private (private operator private developer public regulator) In many cases public sector operators and developers act as quasi-government agencies in that they have a pseudo-corporate institutional structure and have budgetary autonomy SEZs are often developed under a public-private partnership arrangement in which the public sector provides some level of support (provision of off-site infrastructure equity investment soft loans bond issues etc) to enable a private sector developer to obtain a reasonable rate of return on the project (typically 10-20 depending on risk levels)

Contents [hide]

bull 1 China bull 2 India

o 21 List of SEZs in India bull 3 Indonesia bull 4 Iran bull 5 Kazakhstan bull 6 North Korea bull 7 Pakistan

o 71 List of SEZs in the Pakistan bull 8 Philippines

o 81 List of SEZs in the Philippines bull 9 Poland bull 10 Russia

o 101 TechnicalInnovational Zones o 102 Industrialdevelopmental Zoneso 103 Tourist Zones

bull 11 Ukraine bull 12 References bull 13 External links

25

[edit] China Main article Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

Currently the most prominent SEZs in the country are Shenzhen Xiamen Shantou Zhuhai and Hainan Province

[edit] India Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country and realising the need that a level playing field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally the Government of India had in April 2000 announced the introduction of Special Economic Zones policy in the country deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations duties and tariffs As of 2007 more than 500 SEZs have been proposed 220 of which have been created This has raised the concern of the World Bank which questions the sustainability of such a large number of SEZs The Special Economic Zones in India closely follow the PRC model

India passed special economic zone act in 2005 In India the government has been proactive in the development of the SEZs They have formulated policies reviewed them occasionally and have ensured that ample facilities are provided to the developers of the SEZs as well as to the companies setting up units in the SEZs

[edit] List of SEZs in India

The policy provides for setting up of SEZs in the public private joint sector or by State Governments One of them is Sricity Multi product SEZ part of Sricity which is a developing satellite city in the epicentre of AP amp TN It was also envisaged that some of the existing Export Processing Zones would be converted into Special Economic Zones

bull Sricity (SEZ) (Andhra Pradesh) (httpwwwsricityin) bull Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) bull Polepally (Andhra Pradesh) bull Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) bull Velankani SEZ (Chennai) (httpwwwvelankanisezcom) bull Pharma and Biotech SEZ Aurangabad Maharashtra

(httpwwwinspirainfracom) bull Ahmedabad Baroda Kandla and Surat (Gujarat) bull Cochin (Kerala) bull Pithampur (Madhya Pradesh) bull Nagpur also refer MIHAN Pune and SEEPZ in Mumbai (Maharashtra) bull Chennai Ilandaikulam Madurai Nanguneri and Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu) bull NOIDA Greater NOIDA (Uttar Pradesh) UP bull Falta (West Bengal) bull Bangalore [Karnataka] bull Kensington [Powai Mumbai] bull Mangalore (Karnataka)

26

Currently India has 1022 units in operations in 9 functional SEZs each an average size of 200 acres (081 km2) 8 Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been converted into SEZs These are fully functional All these SEZs are in various parts of the country in the privatejoint sectors or by the State Government But this process of planning and development is under question as the states in which the SEZs have been approved are facing intense protests from the farming community accusing the government of forcibly snatching fertile land from them at heavily discounted prices as against the prevailing prices in the commercial real estate industry Also some reputed companies like Bajaj and others have commented against this policy and have suggested using barren and wasteland for setting up of SEZs

Attempts to set up a Special Economic Zone in Nandigram have led to protests by villagers in the area A Parliamentary Committee to study and give recommendations on SEZs has said that no further SEZs be notified unless the existing law is amended to incorporate the changes related to the land acquisitions

Genpact has announced its plans to expand its presence in Hyderabad by setting up a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) across 50 acres (200000 m2) in the city at Jawahar Nagar

[edit] Indonesia Main article Batam IslandSEZ - Special Economic Zones

[edit] Iran bull Arg - e - Jadid Special Economic Zone Vehicle Manufacturing Hub bull PetZone Petrochemical special economic Zone Mahshahr bull Kish Kish island special economic zone bull Sarakhs bull Sirjan bull Shahid Rajaee Port[1] bull Amirabad Special Economic Zone[2] bull Bushehr Port

[edit] Kazakhstan bull Astana

Multiple Economic zones created by the mandate of the President Each zone has a different focus South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone is dedicated to the development of the textile industry in Kazakhstan

[edit] North Korea The Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone was established under a UN economic development programme in 1994 Located on the bank of the Tuman River the zone borders on the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (or Yeonbyeon in Korean) of

27

the Peoples Republic of China as well as Russia In 2000 the name of the area was shortened to Rason and became separate from the North Hamgyeong Province

[edit] Pakistan Taking the example of the Chinese success with their SEZs China is helping Pakistan develop the Haier-Ruba economic zone on the outskirts of Lahore

Other economic zones include the China-Pakistan economic zone open only to Chinese investors and also the future crown jewel of Pakistan Gwadar

There are also talks of creating a Japanese city for foreign investors from Japan only

There has also been new SEZ proposed on the currently under construction Sialkot-Lahore motorway Qatar has proposed an investment for $1 billion in a new SEZ along the motorway

There is also a new zone under construction in Faislababd which will be the biggest industrial estate of Pakistan when complete it has sections for each country and the first phrase is already complete with a special Chinese zone in it

[edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan

bull Karachi Export Processing Zone Karachi Sindh bull Risalpur Export Processing Zone Risalpur bull Sialkot Export Processing Zone Sialkot Punjab bull Gujranwala Export Processing Zone Gujranwala Punjab bull Saindak Export Processing Zone Saindak Balochistan bull Reko Diq Export Processing Zone bull Khalifa Coastal Oil Refinery EPZ bull Gwadar Export Processing Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Special Industrial Development Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Faisalabad Export Processing Zone Faisalabad Punjab bull Special Inudstrial Economic Zone Lahore Punjab

[edit] Philippines Philippine economic zones (ecozones) are collections of industries brought together geographically for the purpose of promoting economic development Although designed to operate separately from the political and economic milieu of surrounding communities Philippine economic zones do in fact interact with their neighbors There are 41 private-owned economic zones and 4 government owned economic zones in the Philippines Of the 41 private economic zones the biggest exporter is Gateway Business Park in General Trias Cavite and the second biggest private ecozone is Laguna Technopark Inc The four governmentally owned are Cavite Economic Zone Bataan Economic Zone Mactan Economic Zone and Baguio City Economic Zone Thus it is a useful act for the growth of economic zone of the country

[edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines

28

bull Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority bull Clark Special Economic Zone bull Philippine Economic Zone Authority bull PHIVIDEC Industrial Authority bull Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone Authority bull Cagayan Economic Zone Authority

[edit] Poland There are 14 Special Economic Zones in Poland[1]

bull Kamiennogoacuterska SSE bull Katowice Special Economic Zone bull Kostrzyńsko-Słubicka SSE bull Krakowski Park Technologiczny bull Legnicka SSE bull Łoacutedzka SSE bull SSE EURO-PARK MIELEC bull Słupska SSE bull SSE Starachowice bull Suwalska SSE bull Pomorska SSE (Pomeranian Special Economic Zone) bull Tarnobrzeska SSE bull Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone INVEST-PARK bull Warmińsko-Mazurska SSE

[edit] Russia

[edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones

bull Dubna bull Zelenograd bull Noidorf (Russian Нойдорф) - industrial and business park in special economic

zone in Strelna near Saint Petersburg Russia bull Novo-Orlovskoe (Russian Ново-Орловское) - SEZ territory in Saint

Petersburg Russia bull Tomsk

[edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones

bull ldquoAlabugardquo (special economic zone) bull Lipetsk

[edit] Tourist Zones

bull Krasnodar Krai bull Stavropol Krai bull Kaliningrad Oblast (Yantar Kaliningrad Special Economic Zone) bull Altai Krai

29

bull Altai Republic bull Irkutsk Oblast bull Buryatia

[edit] Ukraine Special Economic Zones existed in Ukraine until March 31 2005 The first created was the Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone Syvash (since 1996) From 1998 to 2000 11 new zones were created

Name Location Area Established Time limit

NCEEZ Syvash Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1996 5 years

Slavutych Slavutych Kiev Oblast 2000 ha 30061998 till 01012020

Azov Mariupol Donetsk Oblast 315 ha 21071998 60 years Donetsk Donetsk Donetsk Oblast 466 ha 21071998 60 years

Zakarpattia Uzhhorodskyi Raion and Mukachivskyi Raion Zakarpattia Oblast

737 ha 09011999 30 years

Yavoriv Yavorivskyi Raion Lviv Oblast

116000 ha 17021999 till

01012020 Interport Kovel Kovel Volyn Oblast 57 ha 01012000 20 years Kurortopolis Truskavets Truskavets Lviv Oblast 774 ha 01012000 20 years

Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Oblast shipyard territory and adjoining area

865 ha 01012000 30 years

Port Krym Kerch Autonomous Republic of Crimea 27 ha 01012000 30 years

Porto-Franco Odessa part of Odessa Trade Sea Ports territory 32 ha 01012000 25 years

Reni Reni Odessa Oblast 94 ha 17052000 30 years Initially planned time of operation given All zones were shut down on March 31 2005

NCEEZ mdash Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone

Sources [3] [4] [5] and Пехник АВ Іноземні інвестиції в економіку України Навчальний посібник Вид laquoЗнанняraquo Київ 2007 pages 49 310ndash319

[edit] References

30

1 ^ httpwwwmggovplSpecjalne+strefy+ekonomiczneWykaz+SSE

bull Chee Kian Leong 2007 A Tale of Two Countries Openness and Growth in China and India [6] Dynamics Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper

[edit] External links bull South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone bull Regularly updated news about SEZs in India bull Indian Special Economic Zones bull Russian Special Economic Zones bull Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan bull Indian SEZ bull PEZA Philippines bull The New Maharajas of India bull India Special Economic zones map bull Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones (Russia)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zone Categories International business | International trade | International economics | Special Economic Zones

List of free ports From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Free economic zones may also be called free ports

Most commonly a free port is a special customs area with favorable customs regulations (or no customs duties and controls for transshipment) Earlier in history some free ports like Hong Kong enjoyed political autonomy Many international airports have free ports though they tend to be called customs areas customs zones or international zones

Contents [hide]

31

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

Finance and banking

Financial system middot Financial services middot Chinese currency middot Chinese yuan middot Renminbi middot China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation middot Banking (History middot Central bank middot Other banks) middot Foreign exchange reserve middot Beijing Financial Street middot Stock Exchange Executive Council middot Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE Composite) middot Shenzhen Stock Exchange middot Dalian Commodity Exchange middot Shanghai Metal Exchange middot Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange middot Hedge fund industry middot Accounting in China

Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 8: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

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In the nexts paragraphs I will study and analyse with others characteristics this two main characteristics the marketing and the quality of the services from the point of view of the successfully Free Zones like Jebel Ali Free Economic Zone from Dubai and others failures projects in the same geographical region

4 Criteria for Establishing Free Economics Zones Elements of Success In order for a free zone to succeed the factors that attract firms must be known Should a government or free zone authority not have a thorough grasp of the need of firms and then the development of a free zone can become a very expensive lesson in what firms do and do not need The more information available to free zone authorities concerning factors involved in the decision of the zonersquos management to locate in certain area the more capable the authorities will be in providing critical information to interested firms Studies carried out on free zones in developing countries conclude that criteria governing the decision to invest in a free zone area include the following

41 Political Stability This is considered the most important factor that attracts capital to the host country Foreign investment companies are always hesitant to undertake ventures in politically unstable countries where their interests are consistently threatened

42 Commitment to Free Economy (Openness) In fact a suitable macroeconomic exchange rate and trade policy regime together with a legal regulatory environment favourable to business is a basic and critical element for the entry of a developing economy into the world market Where there are tariffs and other taxes or restrictions on imports of producer goods export policies must provide exporters with a free trade status which their competitors around the world enjoy So the more committed the host government is to investment free trade etc the more guarantees foreign firms have and the more attractive the free zone is to foreign investment

43 Strategic Location Free Zones have to be established close to major international markets In order to succeed a free zone has to have a good geographical and strategic location ie close to the traffic of international trade For instance Dubairsquos strategic location at the crossroads between the East and the West has made it the leading hub between Europe and the Far East Dubairsquos traditional links with the nearby Gulf States the Red Sea East Africa and the Indian subcontinent have enhanced the success of the free zone in Jebel Ali

12

Comprehensive theories for the location of manufacturing activities have been developed throughout history In making allocation decisions several determinants or factors such as transportation cost labour cost marketing advantages and proximity to auxiliary industries are considered Some economists referred to the best location as that site from which a given number of buyers can be served at the lowest total cost In that sense the location theory involves both cost and demand curves

44 Availability of Labour and Low Labour Costs Because foreign firms and companies are interested in lowering their cost of production the cost and availability of labour are one of the main factors that attract foreign investment to free zones and in turn enhance their success However recently and due to many reasons the cost and availability of are losing importance in the face of other factors of a more qualitative nature such as transport conditions and cost and business establishment conditions

45 Availability of Good Infrastructure Facilities Availability of infrastructure as well as other supply services is considered a must for a free zone to succeed Availability of good transportation and communication systems for instance in addition to a good administrative system away from red tape and bureaucracy would definitely enhance the success of the zone The availability of a modern seaport for instance with its terminals and modern international airport with its cargo village and its air-freight handling capability and the Manifest and Documentation System (MDS) have tremendously enhanced the success of Jebel Ali Free Zone tremendously The Free Zonersquos infrastructure facilities which would compete with those of other zones and contribute to the zonersquos success include low cost pre-fabricated warehouses offices and refrigerated stores open stores and retail transport facilities abundant power supply and highly efficient support services by the engineering and data system Also the fully free flow of capital and tax-free profits andor returns are important facilities to be considered

5 Free Economics Zones in Latin American Countries Trend and Main Features

The geographical location of Panamarsquos country allow it to act as a bridge between four continents namely Asia Africa Europe and between North America and South America Panamarsquos country strategic location at the crossroads between East and West and North and South has contribute to their importance in international trade where it is considered important gateways to large numbers of people and where it provide essential meeting points for production and consumption markets

13

The idea of establishing free zones in the region is gathering momentum especially with the general trend in the area towards liberalization and globalization trends and the newly emerging economics blocs Like most free zones in the world free zones in Panamarsquos country would be located either in or near seaports or near airports and international borders Such locations would be attractive to low as well as high-value products In fact without access to services that are essential to export and industrial operations some free zones in Panamarsquos country may find it hard to attract foreign investment 6 Main Features Incentives Facilities and Administration of Free Zones

61 Fiscal and Financial Incentives The variety and magnitude of fiscal and financial incentives given to investors in Free Zones vary from country to another Jebel Ali Free Zone for example seems to offer the most attractive incentives where there are no limitations on foreign ownership no personal and income taxes and exemption from corporate taxes is for almost 30 years Apart from fiscal incentives (tax exemption) most free zones offer financial incentives such as exemption from taxes on profits and from foreign currency controls Most Free Zones permit the unlimited transfer of profits as from the first year of production and repatriation of the total initial investment after a relatively short period of about 3 years 62 Customs Exemptions Import Duties Apart from its duty-free privileges free zones are characterized by the speed and simplicity of import and export transactions In Jebel Ali Zone (Dubai) for example time-consuming procedures on importation and exportations are kept to a minimum 63 Facilities and Administration Free Zone in Panamarsquos country would be provided with various types of infrastructure facilities and services This would include roads ports (Colon) airport (The International Airport of Panama) facilities for storage and standard factory buildings The support services would include physical services such as the supply of electricity and water telecommunication facilities commercial services such as banking insurance shipping and forwarding agents etc and social services such a medical care food facilities etc The most extensive infrastructure facilities over the world are those provided in Jebel Ali Free Zone This includes a modern port generous space a modern communication system and pre-built facilities for lease Abundant and inexpensive energy is also available

14

64 Administration of Free Zones in Panama It should be administer by a separate authority which should be call The Free Zone Authority or Corporation It should has representatives from various ministries in fact the existence of a centralized administrative office with the authority to intercede between firms in the Free Zone and other government departments helps to provide investors with a simple and straightforward administrative procedure ie one window service

7 Attracting Foreign Investment and Capital Investment activities in free zones were dominated by storage projects that not require large amounts of capital The source of the invested capital determines to some extent the ability of the Zone to attract foreign investment What I believe determines the success of a Free Zone is its external competitiveness relative to other zones in the region rather than its internal profitability as captured by only cost-benefit analysis The rate of return of investments in the Zone may be extremely high but foreign investors are not attracted So may be what is needed is an international competitiveness analysis that is carried out parallel to the cost-benefits analysis Having looked at some of the main issues that determine the success of Jebel Ali Free Zone it appears that success depends on a number of economic social and geographical factors in effect within the country and abroad It is essential that we do not overlook the fact that in general a Free Economic Zone is a mature phenomenon of the international economy It is believed that an understanding of the features objectives and mechanism of the Zones and their role in the global economy is essential to the success of every zone

8 Free Zones Obstacles and Problems Reasons for Poor Performance

Investors in Free Zones are continuously faced with problems and obstacles that impede the operations of their firms in the zones Some of these problems are related to the macro level while others to sectoral and firm levels Also some are considered administrative and marketing problems while other are legal and technical ones Although assessment shows that the type and magnitude of obstacles differ from country to another the major problems are considered to be similar 8 I On the Macro Level Administrative Obstacles include among other things

1 Excessive red tape and bureaucracy where investors have to deal with several departments to obtain licenses or approvals The process is tedious and lengthy

2 Lack of actual autonomy of Free Zones even though they are accorded by law financial and administrative authority

3 Unexpected changes in laws and regulations that continuously confuse investors

4 Conflict and overlap of laws and procedures related to Free Zones as well as to customs

15

8 II On the other hand Marketing Obstacles include

1 Free zones lack of effective promotional policies They failed to understand that marketing is a task requiring most of the attention of top management

2 There is a difficulty in marketing products of Free Zones because Free Zones in the region are similar and produce almost similar products

At the same time adequate Infrastructure Facilities surrounding the Economic Free Zone are necessary pre-condition for attracting foreign investment However this is not the case in most Free Zones in the region of Panamarsquos country Infrastructure obstacles include Inadequate infrastructure utilities and services especially communication as well as lack and inefficiency of ports used to carry Zones products and materials necessary for production 8 III On the Sectoral and Micro Level Some problems are related to the nature of industrial activities such as the small-sized industries in the Free Zones and their inability to compete in the markets Others are related to the dependence on imported raw materials which has tremendously increased the cost of production of industrial products As a result the ability of industries to compete has decreased At the same time certain problems such as the lack of a complex production process have led to the limited transfer of technology to industries As a result the transfer of technology through industries was relatively limited It is believed that a simple production process generates very few backward linkages with other production activities in the economy and most of the material that requires technical knowledge is being imported from foreign sources As a result there is no room to develop specific technologies in the zones What actually exist is only assembly lines as well as putting together of ready made parts It is believed that Free Economics Zones are going to be more important in the present decade than they were in the last decade or so because they can be the doorways to growth and development that can be opened and closed according to the countryrsquos interest and benefits

9 Conclusion and Policy Implications

In recent years Free Economics Zones have become increasingly important as countries sought to attract foreign investment for the purpose of promoting growth through increasing exports foreign exchange and employment opportunities as well as enhancing the transfer of technology The result the relatively limited effect of Free Zones on the host economies except in the case of Jebel Ali Free Zone was mainly due to macro as well as sectoral level obstacles that impeded the operation of firms in the zones Looking back at the experience of partly successful Free Zones in Arab countries one can identify a number of classical failures at the planning and design stage They include the choice of inappropriate location for the zone

16

lack of sufficient basic infrastructure such as telecommunications and inefficient institutional linkages between the Zone Authority and other government departments As a result careful consideration of the existing rules and measures is necessary for the Zones to succeed The recommended measures include among others things

91 Legislative reforms that would take care of the numerous contradictions and duplications of laws and regulations in the Zones to reduce bureaucracy and give more independence to the authorities Investment laws should remain in force for long periods in order to give investors peace and mind 92 Sufficient infrastructure facilities and services are needed in most of the Free Zones in the region The availability of such infrastructure facilities would give to the New Colon Free Zone in Panamarsquos country a comparative advantage within the entire region 93 Reforms that encourage the expansion of export industries in the Zones such as the removal of barriers to the movement of finished goods in the region In fact is essential to have regulations that attract large and medium size industries rather than small industries as it is the case in Jebel Ali Free Zone 94 Encouragement of employment of nationals in Free Zones which may require giving more attention to training of manpower by the Free Zone Authority on one hand by local and foreign firms on the other 95 Promotion and marketing of the Zones that requires the attention of top management So promotional and marketing programs that attract clients and keep them happy should be developed Priority should be given to meeting clients needs as well as the countryrsquos objectives In fact it makes little sense to invest in land infrastructure utilities etc and fail to provide enough investment for marketing and promotion

Finally we can say that Panamarsquos country have not probably been active as any others regions in establishing and developing Free Economics Zones like the Arab countries and in particular Dubai with the Jebel Ali Free Zone The idea was to get around a large amount of existing regulations and to provide infrastructure facilities and services to attract foreign investment and in turn to promote growth To be successful Free Economic Zones in Panama have to concentrate on competing on the basis of the services offered and the quality of such services In others words their comparative advantage of liberalization should be in their services Aggressive Free Zones can create good opportunities for themselves within the region while traditional and slow Free Zones which are not able to adapt quickly become uncompetitive and in turn a classical example of failure It is the job of dynamic managers to seize the opportunity to attract business and investment to the zone and I can do that for the New Colon Free Zone in Panama because I am a successful CEO actively seeking new opportunities to capture new business opportunities to which I may offer my global approach along with extensive experience

17

Bibliography Tahir Jamil (1998) ldquoAn Assessment of Free Economic Zones (FEZs) in Arab Countries - Performance and Main Featuresrdquo Working Paper 9926 It was presented in an international conference on ldquoNew Economics Developments and Their Impact on Arab Economiesrdquo held in Tunis during the period 3-5 June 1998 Guangwen Meng (2003) ldquoThe Theory and Practice of Free Economic Zones A Case Study of Tianjin Peoplersquos Republic of Chinardquo Submitted to the Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics of the Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Germany for the Degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences Oral Examination 14022003 Watson Noel Newton (1998) ldquoEVALUATING THE NET ECONOMICS BENEFITS OF FREE TRADE ZONES IN THEORY AND PRACTICE - APPLIED TO THE KINGSTON EXPORT FREE ZONE IN JAMAICArdquo Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Economics of Simon Fraser University November 1998 Ministry of Finance and Economy (Republic of Korea) ldquoFree Economic Zones in Korea (2003) The Future of Northeast Asiardquo September 2003 httpenglishmosfgokr Salma Ali Saif Bin Hareb Chief Executive Zonersquos Jebel Free Zone of Government of Dubai (2007) ldquoJafza Corporate Brochurerdquo November 2007 httpwwwjafzaaeen Knowledge Innovation Zone Research Project (2006) ldquoSPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES (SEZ) VERSUS KNOWLEDGE INNOVATION ZONES (KIZ) - A COMPARISONrdquo httpwwwinthekzonecom OECD Private Sector Development Division (2008) ldquoFree Economic Zones in the MENA Region Update 2008rdquo Tarun Dhingra Dr Ambalika Sinha Dr Tripti Singh (2008) ldquoLocation strategy for competitiveness of Special Economic Zones in India ndash A Generic frameworkrdquo

18

Useful Links

Jebel Ali Free Zone (Jafza) httpwwwjafzaaeen SEZ stands for Special Economic Zone a tax free area for manufacturing RampD Trading and Services units (Inspira Infrastructure) httpwwwinspirainfracom Yellow Sea Free Economic Zone (Yesfez) httpwwwyesfezgokrengyesfezsongak_districtasp Tanger Free Zone httpwwwtangerfreezonecom Hamriyah Free Zone httpwwwhfzaae Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone (RAK FTZ) httpwwwrakftzcomen Jebel Ali Free Zone Online Directory (Potential Customer for the New Free Zone) httpwwwjdae

International Trade General International Trade and Trade Policy Free Economic Zones

bull UN Resources bull Documents bull Photos

Free Economic Zones in Korea The Future of Northeast Asia Foreign-invested firms have begun to take a close look at the benefits of locating in one of these zones 8 9 Page 11 What are Free Economic Zones Sector unpan1unorgintradocgroupspublicdocumentsAPCITYUNPAN0 UNESCAP Taking off in earnest Koreas free economic zones are at the forefront of the scenic coastal cities of Incheon Busan-Jinhae and Gwangyang the zones form an wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue78_16nov2005doc UNESCAP By Kim Min-hee Korea will move swiftly to further improve the contents of its free economic zones as well as strengthen its sales pitch to potential investors wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue75_18Oct2005doc

NATIONAL PROFILE FOR THE INFORMATION SOCIETY IN THE UNITED ARAB Also the growth of ICT Free Zones companies and activities is certain to The UAE has made extensive use of duty free economic zones to stimulate business wwwescwaorglbwsisreportsdocsUAE_2005-Epdf Economic and Social Council the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352

ةماعلا ةيعمجلا the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and has introduced many kinds of special zones of various areas For example Xiamen Special Economic Zone covers about 131 million while Tianjin Free Trade Zone wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377pub_2377 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and In 1990 it established free trade zones (bonded areas) altogether 15 to date seven of which are located in special economic zones and five of which are

19

wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377ftz_ch4 TID inputs to 61st Session of the Commission regional special economic zones (along a similar format as ldquogrowth trianglesrdquo) for disaster-affected areas could be considered which would grant duty-free wwwunescaporgtidnewstsunami_briefpdf Economic Cooperation and Integration Sub-programme Provisional These can include regional clusters Internet-based business models business incubators free economic zones technological and science centres platforms and wwwuneceorgcecidocsECI_conceptual_framework_29May2006p See also

Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial development support services gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial sector gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Duty free transit International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Free ports

Free economic zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

Many countries have or have had at some time designated areas where companies are taxed very lightly or not at all to encourage development or for some other reason These are known as free economic zones

Sometimes they are called free ports by an analogy with free ports known for a long time in history - the ports free of customs or with favorable customs regulations eg the free port of Trieste Very often free ports are parts of free economic zones

Contents [hide]

bull 1 Free economic zones by countryo 11 Armenia o 12 Belarus o 13 Brazil o 14 Bulgaria

20

o 15 Chile o 16 China o 17 Egypt o 18 Georgia o 19 India o 110 Iran o 111 Italy o 112 Lithuania o 113 Malaysia o 114 Russia o 115 South Korea o 116 Spain o 117 Ukraine o 118 United Arab Emirateso 119 Uzbekistan o 120 United Kingdom

bull 2 References

[edit] Free economic zones by country

[edit] Armenia

bull Gyumri

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Bulgaria

bull Burgas bull Rousse bull Plovdiv bull Dragoman bull Vidin bull Svilengrad

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] China

21

bull Hong Kong

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said Public Free Zone bull Alexandria Public Free Zone bull Nasr City Public Free Zone bull Suez Public Free Zone bull Ismailia Public Free Zone bull Damietta Public Free Zone bull Media Public Free Zone bull Shebin El- Kom Public Free Zone bull Qeft Public Free Zone bull Port Said East Port Public Free Zone

[edit] Georgia

bull Poti Samegrelo region

[edit] India

bull Sricity Multi Product SEZ Andhra Pradesh [1] bull SEEPZ India bull Inspira Pharma amp Biotech Park Aurangabad Maharashtra[2]

[edit] Iran

bull Kish bull Aras Free Zone bull Anzali Free Zone bull Arvand Free Zone bull Chabahar Free Zone bull Gheshm Free Zone

[edit] Italy

bull Catania bull Erice bull Gela bull Crotone bull Rossano bull Lamezia Terme bull Matera bull Taranto bull Lecce bull Andria bull Naples bull Torre Annunziata bull Mondragone

22

bull Campobasso bull Cagliari bull Quartu SantElena bull Iglesias bull Velletri bull Sora bull Pescara bull Massa Carrara bull Ventimiglia

[edit] Lithuania

bull Klaipeda Free Economic Zone bull Kaunas Free Economic Zone

[edit] Malaysia

bull Port Klang Free Zone

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Ingushetia bull Yantar Kaliningrad

[edit] South Korea

bull Yellow Sea bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang

[edit] Spain

bull Ibiza

[edit] Ukraine

bull Quarantine Pier of Odessa trade sea port January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Ajman Free Zone[1] bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center

23

bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Studio City

[edit] Uzbekistan

bull Navoiy

[edit] United Kingdom

bull London Docklands bull Bristol Subverbs

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwsricityin 2 ^ httpwwwinspirainfracom

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_economic_zone Categories Special Economic Zones

Special Economic Zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding reliable references Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (January 2007)

A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a countrys typical economic laws The category SEZ covers a broad range of more specific zone types including Free Trade Zones (FTZ) Export Processing Zones (EPZ) Free Zones (FZ) Industrial Estates (IE) Free Ports Urban Enterprise Zones and others Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors typically an international business or a multinational corporation (MNC)

One of the earliest and the most famous Special Economic Zones were found by the government of the Peoples Republic of China under Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s The most successful Special Economic Zone in China Shenzhen has developed from a small village into a city with a population over 10 million within 20 years

Following the Chinese examples Special Economic Zones have been established in several countries including Brazil India Iran Jordan Kazakhstan Pakistan the

24

Philippines Poland Russia and Ukraine Currently Puno Peru has been slated to become a Zona Economica by its president Alan Garcia

A single SEZ can contain multiple specific zones within its boundaries In India the Government has sanctioned few large multi-product Special Exconomic Zones (SEZ) where one can set-up any kind of business (services manufacturing trading etc) Some of the most promoinent large multiple zone SEZs are Sricity SEZ near Chennai and Mundra SEZ in Gujarat India The other two most prominent examples of this layered approach are Subic Bay Freeport Zone in the Philippines the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority in Jordan and According to World Bank estimates as of 2007 there are more than 3000 projects taking place in SEZs in 120 countries worldwide

SEZs have been implemented using a variety of institutional structures across the world ranging from fully public (government operator government developer government regulator) to fully private (private operator private developer public regulator) In many cases public sector operators and developers act as quasi-government agencies in that they have a pseudo-corporate institutional structure and have budgetary autonomy SEZs are often developed under a public-private partnership arrangement in which the public sector provides some level of support (provision of off-site infrastructure equity investment soft loans bond issues etc) to enable a private sector developer to obtain a reasonable rate of return on the project (typically 10-20 depending on risk levels)

Contents [hide]

bull 1 China bull 2 India

o 21 List of SEZs in India bull 3 Indonesia bull 4 Iran bull 5 Kazakhstan bull 6 North Korea bull 7 Pakistan

o 71 List of SEZs in the Pakistan bull 8 Philippines

o 81 List of SEZs in the Philippines bull 9 Poland bull 10 Russia

o 101 TechnicalInnovational Zones o 102 Industrialdevelopmental Zoneso 103 Tourist Zones

bull 11 Ukraine bull 12 References bull 13 External links

25

[edit] China Main article Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

Currently the most prominent SEZs in the country are Shenzhen Xiamen Shantou Zhuhai and Hainan Province

[edit] India Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country and realising the need that a level playing field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally the Government of India had in April 2000 announced the introduction of Special Economic Zones policy in the country deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations duties and tariffs As of 2007 more than 500 SEZs have been proposed 220 of which have been created This has raised the concern of the World Bank which questions the sustainability of such a large number of SEZs The Special Economic Zones in India closely follow the PRC model

India passed special economic zone act in 2005 In India the government has been proactive in the development of the SEZs They have formulated policies reviewed them occasionally and have ensured that ample facilities are provided to the developers of the SEZs as well as to the companies setting up units in the SEZs

[edit] List of SEZs in India

The policy provides for setting up of SEZs in the public private joint sector or by State Governments One of them is Sricity Multi product SEZ part of Sricity which is a developing satellite city in the epicentre of AP amp TN It was also envisaged that some of the existing Export Processing Zones would be converted into Special Economic Zones

bull Sricity (SEZ) (Andhra Pradesh) (httpwwwsricityin) bull Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) bull Polepally (Andhra Pradesh) bull Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) bull Velankani SEZ (Chennai) (httpwwwvelankanisezcom) bull Pharma and Biotech SEZ Aurangabad Maharashtra

(httpwwwinspirainfracom) bull Ahmedabad Baroda Kandla and Surat (Gujarat) bull Cochin (Kerala) bull Pithampur (Madhya Pradesh) bull Nagpur also refer MIHAN Pune and SEEPZ in Mumbai (Maharashtra) bull Chennai Ilandaikulam Madurai Nanguneri and Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu) bull NOIDA Greater NOIDA (Uttar Pradesh) UP bull Falta (West Bengal) bull Bangalore [Karnataka] bull Kensington [Powai Mumbai] bull Mangalore (Karnataka)

26

Currently India has 1022 units in operations in 9 functional SEZs each an average size of 200 acres (081 km2) 8 Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been converted into SEZs These are fully functional All these SEZs are in various parts of the country in the privatejoint sectors or by the State Government But this process of planning and development is under question as the states in which the SEZs have been approved are facing intense protests from the farming community accusing the government of forcibly snatching fertile land from them at heavily discounted prices as against the prevailing prices in the commercial real estate industry Also some reputed companies like Bajaj and others have commented against this policy and have suggested using barren and wasteland for setting up of SEZs

Attempts to set up a Special Economic Zone in Nandigram have led to protests by villagers in the area A Parliamentary Committee to study and give recommendations on SEZs has said that no further SEZs be notified unless the existing law is amended to incorporate the changes related to the land acquisitions

Genpact has announced its plans to expand its presence in Hyderabad by setting up a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) across 50 acres (200000 m2) in the city at Jawahar Nagar

[edit] Indonesia Main article Batam IslandSEZ - Special Economic Zones

[edit] Iran bull Arg - e - Jadid Special Economic Zone Vehicle Manufacturing Hub bull PetZone Petrochemical special economic Zone Mahshahr bull Kish Kish island special economic zone bull Sarakhs bull Sirjan bull Shahid Rajaee Port[1] bull Amirabad Special Economic Zone[2] bull Bushehr Port

[edit] Kazakhstan bull Astana

Multiple Economic zones created by the mandate of the President Each zone has a different focus South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone is dedicated to the development of the textile industry in Kazakhstan

[edit] North Korea The Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone was established under a UN economic development programme in 1994 Located on the bank of the Tuman River the zone borders on the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (or Yeonbyeon in Korean) of

27

the Peoples Republic of China as well as Russia In 2000 the name of the area was shortened to Rason and became separate from the North Hamgyeong Province

[edit] Pakistan Taking the example of the Chinese success with their SEZs China is helping Pakistan develop the Haier-Ruba economic zone on the outskirts of Lahore

Other economic zones include the China-Pakistan economic zone open only to Chinese investors and also the future crown jewel of Pakistan Gwadar

There are also talks of creating a Japanese city for foreign investors from Japan only

There has also been new SEZ proposed on the currently under construction Sialkot-Lahore motorway Qatar has proposed an investment for $1 billion in a new SEZ along the motorway

There is also a new zone under construction in Faislababd which will be the biggest industrial estate of Pakistan when complete it has sections for each country and the first phrase is already complete with a special Chinese zone in it

[edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan

bull Karachi Export Processing Zone Karachi Sindh bull Risalpur Export Processing Zone Risalpur bull Sialkot Export Processing Zone Sialkot Punjab bull Gujranwala Export Processing Zone Gujranwala Punjab bull Saindak Export Processing Zone Saindak Balochistan bull Reko Diq Export Processing Zone bull Khalifa Coastal Oil Refinery EPZ bull Gwadar Export Processing Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Special Industrial Development Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Faisalabad Export Processing Zone Faisalabad Punjab bull Special Inudstrial Economic Zone Lahore Punjab

[edit] Philippines Philippine economic zones (ecozones) are collections of industries brought together geographically for the purpose of promoting economic development Although designed to operate separately from the political and economic milieu of surrounding communities Philippine economic zones do in fact interact with their neighbors There are 41 private-owned economic zones and 4 government owned economic zones in the Philippines Of the 41 private economic zones the biggest exporter is Gateway Business Park in General Trias Cavite and the second biggest private ecozone is Laguna Technopark Inc The four governmentally owned are Cavite Economic Zone Bataan Economic Zone Mactan Economic Zone and Baguio City Economic Zone Thus it is a useful act for the growth of economic zone of the country

[edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines

28

bull Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority bull Clark Special Economic Zone bull Philippine Economic Zone Authority bull PHIVIDEC Industrial Authority bull Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone Authority bull Cagayan Economic Zone Authority

[edit] Poland There are 14 Special Economic Zones in Poland[1]

bull Kamiennogoacuterska SSE bull Katowice Special Economic Zone bull Kostrzyńsko-Słubicka SSE bull Krakowski Park Technologiczny bull Legnicka SSE bull Łoacutedzka SSE bull SSE EURO-PARK MIELEC bull Słupska SSE bull SSE Starachowice bull Suwalska SSE bull Pomorska SSE (Pomeranian Special Economic Zone) bull Tarnobrzeska SSE bull Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone INVEST-PARK bull Warmińsko-Mazurska SSE

[edit] Russia

[edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones

bull Dubna bull Zelenograd bull Noidorf (Russian Нойдорф) - industrial and business park in special economic

zone in Strelna near Saint Petersburg Russia bull Novo-Orlovskoe (Russian Ново-Орловское) - SEZ territory in Saint

Petersburg Russia bull Tomsk

[edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones

bull ldquoAlabugardquo (special economic zone) bull Lipetsk

[edit] Tourist Zones

bull Krasnodar Krai bull Stavropol Krai bull Kaliningrad Oblast (Yantar Kaliningrad Special Economic Zone) bull Altai Krai

29

bull Altai Republic bull Irkutsk Oblast bull Buryatia

[edit] Ukraine Special Economic Zones existed in Ukraine until March 31 2005 The first created was the Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone Syvash (since 1996) From 1998 to 2000 11 new zones were created

Name Location Area Established Time limit

NCEEZ Syvash Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1996 5 years

Slavutych Slavutych Kiev Oblast 2000 ha 30061998 till 01012020

Azov Mariupol Donetsk Oblast 315 ha 21071998 60 years Donetsk Donetsk Donetsk Oblast 466 ha 21071998 60 years

Zakarpattia Uzhhorodskyi Raion and Mukachivskyi Raion Zakarpattia Oblast

737 ha 09011999 30 years

Yavoriv Yavorivskyi Raion Lviv Oblast

116000 ha 17021999 till

01012020 Interport Kovel Kovel Volyn Oblast 57 ha 01012000 20 years Kurortopolis Truskavets Truskavets Lviv Oblast 774 ha 01012000 20 years

Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Oblast shipyard territory and adjoining area

865 ha 01012000 30 years

Port Krym Kerch Autonomous Republic of Crimea 27 ha 01012000 30 years

Porto-Franco Odessa part of Odessa Trade Sea Ports territory 32 ha 01012000 25 years

Reni Reni Odessa Oblast 94 ha 17052000 30 years Initially planned time of operation given All zones were shut down on March 31 2005

NCEEZ mdash Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone

Sources [3] [4] [5] and Пехник АВ Іноземні інвестиції в економіку України Навчальний посібник Вид laquoЗнанняraquo Київ 2007 pages 49 310ndash319

[edit] References

30

1 ^ httpwwwmggovplSpecjalne+strefy+ekonomiczneWykaz+SSE

bull Chee Kian Leong 2007 A Tale of Two Countries Openness and Growth in China and India [6] Dynamics Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper

[edit] External links bull South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone bull Regularly updated news about SEZs in India bull Indian Special Economic Zones bull Russian Special Economic Zones bull Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan bull Indian SEZ bull PEZA Philippines bull The New Maharajas of India bull India Special Economic zones map bull Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones (Russia)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zone Categories International business | International trade | International economics | Special Economic Zones

List of free ports From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Free economic zones may also be called free ports

Most commonly a free port is a special customs area with favorable customs regulations (or no customs duties and controls for transshipment) Earlier in history some free ports like Hong Kong enjoyed political autonomy Many international airports have free ports though they tend to be called customs areas customs zones or international zones

Contents [hide]

31

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

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(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

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bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

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bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

Finance and banking

Financial system middot Financial services middot Chinese currency middot Chinese yuan middot Renminbi middot China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation middot Banking (History middot Central bank middot Other banks) middot Foreign exchange reserve middot Beijing Financial Street middot Stock Exchange Executive Council middot Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE Composite) middot Shenzhen Stock Exchange middot Dalian Commodity Exchange middot Shanghai Metal Exchange middot Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange middot Hedge fund industry middot Accounting in China

Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

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Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 9: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

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10

11

In the nexts paragraphs I will study and analyse with others characteristics this two main characteristics the marketing and the quality of the services from the point of view of the successfully Free Zones like Jebel Ali Free Economic Zone from Dubai and others failures projects in the same geographical region

4 Criteria for Establishing Free Economics Zones Elements of Success In order for a free zone to succeed the factors that attract firms must be known Should a government or free zone authority not have a thorough grasp of the need of firms and then the development of a free zone can become a very expensive lesson in what firms do and do not need The more information available to free zone authorities concerning factors involved in the decision of the zonersquos management to locate in certain area the more capable the authorities will be in providing critical information to interested firms Studies carried out on free zones in developing countries conclude that criteria governing the decision to invest in a free zone area include the following

41 Political Stability This is considered the most important factor that attracts capital to the host country Foreign investment companies are always hesitant to undertake ventures in politically unstable countries where their interests are consistently threatened

42 Commitment to Free Economy (Openness) In fact a suitable macroeconomic exchange rate and trade policy regime together with a legal regulatory environment favourable to business is a basic and critical element for the entry of a developing economy into the world market Where there are tariffs and other taxes or restrictions on imports of producer goods export policies must provide exporters with a free trade status which their competitors around the world enjoy So the more committed the host government is to investment free trade etc the more guarantees foreign firms have and the more attractive the free zone is to foreign investment

43 Strategic Location Free Zones have to be established close to major international markets In order to succeed a free zone has to have a good geographical and strategic location ie close to the traffic of international trade For instance Dubairsquos strategic location at the crossroads between the East and the West has made it the leading hub between Europe and the Far East Dubairsquos traditional links with the nearby Gulf States the Red Sea East Africa and the Indian subcontinent have enhanced the success of the free zone in Jebel Ali

12

Comprehensive theories for the location of manufacturing activities have been developed throughout history In making allocation decisions several determinants or factors such as transportation cost labour cost marketing advantages and proximity to auxiliary industries are considered Some economists referred to the best location as that site from which a given number of buyers can be served at the lowest total cost In that sense the location theory involves both cost and demand curves

44 Availability of Labour and Low Labour Costs Because foreign firms and companies are interested in lowering their cost of production the cost and availability of labour are one of the main factors that attract foreign investment to free zones and in turn enhance their success However recently and due to many reasons the cost and availability of are losing importance in the face of other factors of a more qualitative nature such as transport conditions and cost and business establishment conditions

45 Availability of Good Infrastructure Facilities Availability of infrastructure as well as other supply services is considered a must for a free zone to succeed Availability of good transportation and communication systems for instance in addition to a good administrative system away from red tape and bureaucracy would definitely enhance the success of the zone The availability of a modern seaport for instance with its terminals and modern international airport with its cargo village and its air-freight handling capability and the Manifest and Documentation System (MDS) have tremendously enhanced the success of Jebel Ali Free Zone tremendously The Free Zonersquos infrastructure facilities which would compete with those of other zones and contribute to the zonersquos success include low cost pre-fabricated warehouses offices and refrigerated stores open stores and retail transport facilities abundant power supply and highly efficient support services by the engineering and data system Also the fully free flow of capital and tax-free profits andor returns are important facilities to be considered

5 Free Economics Zones in Latin American Countries Trend and Main Features

The geographical location of Panamarsquos country allow it to act as a bridge between four continents namely Asia Africa Europe and between North America and South America Panamarsquos country strategic location at the crossroads between East and West and North and South has contribute to their importance in international trade where it is considered important gateways to large numbers of people and where it provide essential meeting points for production and consumption markets

13

The idea of establishing free zones in the region is gathering momentum especially with the general trend in the area towards liberalization and globalization trends and the newly emerging economics blocs Like most free zones in the world free zones in Panamarsquos country would be located either in or near seaports or near airports and international borders Such locations would be attractive to low as well as high-value products In fact without access to services that are essential to export and industrial operations some free zones in Panamarsquos country may find it hard to attract foreign investment 6 Main Features Incentives Facilities and Administration of Free Zones

61 Fiscal and Financial Incentives The variety and magnitude of fiscal and financial incentives given to investors in Free Zones vary from country to another Jebel Ali Free Zone for example seems to offer the most attractive incentives where there are no limitations on foreign ownership no personal and income taxes and exemption from corporate taxes is for almost 30 years Apart from fiscal incentives (tax exemption) most free zones offer financial incentives such as exemption from taxes on profits and from foreign currency controls Most Free Zones permit the unlimited transfer of profits as from the first year of production and repatriation of the total initial investment after a relatively short period of about 3 years 62 Customs Exemptions Import Duties Apart from its duty-free privileges free zones are characterized by the speed and simplicity of import and export transactions In Jebel Ali Zone (Dubai) for example time-consuming procedures on importation and exportations are kept to a minimum 63 Facilities and Administration Free Zone in Panamarsquos country would be provided with various types of infrastructure facilities and services This would include roads ports (Colon) airport (The International Airport of Panama) facilities for storage and standard factory buildings The support services would include physical services such as the supply of electricity and water telecommunication facilities commercial services such as banking insurance shipping and forwarding agents etc and social services such a medical care food facilities etc The most extensive infrastructure facilities over the world are those provided in Jebel Ali Free Zone This includes a modern port generous space a modern communication system and pre-built facilities for lease Abundant and inexpensive energy is also available

14

64 Administration of Free Zones in Panama It should be administer by a separate authority which should be call The Free Zone Authority or Corporation It should has representatives from various ministries in fact the existence of a centralized administrative office with the authority to intercede between firms in the Free Zone and other government departments helps to provide investors with a simple and straightforward administrative procedure ie one window service

7 Attracting Foreign Investment and Capital Investment activities in free zones were dominated by storage projects that not require large amounts of capital The source of the invested capital determines to some extent the ability of the Zone to attract foreign investment What I believe determines the success of a Free Zone is its external competitiveness relative to other zones in the region rather than its internal profitability as captured by only cost-benefit analysis The rate of return of investments in the Zone may be extremely high but foreign investors are not attracted So may be what is needed is an international competitiveness analysis that is carried out parallel to the cost-benefits analysis Having looked at some of the main issues that determine the success of Jebel Ali Free Zone it appears that success depends on a number of economic social and geographical factors in effect within the country and abroad It is essential that we do not overlook the fact that in general a Free Economic Zone is a mature phenomenon of the international economy It is believed that an understanding of the features objectives and mechanism of the Zones and their role in the global economy is essential to the success of every zone

8 Free Zones Obstacles and Problems Reasons for Poor Performance

Investors in Free Zones are continuously faced with problems and obstacles that impede the operations of their firms in the zones Some of these problems are related to the macro level while others to sectoral and firm levels Also some are considered administrative and marketing problems while other are legal and technical ones Although assessment shows that the type and magnitude of obstacles differ from country to another the major problems are considered to be similar 8 I On the Macro Level Administrative Obstacles include among other things

1 Excessive red tape and bureaucracy where investors have to deal with several departments to obtain licenses or approvals The process is tedious and lengthy

2 Lack of actual autonomy of Free Zones even though they are accorded by law financial and administrative authority

3 Unexpected changes in laws and regulations that continuously confuse investors

4 Conflict and overlap of laws and procedures related to Free Zones as well as to customs

15

8 II On the other hand Marketing Obstacles include

1 Free zones lack of effective promotional policies They failed to understand that marketing is a task requiring most of the attention of top management

2 There is a difficulty in marketing products of Free Zones because Free Zones in the region are similar and produce almost similar products

At the same time adequate Infrastructure Facilities surrounding the Economic Free Zone are necessary pre-condition for attracting foreign investment However this is not the case in most Free Zones in the region of Panamarsquos country Infrastructure obstacles include Inadequate infrastructure utilities and services especially communication as well as lack and inefficiency of ports used to carry Zones products and materials necessary for production 8 III On the Sectoral and Micro Level Some problems are related to the nature of industrial activities such as the small-sized industries in the Free Zones and their inability to compete in the markets Others are related to the dependence on imported raw materials which has tremendously increased the cost of production of industrial products As a result the ability of industries to compete has decreased At the same time certain problems such as the lack of a complex production process have led to the limited transfer of technology to industries As a result the transfer of technology through industries was relatively limited It is believed that a simple production process generates very few backward linkages with other production activities in the economy and most of the material that requires technical knowledge is being imported from foreign sources As a result there is no room to develop specific technologies in the zones What actually exist is only assembly lines as well as putting together of ready made parts It is believed that Free Economics Zones are going to be more important in the present decade than they were in the last decade or so because they can be the doorways to growth and development that can be opened and closed according to the countryrsquos interest and benefits

9 Conclusion and Policy Implications

In recent years Free Economics Zones have become increasingly important as countries sought to attract foreign investment for the purpose of promoting growth through increasing exports foreign exchange and employment opportunities as well as enhancing the transfer of technology The result the relatively limited effect of Free Zones on the host economies except in the case of Jebel Ali Free Zone was mainly due to macro as well as sectoral level obstacles that impeded the operation of firms in the zones Looking back at the experience of partly successful Free Zones in Arab countries one can identify a number of classical failures at the planning and design stage They include the choice of inappropriate location for the zone

16

lack of sufficient basic infrastructure such as telecommunications and inefficient institutional linkages between the Zone Authority and other government departments As a result careful consideration of the existing rules and measures is necessary for the Zones to succeed The recommended measures include among others things

91 Legislative reforms that would take care of the numerous contradictions and duplications of laws and regulations in the Zones to reduce bureaucracy and give more independence to the authorities Investment laws should remain in force for long periods in order to give investors peace and mind 92 Sufficient infrastructure facilities and services are needed in most of the Free Zones in the region The availability of such infrastructure facilities would give to the New Colon Free Zone in Panamarsquos country a comparative advantage within the entire region 93 Reforms that encourage the expansion of export industries in the Zones such as the removal of barriers to the movement of finished goods in the region In fact is essential to have regulations that attract large and medium size industries rather than small industries as it is the case in Jebel Ali Free Zone 94 Encouragement of employment of nationals in Free Zones which may require giving more attention to training of manpower by the Free Zone Authority on one hand by local and foreign firms on the other 95 Promotion and marketing of the Zones that requires the attention of top management So promotional and marketing programs that attract clients and keep them happy should be developed Priority should be given to meeting clients needs as well as the countryrsquos objectives In fact it makes little sense to invest in land infrastructure utilities etc and fail to provide enough investment for marketing and promotion

Finally we can say that Panamarsquos country have not probably been active as any others regions in establishing and developing Free Economics Zones like the Arab countries and in particular Dubai with the Jebel Ali Free Zone The idea was to get around a large amount of existing regulations and to provide infrastructure facilities and services to attract foreign investment and in turn to promote growth To be successful Free Economic Zones in Panama have to concentrate on competing on the basis of the services offered and the quality of such services In others words their comparative advantage of liberalization should be in their services Aggressive Free Zones can create good opportunities for themselves within the region while traditional and slow Free Zones which are not able to adapt quickly become uncompetitive and in turn a classical example of failure It is the job of dynamic managers to seize the opportunity to attract business and investment to the zone and I can do that for the New Colon Free Zone in Panama because I am a successful CEO actively seeking new opportunities to capture new business opportunities to which I may offer my global approach along with extensive experience

17

Bibliography Tahir Jamil (1998) ldquoAn Assessment of Free Economic Zones (FEZs) in Arab Countries - Performance and Main Featuresrdquo Working Paper 9926 It was presented in an international conference on ldquoNew Economics Developments and Their Impact on Arab Economiesrdquo held in Tunis during the period 3-5 June 1998 Guangwen Meng (2003) ldquoThe Theory and Practice of Free Economic Zones A Case Study of Tianjin Peoplersquos Republic of Chinardquo Submitted to the Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics of the Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Germany for the Degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences Oral Examination 14022003 Watson Noel Newton (1998) ldquoEVALUATING THE NET ECONOMICS BENEFITS OF FREE TRADE ZONES IN THEORY AND PRACTICE - APPLIED TO THE KINGSTON EXPORT FREE ZONE IN JAMAICArdquo Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Economics of Simon Fraser University November 1998 Ministry of Finance and Economy (Republic of Korea) ldquoFree Economic Zones in Korea (2003) The Future of Northeast Asiardquo September 2003 httpenglishmosfgokr Salma Ali Saif Bin Hareb Chief Executive Zonersquos Jebel Free Zone of Government of Dubai (2007) ldquoJafza Corporate Brochurerdquo November 2007 httpwwwjafzaaeen Knowledge Innovation Zone Research Project (2006) ldquoSPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES (SEZ) VERSUS KNOWLEDGE INNOVATION ZONES (KIZ) - A COMPARISONrdquo httpwwwinthekzonecom OECD Private Sector Development Division (2008) ldquoFree Economic Zones in the MENA Region Update 2008rdquo Tarun Dhingra Dr Ambalika Sinha Dr Tripti Singh (2008) ldquoLocation strategy for competitiveness of Special Economic Zones in India ndash A Generic frameworkrdquo

18

Useful Links

Jebel Ali Free Zone (Jafza) httpwwwjafzaaeen SEZ stands for Special Economic Zone a tax free area for manufacturing RampD Trading and Services units (Inspira Infrastructure) httpwwwinspirainfracom Yellow Sea Free Economic Zone (Yesfez) httpwwwyesfezgokrengyesfezsongak_districtasp Tanger Free Zone httpwwwtangerfreezonecom Hamriyah Free Zone httpwwwhfzaae Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone (RAK FTZ) httpwwwrakftzcomen Jebel Ali Free Zone Online Directory (Potential Customer for the New Free Zone) httpwwwjdae

International Trade General International Trade and Trade Policy Free Economic Zones

bull UN Resources bull Documents bull Photos

Free Economic Zones in Korea The Future of Northeast Asia Foreign-invested firms have begun to take a close look at the benefits of locating in one of these zones 8 9 Page 11 What are Free Economic Zones Sector unpan1unorgintradocgroupspublicdocumentsAPCITYUNPAN0 UNESCAP Taking off in earnest Koreas free economic zones are at the forefront of the scenic coastal cities of Incheon Busan-Jinhae and Gwangyang the zones form an wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue78_16nov2005doc UNESCAP By Kim Min-hee Korea will move swiftly to further improve the contents of its free economic zones as well as strengthen its sales pitch to potential investors wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue75_18Oct2005doc

NATIONAL PROFILE FOR THE INFORMATION SOCIETY IN THE UNITED ARAB Also the growth of ICT Free Zones companies and activities is certain to The UAE has made extensive use of duty free economic zones to stimulate business wwwescwaorglbwsisreportsdocsUAE_2005-Epdf Economic and Social Council the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352

ةماعلا ةيعمجلا the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and has introduced many kinds of special zones of various areas For example Xiamen Special Economic Zone covers about 131 million while Tianjin Free Trade Zone wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377pub_2377 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and In 1990 it established free trade zones (bonded areas) altogether 15 to date seven of which are located in special economic zones and five of which are

19

wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377ftz_ch4 TID inputs to 61st Session of the Commission regional special economic zones (along a similar format as ldquogrowth trianglesrdquo) for disaster-affected areas could be considered which would grant duty-free wwwunescaporgtidnewstsunami_briefpdf Economic Cooperation and Integration Sub-programme Provisional These can include regional clusters Internet-based business models business incubators free economic zones technological and science centres platforms and wwwuneceorgcecidocsECI_conceptual_framework_29May2006p See also

Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial development support services gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial sector gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Duty free transit International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Free ports

Free economic zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

Many countries have or have had at some time designated areas where companies are taxed very lightly or not at all to encourage development or for some other reason These are known as free economic zones

Sometimes they are called free ports by an analogy with free ports known for a long time in history - the ports free of customs or with favorable customs regulations eg the free port of Trieste Very often free ports are parts of free economic zones

Contents [hide]

bull 1 Free economic zones by countryo 11 Armenia o 12 Belarus o 13 Brazil o 14 Bulgaria

20

o 15 Chile o 16 China o 17 Egypt o 18 Georgia o 19 India o 110 Iran o 111 Italy o 112 Lithuania o 113 Malaysia o 114 Russia o 115 South Korea o 116 Spain o 117 Ukraine o 118 United Arab Emirateso 119 Uzbekistan o 120 United Kingdom

bull 2 References

[edit] Free economic zones by country

[edit] Armenia

bull Gyumri

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Bulgaria

bull Burgas bull Rousse bull Plovdiv bull Dragoman bull Vidin bull Svilengrad

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] China

21

bull Hong Kong

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said Public Free Zone bull Alexandria Public Free Zone bull Nasr City Public Free Zone bull Suez Public Free Zone bull Ismailia Public Free Zone bull Damietta Public Free Zone bull Media Public Free Zone bull Shebin El- Kom Public Free Zone bull Qeft Public Free Zone bull Port Said East Port Public Free Zone

[edit] Georgia

bull Poti Samegrelo region

[edit] India

bull Sricity Multi Product SEZ Andhra Pradesh [1] bull SEEPZ India bull Inspira Pharma amp Biotech Park Aurangabad Maharashtra[2]

[edit] Iran

bull Kish bull Aras Free Zone bull Anzali Free Zone bull Arvand Free Zone bull Chabahar Free Zone bull Gheshm Free Zone

[edit] Italy

bull Catania bull Erice bull Gela bull Crotone bull Rossano bull Lamezia Terme bull Matera bull Taranto bull Lecce bull Andria bull Naples bull Torre Annunziata bull Mondragone

22

bull Campobasso bull Cagliari bull Quartu SantElena bull Iglesias bull Velletri bull Sora bull Pescara bull Massa Carrara bull Ventimiglia

[edit] Lithuania

bull Klaipeda Free Economic Zone bull Kaunas Free Economic Zone

[edit] Malaysia

bull Port Klang Free Zone

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Ingushetia bull Yantar Kaliningrad

[edit] South Korea

bull Yellow Sea bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang

[edit] Spain

bull Ibiza

[edit] Ukraine

bull Quarantine Pier of Odessa trade sea port January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Ajman Free Zone[1] bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center

23

bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Studio City

[edit] Uzbekistan

bull Navoiy

[edit] United Kingdom

bull London Docklands bull Bristol Subverbs

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwsricityin 2 ^ httpwwwinspirainfracom

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_economic_zone Categories Special Economic Zones

Special Economic Zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding reliable references Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (January 2007)

A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a countrys typical economic laws The category SEZ covers a broad range of more specific zone types including Free Trade Zones (FTZ) Export Processing Zones (EPZ) Free Zones (FZ) Industrial Estates (IE) Free Ports Urban Enterprise Zones and others Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors typically an international business or a multinational corporation (MNC)

One of the earliest and the most famous Special Economic Zones were found by the government of the Peoples Republic of China under Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s The most successful Special Economic Zone in China Shenzhen has developed from a small village into a city with a population over 10 million within 20 years

Following the Chinese examples Special Economic Zones have been established in several countries including Brazil India Iran Jordan Kazakhstan Pakistan the

24

Philippines Poland Russia and Ukraine Currently Puno Peru has been slated to become a Zona Economica by its president Alan Garcia

A single SEZ can contain multiple specific zones within its boundaries In India the Government has sanctioned few large multi-product Special Exconomic Zones (SEZ) where one can set-up any kind of business (services manufacturing trading etc) Some of the most promoinent large multiple zone SEZs are Sricity SEZ near Chennai and Mundra SEZ in Gujarat India The other two most prominent examples of this layered approach are Subic Bay Freeport Zone in the Philippines the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority in Jordan and According to World Bank estimates as of 2007 there are more than 3000 projects taking place in SEZs in 120 countries worldwide

SEZs have been implemented using a variety of institutional structures across the world ranging from fully public (government operator government developer government regulator) to fully private (private operator private developer public regulator) In many cases public sector operators and developers act as quasi-government agencies in that they have a pseudo-corporate institutional structure and have budgetary autonomy SEZs are often developed under a public-private partnership arrangement in which the public sector provides some level of support (provision of off-site infrastructure equity investment soft loans bond issues etc) to enable a private sector developer to obtain a reasonable rate of return on the project (typically 10-20 depending on risk levels)

Contents [hide]

bull 1 China bull 2 India

o 21 List of SEZs in India bull 3 Indonesia bull 4 Iran bull 5 Kazakhstan bull 6 North Korea bull 7 Pakistan

o 71 List of SEZs in the Pakistan bull 8 Philippines

o 81 List of SEZs in the Philippines bull 9 Poland bull 10 Russia

o 101 TechnicalInnovational Zones o 102 Industrialdevelopmental Zoneso 103 Tourist Zones

bull 11 Ukraine bull 12 References bull 13 External links

25

[edit] China Main article Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

Currently the most prominent SEZs in the country are Shenzhen Xiamen Shantou Zhuhai and Hainan Province

[edit] India Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country and realising the need that a level playing field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally the Government of India had in April 2000 announced the introduction of Special Economic Zones policy in the country deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations duties and tariffs As of 2007 more than 500 SEZs have been proposed 220 of which have been created This has raised the concern of the World Bank which questions the sustainability of such a large number of SEZs The Special Economic Zones in India closely follow the PRC model

India passed special economic zone act in 2005 In India the government has been proactive in the development of the SEZs They have formulated policies reviewed them occasionally and have ensured that ample facilities are provided to the developers of the SEZs as well as to the companies setting up units in the SEZs

[edit] List of SEZs in India

The policy provides for setting up of SEZs in the public private joint sector or by State Governments One of them is Sricity Multi product SEZ part of Sricity which is a developing satellite city in the epicentre of AP amp TN It was also envisaged that some of the existing Export Processing Zones would be converted into Special Economic Zones

bull Sricity (SEZ) (Andhra Pradesh) (httpwwwsricityin) bull Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) bull Polepally (Andhra Pradesh) bull Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) bull Velankani SEZ (Chennai) (httpwwwvelankanisezcom) bull Pharma and Biotech SEZ Aurangabad Maharashtra

(httpwwwinspirainfracom) bull Ahmedabad Baroda Kandla and Surat (Gujarat) bull Cochin (Kerala) bull Pithampur (Madhya Pradesh) bull Nagpur also refer MIHAN Pune and SEEPZ in Mumbai (Maharashtra) bull Chennai Ilandaikulam Madurai Nanguneri and Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu) bull NOIDA Greater NOIDA (Uttar Pradesh) UP bull Falta (West Bengal) bull Bangalore [Karnataka] bull Kensington [Powai Mumbai] bull Mangalore (Karnataka)

26

Currently India has 1022 units in operations in 9 functional SEZs each an average size of 200 acres (081 km2) 8 Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been converted into SEZs These are fully functional All these SEZs are in various parts of the country in the privatejoint sectors or by the State Government But this process of planning and development is under question as the states in which the SEZs have been approved are facing intense protests from the farming community accusing the government of forcibly snatching fertile land from them at heavily discounted prices as against the prevailing prices in the commercial real estate industry Also some reputed companies like Bajaj and others have commented against this policy and have suggested using barren and wasteland for setting up of SEZs

Attempts to set up a Special Economic Zone in Nandigram have led to protests by villagers in the area A Parliamentary Committee to study and give recommendations on SEZs has said that no further SEZs be notified unless the existing law is amended to incorporate the changes related to the land acquisitions

Genpact has announced its plans to expand its presence in Hyderabad by setting up a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) across 50 acres (200000 m2) in the city at Jawahar Nagar

[edit] Indonesia Main article Batam IslandSEZ - Special Economic Zones

[edit] Iran bull Arg - e - Jadid Special Economic Zone Vehicle Manufacturing Hub bull PetZone Petrochemical special economic Zone Mahshahr bull Kish Kish island special economic zone bull Sarakhs bull Sirjan bull Shahid Rajaee Port[1] bull Amirabad Special Economic Zone[2] bull Bushehr Port

[edit] Kazakhstan bull Astana

Multiple Economic zones created by the mandate of the President Each zone has a different focus South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone is dedicated to the development of the textile industry in Kazakhstan

[edit] North Korea The Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone was established under a UN economic development programme in 1994 Located on the bank of the Tuman River the zone borders on the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (or Yeonbyeon in Korean) of

27

the Peoples Republic of China as well as Russia In 2000 the name of the area was shortened to Rason and became separate from the North Hamgyeong Province

[edit] Pakistan Taking the example of the Chinese success with their SEZs China is helping Pakistan develop the Haier-Ruba economic zone on the outskirts of Lahore

Other economic zones include the China-Pakistan economic zone open only to Chinese investors and also the future crown jewel of Pakistan Gwadar

There are also talks of creating a Japanese city for foreign investors from Japan only

There has also been new SEZ proposed on the currently under construction Sialkot-Lahore motorway Qatar has proposed an investment for $1 billion in a new SEZ along the motorway

There is also a new zone under construction in Faislababd which will be the biggest industrial estate of Pakistan when complete it has sections for each country and the first phrase is already complete with a special Chinese zone in it

[edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan

bull Karachi Export Processing Zone Karachi Sindh bull Risalpur Export Processing Zone Risalpur bull Sialkot Export Processing Zone Sialkot Punjab bull Gujranwala Export Processing Zone Gujranwala Punjab bull Saindak Export Processing Zone Saindak Balochistan bull Reko Diq Export Processing Zone bull Khalifa Coastal Oil Refinery EPZ bull Gwadar Export Processing Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Special Industrial Development Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Faisalabad Export Processing Zone Faisalabad Punjab bull Special Inudstrial Economic Zone Lahore Punjab

[edit] Philippines Philippine economic zones (ecozones) are collections of industries brought together geographically for the purpose of promoting economic development Although designed to operate separately from the political and economic milieu of surrounding communities Philippine economic zones do in fact interact with their neighbors There are 41 private-owned economic zones and 4 government owned economic zones in the Philippines Of the 41 private economic zones the biggest exporter is Gateway Business Park in General Trias Cavite and the second biggest private ecozone is Laguna Technopark Inc The four governmentally owned are Cavite Economic Zone Bataan Economic Zone Mactan Economic Zone and Baguio City Economic Zone Thus it is a useful act for the growth of economic zone of the country

[edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines

28

bull Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority bull Clark Special Economic Zone bull Philippine Economic Zone Authority bull PHIVIDEC Industrial Authority bull Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone Authority bull Cagayan Economic Zone Authority

[edit] Poland There are 14 Special Economic Zones in Poland[1]

bull Kamiennogoacuterska SSE bull Katowice Special Economic Zone bull Kostrzyńsko-Słubicka SSE bull Krakowski Park Technologiczny bull Legnicka SSE bull Łoacutedzka SSE bull SSE EURO-PARK MIELEC bull Słupska SSE bull SSE Starachowice bull Suwalska SSE bull Pomorska SSE (Pomeranian Special Economic Zone) bull Tarnobrzeska SSE bull Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone INVEST-PARK bull Warmińsko-Mazurska SSE

[edit] Russia

[edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones

bull Dubna bull Zelenograd bull Noidorf (Russian Нойдорф) - industrial and business park in special economic

zone in Strelna near Saint Petersburg Russia bull Novo-Orlovskoe (Russian Ново-Орловское) - SEZ territory in Saint

Petersburg Russia bull Tomsk

[edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones

bull ldquoAlabugardquo (special economic zone) bull Lipetsk

[edit] Tourist Zones

bull Krasnodar Krai bull Stavropol Krai bull Kaliningrad Oblast (Yantar Kaliningrad Special Economic Zone) bull Altai Krai

29

bull Altai Republic bull Irkutsk Oblast bull Buryatia

[edit] Ukraine Special Economic Zones existed in Ukraine until March 31 2005 The first created was the Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone Syvash (since 1996) From 1998 to 2000 11 new zones were created

Name Location Area Established Time limit

NCEEZ Syvash Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1996 5 years

Slavutych Slavutych Kiev Oblast 2000 ha 30061998 till 01012020

Azov Mariupol Donetsk Oblast 315 ha 21071998 60 years Donetsk Donetsk Donetsk Oblast 466 ha 21071998 60 years

Zakarpattia Uzhhorodskyi Raion and Mukachivskyi Raion Zakarpattia Oblast

737 ha 09011999 30 years

Yavoriv Yavorivskyi Raion Lviv Oblast

116000 ha 17021999 till

01012020 Interport Kovel Kovel Volyn Oblast 57 ha 01012000 20 years Kurortopolis Truskavets Truskavets Lviv Oblast 774 ha 01012000 20 years

Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Oblast shipyard territory and adjoining area

865 ha 01012000 30 years

Port Krym Kerch Autonomous Republic of Crimea 27 ha 01012000 30 years

Porto-Franco Odessa part of Odessa Trade Sea Ports territory 32 ha 01012000 25 years

Reni Reni Odessa Oblast 94 ha 17052000 30 years Initially planned time of operation given All zones were shut down on March 31 2005

NCEEZ mdash Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone

Sources [3] [4] [5] and Пехник АВ Іноземні інвестиції в економіку України Навчальний посібник Вид laquoЗнанняraquo Київ 2007 pages 49 310ndash319

[edit] References

30

1 ^ httpwwwmggovplSpecjalne+strefy+ekonomiczneWykaz+SSE

bull Chee Kian Leong 2007 A Tale of Two Countries Openness and Growth in China and India [6] Dynamics Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper

[edit] External links bull South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone bull Regularly updated news about SEZs in India bull Indian Special Economic Zones bull Russian Special Economic Zones bull Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan bull Indian SEZ bull PEZA Philippines bull The New Maharajas of India bull India Special Economic zones map bull Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones (Russia)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zone Categories International business | International trade | International economics | Special Economic Zones

List of free ports From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Free economic zones may also be called free ports

Most commonly a free port is a special customs area with favorable customs regulations (or no customs duties and controls for transshipment) Earlier in history some free ports like Hong Kong enjoyed political autonomy Many international airports have free ports though they tend to be called customs areas customs zones or international zones

Contents [hide]

31

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

Finance and banking

Financial system middot Financial services middot Chinese currency middot Chinese yuan middot Renminbi middot China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation middot Banking (History middot Central bank middot Other banks) middot Foreign exchange reserve middot Beijing Financial Street middot Stock Exchange Executive Council middot Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE Composite) middot Shenzhen Stock Exchange middot Dalian Commodity Exchange middot Shanghai Metal Exchange middot Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange middot Hedge fund industry middot Accounting in China

Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 10: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

10

11

In the nexts paragraphs I will study and analyse with others characteristics this two main characteristics the marketing and the quality of the services from the point of view of the successfully Free Zones like Jebel Ali Free Economic Zone from Dubai and others failures projects in the same geographical region

4 Criteria for Establishing Free Economics Zones Elements of Success In order for a free zone to succeed the factors that attract firms must be known Should a government or free zone authority not have a thorough grasp of the need of firms and then the development of a free zone can become a very expensive lesson in what firms do and do not need The more information available to free zone authorities concerning factors involved in the decision of the zonersquos management to locate in certain area the more capable the authorities will be in providing critical information to interested firms Studies carried out on free zones in developing countries conclude that criteria governing the decision to invest in a free zone area include the following

41 Political Stability This is considered the most important factor that attracts capital to the host country Foreign investment companies are always hesitant to undertake ventures in politically unstable countries where their interests are consistently threatened

42 Commitment to Free Economy (Openness) In fact a suitable macroeconomic exchange rate and trade policy regime together with a legal regulatory environment favourable to business is a basic and critical element for the entry of a developing economy into the world market Where there are tariffs and other taxes or restrictions on imports of producer goods export policies must provide exporters with a free trade status which their competitors around the world enjoy So the more committed the host government is to investment free trade etc the more guarantees foreign firms have and the more attractive the free zone is to foreign investment

43 Strategic Location Free Zones have to be established close to major international markets In order to succeed a free zone has to have a good geographical and strategic location ie close to the traffic of international trade For instance Dubairsquos strategic location at the crossroads between the East and the West has made it the leading hub between Europe and the Far East Dubairsquos traditional links with the nearby Gulf States the Red Sea East Africa and the Indian subcontinent have enhanced the success of the free zone in Jebel Ali

12

Comprehensive theories for the location of manufacturing activities have been developed throughout history In making allocation decisions several determinants or factors such as transportation cost labour cost marketing advantages and proximity to auxiliary industries are considered Some economists referred to the best location as that site from which a given number of buyers can be served at the lowest total cost In that sense the location theory involves both cost and demand curves

44 Availability of Labour and Low Labour Costs Because foreign firms and companies are interested in lowering their cost of production the cost and availability of labour are one of the main factors that attract foreign investment to free zones and in turn enhance their success However recently and due to many reasons the cost and availability of are losing importance in the face of other factors of a more qualitative nature such as transport conditions and cost and business establishment conditions

45 Availability of Good Infrastructure Facilities Availability of infrastructure as well as other supply services is considered a must for a free zone to succeed Availability of good transportation and communication systems for instance in addition to a good administrative system away from red tape and bureaucracy would definitely enhance the success of the zone The availability of a modern seaport for instance with its terminals and modern international airport with its cargo village and its air-freight handling capability and the Manifest and Documentation System (MDS) have tremendously enhanced the success of Jebel Ali Free Zone tremendously The Free Zonersquos infrastructure facilities which would compete with those of other zones and contribute to the zonersquos success include low cost pre-fabricated warehouses offices and refrigerated stores open stores and retail transport facilities abundant power supply and highly efficient support services by the engineering and data system Also the fully free flow of capital and tax-free profits andor returns are important facilities to be considered

5 Free Economics Zones in Latin American Countries Trend and Main Features

The geographical location of Panamarsquos country allow it to act as a bridge between four continents namely Asia Africa Europe and between North America and South America Panamarsquos country strategic location at the crossroads between East and West and North and South has contribute to their importance in international trade where it is considered important gateways to large numbers of people and where it provide essential meeting points for production and consumption markets

13

The idea of establishing free zones in the region is gathering momentum especially with the general trend in the area towards liberalization and globalization trends and the newly emerging economics blocs Like most free zones in the world free zones in Panamarsquos country would be located either in or near seaports or near airports and international borders Such locations would be attractive to low as well as high-value products In fact without access to services that are essential to export and industrial operations some free zones in Panamarsquos country may find it hard to attract foreign investment 6 Main Features Incentives Facilities and Administration of Free Zones

61 Fiscal and Financial Incentives The variety and magnitude of fiscal and financial incentives given to investors in Free Zones vary from country to another Jebel Ali Free Zone for example seems to offer the most attractive incentives where there are no limitations on foreign ownership no personal and income taxes and exemption from corporate taxes is for almost 30 years Apart from fiscal incentives (tax exemption) most free zones offer financial incentives such as exemption from taxes on profits and from foreign currency controls Most Free Zones permit the unlimited transfer of profits as from the first year of production and repatriation of the total initial investment after a relatively short period of about 3 years 62 Customs Exemptions Import Duties Apart from its duty-free privileges free zones are characterized by the speed and simplicity of import and export transactions In Jebel Ali Zone (Dubai) for example time-consuming procedures on importation and exportations are kept to a minimum 63 Facilities and Administration Free Zone in Panamarsquos country would be provided with various types of infrastructure facilities and services This would include roads ports (Colon) airport (The International Airport of Panama) facilities for storage and standard factory buildings The support services would include physical services such as the supply of electricity and water telecommunication facilities commercial services such as banking insurance shipping and forwarding agents etc and social services such a medical care food facilities etc The most extensive infrastructure facilities over the world are those provided in Jebel Ali Free Zone This includes a modern port generous space a modern communication system and pre-built facilities for lease Abundant and inexpensive energy is also available

14

64 Administration of Free Zones in Panama It should be administer by a separate authority which should be call The Free Zone Authority or Corporation It should has representatives from various ministries in fact the existence of a centralized administrative office with the authority to intercede between firms in the Free Zone and other government departments helps to provide investors with a simple and straightforward administrative procedure ie one window service

7 Attracting Foreign Investment and Capital Investment activities in free zones were dominated by storage projects that not require large amounts of capital The source of the invested capital determines to some extent the ability of the Zone to attract foreign investment What I believe determines the success of a Free Zone is its external competitiveness relative to other zones in the region rather than its internal profitability as captured by only cost-benefit analysis The rate of return of investments in the Zone may be extremely high but foreign investors are not attracted So may be what is needed is an international competitiveness analysis that is carried out parallel to the cost-benefits analysis Having looked at some of the main issues that determine the success of Jebel Ali Free Zone it appears that success depends on a number of economic social and geographical factors in effect within the country and abroad It is essential that we do not overlook the fact that in general a Free Economic Zone is a mature phenomenon of the international economy It is believed that an understanding of the features objectives and mechanism of the Zones and their role in the global economy is essential to the success of every zone

8 Free Zones Obstacles and Problems Reasons for Poor Performance

Investors in Free Zones are continuously faced with problems and obstacles that impede the operations of their firms in the zones Some of these problems are related to the macro level while others to sectoral and firm levels Also some are considered administrative and marketing problems while other are legal and technical ones Although assessment shows that the type and magnitude of obstacles differ from country to another the major problems are considered to be similar 8 I On the Macro Level Administrative Obstacles include among other things

1 Excessive red tape and bureaucracy where investors have to deal with several departments to obtain licenses or approvals The process is tedious and lengthy

2 Lack of actual autonomy of Free Zones even though they are accorded by law financial and administrative authority

3 Unexpected changes in laws and regulations that continuously confuse investors

4 Conflict and overlap of laws and procedures related to Free Zones as well as to customs

15

8 II On the other hand Marketing Obstacles include

1 Free zones lack of effective promotional policies They failed to understand that marketing is a task requiring most of the attention of top management

2 There is a difficulty in marketing products of Free Zones because Free Zones in the region are similar and produce almost similar products

At the same time adequate Infrastructure Facilities surrounding the Economic Free Zone are necessary pre-condition for attracting foreign investment However this is not the case in most Free Zones in the region of Panamarsquos country Infrastructure obstacles include Inadequate infrastructure utilities and services especially communication as well as lack and inefficiency of ports used to carry Zones products and materials necessary for production 8 III On the Sectoral and Micro Level Some problems are related to the nature of industrial activities such as the small-sized industries in the Free Zones and their inability to compete in the markets Others are related to the dependence on imported raw materials which has tremendously increased the cost of production of industrial products As a result the ability of industries to compete has decreased At the same time certain problems such as the lack of a complex production process have led to the limited transfer of technology to industries As a result the transfer of technology through industries was relatively limited It is believed that a simple production process generates very few backward linkages with other production activities in the economy and most of the material that requires technical knowledge is being imported from foreign sources As a result there is no room to develop specific technologies in the zones What actually exist is only assembly lines as well as putting together of ready made parts It is believed that Free Economics Zones are going to be more important in the present decade than they were in the last decade or so because they can be the doorways to growth and development that can be opened and closed according to the countryrsquos interest and benefits

9 Conclusion and Policy Implications

In recent years Free Economics Zones have become increasingly important as countries sought to attract foreign investment for the purpose of promoting growth through increasing exports foreign exchange and employment opportunities as well as enhancing the transfer of technology The result the relatively limited effect of Free Zones on the host economies except in the case of Jebel Ali Free Zone was mainly due to macro as well as sectoral level obstacles that impeded the operation of firms in the zones Looking back at the experience of partly successful Free Zones in Arab countries one can identify a number of classical failures at the planning and design stage They include the choice of inappropriate location for the zone

16

lack of sufficient basic infrastructure such as telecommunications and inefficient institutional linkages between the Zone Authority and other government departments As a result careful consideration of the existing rules and measures is necessary for the Zones to succeed The recommended measures include among others things

91 Legislative reforms that would take care of the numerous contradictions and duplications of laws and regulations in the Zones to reduce bureaucracy and give more independence to the authorities Investment laws should remain in force for long periods in order to give investors peace and mind 92 Sufficient infrastructure facilities and services are needed in most of the Free Zones in the region The availability of such infrastructure facilities would give to the New Colon Free Zone in Panamarsquos country a comparative advantage within the entire region 93 Reforms that encourage the expansion of export industries in the Zones such as the removal of barriers to the movement of finished goods in the region In fact is essential to have regulations that attract large and medium size industries rather than small industries as it is the case in Jebel Ali Free Zone 94 Encouragement of employment of nationals in Free Zones which may require giving more attention to training of manpower by the Free Zone Authority on one hand by local and foreign firms on the other 95 Promotion and marketing of the Zones that requires the attention of top management So promotional and marketing programs that attract clients and keep them happy should be developed Priority should be given to meeting clients needs as well as the countryrsquos objectives In fact it makes little sense to invest in land infrastructure utilities etc and fail to provide enough investment for marketing and promotion

Finally we can say that Panamarsquos country have not probably been active as any others regions in establishing and developing Free Economics Zones like the Arab countries and in particular Dubai with the Jebel Ali Free Zone The idea was to get around a large amount of existing regulations and to provide infrastructure facilities and services to attract foreign investment and in turn to promote growth To be successful Free Economic Zones in Panama have to concentrate on competing on the basis of the services offered and the quality of such services In others words their comparative advantage of liberalization should be in their services Aggressive Free Zones can create good opportunities for themselves within the region while traditional and slow Free Zones which are not able to adapt quickly become uncompetitive and in turn a classical example of failure It is the job of dynamic managers to seize the opportunity to attract business and investment to the zone and I can do that for the New Colon Free Zone in Panama because I am a successful CEO actively seeking new opportunities to capture new business opportunities to which I may offer my global approach along with extensive experience

17

Bibliography Tahir Jamil (1998) ldquoAn Assessment of Free Economic Zones (FEZs) in Arab Countries - Performance and Main Featuresrdquo Working Paper 9926 It was presented in an international conference on ldquoNew Economics Developments and Their Impact on Arab Economiesrdquo held in Tunis during the period 3-5 June 1998 Guangwen Meng (2003) ldquoThe Theory and Practice of Free Economic Zones A Case Study of Tianjin Peoplersquos Republic of Chinardquo Submitted to the Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics of the Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Germany for the Degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences Oral Examination 14022003 Watson Noel Newton (1998) ldquoEVALUATING THE NET ECONOMICS BENEFITS OF FREE TRADE ZONES IN THEORY AND PRACTICE - APPLIED TO THE KINGSTON EXPORT FREE ZONE IN JAMAICArdquo Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Economics of Simon Fraser University November 1998 Ministry of Finance and Economy (Republic of Korea) ldquoFree Economic Zones in Korea (2003) The Future of Northeast Asiardquo September 2003 httpenglishmosfgokr Salma Ali Saif Bin Hareb Chief Executive Zonersquos Jebel Free Zone of Government of Dubai (2007) ldquoJafza Corporate Brochurerdquo November 2007 httpwwwjafzaaeen Knowledge Innovation Zone Research Project (2006) ldquoSPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES (SEZ) VERSUS KNOWLEDGE INNOVATION ZONES (KIZ) - A COMPARISONrdquo httpwwwinthekzonecom OECD Private Sector Development Division (2008) ldquoFree Economic Zones in the MENA Region Update 2008rdquo Tarun Dhingra Dr Ambalika Sinha Dr Tripti Singh (2008) ldquoLocation strategy for competitiveness of Special Economic Zones in India ndash A Generic frameworkrdquo

18

Useful Links

Jebel Ali Free Zone (Jafza) httpwwwjafzaaeen SEZ stands for Special Economic Zone a tax free area for manufacturing RampD Trading and Services units (Inspira Infrastructure) httpwwwinspirainfracom Yellow Sea Free Economic Zone (Yesfez) httpwwwyesfezgokrengyesfezsongak_districtasp Tanger Free Zone httpwwwtangerfreezonecom Hamriyah Free Zone httpwwwhfzaae Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone (RAK FTZ) httpwwwrakftzcomen Jebel Ali Free Zone Online Directory (Potential Customer for the New Free Zone) httpwwwjdae

International Trade General International Trade and Trade Policy Free Economic Zones

bull UN Resources bull Documents bull Photos

Free Economic Zones in Korea The Future of Northeast Asia Foreign-invested firms have begun to take a close look at the benefits of locating in one of these zones 8 9 Page 11 What are Free Economic Zones Sector unpan1unorgintradocgroupspublicdocumentsAPCITYUNPAN0 UNESCAP Taking off in earnest Koreas free economic zones are at the forefront of the scenic coastal cities of Incheon Busan-Jinhae and Gwangyang the zones form an wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue78_16nov2005doc UNESCAP By Kim Min-hee Korea will move swiftly to further improve the contents of its free economic zones as well as strengthen its sales pitch to potential investors wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue75_18Oct2005doc

NATIONAL PROFILE FOR THE INFORMATION SOCIETY IN THE UNITED ARAB Also the growth of ICT Free Zones companies and activities is certain to The UAE has made extensive use of duty free economic zones to stimulate business wwwescwaorglbwsisreportsdocsUAE_2005-Epdf Economic and Social Council the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352

ةماعلا ةيعمجلا the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and has introduced many kinds of special zones of various areas For example Xiamen Special Economic Zone covers about 131 million while Tianjin Free Trade Zone wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377pub_2377 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and In 1990 it established free trade zones (bonded areas) altogether 15 to date seven of which are located in special economic zones and five of which are

19

wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377ftz_ch4 TID inputs to 61st Session of the Commission regional special economic zones (along a similar format as ldquogrowth trianglesrdquo) for disaster-affected areas could be considered which would grant duty-free wwwunescaporgtidnewstsunami_briefpdf Economic Cooperation and Integration Sub-programme Provisional These can include regional clusters Internet-based business models business incubators free economic zones technological and science centres platforms and wwwuneceorgcecidocsECI_conceptual_framework_29May2006p See also

Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial development support services gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial sector gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Duty free transit International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Free ports

Free economic zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

Many countries have or have had at some time designated areas where companies are taxed very lightly or not at all to encourage development or for some other reason These are known as free economic zones

Sometimes they are called free ports by an analogy with free ports known for a long time in history - the ports free of customs or with favorable customs regulations eg the free port of Trieste Very often free ports are parts of free economic zones

Contents [hide]

bull 1 Free economic zones by countryo 11 Armenia o 12 Belarus o 13 Brazil o 14 Bulgaria

20

o 15 Chile o 16 China o 17 Egypt o 18 Georgia o 19 India o 110 Iran o 111 Italy o 112 Lithuania o 113 Malaysia o 114 Russia o 115 South Korea o 116 Spain o 117 Ukraine o 118 United Arab Emirateso 119 Uzbekistan o 120 United Kingdom

bull 2 References

[edit] Free economic zones by country

[edit] Armenia

bull Gyumri

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Bulgaria

bull Burgas bull Rousse bull Plovdiv bull Dragoman bull Vidin bull Svilengrad

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] China

21

bull Hong Kong

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said Public Free Zone bull Alexandria Public Free Zone bull Nasr City Public Free Zone bull Suez Public Free Zone bull Ismailia Public Free Zone bull Damietta Public Free Zone bull Media Public Free Zone bull Shebin El- Kom Public Free Zone bull Qeft Public Free Zone bull Port Said East Port Public Free Zone

[edit] Georgia

bull Poti Samegrelo region

[edit] India

bull Sricity Multi Product SEZ Andhra Pradesh [1] bull SEEPZ India bull Inspira Pharma amp Biotech Park Aurangabad Maharashtra[2]

[edit] Iran

bull Kish bull Aras Free Zone bull Anzali Free Zone bull Arvand Free Zone bull Chabahar Free Zone bull Gheshm Free Zone

[edit] Italy

bull Catania bull Erice bull Gela bull Crotone bull Rossano bull Lamezia Terme bull Matera bull Taranto bull Lecce bull Andria bull Naples bull Torre Annunziata bull Mondragone

22

bull Campobasso bull Cagliari bull Quartu SantElena bull Iglesias bull Velletri bull Sora bull Pescara bull Massa Carrara bull Ventimiglia

[edit] Lithuania

bull Klaipeda Free Economic Zone bull Kaunas Free Economic Zone

[edit] Malaysia

bull Port Klang Free Zone

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Ingushetia bull Yantar Kaliningrad

[edit] South Korea

bull Yellow Sea bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang

[edit] Spain

bull Ibiza

[edit] Ukraine

bull Quarantine Pier of Odessa trade sea port January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Ajman Free Zone[1] bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center

23

bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Studio City

[edit] Uzbekistan

bull Navoiy

[edit] United Kingdom

bull London Docklands bull Bristol Subverbs

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwsricityin 2 ^ httpwwwinspirainfracom

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_economic_zone Categories Special Economic Zones

Special Economic Zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding reliable references Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (January 2007)

A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a countrys typical economic laws The category SEZ covers a broad range of more specific zone types including Free Trade Zones (FTZ) Export Processing Zones (EPZ) Free Zones (FZ) Industrial Estates (IE) Free Ports Urban Enterprise Zones and others Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors typically an international business or a multinational corporation (MNC)

One of the earliest and the most famous Special Economic Zones were found by the government of the Peoples Republic of China under Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s The most successful Special Economic Zone in China Shenzhen has developed from a small village into a city with a population over 10 million within 20 years

Following the Chinese examples Special Economic Zones have been established in several countries including Brazil India Iran Jordan Kazakhstan Pakistan the

24

Philippines Poland Russia and Ukraine Currently Puno Peru has been slated to become a Zona Economica by its president Alan Garcia

A single SEZ can contain multiple specific zones within its boundaries In India the Government has sanctioned few large multi-product Special Exconomic Zones (SEZ) where one can set-up any kind of business (services manufacturing trading etc) Some of the most promoinent large multiple zone SEZs are Sricity SEZ near Chennai and Mundra SEZ in Gujarat India The other two most prominent examples of this layered approach are Subic Bay Freeport Zone in the Philippines the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority in Jordan and According to World Bank estimates as of 2007 there are more than 3000 projects taking place in SEZs in 120 countries worldwide

SEZs have been implemented using a variety of institutional structures across the world ranging from fully public (government operator government developer government regulator) to fully private (private operator private developer public regulator) In many cases public sector operators and developers act as quasi-government agencies in that they have a pseudo-corporate institutional structure and have budgetary autonomy SEZs are often developed under a public-private partnership arrangement in which the public sector provides some level of support (provision of off-site infrastructure equity investment soft loans bond issues etc) to enable a private sector developer to obtain a reasonable rate of return on the project (typically 10-20 depending on risk levels)

Contents [hide]

bull 1 China bull 2 India

o 21 List of SEZs in India bull 3 Indonesia bull 4 Iran bull 5 Kazakhstan bull 6 North Korea bull 7 Pakistan

o 71 List of SEZs in the Pakistan bull 8 Philippines

o 81 List of SEZs in the Philippines bull 9 Poland bull 10 Russia

o 101 TechnicalInnovational Zones o 102 Industrialdevelopmental Zoneso 103 Tourist Zones

bull 11 Ukraine bull 12 References bull 13 External links

25

[edit] China Main article Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

Currently the most prominent SEZs in the country are Shenzhen Xiamen Shantou Zhuhai and Hainan Province

[edit] India Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country and realising the need that a level playing field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally the Government of India had in April 2000 announced the introduction of Special Economic Zones policy in the country deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations duties and tariffs As of 2007 more than 500 SEZs have been proposed 220 of which have been created This has raised the concern of the World Bank which questions the sustainability of such a large number of SEZs The Special Economic Zones in India closely follow the PRC model

India passed special economic zone act in 2005 In India the government has been proactive in the development of the SEZs They have formulated policies reviewed them occasionally and have ensured that ample facilities are provided to the developers of the SEZs as well as to the companies setting up units in the SEZs

[edit] List of SEZs in India

The policy provides for setting up of SEZs in the public private joint sector or by State Governments One of them is Sricity Multi product SEZ part of Sricity which is a developing satellite city in the epicentre of AP amp TN It was also envisaged that some of the existing Export Processing Zones would be converted into Special Economic Zones

bull Sricity (SEZ) (Andhra Pradesh) (httpwwwsricityin) bull Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) bull Polepally (Andhra Pradesh) bull Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) bull Velankani SEZ (Chennai) (httpwwwvelankanisezcom) bull Pharma and Biotech SEZ Aurangabad Maharashtra

(httpwwwinspirainfracom) bull Ahmedabad Baroda Kandla and Surat (Gujarat) bull Cochin (Kerala) bull Pithampur (Madhya Pradesh) bull Nagpur also refer MIHAN Pune and SEEPZ in Mumbai (Maharashtra) bull Chennai Ilandaikulam Madurai Nanguneri and Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu) bull NOIDA Greater NOIDA (Uttar Pradesh) UP bull Falta (West Bengal) bull Bangalore [Karnataka] bull Kensington [Powai Mumbai] bull Mangalore (Karnataka)

26

Currently India has 1022 units in operations in 9 functional SEZs each an average size of 200 acres (081 km2) 8 Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been converted into SEZs These are fully functional All these SEZs are in various parts of the country in the privatejoint sectors or by the State Government But this process of planning and development is under question as the states in which the SEZs have been approved are facing intense protests from the farming community accusing the government of forcibly snatching fertile land from them at heavily discounted prices as against the prevailing prices in the commercial real estate industry Also some reputed companies like Bajaj and others have commented against this policy and have suggested using barren and wasteland for setting up of SEZs

Attempts to set up a Special Economic Zone in Nandigram have led to protests by villagers in the area A Parliamentary Committee to study and give recommendations on SEZs has said that no further SEZs be notified unless the existing law is amended to incorporate the changes related to the land acquisitions

Genpact has announced its plans to expand its presence in Hyderabad by setting up a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) across 50 acres (200000 m2) in the city at Jawahar Nagar

[edit] Indonesia Main article Batam IslandSEZ - Special Economic Zones

[edit] Iran bull Arg - e - Jadid Special Economic Zone Vehicle Manufacturing Hub bull PetZone Petrochemical special economic Zone Mahshahr bull Kish Kish island special economic zone bull Sarakhs bull Sirjan bull Shahid Rajaee Port[1] bull Amirabad Special Economic Zone[2] bull Bushehr Port

[edit] Kazakhstan bull Astana

Multiple Economic zones created by the mandate of the President Each zone has a different focus South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone is dedicated to the development of the textile industry in Kazakhstan

[edit] North Korea The Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone was established under a UN economic development programme in 1994 Located on the bank of the Tuman River the zone borders on the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (or Yeonbyeon in Korean) of

27

the Peoples Republic of China as well as Russia In 2000 the name of the area was shortened to Rason and became separate from the North Hamgyeong Province

[edit] Pakistan Taking the example of the Chinese success with their SEZs China is helping Pakistan develop the Haier-Ruba economic zone on the outskirts of Lahore

Other economic zones include the China-Pakistan economic zone open only to Chinese investors and also the future crown jewel of Pakistan Gwadar

There are also talks of creating a Japanese city for foreign investors from Japan only

There has also been new SEZ proposed on the currently under construction Sialkot-Lahore motorway Qatar has proposed an investment for $1 billion in a new SEZ along the motorway

There is also a new zone under construction in Faislababd which will be the biggest industrial estate of Pakistan when complete it has sections for each country and the first phrase is already complete with a special Chinese zone in it

[edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan

bull Karachi Export Processing Zone Karachi Sindh bull Risalpur Export Processing Zone Risalpur bull Sialkot Export Processing Zone Sialkot Punjab bull Gujranwala Export Processing Zone Gujranwala Punjab bull Saindak Export Processing Zone Saindak Balochistan bull Reko Diq Export Processing Zone bull Khalifa Coastal Oil Refinery EPZ bull Gwadar Export Processing Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Special Industrial Development Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Faisalabad Export Processing Zone Faisalabad Punjab bull Special Inudstrial Economic Zone Lahore Punjab

[edit] Philippines Philippine economic zones (ecozones) are collections of industries brought together geographically for the purpose of promoting economic development Although designed to operate separately from the political and economic milieu of surrounding communities Philippine economic zones do in fact interact with their neighbors There are 41 private-owned economic zones and 4 government owned economic zones in the Philippines Of the 41 private economic zones the biggest exporter is Gateway Business Park in General Trias Cavite and the second biggest private ecozone is Laguna Technopark Inc The four governmentally owned are Cavite Economic Zone Bataan Economic Zone Mactan Economic Zone and Baguio City Economic Zone Thus it is a useful act for the growth of economic zone of the country

[edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines

28

bull Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority bull Clark Special Economic Zone bull Philippine Economic Zone Authority bull PHIVIDEC Industrial Authority bull Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone Authority bull Cagayan Economic Zone Authority

[edit] Poland There are 14 Special Economic Zones in Poland[1]

bull Kamiennogoacuterska SSE bull Katowice Special Economic Zone bull Kostrzyńsko-Słubicka SSE bull Krakowski Park Technologiczny bull Legnicka SSE bull Łoacutedzka SSE bull SSE EURO-PARK MIELEC bull Słupska SSE bull SSE Starachowice bull Suwalska SSE bull Pomorska SSE (Pomeranian Special Economic Zone) bull Tarnobrzeska SSE bull Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone INVEST-PARK bull Warmińsko-Mazurska SSE

[edit] Russia

[edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones

bull Dubna bull Zelenograd bull Noidorf (Russian Нойдорф) - industrial and business park in special economic

zone in Strelna near Saint Petersburg Russia bull Novo-Orlovskoe (Russian Ново-Орловское) - SEZ territory in Saint

Petersburg Russia bull Tomsk

[edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones

bull ldquoAlabugardquo (special economic zone) bull Lipetsk

[edit] Tourist Zones

bull Krasnodar Krai bull Stavropol Krai bull Kaliningrad Oblast (Yantar Kaliningrad Special Economic Zone) bull Altai Krai

29

bull Altai Republic bull Irkutsk Oblast bull Buryatia

[edit] Ukraine Special Economic Zones existed in Ukraine until March 31 2005 The first created was the Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone Syvash (since 1996) From 1998 to 2000 11 new zones were created

Name Location Area Established Time limit

NCEEZ Syvash Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1996 5 years

Slavutych Slavutych Kiev Oblast 2000 ha 30061998 till 01012020

Azov Mariupol Donetsk Oblast 315 ha 21071998 60 years Donetsk Donetsk Donetsk Oblast 466 ha 21071998 60 years

Zakarpattia Uzhhorodskyi Raion and Mukachivskyi Raion Zakarpattia Oblast

737 ha 09011999 30 years

Yavoriv Yavorivskyi Raion Lviv Oblast

116000 ha 17021999 till

01012020 Interport Kovel Kovel Volyn Oblast 57 ha 01012000 20 years Kurortopolis Truskavets Truskavets Lviv Oblast 774 ha 01012000 20 years

Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Oblast shipyard territory and adjoining area

865 ha 01012000 30 years

Port Krym Kerch Autonomous Republic of Crimea 27 ha 01012000 30 years

Porto-Franco Odessa part of Odessa Trade Sea Ports territory 32 ha 01012000 25 years

Reni Reni Odessa Oblast 94 ha 17052000 30 years Initially planned time of operation given All zones were shut down on March 31 2005

NCEEZ mdash Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone

Sources [3] [4] [5] and Пехник АВ Іноземні інвестиції в економіку України Навчальний посібник Вид laquoЗнанняraquo Київ 2007 pages 49 310ndash319

[edit] References

30

1 ^ httpwwwmggovplSpecjalne+strefy+ekonomiczneWykaz+SSE

bull Chee Kian Leong 2007 A Tale of Two Countries Openness and Growth in China and India [6] Dynamics Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper

[edit] External links bull South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone bull Regularly updated news about SEZs in India bull Indian Special Economic Zones bull Russian Special Economic Zones bull Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan bull Indian SEZ bull PEZA Philippines bull The New Maharajas of India bull India Special Economic zones map bull Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones (Russia)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zone Categories International business | International trade | International economics | Special Economic Zones

List of free ports From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Free economic zones may also be called free ports

Most commonly a free port is a special customs area with favorable customs regulations (or no customs duties and controls for transshipment) Earlier in history some free ports like Hong Kong enjoyed political autonomy Many international airports have free ports though they tend to be called customs areas customs zones or international zones

Contents [hide]

31

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

Finance and banking

Financial system middot Financial services middot Chinese currency middot Chinese yuan middot Renminbi middot China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation middot Banking (History middot Central bank middot Other banks) middot Foreign exchange reserve middot Beijing Financial Street middot Stock Exchange Executive Council middot Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE Composite) middot Shenzhen Stock Exchange middot Dalian Commodity Exchange middot Shanghai Metal Exchange middot Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange middot Hedge fund industry middot Accounting in China

Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 11: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

11

In the nexts paragraphs I will study and analyse with others characteristics this two main characteristics the marketing and the quality of the services from the point of view of the successfully Free Zones like Jebel Ali Free Economic Zone from Dubai and others failures projects in the same geographical region

4 Criteria for Establishing Free Economics Zones Elements of Success In order for a free zone to succeed the factors that attract firms must be known Should a government or free zone authority not have a thorough grasp of the need of firms and then the development of a free zone can become a very expensive lesson in what firms do and do not need The more information available to free zone authorities concerning factors involved in the decision of the zonersquos management to locate in certain area the more capable the authorities will be in providing critical information to interested firms Studies carried out on free zones in developing countries conclude that criteria governing the decision to invest in a free zone area include the following

41 Political Stability This is considered the most important factor that attracts capital to the host country Foreign investment companies are always hesitant to undertake ventures in politically unstable countries where their interests are consistently threatened

42 Commitment to Free Economy (Openness) In fact a suitable macroeconomic exchange rate and trade policy regime together with a legal regulatory environment favourable to business is a basic and critical element for the entry of a developing economy into the world market Where there are tariffs and other taxes or restrictions on imports of producer goods export policies must provide exporters with a free trade status which their competitors around the world enjoy So the more committed the host government is to investment free trade etc the more guarantees foreign firms have and the more attractive the free zone is to foreign investment

43 Strategic Location Free Zones have to be established close to major international markets In order to succeed a free zone has to have a good geographical and strategic location ie close to the traffic of international trade For instance Dubairsquos strategic location at the crossroads between the East and the West has made it the leading hub between Europe and the Far East Dubairsquos traditional links with the nearby Gulf States the Red Sea East Africa and the Indian subcontinent have enhanced the success of the free zone in Jebel Ali

12

Comprehensive theories for the location of manufacturing activities have been developed throughout history In making allocation decisions several determinants or factors such as transportation cost labour cost marketing advantages and proximity to auxiliary industries are considered Some economists referred to the best location as that site from which a given number of buyers can be served at the lowest total cost In that sense the location theory involves both cost and demand curves

44 Availability of Labour and Low Labour Costs Because foreign firms and companies are interested in lowering their cost of production the cost and availability of labour are one of the main factors that attract foreign investment to free zones and in turn enhance their success However recently and due to many reasons the cost and availability of are losing importance in the face of other factors of a more qualitative nature such as transport conditions and cost and business establishment conditions

45 Availability of Good Infrastructure Facilities Availability of infrastructure as well as other supply services is considered a must for a free zone to succeed Availability of good transportation and communication systems for instance in addition to a good administrative system away from red tape and bureaucracy would definitely enhance the success of the zone The availability of a modern seaport for instance with its terminals and modern international airport with its cargo village and its air-freight handling capability and the Manifest and Documentation System (MDS) have tremendously enhanced the success of Jebel Ali Free Zone tremendously The Free Zonersquos infrastructure facilities which would compete with those of other zones and contribute to the zonersquos success include low cost pre-fabricated warehouses offices and refrigerated stores open stores and retail transport facilities abundant power supply and highly efficient support services by the engineering and data system Also the fully free flow of capital and tax-free profits andor returns are important facilities to be considered

5 Free Economics Zones in Latin American Countries Trend and Main Features

The geographical location of Panamarsquos country allow it to act as a bridge between four continents namely Asia Africa Europe and between North America and South America Panamarsquos country strategic location at the crossroads between East and West and North and South has contribute to their importance in international trade where it is considered important gateways to large numbers of people and where it provide essential meeting points for production and consumption markets

13

The idea of establishing free zones in the region is gathering momentum especially with the general trend in the area towards liberalization and globalization trends and the newly emerging economics blocs Like most free zones in the world free zones in Panamarsquos country would be located either in or near seaports or near airports and international borders Such locations would be attractive to low as well as high-value products In fact without access to services that are essential to export and industrial operations some free zones in Panamarsquos country may find it hard to attract foreign investment 6 Main Features Incentives Facilities and Administration of Free Zones

61 Fiscal and Financial Incentives The variety and magnitude of fiscal and financial incentives given to investors in Free Zones vary from country to another Jebel Ali Free Zone for example seems to offer the most attractive incentives where there are no limitations on foreign ownership no personal and income taxes and exemption from corporate taxes is for almost 30 years Apart from fiscal incentives (tax exemption) most free zones offer financial incentives such as exemption from taxes on profits and from foreign currency controls Most Free Zones permit the unlimited transfer of profits as from the first year of production and repatriation of the total initial investment after a relatively short period of about 3 years 62 Customs Exemptions Import Duties Apart from its duty-free privileges free zones are characterized by the speed and simplicity of import and export transactions In Jebel Ali Zone (Dubai) for example time-consuming procedures on importation and exportations are kept to a minimum 63 Facilities and Administration Free Zone in Panamarsquos country would be provided with various types of infrastructure facilities and services This would include roads ports (Colon) airport (The International Airport of Panama) facilities for storage and standard factory buildings The support services would include physical services such as the supply of electricity and water telecommunication facilities commercial services such as banking insurance shipping and forwarding agents etc and social services such a medical care food facilities etc The most extensive infrastructure facilities over the world are those provided in Jebel Ali Free Zone This includes a modern port generous space a modern communication system and pre-built facilities for lease Abundant and inexpensive energy is also available

14

64 Administration of Free Zones in Panama It should be administer by a separate authority which should be call The Free Zone Authority or Corporation It should has representatives from various ministries in fact the existence of a centralized administrative office with the authority to intercede between firms in the Free Zone and other government departments helps to provide investors with a simple and straightforward administrative procedure ie one window service

7 Attracting Foreign Investment and Capital Investment activities in free zones were dominated by storage projects that not require large amounts of capital The source of the invested capital determines to some extent the ability of the Zone to attract foreign investment What I believe determines the success of a Free Zone is its external competitiveness relative to other zones in the region rather than its internal profitability as captured by only cost-benefit analysis The rate of return of investments in the Zone may be extremely high but foreign investors are not attracted So may be what is needed is an international competitiveness analysis that is carried out parallel to the cost-benefits analysis Having looked at some of the main issues that determine the success of Jebel Ali Free Zone it appears that success depends on a number of economic social and geographical factors in effect within the country and abroad It is essential that we do not overlook the fact that in general a Free Economic Zone is a mature phenomenon of the international economy It is believed that an understanding of the features objectives and mechanism of the Zones and their role in the global economy is essential to the success of every zone

8 Free Zones Obstacles and Problems Reasons for Poor Performance

Investors in Free Zones are continuously faced with problems and obstacles that impede the operations of their firms in the zones Some of these problems are related to the macro level while others to sectoral and firm levels Also some are considered administrative and marketing problems while other are legal and technical ones Although assessment shows that the type and magnitude of obstacles differ from country to another the major problems are considered to be similar 8 I On the Macro Level Administrative Obstacles include among other things

1 Excessive red tape and bureaucracy where investors have to deal with several departments to obtain licenses or approvals The process is tedious and lengthy

2 Lack of actual autonomy of Free Zones even though they are accorded by law financial and administrative authority

3 Unexpected changes in laws and regulations that continuously confuse investors

4 Conflict and overlap of laws and procedures related to Free Zones as well as to customs

15

8 II On the other hand Marketing Obstacles include

1 Free zones lack of effective promotional policies They failed to understand that marketing is a task requiring most of the attention of top management

2 There is a difficulty in marketing products of Free Zones because Free Zones in the region are similar and produce almost similar products

At the same time adequate Infrastructure Facilities surrounding the Economic Free Zone are necessary pre-condition for attracting foreign investment However this is not the case in most Free Zones in the region of Panamarsquos country Infrastructure obstacles include Inadequate infrastructure utilities and services especially communication as well as lack and inefficiency of ports used to carry Zones products and materials necessary for production 8 III On the Sectoral and Micro Level Some problems are related to the nature of industrial activities such as the small-sized industries in the Free Zones and their inability to compete in the markets Others are related to the dependence on imported raw materials which has tremendously increased the cost of production of industrial products As a result the ability of industries to compete has decreased At the same time certain problems such as the lack of a complex production process have led to the limited transfer of technology to industries As a result the transfer of technology through industries was relatively limited It is believed that a simple production process generates very few backward linkages with other production activities in the economy and most of the material that requires technical knowledge is being imported from foreign sources As a result there is no room to develop specific technologies in the zones What actually exist is only assembly lines as well as putting together of ready made parts It is believed that Free Economics Zones are going to be more important in the present decade than they were in the last decade or so because they can be the doorways to growth and development that can be opened and closed according to the countryrsquos interest and benefits

9 Conclusion and Policy Implications

In recent years Free Economics Zones have become increasingly important as countries sought to attract foreign investment for the purpose of promoting growth through increasing exports foreign exchange and employment opportunities as well as enhancing the transfer of technology The result the relatively limited effect of Free Zones on the host economies except in the case of Jebel Ali Free Zone was mainly due to macro as well as sectoral level obstacles that impeded the operation of firms in the zones Looking back at the experience of partly successful Free Zones in Arab countries one can identify a number of classical failures at the planning and design stage They include the choice of inappropriate location for the zone

16

lack of sufficient basic infrastructure such as telecommunications and inefficient institutional linkages between the Zone Authority and other government departments As a result careful consideration of the existing rules and measures is necessary for the Zones to succeed The recommended measures include among others things

91 Legislative reforms that would take care of the numerous contradictions and duplications of laws and regulations in the Zones to reduce bureaucracy and give more independence to the authorities Investment laws should remain in force for long periods in order to give investors peace and mind 92 Sufficient infrastructure facilities and services are needed in most of the Free Zones in the region The availability of such infrastructure facilities would give to the New Colon Free Zone in Panamarsquos country a comparative advantage within the entire region 93 Reforms that encourage the expansion of export industries in the Zones such as the removal of barriers to the movement of finished goods in the region In fact is essential to have regulations that attract large and medium size industries rather than small industries as it is the case in Jebel Ali Free Zone 94 Encouragement of employment of nationals in Free Zones which may require giving more attention to training of manpower by the Free Zone Authority on one hand by local and foreign firms on the other 95 Promotion and marketing of the Zones that requires the attention of top management So promotional and marketing programs that attract clients and keep them happy should be developed Priority should be given to meeting clients needs as well as the countryrsquos objectives In fact it makes little sense to invest in land infrastructure utilities etc and fail to provide enough investment for marketing and promotion

Finally we can say that Panamarsquos country have not probably been active as any others regions in establishing and developing Free Economics Zones like the Arab countries and in particular Dubai with the Jebel Ali Free Zone The idea was to get around a large amount of existing regulations and to provide infrastructure facilities and services to attract foreign investment and in turn to promote growth To be successful Free Economic Zones in Panama have to concentrate on competing on the basis of the services offered and the quality of such services In others words their comparative advantage of liberalization should be in their services Aggressive Free Zones can create good opportunities for themselves within the region while traditional and slow Free Zones which are not able to adapt quickly become uncompetitive and in turn a classical example of failure It is the job of dynamic managers to seize the opportunity to attract business and investment to the zone and I can do that for the New Colon Free Zone in Panama because I am a successful CEO actively seeking new opportunities to capture new business opportunities to which I may offer my global approach along with extensive experience

17

Bibliography Tahir Jamil (1998) ldquoAn Assessment of Free Economic Zones (FEZs) in Arab Countries - Performance and Main Featuresrdquo Working Paper 9926 It was presented in an international conference on ldquoNew Economics Developments and Their Impact on Arab Economiesrdquo held in Tunis during the period 3-5 June 1998 Guangwen Meng (2003) ldquoThe Theory and Practice of Free Economic Zones A Case Study of Tianjin Peoplersquos Republic of Chinardquo Submitted to the Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics of the Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Germany for the Degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences Oral Examination 14022003 Watson Noel Newton (1998) ldquoEVALUATING THE NET ECONOMICS BENEFITS OF FREE TRADE ZONES IN THEORY AND PRACTICE - APPLIED TO THE KINGSTON EXPORT FREE ZONE IN JAMAICArdquo Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Economics of Simon Fraser University November 1998 Ministry of Finance and Economy (Republic of Korea) ldquoFree Economic Zones in Korea (2003) The Future of Northeast Asiardquo September 2003 httpenglishmosfgokr Salma Ali Saif Bin Hareb Chief Executive Zonersquos Jebel Free Zone of Government of Dubai (2007) ldquoJafza Corporate Brochurerdquo November 2007 httpwwwjafzaaeen Knowledge Innovation Zone Research Project (2006) ldquoSPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES (SEZ) VERSUS KNOWLEDGE INNOVATION ZONES (KIZ) - A COMPARISONrdquo httpwwwinthekzonecom OECD Private Sector Development Division (2008) ldquoFree Economic Zones in the MENA Region Update 2008rdquo Tarun Dhingra Dr Ambalika Sinha Dr Tripti Singh (2008) ldquoLocation strategy for competitiveness of Special Economic Zones in India ndash A Generic frameworkrdquo

18

Useful Links

Jebel Ali Free Zone (Jafza) httpwwwjafzaaeen SEZ stands for Special Economic Zone a tax free area for manufacturing RampD Trading and Services units (Inspira Infrastructure) httpwwwinspirainfracom Yellow Sea Free Economic Zone (Yesfez) httpwwwyesfezgokrengyesfezsongak_districtasp Tanger Free Zone httpwwwtangerfreezonecom Hamriyah Free Zone httpwwwhfzaae Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone (RAK FTZ) httpwwwrakftzcomen Jebel Ali Free Zone Online Directory (Potential Customer for the New Free Zone) httpwwwjdae

International Trade General International Trade and Trade Policy Free Economic Zones

bull UN Resources bull Documents bull Photos

Free Economic Zones in Korea The Future of Northeast Asia Foreign-invested firms have begun to take a close look at the benefits of locating in one of these zones 8 9 Page 11 What are Free Economic Zones Sector unpan1unorgintradocgroupspublicdocumentsAPCITYUNPAN0 UNESCAP Taking off in earnest Koreas free economic zones are at the forefront of the scenic coastal cities of Incheon Busan-Jinhae and Gwangyang the zones form an wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue78_16nov2005doc UNESCAP By Kim Min-hee Korea will move swiftly to further improve the contents of its free economic zones as well as strengthen its sales pitch to potential investors wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue75_18Oct2005doc

NATIONAL PROFILE FOR THE INFORMATION SOCIETY IN THE UNITED ARAB Also the growth of ICT Free Zones companies and activities is certain to The UAE has made extensive use of duty free economic zones to stimulate business wwwescwaorglbwsisreportsdocsUAE_2005-Epdf Economic and Social Council the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352

ةماعلا ةيعمجلا the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and has introduced many kinds of special zones of various areas For example Xiamen Special Economic Zone covers about 131 million while Tianjin Free Trade Zone wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377pub_2377 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and In 1990 it established free trade zones (bonded areas) altogether 15 to date seven of which are located in special economic zones and five of which are

19

wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377ftz_ch4 TID inputs to 61st Session of the Commission regional special economic zones (along a similar format as ldquogrowth trianglesrdquo) for disaster-affected areas could be considered which would grant duty-free wwwunescaporgtidnewstsunami_briefpdf Economic Cooperation and Integration Sub-programme Provisional These can include regional clusters Internet-based business models business incubators free economic zones technological and science centres platforms and wwwuneceorgcecidocsECI_conceptual_framework_29May2006p See also

Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial development support services gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial sector gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Duty free transit International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Free ports

Free economic zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

Many countries have or have had at some time designated areas where companies are taxed very lightly or not at all to encourage development or for some other reason These are known as free economic zones

Sometimes they are called free ports by an analogy with free ports known for a long time in history - the ports free of customs or with favorable customs regulations eg the free port of Trieste Very often free ports are parts of free economic zones

Contents [hide]

bull 1 Free economic zones by countryo 11 Armenia o 12 Belarus o 13 Brazil o 14 Bulgaria

20

o 15 Chile o 16 China o 17 Egypt o 18 Georgia o 19 India o 110 Iran o 111 Italy o 112 Lithuania o 113 Malaysia o 114 Russia o 115 South Korea o 116 Spain o 117 Ukraine o 118 United Arab Emirateso 119 Uzbekistan o 120 United Kingdom

bull 2 References

[edit] Free economic zones by country

[edit] Armenia

bull Gyumri

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Bulgaria

bull Burgas bull Rousse bull Plovdiv bull Dragoman bull Vidin bull Svilengrad

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] China

21

bull Hong Kong

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said Public Free Zone bull Alexandria Public Free Zone bull Nasr City Public Free Zone bull Suez Public Free Zone bull Ismailia Public Free Zone bull Damietta Public Free Zone bull Media Public Free Zone bull Shebin El- Kom Public Free Zone bull Qeft Public Free Zone bull Port Said East Port Public Free Zone

[edit] Georgia

bull Poti Samegrelo region

[edit] India

bull Sricity Multi Product SEZ Andhra Pradesh [1] bull SEEPZ India bull Inspira Pharma amp Biotech Park Aurangabad Maharashtra[2]

[edit] Iran

bull Kish bull Aras Free Zone bull Anzali Free Zone bull Arvand Free Zone bull Chabahar Free Zone bull Gheshm Free Zone

[edit] Italy

bull Catania bull Erice bull Gela bull Crotone bull Rossano bull Lamezia Terme bull Matera bull Taranto bull Lecce bull Andria bull Naples bull Torre Annunziata bull Mondragone

22

bull Campobasso bull Cagliari bull Quartu SantElena bull Iglesias bull Velletri bull Sora bull Pescara bull Massa Carrara bull Ventimiglia

[edit] Lithuania

bull Klaipeda Free Economic Zone bull Kaunas Free Economic Zone

[edit] Malaysia

bull Port Klang Free Zone

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Ingushetia bull Yantar Kaliningrad

[edit] South Korea

bull Yellow Sea bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang

[edit] Spain

bull Ibiza

[edit] Ukraine

bull Quarantine Pier of Odessa trade sea port January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Ajman Free Zone[1] bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center

23

bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Studio City

[edit] Uzbekistan

bull Navoiy

[edit] United Kingdom

bull London Docklands bull Bristol Subverbs

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwsricityin 2 ^ httpwwwinspirainfracom

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_economic_zone Categories Special Economic Zones

Special Economic Zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding reliable references Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (January 2007)

A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a countrys typical economic laws The category SEZ covers a broad range of more specific zone types including Free Trade Zones (FTZ) Export Processing Zones (EPZ) Free Zones (FZ) Industrial Estates (IE) Free Ports Urban Enterprise Zones and others Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors typically an international business or a multinational corporation (MNC)

One of the earliest and the most famous Special Economic Zones were found by the government of the Peoples Republic of China under Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s The most successful Special Economic Zone in China Shenzhen has developed from a small village into a city with a population over 10 million within 20 years

Following the Chinese examples Special Economic Zones have been established in several countries including Brazil India Iran Jordan Kazakhstan Pakistan the

24

Philippines Poland Russia and Ukraine Currently Puno Peru has been slated to become a Zona Economica by its president Alan Garcia

A single SEZ can contain multiple specific zones within its boundaries In India the Government has sanctioned few large multi-product Special Exconomic Zones (SEZ) where one can set-up any kind of business (services manufacturing trading etc) Some of the most promoinent large multiple zone SEZs are Sricity SEZ near Chennai and Mundra SEZ in Gujarat India The other two most prominent examples of this layered approach are Subic Bay Freeport Zone in the Philippines the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority in Jordan and According to World Bank estimates as of 2007 there are more than 3000 projects taking place in SEZs in 120 countries worldwide

SEZs have been implemented using a variety of institutional structures across the world ranging from fully public (government operator government developer government regulator) to fully private (private operator private developer public regulator) In many cases public sector operators and developers act as quasi-government agencies in that they have a pseudo-corporate institutional structure and have budgetary autonomy SEZs are often developed under a public-private partnership arrangement in which the public sector provides some level of support (provision of off-site infrastructure equity investment soft loans bond issues etc) to enable a private sector developer to obtain a reasonable rate of return on the project (typically 10-20 depending on risk levels)

Contents [hide]

bull 1 China bull 2 India

o 21 List of SEZs in India bull 3 Indonesia bull 4 Iran bull 5 Kazakhstan bull 6 North Korea bull 7 Pakistan

o 71 List of SEZs in the Pakistan bull 8 Philippines

o 81 List of SEZs in the Philippines bull 9 Poland bull 10 Russia

o 101 TechnicalInnovational Zones o 102 Industrialdevelopmental Zoneso 103 Tourist Zones

bull 11 Ukraine bull 12 References bull 13 External links

25

[edit] China Main article Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

Currently the most prominent SEZs in the country are Shenzhen Xiamen Shantou Zhuhai and Hainan Province

[edit] India Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country and realising the need that a level playing field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally the Government of India had in April 2000 announced the introduction of Special Economic Zones policy in the country deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations duties and tariffs As of 2007 more than 500 SEZs have been proposed 220 of which have been created This has raised the concern of the World Bank which questions the sustainability of such a large number of SEZs The Special Economic Zones in India closely follow the PRC model

India passed special economic zone act in 2005 In India the government has been proactive in the development of the SEZs They have formulated policies reviewed them occasionally and have ensured that ample facilities are provided to the developers of the SEZs as well as to the companies setting up units in the SEZs

[edit] List of SEZs in India

The policy provides for setting up of SEZs in the public private joint sector or by State Governments One of them is Sricity Multi product SEZ part of Sricity which is a developing satellite city in the epicentre of AP amp TN It was also envisaged that some of the existing Export Processing Zones would be converted into Special Economic Zones

bull Sricity (SEZ) (Andhra Pradesh) (httpwwwsricityin) bull Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) bull Polepally (Andhra Pradesh) bull Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) bull Velankani SEZ (Chennai) (httpwwwvelankanisezcom) bull Pharma and Biotech SEZ Aurangabad Maharashtra

(httpwwwinspirainfracom) bull Ahmedabad Baroda Kandla and Surat (Gujarat) bull Cochin (Kerala) bull Pithampur (Madhya Pradesh) bull Nagpur also refer MIHAN Pune and SEEPZ in Mumbai (Maharashtra) bull Chennai Ilandaikulam Madurai Nanguneri and Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu) bull NOIDA Greater NOIDA (Uttar Pradesh) UP bull Falta (West Bengal) bull Bangalore [Karnataka] bull Kensington [Powai Mumbai] bull Mangalore (Karnataka)

26

Currently India has 1022 units in operations in 9 functional SEZs each an average size of 200 acres (081 km2) 8 Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been converted into SEZs These are fully functional All these SEZs are in various parts of the country in the privatejoint sectors or by the State Government But this process of planning and development is under question as the states in which the SEZs have been approved are facing intense protests from the farming community accusing the government of forcibly snatching fertile land from them at heavily discounted prices as against the prevailing prices in the commercial real estate industry Also some reputed companies like Bajaj and others have commented against this policy and have suggested using barren and wasteland for setting up of SEZs

Attempts to set up a Special Economic Zone in Nandigram have led to protests by villagers in the area A Parliamentary Committee to study and give recommendations on SEZs has said that no further SEZs be notified unless the existing law is amended to incorporate the changes related to the land acquisitions

Genpact has announced its plans to expand its presence in Hyderabad by setting up a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) across 50 acres (200000 m2) in the city at Jawahar Nagar

[edit] Indonesia Main article Batam IslandSEZ - Special Economic Zones

[edit] Iran bull Arg - e - Jadid Special Economic Zone Vehicle Manufacturing Hub bull PetZone Petrochemical special economic Zone Mahshahr bull Kish Kish island special economic zone bull Sarakhs bull Sirjan bull Shahid Rajaee Port[1] bull Amirabad Special Economic Zone[2] bull Bushehr Port

[edit] Kazakhstan bull Astana

Multiple Economic zones created by the mandate of the President Each zone has a different focus South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone is dedicated to the development of the textile industry in Kazakhstan

[edit] North Korea The Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone was established under a UN economic development programme in 1994 Located on the bank of the Tuman River the zone borders on the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (or Yeonbyeon in Korean) of

27

the Peoples Republic of China as well as Russia In 2000 the name of the area was shortened to Rason and became separate from the North Hamgyeong Province

[edit] Pakistan Taking the example of the Chinese success with their SEZs China is helping Pakistan develop the Haier-Ruba economic zone on the outskirts of Lahore

Other economic zones include the China-Pakistan economic zone open only to Chinese investors and also the future crown jewel of Pakistan Gwadar

There are also talks of creating a Japanese city for foreign investors from Japan only

There has also been new SEZ proposed on the currently under construction Sialkot-Lahore motorway Qatar has proposed an investment for $1 billion in a new SEZ along the motorway

There is also a new zone under construction in Faislababd which will be the biggest industrial estate of Pakistan when complete it has sections for each country and the first phrase is already complete with a special Chinese zone in it

[edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan

bull Karachi Export Processing Zone Karachi Sindh bull Risalpur Export Processing Zone Risalpur bull Sialkot Export Processing Zone Sialkot Punjab bull Gujranwala Export Processing Zone Gujranwala Punjab bull Saindak Export Processing Zone Saindak Balochistan bull Reko Diq Export Processing Zone bull Khalifa Coastal Oil Refinery EPZ bull Gwadar Export Processing Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Special Industrial Development Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Faisalabad Export Processing Zone Faisalabad Punjab bull Special Inudstrial Economic Zone Lahore Punjab

[edit] Philippines Philippine economic zones (ecozones) are collections of industries brought together geographically for the purpose of promoting economic development Although designed to operate separately from the political and economic milieu of surrounding communities Philippine economic zones do in fact interact with their neighbors There are 41 private-owned economic zones and 4 government owned economic zones in the Philippines Of the 41 private economic zones the biggest exporter is Gateway Business Park in General Trias Cavite and the second biggest private ecozone is Laguna Technopark Inc The four governmentally owned are Cavite Economic Zone Bataan Economic Zone Mactan Economic Zone and Baguio City Economic Zone Thus it is a useful act for the growth of economic zone of the country

[edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines

28

bull Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority bull Clark Special Economic Zone bull Philippine Economic Zone Authority bull PHIVIDEC Industrial Authority bull Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone Authority bull Cagayan Economic Zone Authority

[edit] Poland There are 14 Special Economic Zones in Poland[1]

bull Kamiennogoacuterska SSE bull Katowice Special Economic Zone bull Kostrzyńsko-Słubicka SSE bull Krakowski Park Technologiczny bull Legnicka SSE bull Łoacutedzka SSE bull SSE EURO-PARK MIELEC bull Słupska SSE bull SSE Starachowice bull Suwalska SSE bull Pomorska SSE (Pomeranian Special Economic Zone) bull Tarnobrzeska SSE bull Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone INVEST-PARK bull Warmińsko-Mazurska SSE

[edit] Russia

[edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones

bull Dubna bull Zelenograd bull Noidorf (Russian Нойдорф) - industrial and business park in special economic

zone in Strelna near Saint Petersburg Russia bull Novo-Orlovskoe (Russian Ново-Орловское) - SEZ territory in Saint

Petersburg Russia bull Tomsk

[edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones

bull ldquoAlabugardquo (special economic zone) bull Lipetsk

[edit] Tourist Zones

bull Krasnodar Krai bull Stavropol Krai bull Kaliningrad Oblast (Yantar Kaliningrad Special Economic Zone) bull Altai Krai

29

bull Altai Republic bull Irkutsk Oblast bull Buryatia

[edit] Ukraine Special Economic Zones existed in Ukraine until March 31 2005 The first created was the Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone Syvash (since 1996) From 1998 to 2000 11 new zones were created

Name Location Area Established Time limit

NCEEZ Syvash Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1996 5 years

Slavutych Slavutych Kiev Oblast 2000 ha 30061998 till 01012020

Azov Mariupol Donetsk Oblast 315 ha 21071998 60 years Donetsk Donetsk Donetsk Oblast 466 ha 21071998 60 years

Zakarpattia Uzhhorodskyi Raion and Mukachivskyi Raion Zakarpattia Oblast

737 ha 09011999 30 years

Yavoriv Yavorivskyi Raion Lviv Oblast

116000 ha 17021999 till

01012020 Interport Kovel Kovel Volyn Oblast 57 ha 01012000 20 years Kurortopolis Truskavets Truskavets Lviv Oblast 774 ha 01012000 20 years

Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Oblast shipyard territory and adjoining area

865 ha 01012000 30 years

Port Krym Kerch Autonomous Republic of Crimea 27 ha 01012000 30 years

Porto-Franco Odessa part of Odessa Trade Sea Ports territory 32 ha 01012000 25 years

Reni Reni Odessa Oblast 94 ha 17052000 30 years Initially planned time of operation given All zones were shut down on March 31 2005

NCEEZ mdash Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone

Sources [3] [4] [5] and Пехник АВ Іноземні інвестиції в економіку України Навчальний посібник Вид laquoЗнанняraquo Київ 2007 pages 49 310ndash319

[edit] References

30

1 ^ httpwwwmggovplSpecjalne+strefy+ekonomiczneWykaz+SSE

bull Chee Kian Leong 2007 A Tale of Two Countries Openness and Growth in China and India [6] Dynamics Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper

[edit] External links bull South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone bull Regularly updated news about SEZs in India bull Indian Special Economic Zones bull Russian Special Economic Zones bull Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan bull Indian SEZ bull PEZA Philippines bull The New Maharajas of India bull India Special Economic zones map bull Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones (Russia)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zone Categories International business | International trade | International economics | Special Economic Zones

List of free ports From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Free economic zones may also be called free ports

Most commonly a free port is a special customs area with favorable customs regulations (or no customs duties and controls for transshipment) Earlier in history some free ports like Hong Kong enjoyed political autonomy Many international airports have free ports though they tend to be called customs areas customs zones or international zones

Contents [hide]

31

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

Finance and banking

Financial system middot Financial services middot Chinese currency middot Chinese yuan middot Renminbi middot China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation middot Banking (History middot Central bank middot Other banks) middot Foreign exchange reserve middot Beijing Financial Street middot Stock Exchange Executive Council middot Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE Composite) middot Shenzhen Stock Exchange middot Dalian Commodity Exchange middot Shanghai Metal Exchange middot Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange middot Hedge fund industry middot Accounting in China

Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 12: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

In the nexts paragraphs I will study and analyse with others characteristics this two main characteristics the marketing and the quality of the services from the point of view of the successfully Free Zones like Jebel Ali Free Economic Zone from Dubai and others failures projects in the same geographical region

4 Criteria for Establishing Free Economics Zones Elements of Success In order for a free zone to succeed the factors that attract firms must be known Should a government or free zone authority not have a thorough grasp of the need of firms and then the development of a free zone can become a very expensive lesson in what firms do and do not need The more information available to free zone authorities concerning factors involved in the decision of the zonersquos management to locate in certain area the more capable the authorities will be in providing critical information to interested firms Studies carried out on free zones in developing countries conclude that criteria governing the decision to invest in a free zone area include the following

41 Political Stability This is considered the most important factor that attracts capital to the host country Foreign investment companies are always hesitant to undertake ventures in politically unstable countries where their interests are consistently threatened

42 Commitment to Free Economy (Openness) In fact a suitable macroeconomic exchange rate and trade policy regime together with a legal regulatory environment favourable to business is a basic and critical element for the entry of a developing economy into the world market Where there are tariffs and other taxes or restrictions on imports of producer goods export policies must provide exporters with a free trade status which their competitors around the world enjoy So the more committed the host government is to investment free trade etc the more guarantees foreign firms have and the more attractive the free zone is to foreign investment

43 Strategic Location Free Zones have to be established close to major international markets In order to succeed a free zone has to have a good geographical and strategic location ie close to the traffic of international trade For instance Dubairsquos strategic location at the crossroads between the East and the West has made it the leading hub between Europe and the Far East Dubairsquos traditional links with the nearby Gulf States the Red Sea East Africa and the Indian subcontinent have enhanced the success of the free zone in Jebel Ali

12

Comprehensive theories for the location of manufacturing activities have been developed throughout history In making allocation decisions several determinants or factors such as transportation cost labour cost marketing advantages and proximity to auxiliary industries are considered Some economists referred to the best location as that site from which a given number of buyers can be served at the lowest total cost In that sense the location theory involves both cost and demand curves

44 Availability of Labour and Low Labour Costs Because foreign firms and companies are interested in lowering their cost of production the cost and availability of labour are one of the main factors that attract foreign investment to free zones and in turn enhance their success However recently and due to many reasons the cost and availability of are losing importance in the face of other factors of a more qualitative nature such as transport conditions and cost and business establishment conditions

45 Availability of Good Infrastructure Facilities Availability of infrastructure as well as other supply services is considered a must for a free zone to succeed Availability of good transportation and communication systems for instance in addition to a good administrative system away from red tape and bureaucracy would definitely enhance the success of the zone The availability of a modern seaport for instance with its terminals and modern international airport with its cargo village and its air-freight handling capability and the Manifest and Documentation System (MDS) have tremendously enhanced the success of Jebel Ali Free Zone tremendously The Free Zonersquos infrastructure facilities which would compete with those of other zones and contribute to the zonersquos success include low cost pre-fabricated warehouses offices and refrigerated stores open stores and retail transport facilities abundant power supply and highly efficient support services by the engineering and data system Also the fully free flow of capital and tax-free profits andor returns are important facilities to be considered

5 Free Economics Zones in Latin American Countries Trend and Main Features

The geographical location of Panamarsquos country allow it to act as a bridge between four continents namely Asia Africa Europe and between North America and South America Panamarsquos country strategic location at the crossroads between East and West and North and South has contribute to their importance in international trade where it is considered important gateways to large numbers of people and where it provide essential meeting points for production and consumption markets

13

The idea of establishing free zones in the region is gathering momentum especially with the general trend in the area towards liberalization and globalization trends and the newly emerging economics blocs Like most free zones in the world free zones in Panamarsquos country would be located either in or near seaports or near airports and international borders Such locations would be attractive to low as well as high-value products In fact without access to services that are essential to export and industrial operations some free zones in Panamarsquos country may find it hard to attract foreign investment 6 Main Features Incentives Facilities and Administration of Free Zones

61 Fiscal and Financial Incentives The variety and magnitude of fiscal and financial incentives given to investors in Free Zones vary from country to another Jebel Ali Free Zone for example seems to offer the most attractive incentives where there are no limitations on foreign ownership no personal and income taxes and exemption from corporate taxes is for almost 30 years Apart from fiscal incentives (tax exemption) most free zones offer financial incentives such as exemption from taxes on profits and from foreign currency controls Most Free Zones permit the unlimited transfer of profits as from the first year of production and repatriation of the total initial investment after a relatively short period of about 3 years 62 Customs Exemptions Import Duties Apart from its duty-free privileges free zones are characterized by the speed and simplicity of import and export transactions In Jebel Ali Zone (Dubai) for example time-consuming procedures on importation and exportations are kept to a minimum 63 Facilities and Administration Free Zone in Panamarsquos country would be provided with various types of infrastructure facilities and services This would include roads ports (Colon) airport (The International Airport of Panama) facilities for storage and standard factory buildings The support services would include physical services such as the supply of electricity and water telecommunication facilities commercial services such as banking insurance shipping and forwarding agents etc and social services such a medical care food facilities etc The most extensive infrastructure facilities over the world are those provided in Jebel Ali Free Zone This includes a modern port generous space a modern communication system and pre-built facilities for lease Abundant and inexpensive energy is also available

14

64 Administration of Free Zones in Panama It should be administer by a separate authority which should be call The Free Zone Authority or Corporation It should has representatives from various ministries in fact the existence of a centralized administrative office with the authority to intercede between firms in the Free Zone and other government departments helps to provide investors with a simple and straightforward administrative procedure ie one window service

7 Attracting Foreign Investment and Capital Investment activities in free zones were dominated by storage projects that not require large amounts of capital The source of the invested capital determines to some extent the ability of the Zone to attract foreign investment What I believe determines the success of a Free Zone is its external competitiveness relative to other zones in the region rather than its internal profitability as captured by only cost-benefit analysis The rate of return of investments in the Zone may be extremely high but foreign investors are not attracted So may be what is needed is an international competitiveness analysis that is carried out parallel to the cost-benefits analysis Having looked at some of the main issues that determine the success of Jebel Ali Free Zone it appears that success depends on a number of economic social and geographical factors in effect within the country and abroad It is essential that we do not overlook the fact that in general a Free Economic Zone is a mature phenomenon of the international economy It is believed that an understanding of the features objectives and mechanism of the Zones and their role in the global economy is essential to the success of every zone

8 Free Zones Obstacles and Problems Reasons for Poor Performance

Investors in Free Zones are continuously faced with problems and obstacles that impede the operations of their firms in the zones Some of these problems are related to the macro level while others to sectoral and firm levels Also some are considered administrative and marketing problems while other are legal and technical ones Although assessment shows that the type and magnitude of obstacles differ from country to another the major problems are considered to be similar 8 I On the Macro Level Administrative Obstacles include among other things

1 Excessive red tape and bureaucracy where investors have to deal with several departments to obtain licenses or approvals The process is tedious and lengthy

2 Lack of actual autonomy of Free Zones even though they are accorded by law financial and administrative authority

3 Unexpected changes in laws and regulations that continuously confuse investors

4 Conflict and overlap of laws and procedures related to Free Zones as well as to customs

15

8 II On the other hand Marketing Obstacles include

1 Free zones lack of effective promotional policies They failed to understand that marketing is a task requiring most of the attention of top management

2 There is a difficulty in marketing products of Free Zones because Free Zones in the region are similar and produce almost similar products

At the same time adequate Infrastructure Facilities surrounding the Economic Free Zone are necessary pre-condition for attracting foreign investment However this is not the case in most Free Zones in the region of Panamarsquos country Infrastructure obstacles include Inadequate infrastructure utilities and services especially communication as well as lack and inefficiency of ports used to carry Zones products and materials necessary for production 8 III On the Sectoral and Micro Level Some problems are related to the nature of industrial activities such as the small-sized industries in the Free Zones and their inability to compete in the markets Others are related to the dependence on imported raw materials which has tremendously increased the cost of production of industrial products As a result the ability of industries to compete has decreased At the same time certain problems such as the lack of a complex production process have led to the limited transfer of technology to industries As a result the transfer of technology through industries was relatively limited It is believed that a simple production process generates very few backward linkages with other production activities in the economy and most of the material that requires technical knowledge is being imported from foreign sources As a result there is no room to develop specific technologies in the zones What actually exist is only assembly lines as well as putting together of ready made parts It is believed that Free Economics Zones are going to be more important in the present decade than they were in the last decade or so because they can be the doorways to growth and development that can be opened and closed according to the countryrsquos interest and benefits

9 Conclusion and Policy Implications

In recent years Free Economics Zones have become increasingly important as countries sought to attract foreign investment for the purpose of promoting growth through increasing exports foreign exchange and employment opportunities as well as enhancing the transfer of technology The result the relatively limited effect of Free Zones on the host economies except in the case of Jebel Ali Free Zone was mainly due to macro as well as sectoral level obstacles that impeded the operation of firms in the zones Looking back at the experience of partly successful Free Zones in Arab countries one can identify a number of classical failures at the planning and design stage They include the choice of inappropriate location for the zone

16

lack of sufficient basic infrastructure such as telecommunications and inefficient institutional linkages between the Zone Authority and other government departments As a result careful consideration of the existing rules and measures is necessary for the Zones to succeed The recommended measures include among others things

91 Legislative reforms that would take care of the numerous contradictions and duplications of laws and regulations in the Zones to reduce bureaucracy and give more independence to the authorities Investment laws should remain in force for long periods in order to give investors peace and mind 92 Sufficient infrastructure facilities and services are needed in most of the Free Zones in the region The availability of such infrastructure facilities would give to the New Colon Free Zone in Panamarsquos country a comparative advantage within the entire region 93 Reforms that encourage the expansion of export industries in the Zones such as the removal of barriers to the movement of finished goods in the region In fact is essential to have regulations that attract large and medium size industries rather than small industries as it is the case in Jebel Ali Free Zone 94 Encouragement of employment of nationals in Free Zones which may require giving more attention to training of manpower by the Free Zone Authority on one hand by local and foreign firms on the other 95 Promotion and marketing of the Zones that requires the attention of top management So promotional and marketing programs that attract clients and keep them happy should be developed Priority should be given to meeting clients needs as well as the countryrsquos objectives In fact it makes little sense to invest in land infrastructure utilities etc and fail to provide enough investment for marketing and promotion

Finally we can say that Panamarsquos country have not probably been active as any others regions in establishing and developing Free Economics Zones like the Arab countries and in particular Dubai with the Jebel Ali Free Zone The idea was to get around a large amount of existing regulations and to provide infrastructure facilities and services to attract foreign investment and in turn to promote growth To be successful Free Economic Zones in Panama have to concentrate on competing on the basis of the services offered and the quality of such services In others words their comparative advantage of liberalization should be in their services Aggressive Free Zones can create good opportunities for themselves within the region while traditional and slow Free Zones which are not able to adapt quickly become uncompetitive and in turn a classical example of failure It is the job of dynamic managers to seize the opportunity to attract business and investment to the zone and I can do that for the New Colon Free Zone in Panama because I am a successful CEO actively seeking new opportunities to capture new business opportunities to which I may offer my global approach along with extensive experience

17

Bibliography Tahir Jamil (1998) ldquoAn Assessment of Free Economic Zones (FEZs) in Arab Countries - Performance and Main Featuresrdquo Working Paper 9926 It was presented in an international conference on ldquoNew Economics Developments and Their Impact on Arab Economiesrdquo held in Tunis during the period 3-5 June 1998 Guangwen Meng (2003) ldquoThe Theory and Practice of Free Economic Zones A Case Study of Tianjin Peoplersquos Republic of Chinardquo Submitted to the Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics of the Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Germany for the Degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences Oral Examination 14022003 Watson Noel Newton (1998) ldquoEVALUATING THE NET ECONOMICS BENEFITS OF FREE TRADE ZONES IN THEORY AND PRACTICE - APPLIED TO THE KINGSTON EXPORT FREE ZONE IN JAMAICArdquo Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Economics of Simon Fraser University November 1998 Ministry of Finance and Economy (Republic of Korea) ldquoFree Economic Zones in Korea (2003) The Future of Northeast Asiardquo September 2003 httpenglishmosfgokr Salma Ali Saif Bin Hareb Chief Executive Zonersquos Jebel Free Zone of Government of Dubai (2007) ldquoJafza Corporate Brochurerdquo November 2007 httpwwwjafzaaeen Knowledge Innovation Zone Research Project (2006) ldquoSPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES (SEZ) VERSUS KNOWLEDGE INNOVATION ZONES (KIZ) - A COMPARISONrdquo httpwwwinthekzonecom OECD Private Sector Development Division (2008) ldquoFree Economic Zones in the MENA Region Update 2008rdquo Tarun Dhingra Dr Ambalika Sinha Dr Tripti Singh (2008) ldquoLocation strategy for competitiveness of Special Economic Zones in India ndash A Generic frameworkrdquo

18

Useful Links

Jebel Ali Free Zone (Jafza) httpwwwjafzaaeen SEZ stands for Special Economic Zone a tax free area for manufacturing RampD Trading and Services units (Inspira Infrastructure) httpwwwinspirainfracom Yellow Sea Free Economic Zone (Yesfez) httpwwwyesfezgokrengyesfezsongak_districtasp Tanger Free Zone httpwwwtangerfreezonecom Hamriyah Free Zone httpwwwhfzaae Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone (RAK FTZ) httpwwwrakftzcomen Jebel Ali Free Zone Online Directory (Potential Customer for the New Free Zone) httpwwwjdae

International Trade General International Trade and Trade Policy Free Economic Zones

bull UN Resources bull Documents bull Photos

Free Economic Zones in Korea The Future of Northeast Asia Foreign-invested firms have begun to take a close look at the benefits of locating in one of these zones 8 9 Page 11 What are Free Economic Zones Sector unpan1unorgintradocgroupspublicdocumentsAPCITYUNPAN0 UNESCAP Taking off in earnest Koreas free economic zones are at the forefront of the scenic coastal cities of Incheon Busan-Jinhae and Gwangyang the zones form an wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue78_16nov2005doc UNESCAP By Kim Min-hee Korea will move swiftly to further improve the contents of its free economic zones as well as strengthen its sales pitch to potential investors wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue75_18Oct2005doc

NATIONAL PROFILE FOR THE INFORMATION SOCIETY IN THE UNITED ARAB Also the growth of ICT Free Zones companies and activities is certain to The UAE has made extensive use of duty free economic zones to stimulate business wwwescwaorglbwsisreportsdocsUAE_2005-Epdf Economic and Social Council the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352

ةماعلا ةيعمجلا the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and has introduced many kinds of special zones of various areas For example Xiamen Special Economic Zone covers about 131 million while Tianjin Free Trade Zone wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377pub_2377 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and In 1990 it established free trade zones (bonded areas) altogether 15 to date seven of which are located in special economic zones and five of which are

19

wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377ftz_ch4 TID inputs to 61st Session of the Commission regional special economic zones (along a similar format as ldquogrowth trianglesrdquo) for disaster-affected areas could be considered which would grant duty-free wwwunescaporgtidnewstsunami_briefpdf Economic Cooperation and Integration Sub-programme Provisional These can include regional clusters Internet-based business models business incubators free economic zones technological and science centres platforms and wwwuneceorgcecidocsECI_conceptual_framework_29May2006p See also

Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial development support services gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial sector gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Duty free transit International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Free ports

Free economic zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

Many countries have or have had at some time designated areas where companies are taxed very lightly or not at all to encourage development or for some other reason These are known as free economic zones

Sometimes they are called free ports by an analogy with free ports known for a long time in history - the ports free of customs or with favorable customs regulations eg the free port of Trieste Very often free ports are parts of free economic zones

Contents [hide]

bull 1 Free economic zones by countryo 11 Armenia o 12 Belarus o 13 Brazil o 14 Bulgaria

20

o 15 Chile o 16 China o 17 Egypt o 18 Georgia o 19 India o 110 Iran o 111 Italy o 112 Lithuania o 113 Malaysia o 114 Russia o 115 South Korea o 116 Spain o 117 Ukraine o 118 United Arab Emirateso 119 Uzbekistan o 120 United Kingdom

bull 2 References

[edit] Free economic zones by country

[edit] Armenia

bull Gyumri

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Bulgaria

bull Burgas bull Rousse bull Plovdiv bull Dragoman bull Vidin bull Svilengrad

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] China

21

bull Hong Kong

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said Public Free Zone bull Alexandria Public Free Zone bull Nasr City Public Free Zone bull Suez Public Free Zone bull Ismailia Public Free Zone bull Damietta Public Free Zone bull Media Public Free Zone bull Shebin El- Kom Public Free Zone bull Qeft Public Free Zone bull Port Said East Port Public Free Zone

[edit] Georgia

bull Poti Samegrelo region

[edit] India

bull Sricity Multi Product SEZ Andhra Pradesh [1] bull SEEPZ India bull Inspira Pharma amp Biotech Park Aurangabad Maharashtra[2]

[edit] Iran

bull Kish bull Aras Free Zone bull Anzali Free Zone bull Arvand Free Zone bull Chabahar Free Zone bull Gheshm Free Zone

[edit] Italy

bull Catania bull Erice bull Gela bull Crotone bull Rossano bull Lamezia Terme bull Matera bull Taranto bull Lecce bull Andria bull Naples bull Torre Annunziata bull Mondragone

22

bull Campobasso bull Cagliari bull Quartu SantElena bull Iglesias bull Velletri bull Sora bull Pescara bull Massa Carrara bull Ventimiglia

[edit] Lithuania

bull Klaipeda Free Economic Zone bull Kaunas Free Economic Zone

[edit] Malaysia

bull Port Klang Free Zone

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Ingushetia bull Yantar Kaliningrad

[edit] South Korea

bull Yellow Sea bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang

[edit] Spain

bull Ibiza

[edit] Ukraine

bull Quarantine Pier of Odessa trade sea port January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Ajman Free Zone[1] bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center

23

bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Studio City

[edit] Uzbekistan

bull Navoiy

[edit] United Kingdom

bull London Docklands bull Bristol Subverbs

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwsricityin 2 ^ httpwwwinspirainfracom

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_economic_zone Categories Special Economic Zones

Special Economic Zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding reliable references Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (January 2007)

A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a countrys typical economic laws The category SEZ covers a broad range of more specific zone types including Free Trade Zones (FTZ) Export Processing Zones (EPZ) Free Zones (FZ) Industrial Estates (IE) Free Ports Urban Enterprise Zones and others Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors typically an international business or a multinational corporation (MNC)

One of the earliest and the most famous Special Economic Zones were found by the government of the Peoples Republic of China under Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s The most successful Special Economic Zone in China Shenzhen has developed from a small village into a city with a population over 10 million within 20 years

Following the Chinese examples Special Economic Zones have been established in several countries including Brazil India Iran Jordan Kazakhstan Pakistan the

24

Philippines Poland Russia and Ukraine Currently Puno Peru has been slated to become a Zona Economica by its president Alan Garcia

A single SEZ can contain multiple specific zones within its boundaries In India the Government has sanctioned few large multi-product Special Exconomic Zones (SEZ) where one can set-up any kind of business (services manufacturing trading etc) Some of the most promoinent large multiple zone SEZs are Sricity SEZ near Chennai and Mundra SEZ in Gujarat India The other two most prominent examples of this layered approach are Subic Bay Freeport Zone in the Philippines the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority in Jordan and According to World Bank estimates as of 2007 there are more than 3000 projects taking place in SEZs in 120 countries worldwide

SEZs have been implemented using a variety of institutional structures across the world ranging from fully public (government operator government developer government regulator) to fully private (private operator private developer public regulator) In many cases public sector operators and developers act as quasi-government agencies in that they have a pseudo-corporate institutional structure and have budgetary autonomy SEZs are often developed under a public-private partnership arrangement in which the public sector provides some level of support (provision of off-site infrastructure equity investment soft loans bond issues etc) to enable a private sector developer to obtain a reasonable rate of return on the project (typically 10-20 depending on risk levels)

Contents [hide]

bull 1 China bull 2 India

o 21 List of SEZs in India bull 3 Indonesia bull 4 Iran bull 5 Kazakhstan bull 6 North Korea bull 7 Pakistan

o 71 List of SEZs in the Pakistan bull 8 Philippines

o 81 List of SEZs in the Philippines bull 9 Poland bull 10 Russia

o 101 TechnicalInnovational Zones o 102 Industrialdevelopmental Zoneso 103 Tourist Zones

bull 11 Ukraine bull 12 References bull 13 External links

25

[edit] China Main article Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

Currently the most prominent SEZs in the country are Shenzhen Xiamen Shantou Zhuhai and Hainan Province

[edit] India Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country and realising the need that a level playing field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally the Government of India had in April 2000 announced the introduction of Special Economic Zones policy in the country deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations duties and tariffs As of 2007 more than 500 SEZs have been proposed 220 of which have been created This has raised the concern of the World Bank which questions the sustainability of such a large number of SEZs The Special Economic Zones in India closely follow the PRC model

India passed special economic zone act in 2005 In India the government has been proactive in the development of the SEZs They have formulated policies reviewed them occasionally and have ensured that ample facilities are provided to the developers of the SEZs as well as to the companies setting up units in the SEZs

[edit] List of SEZs in India

The policy provides for setting up of SEZs in the public private joint sector or by State Governments One of them is Sricity Multi product SEZ part of Sricity which is a developing satellite city in the epicentre of AP amp TN It was also envisaged that some of the existing Export Processing Zones would be converted into Special Economic Zones

bull Sricity (SEZ) (Andhra Pradesh) (httpwwwsricityin) bull Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) bull Polepally (Andhra Pradesh) bull Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) bull Velankani SEZ (Chennai) (httpwwwvelankanisezcom) bull Pharma and Biotech SEZ Aurangabad Maharashtra

(httpwwwinspirainfracom) bull Ahmedabad Baroda Kandla and Surat (Gujarat) bull Cochin (Kerala) bull Pithampur (Madhya Pradesh) bull Nagpur also refer MIHAN Pune and SEEPZ in Mumbai (Maharashtra) bull Chennai Ilandaikulam Madurai Nanguneri and Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu) bull NOIDA Greater NOIDA (Uttar Pradesh) UP bull Falta (West Bengal) bull Bangalore [Karnataka] bull Kensington [Powai Mumbai] bull Mangalore (Karnataka)

26

Currently India has 1022 units in operations in 9 functional SEZs each an average size of 200 acres (081 km2) 8 Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been converted into SEZs These are fully functional All these SEZs are in various parts of the country in the privatejoint sectors or by the State Government But this process of planning and development is under question as the states in which the SEZs have been approved are facing intense protests from the farming community accusing the government of forcibly snatching fertile land from them at heavily discounted prices as against the prevailing prices in the commercial real estate industry Also some reputed companies like Bajaj and others have commented against this policy and have suggested using barren and wasteland for setting up of SEZs

Attempts to set up a Special Economic Zone in Nandigram have led to protests by villagers in the area A Parliamentary Committee to study and give recommendations on SEZs has said that no further SEZs be notified unless the existing law is amended to incorporate the changes related to the land acquisitions

Genpact has announced its plans to expand its presence in Hyderabad by setting up a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) across 50 acres (200000 m2) in the city at Jawahar Nagar

[edit] Indonesia Main article Batam IslandSEZ - Special Economic Zones

[edit] Iran bull Arg - e - Jadid Special Economic Zone Vehicle Manufacturing Hub bull PetZone Petrochemical special economic Zone Mahshahr bull Kish Kish island special economic zone bull Sarakhs bull Sirjan bull Shahid Rajaee Port[1] bull Amirabad Special Economic Zone[2] bull Bushehr Port

[edit] Kazakhstan bull Astana

Multiple Economic zones created by the mandate of the President Each zone has a different focus South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone is dedicated to the development of the textile industry in Kazakhstan

[edit] North Korea The Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone was established under a UN economic development programme in 1994 Located on the bank of the Tuman River the zone borders on the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (or Yeonbyeon in Korean) of

27

the Peoples Republic of China as well as Russia In 2000 the name of the area was shortened to Rason and became separate from the North Hamgyeong Province

[edit] Pakistan Taking the example of the Chinese success with their SEZs China is helping Pakistan develop the Haier-Ruba economic zone on the outskirts of Lahore

Other economic zones include the China-Pakistan economic zone open only to Chinese investors and also the future crown jewel of Pakistan Gwadar

There are also talks of creating a Japanese city for foreign investors from Japan only

There has also been new SEZ proposed on the currently under construction Sialkot-Lahore motorway Qatar has proposed an investment for $1 billion in a new SEZ along the motorway

There is also a new zone under construction in Faislababd which will be the biggest industrial estate of Pakistan when complete it has sections for each country and the first phrase is already complete with a special Chinese zone in it

[edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan

bull Karachi Export Processing Zone Karachi Sindh bull Risalpur Export Processing Zone Risalpur bull Sialkot Export Processing Zone Sialkot Punjab bull Gujranwala Export Processing Zone Gujranwala Punjab bull Saindak Export Processing Zone Saindak Balochistan bull Reko Diq Export Processing Zone bull Khalifa Coastal Oil Refinery EPZ bull Gwadar Export Processing Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Special Industrial Development Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Faisalabad Export Processing Zone Faisalabad Punjab bull Special Inudstrial Economic Zone Lahore Punjab

[edit] Philippines Philippine economic zones (ecozones) are collections of industries brought together geographically for the purpose of promoting economic development Although designed to operate separately from the political and economic milieu of surrounding communities Philippine economic zones do in fact interact with their neighbors There are 41 private-owned economic zones and 4 government owned economic zones in the Philippines Of the 41 private economic zones the biggest exporter is Gateway Business Park in General Trias Cavite and the second biggest private ecozone is Laguna Technopark Inc The four governmentally owned are Cavite Economic Zone Bataan Economic Zone Mactan Economic Zone and Baguio City Economic Zone Thus it is a useful act for the growth of economic zone of the country

[edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines

28

bull Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority bull Clark Special Economic Zone bull Philippine Economic Zone Authority bull PHIVIDEC Industrial Authority bull Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone Authority bull Cagayan Economic Zone Authority

[edit] Poland There are 14 Special Economic Zones in Poland[1]

bull Kamiennogoacuterska SSE bull Katowice Special Economic Zone bull Kostrzyńsko-Słubicka SSE bull Krakowski Park Technologiczny bull Legnicka SSE bull Łoacutedzka SSE bull SSE EURO-PARK MIELEC bull Słupska SSE bull SSE Starachowice bull Suwalska SSE bull Pomorska SSE (Pomeranian Special Economic Zone) bull Tarnobrzeska SSE bull Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone INVEST-PARK bull Warmińsko-Mazurska SSE

[edit] Russia

[edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones

bull Dubna bull Zelenograd bull Noidorf (Russian Нойдорф) - industrial and business park in special economic

zone in Strelna near Saint Petersburg Russia bull Novo-Orlovskoe (Russian Ново-Орловское) - SEZ territory in Saint

Petersburg Russia bull Tomsk

[edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones

bull ldquoAlabugardquo (special economic zone) bull Lipetsk

[edit] Tourist Zones

bull Krasnodar Krai bull Stavropol Krai bull Kaliningrad Oblast (Yantar Kaliningrad Special Economic Zone) bull Altai Krai

29

bull Altai Republic bull Irkutsk Oblast bull Buryatia

[edit] Ukraine Special Economic Zones existed in Ukraine until March 31 2005 The first created was the Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone Syvash (since 1996) From 1998 to 2000 11 new zones were created

Name Location Area Established Time limit

NCEEZ Syvash Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1996 5 years

Slavutych Slavutych Kiev Oblast 2000 ha 30061998 till 01012020

Azov Mariupol Donetsk Oblast 315 ha 21071998 60 years Donetsk Donetsk Donetsk Oblast 466 ha 21071998 60 years

Zakarpattia Uzhhorodskyi Raion and Mukachivskyi Raion Zakarpattia Oblast

737 ha 09011999 30 years

Yavoriv Yavorivskyi Raion Lviv Oblast

116000 ha 17021999 till

01012020 Interport Kovel Kovel Volyn Oblast 57 ha 01012000 20 years Kurortopolis Truskavets Truskavets Lviv Oblast 774 ha 01012000 20 years

Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Oblast shipyard territory and adjoining area

865 ha 01012000 30 years

Port Krym Kerch Autonomous Republic of Crimea 27 ha 01012000 30 years

Porto-Franco Odessa part of Odessa Trade Sea Ports territory 32 ha 01012000 25 years

Reni Reni Odessa Oblast 94 ha 17052000 30 years Initially planned time of operation given All zones were shut down on March 31 2005

NCEEZ mdash Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone

Sources [3] [4] [5] and Пехник АВ Іноземні інвестиції в економіку України Навчальний посібник Вид laquoЗнанняraquo Київ 2007 pages 49 310ndash319

[edit] References

30

1 ^ httpwwwmggovplSpecjalne+strefy+ekonomiczneWykaz+SSE

bull Chee Kian Leong 2007 A Tale of Two Countries Openness and Growth in China and India [6] Dynamics Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper

[edit] External links bull South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone bull Regularly updated news about SEZs in India bull Indian Special Economic Zones bull Russian Special Economic Zones bull Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan bull Indian SEZ bull PEZA Philippines bull The New Maharajas of India bull India Special Economic zones map bull Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones (Russia)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zone Categories International business | International trade | International economics | Special Economic Zones

List of free ports From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Free economic zones may also be called free ports

Most commonly a free port is a special customs area with favorable customs regulations (or no customs duties and controls for transshipment) Earlier in history some free ports like Hong Kong enjoyed political autonomy Many international airports have free ports though they tend to be called customs areas customs zones or international zones

Contents [hide]

31

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

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47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 13: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

Comprehensive theories for the location of manufacturing activities have been developed throughout history In making allocation decisions several determinants or factors such as transportation cost labour cost marketing advantages and proximity to auxiliary industries are considered Some economists referred to the best location as that site from which a given number of buyers can be served at the lowest total cost In that sense the location theory involves both cost and demand curves

44 Availability of Labour and Low Labour Costs Because foreign firms and companies are interested in lowering their cost of production the cost and availability of labour are one of the main factors that attract foreign investment to free zones and in turn enhance their success However recently and due to many reasons the cost and availability of are losing importance in the face of other factors of a more qualitative nature such as transport conditions and cost and business establishment conditions

45 Availability of Good Infrastructure Facilities Availability of infrastructure as well as other supply services is considered a must for a free zone to succeed Availability of good transportation and communication systems for instance in addition to a good administrative system away from red tape and bureaucracy would definitely enhance the success of the zone The availability of a modern seaport for instance with its terminals and modern international airport with its cargo village and its air-freight handling capability and the Manifest and Documentation System (MDS) have tremendously enhanced the success of Jebel Ali Free Zone tremendously The Free Zonersquos infrastructure facilities which would compete with those of other zones and contribute to the zonersquos success include low cost pre-fabricated warehouses offices and refrigerated stores open stores and retail transport facilities abundant power supply and highly efficient support services by the engineering and data system Also the fully free flow of capital and tax-free profits andor returns are important facilities to be considered

5 Free Economics Zones in Latin American Countries Trend and Main Features

The geographical location of Panamarsquos country allow it to act as a bridge between four continents namely Asia Africa Europe and between North America and South America Panamarsquos country strategic location at the crossroads between East and West and North and South has contribute to their importance in international trade where it is considered important gateways to large numbers of people and where it provide essential meeting points for production and consumption markets

13

The idea of establishing free zones in the region is gathering momentum especially with the general trend in the area towards liberalization and globalization trends and the newly emerging economics blocs Like most free zones in the world free zones in Panamarsquos country would be located either in or near seaports or near airports and international borders Such locations would be attractive to low as well as high-value products In fact without access to services that are essential to export and industrial operations some free zones in Panamarsquos country may find it hard to attract foreign investment 6 Main Features Incentives Facilities and Administration of Free Zones

61 Fiscal and Financial Incentives The variety and magnitude of fiscal and financial incentives given to investors in Free Zones vary from country to another Jebel Ali Free Zone for example seems to offer the most attractive incentives where there are no limitations on foreign ownership no personal and income taxes and exemption from corporate taxes is for almost 30 years Apart from fiscal incentives (tax exemption) most free zones offer financial incentives such as exemption from taxes on profits and from foreign currency controls Most Free Zones permit the unlimited transfer of profits as from the first year of production and repatriation of the total initial investment after a relatively short period of about 3 years 62 Customs Exemptions Import Duties Apart from its duty-free privileges free zones are characterized by the speed and simplicity of import and export transactions In Jebel Ali Zone (Dubai) for example time-consuming procedures on importation and exportations are kept to a minimum 63 Facilities and Administration Free Zone in Panamarsquos country would be provided with various types of infrastructure facilities and services This would include roads ports (Colon) airport (The International Airport of Panama) facilities for storage and standard factory buildings The support services would include physical services such as the supply of electricity and water telecommunication facilities commercial services such as banking insurance shipping and forwarding agents etc and social services such a medical care food facilities etc The most extensive infrastructure facilities over the world are those provided in Jebel Ali Free Zone This includes a modern port generous space a modern communication system and pre-built facilities for lease Abundant and inexpensive energy is also available

14

64 Administration of Free Zones in Panama It should be administer by a separate authority which should be call The Free Zone Authority or Corporation It should has representatives from various ministries in fact the existence of a centralized administrative office with the authority to intercede between firms in the Free Zone and other government departments helps to provide investors with a simple and straightforward administrative procedure ie one window service

7 Attracting Foreign Investment and Capital Investment activities in free zones were dominated by storage projects that not require large amounts of capital The source of the invested capital determines to some extent the ability of the Zone to attract foreign investment What I believe determines the success of a Free Zone is its external competitiveness relative to other zones in the region rather than its internal profitability as captured by only cost-benefit analysis The rate of return of investments in the Zone may be extremely high but foreign investors are not attracted So may be what is needed is an international competitiveness analysis that is carried out parallel to the cost-benefits analysis Having looked at some of the main issues that determine the success of Jebel Ali Free Zone it appears that success depends on a number of economic social and geographical factors in effect within the country and abroad It is essential that we do not overlook the fact that in general a Free Economic Zone is a mature phenomenon of the international economy It is believed that an understanding of the features objectives and mechanism of the Zones and their role in the global economy is essential to the success of every zone

8 Free Zones Obstacles and Problems Reasons for Poor Performance

Investors in Free Zones are continuously faced with problems and obstacles that impede the operations of their firms in the zones Some of these problems are related to the macro level while others to sectoral and firm levels Also some are considered administrative and marketing problems while other are legal and technical ones Although assessment shows that the type and magnitude of obstacles differ from country to another the major problems are considered to be similar 8 I On the Macro Level Administrative Obstacles include among other things

1 Excessive red tape and bureaucracy where investors have to deal with several departments to obtain licenses or approvals The process is tedious and lengthy

2 Lack of actual autonomy of Free Zones even though they are accorded by law financial and administrative authority

3 Unexpected changes in laws and regulations that continuously confuse investors

4 Conflict and overlap of laws and procedures related to Free Zones as well as to customs

15

8 II On the other hand Marketing Obstacles include

1 Free zones lack of effective promotional policies They failed to understand that marketing is a task requiring most of the attention of top management

2 There is a difficulty in marketing products of Free Zones because Free Zones in the region are similar and produce almost similar products

At the same time adequate Infrastructure Facilities surrounding the Economic Free Zone are necessary pre-condition for attracting foreign investment However this is not the case in most Free Zones in the region of Panamarsquos country Infrastructure obstacles include Inadequate infrastructure utilities and services especially communication as well as lack and inefficiency of ports used to carry Zones products and materials necessary for production 8 III On the Sectoral and Micro Level Some problems are related to the nature of industrial activities such as the small-sized industries in the Free Zones and their inability to compete in the markets Others are related to the dependence on imported raw materials which has tremendously increased the cost of production of industrial products As a result the ability of industries to compete has decreased At the same time certain problems such as the lack of a complex production process have led to the limited transfer of technology to industries As a result the transfer of technology through industries was relatively limited It is believed that a simple production process generates very few backward linkages with other production activities in the economy and most of the material that requires technical knowledge is being imported from foreign sources As a result there is no room to develop specific technologies in the zones What actually exist is only assembly lines as well as putting together of ready made parts It is believed that Free Economics Zones are going to be more important in the present decade than they were in the last decade or so because they can be the doorways to growth and development that can be opened and closed according to the countryrsquos interest and benefits

9 Conclusion and Policy Implications

In recent years Free Economics Zones have become increasingly important as countries sought to attract foreign investment for the purpose of promoting growth through increasing exports foreign exchange and employment opportunities as well as enhancing the transfer of technology The result the relatively limited effect of Free Zones on the host economies except in the case of Jebel Ali Free Zone was mainly due to macro as well as sectoral level obstacles that impeded the operation of firms in the zones Looking back at the experience of partly successful Free Zones in Arab countries one can identify a number of classical failures at the planning and design stage They include the choice of inappropriate location for the zone

16

lack of sufficient basic infrastructure such as telecommunications and inefficient institutional linkages between the Zone Authority and other government departments As a result careful consideration of the existing rules and measures is necessary for the Zones to succeed The recommended measures include among others things

91 Legislative reforms that would take care of the numerous contradictions and duplications of laws and regulations in the Zones to reduce bureaucracy and give more independence to the authorities Investment laws should remain in force for long periods in order to give investors peace and mind 92 Sufficient infrastructure facilities and services are needed in most of the Free Zones in the region The availability of such infrastructure facilities would give to the New Colon Free Zone in Panamarsquos country a comparative advantage within the entire region 93 Reforms that encourage the expansion of export industries in the Zones such as the removal of barriers to the movement of finished goods in the region In fact is essential to have regulations that attract large and medium size industries rather than small industries as it is the case in Jebel Ali Free Zone 94 Encouragement of employment of nationals in Free Zones which may require giving more attention to training of manpower by the Free Zone Authority on one hand by local and foreign firms on the other 95 Promotion and marketing of the Zones that requires the attention of top management So promotional and marketing programs that attract clients and keep them happy should be developed Priority should be given to meeting clients needs as well as the countryrsquos objectives In fact it makes little sense to invest in land infrastructure utilities etc and fail to provide enough investment for marketing and promotion

Finally we can say that Panamarsquos country have not probably been active as any others regions in establishing and developing Free Economics Zones like the Arab countries and in particular Dubai with the Jebel Ali Free Zone The idea was to get around a large amount of existing regulations and to provide infrastructure facilities and services to attract foreign investment and in turn to promote growth To be successful Free Economic Zones in Panama have to concentrate on competing on the basis of the services offered and the quality of such services In others words their comparative advantage of liberalization should be in their services Aggressive Free Zones can create good opportunities for themselves within the region while traditional and slow Free Zones which are not able to adapt quickly become uncompetitive and in turn a classical example of failure It is the job of dynamic managers to seize the opportunity to attract business and investment to the zone and I can do that for the New Colon Free Zone in Panama because I am a successful CEO actively seeking new opportunities to capture new business opportunities to which I may offer my global approach along with extensive experience

17

Bibliography Tahir Jamil (1998) ldquoAn Assessment of Free Economic Zones (FEZs) in Arab Countries - Performance and Main Featuresrdquo Working Paper 9926 It was presented in an international conference on ldquoNew Economics Developments and Their Impact on Arab Economiesrdquo held in Tunis during the period 3-5 June 1998 Guangwen Meng (2003) ldquoThe Theory and Practice of Free Economic Zones A Case Study of Tianjin Peoplersquos Republic of Chinardquo Submitted to the Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics of the Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Germany for the Degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences Oral Examination 14022003 Watson Noel Newton (1998) ldquoEVALUATING THE NET ECONOMICS BENEFITS OF FREE TRADE ZONES IN THEORY AND PRACTICE - APPLIED TO THE KINGSTON EXPORT FREE ZONE IN JAMAICArdquo Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Economics of Simon Fraser University November 1998 Ministry of Finance and Economy (Republic of Korea) ldquoFree Economic Zones in Korea (2003) The Future of Northeast Asiardquo September 2003 httpenglishmosfgokr Salma Ali Saif Bin Hareb Chief Executive Zonersquos Jebel Free Zone of Government of Dubai (2007) ldquoJafza Corporate Brochurerdquo November 2007 httpwwwjafzaaeen Knowledge Innovation Zone Research Project (2006) ldquoSPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES (SEZ) VERSUS KNOWLEDGE INNOVATION ZONES (KIZ) - A COMPARISONrdquo httpwwwinthekzonecom OECD Private Sector Development Division (2008) ldquoFree Economic Zones in the MENA Region Update 2008rdquo Tarun Dhingra Dr Ambalika Sinha Dr Tripti Singh (2008) ldquoLocation strategy for competitiveness of Special Economic Zones in India ndash A Generic frameworkrdquo

18

Useful Links

Jebel Ali Free Zone (Jafza) httpwwwjafzaaeen SEZ stands for Special Economic Zone a tax free area for manufacturing RampD Trading and Services units (Inspira Infrastructure) httpwwwinspirainfracom Yellow Sea Free Economic Zone (Yesfez) httpwwwyesfezgokrengyesfezsongak_districtasp Tanger Free Zone httpwwwtangerfreezonecom Hamriyah Free Zone httpwwwhfzaae Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone (RAK FTZ) httpwwwrakftzcomen Jebel Ali Free Zone Online Directory (Potential Customer for the New Free Zone) httpwwwjdae

International Trade General International Trade and Trade Policy Free Economic Zones

bull UN Resources bull Documents bull Photos

Free Economic Zones in Korea The Future of Northeast Asia Foreign-invested firms have begun to take a close look at the benefits of locating in one of these zones 8 9 Page 11 What are Free Economic Zones Sector unpan1unorgintradocgroupspublicdocumentsAPCITYUNPAN0 UNESCAP Taking off in earnest Koreas free economic zones are at the forefront of the scenic coastal cities of Incheon Busan-Jinhae and Gwangyang the zones form an wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue78_16nov2005doc UNESCAP By Kim Min-hee Korea will move swiftly to further improve the contents of its free economic zones as well as strengthen its sales pitch to potential investors wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue75_18Oct2005doc

NATIONAL PROFILE FOR THE INFORMATION SOCIETY IN THE UNITED ARAB Also the growth of ICT Free Zones companies and activities is certain to The UAE has made extensive use of duty free economic zones to stimulate business wwwescwaorglbwsisreportsdocsUAE_2005-Epdf Economic and Social Council the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352

ةماعلا ةيعمجلا the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and has introduced many kinds of special zones of various areas For example Xiamen Special Economic Zone covers about 131 million while Tianjin Free Trade Zone wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377pub_2377 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and In 1990 it established free trade zones (bonded areas) altogether 15 to date seven of which are located in special economic zones and five of which are

19

wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377ftz_ch4 TID inputs to 61st Session of the Commission regional special economic zones (along a similar format as ldquogrowth trianglesrdquo) for disaster-affected areas could be considered which would grant duty-free wwwunescaporgtidnewstsunami_briefpdf Economic Cooperation and Integration Sub-programme Provisional These can include regional clusters Internet-based business models business incubators free economic zones technological and science centres platforms and wwwuneceorgcecidocsECI_conceptual_framework_29May2006p See also

Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial development support services gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial sector gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Duty free transit International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Free ports

Free economic zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

Many countries have or have had at some time designated areas where companies are taxed very lightly or not at all to encourage development or for some other reason These are known as free economic zones

Sometimes they are called free ports by an analogy with free ports known for a long time in history - the ports free of customs or with favorable customs regulations eg the free port of Trieste Very often free ports are parts of free economic zones

Contents [hide]

bull 1 Free economic zones by countryo 11 Armenia o 12 Belarus o 13 Brazil o 14 Bulgaria

20

o 15 Chile o 16 China o 17 Egypt o 18 Georgia o 19 India o 110 Iran o 111 Italy o 112 Lithuania o 113 Malaysia o 114 Russia o 115 South Korea o 116 Spain o 117 Ukraine o 118 United Arab Emirateso 119 Uzbekistan o 120 United Kingdom

bull 2 References

[edit] Free economic zones by country

[edit] Armenia

bull Gyumri

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Bulgaria

bull Burgas bull Rousse bull Plovdiv bull Dragoman bull Vidin bull Svilengrad

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] China

21

bull Hong Kong

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said Public Free Zone bull Alexandria Public Free Zone bull Nasr City Public Free Zone bull Suez Public Free Zone bull Ismailia Public Free Zone bull Damietta Public Free Zone bull Media Public Free Zone bull Shebin El- Kom Public Free Zone bull Qeft Public Free Zone bull Port Said East Port Public Free Zone

[edit] Georgia

bull Poti Samegrelo region

[edit] India

bull Sricity Multi Product SEZ Andhra Pradesh [1] bull SEEPZ India bull Inspira Pharma amp Biotech Park Aurangabad Maharashtra[2]

[edit] Iran

bull Kish bull Aras Free Zone bull Anzali Free Zone bull Arvand Free Zone bull Chabahar Free Zone bull Gheshm Free Zone

[edit] Italy

bull Catania bull Erice bull Gela bull Crotone bull Rossano bull Lamezia Terme bull Matera bull Taranto bull Lecce bull Andria bull Naples bull Torre Annunziata bull Mondragone

22

bull Campobasso bull Cagliari bull Quartu SantElena bull Iglesias bull Velletri bull Sora bull Pescara bull Massa Carrara bull Ventimiglia

[edit] Lithuania

bull Klaipeda Free Economic Zone bull Kaunas Free Economic Zone

[edit] Malaysia

bull Port Klang Free Zone

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Ingushetia bull Yantar Kaliningrad

[edit] South Korea

bull Yellow Sea bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang

[edit] Spain

bull Ibiza

[edit] Ukraine

bull Quarantine Pier of Odessa trade sea port January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Ajman Free Zone[1] bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center

23

bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Studio City

[edit] Uzbekistan

bull Navoiy

[edit] United Kingdom

bull London Docklands bull Bristol Subverbs

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwsricityin 2 ^ httpwwwinspirainfracom

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_economic_zone Categories Special Economic Zones

Special Economic Zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding reliable references Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (January 2007)

A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a countrys typical economic laws The category SEZ covers a broad range of more specific zone types including Free Trade Zones (FTZ) Export Processing Zones (EPZ) Free Zones (FZ) Industrial Estates (IE) Free Ports Urban Enterprise Zones and others Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors typically an international business or a multinational corporation (MNC)

One of the earliest and the most famous Special Economic Zones were found by the government of the Peoples Republic of China under Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s The most successful Special Economic Zone in China Shenzhen has developed from a small village into a city with a population over 10 million within 20 years

Following the Chinese examples Special Economic Zones have been established in several countries including Brazil India Iran Jordan Kazakhstan Pakistan the

24

Philippines Poland Russia and Ukraine Currently Puno Peru has been slated to become a Zona Economica by its president Alan Garcia

A single SEZ can contain multiple specific zones within its boundaries In India the Government has sanctioned few large multi-product Special Exconomic Zones (SEZ) where one can set-up any kind of business (services manufacturing trading etc) Some of the most promoinent large multiple zone SEZs are Sricity SEZ near Chennai and Mundra SEZ in Gujarat India The other two most prominent examples of this layered approach are Subic Bay Freeport Zone in the Philippines the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority in Jordan and According to World Bank estimates as of 2007 there are more than 3000 projects taking place in SEZs in 120 countries worldwide

SEZs have been implemented using a variety of institutional structures across the world ranging from fully public (government operator government developer government regulator) to fully private (private operator private developer public regulator) In many cases public sector operators and developers act as quasi-government agencies in that they have a pseudo-corporate institutional structure and have budgetary autonomy SEZs are often developed under a public-private partnership arrangement in which the public sector provides some level of support (provision of off-site infrastructure equity investment soft loans bond issues etc) to enable a private sector developer to obtain a reasonable rate of return on the project (typically 10-20 depending on risk levels)

Contents [hide]

bull 1 China bull 2 India

o 21 List of SEZs in India bull 3 Indonesia bull 4 Iran bull 5 Kazakhstan bull 6 North Korea bull 7 Pakistan

o 71 List of SEZs in the Pakistan bull 8 Philippines

o 81 List of SEZs in the Philippines bull 9 Poland bull 10 Russia

o 101 TechnicalInnovational Zones o 102 Industrialdevelopmental Zoneso 103 Tourist Zones

bull 11 Ukraine bull 12 References bull 13 External links

25

[edit] China Main article Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

Currently the most prominent SEZs in the country are Shenzhen Xiamen Shantou Zhuhai and Hainan Province

[edit] India Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country and realising the need that a level playing field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally the Government of India had in April 2000 announced the introduction of Special Economic Zones policy in the country deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations duties and tariffs As of 2007 more than 500 SEZs have been proposed 220 of which have been created This has raised the concern of the World Bank which questions the sustainability of such a large number of SEZs The Special Economic Zones in India closely follow the PRC model

India passed special economic zone act in 2005 In India the government has been proactive in the development of the SEZs They have formulated policies reviewed them occasionally and have ensured that ample facilities are provided to the developers of the SEZs as well as to the companies setting up units in the SEZs

[edit] List of SEZs in India

The policy provides for setting up of SEZs in the public private joint sector or by State Governments One of them is Sricity Multi product SEZ part of Sricity which is a developing satellite city in the epicentre of AP amp TN It was also envisaged that some of the existing Export Processing Zones would be converted into Special Economic Zones

bull Sricity (SEZ) (Andhra Pradesh) (httpwwwsricityin) bull Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) bull Polepally (Andhra Pradesh) bull Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) bull Velankani SEZ (Chennai) (httpwwwvelankanisezcom) bull Pharma and Biotech SEZ Aurangabad Maharashtra

(httpwwwinspirainfracom) bull Ahmedabad Baroda Kandla and Surat (Gujarat) bull Cochin (Kerala) bull Pithampur (Madhya Pradesh) bull Nagpur also refer MIHAN Pune and SEEPZ in Mumbai (Maharashtra) bull Chennai Ilandaikulam Madurai Nanguneri and Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu) bull NOIDA Greater NOIDA (Uttar Pradesh) UP bull Falta (West Bengal) bull Bangalore [Karnataka] bull Kensington [Powai Mumbai] bull Mangalore (Karnataka)

26

Currently India has 1022 units in operations in 9 functional SEZs each an average size of 200 acres (081 km2) 8 Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been converted into SEZs These are fully functional All these SEZs are in various parts of the country in the privatejoint sectors or by the State Government But this process of planning and development is under question as the states in which the SEZs have been approved are facing intense protests from the farming community accusing the government of forcibly snatching fertile land from them at heavily discounted prices as against the prevailing prices in the commercial real estate industry Also some reputed companies like Bajaj and others have commented against this policy and have suggested using barren and wasteland for setting up of SEZs

Attempts to set up a Special Economic Zone in Nandigram have led to protests by villagers in the area A Parliamentary Committee to study and give recommendations on SEZs has said that no further SEZs be notified unless the existing law is amended to incorporate the changes related to the land acquisitions

Genpact has announced its plans to expand its presence in Hyderabad by setting up a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) across 50 acres (200000 m2) in the city at Jawahar Nagar

[edit] Indonesia Main article Batam IslandSEZ - Special Economic Zones

[edit] Iran bull Arg - e - Jadid Special Economic Zone Vehicle Manufacturing Hub bull PetZone Petrochemical special economic Zone Mahshahr bull Kish Kish island special economic zone bull Sarakhs bull Sirjan bull Shahid Rajaee Port[1] bull Amirabad Special Economic Zone[2] bull Bushehr Port

[edit] Kazakhstan bull Astana

Multiple Economic zones created by the mandate of the President Each zone has a different focus South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone is dedicated to the development of the textile industry in Kazakhstan

[edit] North Korea The Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone was established under a UN economic development programme in 1994 Located on the bank of the Tuman River the zone borders on the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (or Yeonbyeon in Korean) of

27

the Peoples Republic of China as well as Russia In 2000 the name of the area was shortened to Rason and became separate from the North Hamgyeong Province

[edit] Pakistan Taking the example of the Chinese success with their SEZs China is helping Pakistan develop the Haier-Ruba economic zone on the outskirts of Lahore

Other economic zones include the China-Pakistan economic zone open only to Chinese investors and also the future crown jewel of Pakistan Gwadar

There are also talks of creating a Japanese city for foreign investors from Japan only

There has also been new SEZ proposed on the currently under construction Sialkot-Lahore motorway Qatar has proposed an investment for $1 billion in a new SEZ along the motorway

There is also a new zone under construction in Faislababd which will be the biggest industrial estate of Pakistan when complete it has sections for each country and the first phrase is already complete with a special Chinese zone in it

[edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan

bull Karachi Export Processing Zone Karachi Sindh bull Risalpur Export Processing Zone Risalpur bull Sialkot Export Processing Zone Sialkot Punjab bull Gujranwala Export Processing Zone Gujranwala Punjab bull Saindak Export Processing Zone Saindak Balochistan bull Reko Diq Export Processing Zone bull Khalifa Coastal Oil Refinery EPZ bull Gwadar Export Processing Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Special Industrial Development Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Faisalabad Export Processing Zone Faisalabad Punjab bull Special Inudstrial Economic Zone Lahore Punjab

[edit] Philippines Philippine economic zones (ecozones) are collections of industries brought together geographically for the purpose of promoting economic development Although designed to operate separately from the political and economic milieu of surrounding communities Philippine economic zones do in fact interact with their neighbors There are 41 private-owned economic zones and 4 government owned economic zones in the Philippines Of the 41 private economic zones the biggest exporter is Gateway Business Park in General Trias Cavite and the second biggest private ecozone is Laguna Technopark Inc The four governmentally owned are Cavite Economic Zone Bataan Economic Zone Mactan Economic Zone and Baguio City Economic Zone Thus it is a useful act for the growth of economic zone of the country

[edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines

28

bull Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority bull Clark Special Economic Zone bull Philippine Economic Zone Authority bull PHIVIDEC Industrial Authority bull Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone Authority bull Cagayan Economic Zone Authority

[edit] Poland There are 14 Special Economic Zones in Poland[1]

bull Kamiennogoacuterska SSE bull Katowice Special Economic Zone bull Kostrzyńsko-Słubicka SSE bull Krakowski Park Technologiczny bull Legnicka SSE bull Łoacutedzka SSE bull SSE EURO-PARK MIELEC bull Słupska SSE bull SSE Starachowice bull Suwalska SSE bull Pomorska SSE (Pomeranian Special Economic Zone) bull Tarnobrzeska SSE bull Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone INVEST-PARK bull Warmińsko-Mazurska SSE

[edit] Russia

[edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones

bull Dubna bull Zelenograd bull Noidorf (Russian Нойдорф) - industrial and business park in special economic

zone in Strelna near Saint Petersburg Russia bull Novo-Orlovskoe (Russian Ново-Орловское) - SEZ territory in Saint

Petersburg Russia bull Tomsk

[edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones

bull ldquoAlabugardquo (special economic zone) bull Lipetsk

[edit] Tourist Zones

bull Krasnodar Krai bull Stavropol Krai bull Kaliningrad Oblast (Yantar Kaliningrad Special Economic Zone) bull Altai Krai

29

bull Altai Republic bull Irkutsk Oblast bull Buryatia

[edit] Ukraine Special Economic Zones existed in Ukraine until March 31 2005 The first created was the Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone Syvash (since 1996) From 1998 to 2000 11 new zones were created

Name Location Area Established Time limit

NCEEZ Syvash Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1996 5 years

Slavutych Slavutych Kiev Oblast 2000 ha 30061998 till 01012020

Azov Mariupol Donetsk Oblast 315 ha 21071998 60 years Donetsk Donetsk Donetsk Oblast 466 ha 21071998 60 years

Zakarpattia Uzhhorodskyi Raion and Mukachivskyi Raion Zakarpattia Oblast

737 ha 09011999 30 years

Yavoriv Yavorivskyi Raion Lviv Oblast

116000 ha 17021999 till

01012020 Interport Kovel Kovel Volyn Oblast 57 ha 01012000 20 years Kurortopolis Truskavets Truskavets Lviv Oblast 774 ha 01012000 20 years

Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Oblast shipyard territory and adjoining area

865 ha 01012000 30 years

Port Krym Kerch Autonomous Republic of Crimea 27 ha 01012000 30 years

Porto-Franco Odessa part of Odessa Trade Sea Ports territory 32 ha 01012000 25 years

Reni Reni Odessa Oblast 94 ha 17052000 30 years Initially planned time of operation given All zones were shut down on March 31 2005

NCEEZ mdash Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone

Sources [3] [4] [5] and Пехник АВ Іноземні інвестиції в економіку України Навчальний посібник Вид laquoЗнанняraquo Київ 2007 pages 49 310ndash319

[edit] References

30

1 ^ httpwwwmggovplSpecjalne+strefy+ekonomiczneWykaz+SSE

bull Chee Kian Leong 2007 A Tale of Two Countries Openness and Growth in China and India [6] Dynamics Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper

[edit] External links bull South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone bull Regularly updated news about SEZs in India bull Indian Special Economic Zones bull Russian Special Economic Zones bull Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan bull Indian SEZ bull PEZA Philippines bull The New Maharajas of India bull India Special Economic zones map bull Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones (Russia)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zone Categories International business | International trade | International economics | Special Economic Zones

List of free ports From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Free economic zones may also be called free ports

Most commonly a free port is a special customs area with favorable customs regulations (or no customs duties and controls for transshipment) Earlier in history some free ports like Hong Kong enjoyed political autonomy Many international airports have free ports though they tend to be called customs areas customs zones or international zones

Contents [hide]

31

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

Finance and banking

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Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 14: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

The idea of establishing free zones in the region is gathering momentum especially with the general trend in the area towards liberalization and globalization trends and the newly emerging economics blocs Like most free zones in the world free zones in Panamarsquos country would be located either in or near seaports or near airports and international borders Such locations would be attractive to low as well as high-value products In fact without access to services that are essential to export and industrial operations some free zones in Panamarsquos country may find it hard to attract foreign investment 6 Main Features Incentives Facilities and Administration of Free Zones

61 Fiscal and Financial Incentives The variety and magnitude of fiscal and financial incentives given to investors in Free Zones vary from country to another Jebel Ali Free Zone for example seems to offer the most attractive incentives where there are no limitations on foreign ownership no personal and income taxes and exemption from corporate taxes is for almost 30 years Apart from fiscal incentives (tax exemption) most free zones offer financial incentives such as exemption from taxes on profits and from foreign currency controls Most Free Zones permit the unlimited transfer of profits as from the first year of production and repatriation of the total initial investment after a relatively short period of about 3 years 62 Customs Exemptions Import Duties Apart from its duty-free privileges free zones are characterized by the speed and simplicity of import and export transactions In Jebel Ali Zone (Dubai) for example time-consuming procedures on importation and exportations are kept to a minimum 63 Facilities and Administration Free Zone in Panamarsquos country would be provided with various types of infrastructure facilities and services This would include roads ports (Colon) airport (The International Airport of Panama) facilities for storage and standard factory buildings The support services would include physical services such as the supply of electricity and water telecommunication facilities commercial services such as banking insurance shipping and forwarding agents etc and social services such a medical care food facilities etc The most extensive infrastructure facilities over the world are those provided in Jebel Ali Free Zone This includes a modern port generous space a modern communication system and pre-built facilities for lease Abundant and inexpensive energy is also available

14

64 Administration of Free Zones in Panama It should be administer by a separate authority which should be call The Free Zone Authority or Corporation It should has representatives from various ministries in fact the existence of a centralized administrative office with the authority to intercede between firms in the Free Zone and other government departments helps to provide investors with a simple and straightforward administrative procedure ie one window service

7 Attracting Foreign Investment and Capital Investment activities in free zones were dominated by storage projects that not require large amounts of capital The source of the invested capital determines to some extent the ability of the Zone to attract foreign investment What I believe determines the success of a Free Zone is its external competitiveness relative to other zones in the region rather than its internal profitability as captured by only cost-benefit analysis The rate of return of investments in the Zone may be extremely high but foreign investors are not attracted So may be what is needed is an international competitiveness analysis that is carried out parallel to the cost-benefits analysis Having looked at some of the main issues that determine the success of Jebel Ali Free Zone it appears that success depends on a number of economic social and geographical factors in effect within the country and abroad It is essential that we do not overlook the fact that in general a Free Economic Zone is a mature phenomenon of the international economy It is believed that an understanding of the features objectives and mechanism of the Zones and their role in the global economy is essential to the success of every zone

8 Free Zones Obstacles and Problems Reasons for Poor Performance

Investors in Free Zones are continuously faced with problems and obstacles that impede the operations of their firms in the zones Some of these problems are related to the macro level while others to sectoral and firm levels Also some are considered administrative and marketing problems while other are legal and technical ones Although assessment shows that the type and magnitude of obstacles differ from country to another the major problems are considered to be similar 8 I On the Macro Level Administrative Obstacles include among other things

1 Excessive red tape and bureaucracy where investors have to deal with several departments to obtain licenses or approvals The process is tedious and lengthy

2 Lack of actual autonomy of Free Zones even though they are accorded by law financial and administrative authority

3 Unexpected changes in laws and regulations that continuously confuse investors

4 Conflict and overlap of laws and procedures related to Free Zones as well as to customs

15

8 II On the other hand Marketing Obstacles include

1 Free zones lack of effective promotional policies They failed to understand that marketing is a task requiring most of the attention of top management

2 There is a difficulty in marketing products of Free Zones because Free Zones in the region are similar and produce almost similar products

At the same time adequate Infrastructure Facilities surrounding the Economic Free Zone are necessary pre-condition for attracting foreign investment However this is not the case in most Free Zones in the region of Panamarsquos country Infrastructure obstacles include Inadequate infrastructure utilities and services especially communication as well as lack and inefficiency of ports used to carry Zones products and materials necessary for production 8 III On the Sectoral and Micro Level Some problems are related to the nature of industrial activities such as the small-sized industries in the Free Zones and their inability to compete in the markets Others are related to the dependence on imported raw materials which has tremendously increased the cost of production of industrial products As a result the ability of industries to compete has decreased At the same time certain problems such as the lack of a complex production process have led to the limited transfer of technology to industries As a result the transfer of technology through industries was relatively limited It is believed that a simple production process generates very few backward linkages with other production activities in the economy and most of the material that requires technical knowledge is being imported from foreign sources As a result there is no room to develop specific technologies in the zones What actually exist is only assembly lines as well as putting together of ready made parts It is believed that Free Economics Zones are going to be more important in the present decade than they were in the last decade or so because they can be the doorways to growth and development that can be opened and closed according to the countryrsquos interest and benefits

9 Conclusion and Policy Implications

In recent years Free Economics Zones have become increasingly important as countries sought to attract foreign investment for the purpose of promoting growth through increasing exports foreign exchange and employment opportunities as well as enhancing the transfer of technology The result the relatively limited effect of Free Zones on the host economies except in the case of Jebel Ali Free Zone was mainly due to macro as well as sectoral level obstacles that impeded the operation of firms in the zones Looking back at the experience of partly successful Free Zones in Arab countries one can identify a number of classical failures at the planning and design stage They include the choice of inappropriate location for the zone

16

lack of sufficient basic infrastructure such as telecommunications and inefficient institutional linkages between the Zone Authority and other government departments As a result careful consideration of the existing rules and measures is necessary for the Zones to succeed The recommended measures include among others things

91 Legislative reforms that would take care of the numerous contradictions and duplications of laws and regulations in the Zones to reduce bureaucracy and give more independence to the authorities Investment laws should remain in force for long periods in order to give investors peace and mind 92 Sufficient infrastructure facilities and services are needed in most of the Free Zones in the region The availability of such infrastructure facilities would give to the New Colon Free Zone in Panamarsquos country a comparative advantage within the entire region 93 Reforms that encourage the expansion of export industries in the Zones such as the removal of barriers to the movement of finished goods in the region In fact is essential to have regulations that attract large and medium size industries rather than small industries as it is the case in Jebel Ali Free Zone 94 Encouragement of employment of nationals in Free Zones which may require giving more attention to training of manpower by the Free Zone Authority on one hand by local and foreign firms on the other 95 Promotion and marketing of the Zones that requires the attention of top management So promotional and marketing programs that attract clients and keep them happy should be developed Priority should be given to meeting clients needs as well as the countryrsquos objectives In fact it makes little sense to invest in land infrastructure utilities etc and fail to provide enough investment for marketing and promotion

Finally we can say that Panamarsquos country have not probably been active as any others regions in establishing and developing Free Economics Zones like the Arab countries and in particular Dubai with the Jebel Ali Free Zone The idea was to get around a large amount of existing regulations and to provide infrastructure facilities and services to attract foreign investment and in turn to promote growth To be successful Free Economic Zones in Panama have to concentrate on competing on the basis of the services offered and the quality of such services In others words their comparative advantage of liberalization should be in their services Aggressive Free Zones can create good opportunities for themselves within the region while traditional and slow Free Zones which are not able to adapt quickly become uncompetitive and in turn a classical example of failure It is the job of dynamic managers to seize the opportunity to attract business and investment to the zone and I can do that for the New Colon Free Zone in Panama because I am a successful CEO actively seeking new opportunities to capture new business opportunities to which I may offer my global approach along with extensive experience

17

Bibliography Tahir Jamil (1998) ldquoAn Assessment of Free Economic Zones (FEZs) in Arab Countries - Performance and Main Featuresrdquo Working Paper 9926 It was presented in an international conference on ldquoNew Economics Developments and Their Impact on Arab Economiesrdquo held in Tunis during the period 3-5 June 1998 Guangwen Meng (2003) ldquoThe Theory and Practice of Free Economic Zones A Case Study of Tianjin Peoplersquos Republic of Chinardquo Submitted to the Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics of the Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Germany for the Degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences Oral Examination 14022003 Watson Noel Newton (1998) ldquoEVALUATING THE NET ECONOMICS BENEFITS OF FREE TRADE ZONES IN THEORY AND PRACTICE - APPLIED TO THE KINGSTON EXPORT FREE ZONE IN JAMAICArdquo Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Economics of Simon Fraser University November 1998 Ministry of Finance and Economy (Republic of Korea) ldquoFree Economic Zones in Korea (2003) The Future of Northeast Asiardquo September 2003 httpenglishmosfgokr Salma Ali Saif Bin Hareb Chief Executive Zonersquos Jebel Free Zone of Government of Dubai (2007) ldquoJafza Corporate Brochurerdquo November 2007 httpwwwjafzaaeen Knowledge Innovation Zone Research Project (2006) ldquoSPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES (SEZ) VERSUS KNOWLEDGE INNOVATION ZONES (KIZ) - A COMPARISONrdquo httpwwwinthekzonecom OECD Private Sector Development Division (2008) ldquoFree Economic Zones in the MENA Region Update 2008rdquo Tarun Dhingra Dr Ambalika Sinha Dr Tripti Singh (2008) ldquoLocation strategy for competitiveness of Special Economic Zones in India ndash A Generic frameworkrdquo

18

Useful Links

Jebel Ali Free Zone (Jafza) httpwwwjafzaaeen SEZ stands for Special Economic Zone a tax free area for manufacturing RampD Trading and Services units (Inspira Infrastructure) httpwwwinspirainfracom Yellow Sea Free Economic Zone (Yesfez) httpwwwyesfezgokrengyesfezsongak_districtasp Tanger Free Zone httpwwwtangerfreezonecom Hamriyah Free Zone httpwwwhfzaae Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone (RAK FTZ) httpwwwrakftzcomen Jebel Ali Free Zone Online Directory (Potential Customer for the New Free Zone) httpwwwjdae

International Trade General International Trade and Trade Policy Free Economic Zones

bull UN Resources bull Documents bull Photos

Free Economic Zones in Korea The Future of Northeast Asia Foreign-invested firms have begun to take a close look at the benefits of locating in one of these zones 8 9 Page 11 What are Free Economic Zones Sector unpan1unorgintradocgroupspublicdocumentsAPCITYUNPAN0 UNESCAP Taking off in earnest Koreas free economic zones are at the forefront of the scenic coastal cities of Incheon Busan-Jinhae and Gwangyang the zones form an wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue78_16nov2005doc UNESCAP By Kim Min-hee Korea will move swiftly to further improve the contents of its free economic zones as well as strengthen its sales pitch to potential investors wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue75_18Oct2005doc

NATIONAL PROFILE FOR THE INFORMATION SOCIETY IN THE UNITED ARAB Also the growth of ICT Free Zones companies and activities is certain to The UAE has made extensive use of duty free economic zones to stimulate business wwwescwaorglbwsisreportsdocsUAE_2005-Epdf Economic and Social Council the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352

ةماعلا ةيعمجلا the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and has introduced many kinds of special zones of various areas For example Xiamen Special Economic Zone covers about 131 million while Tianjin Free Trade Zone wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377pub_2377 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and In 1990 it established free trade zones (bonded areas) altogether 15 to date seven of which are located in special economic zones and five of which are

19

wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377ftz_ch4 TID inputs to 61st Session of the Commission regional special economic zones (along a similar format as ldquogrowth trianglesrdquo) for disaster-affected areas could be considered which would grant duty-free wwwunescaporgtidnewstsunami_briefpdf Economic Cooperation and Integration Sub-programme Provisional These can include regional clusters Internet-based business models business incubators free economic zones technological and science centres platforms and wwwuneceorgcecidocsECI_conceptual_framework_29May2006p See also

Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial development support services gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial sector gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Duty free transit International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Free ports

Free economic zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

Many countries have or have had at some time designated areas where companies are taxed very lightly or not at all to encourage development or for some other reason These are known as free economic zones

Sometimes they are called free ports by an analogy with free ports known for a long time in history - the ports free of customs or with favorable customs regulations eg the free port of Trieste Very often free ports are parts of free economic zones

Contents [hide]

bull 1 Free economic zones by countryo 11 Armenia o 12 Belarus o 13 Brazil o 14 Bulgaria

20

o 15 Chile o 16 China o 17 Egypt o 18 Georgia o 19 India o 110 Iran o 111 Italy o 112 Lithuania o 113 Malaysia o 114 Russia o 115 South Korea o 116 Spain o 117 Ukraine o 118 United Arab Emirateso 119 Uzbekistan o 120 United Kingdom

bull 2 References

[edit] Free economic zones by country

[edit] Armenia

bull Gyumri

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Bulgaria

bull Burgas bull Rousse bull Plovdiv bull Dragoman bull Vidin bull Svilengrad

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] China

21

bull Hong Kong

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said Public Free Zone bull Alexandria Public Free Zone bull Nasr City Public Free Zone bull Suez Public Free Zone bull Ismailia Public Free Zone bull Damietta Public Free Zone bull Media Public Free Zone bull Shebin El- Kom Public Free Zone bull Qeft Public Free Zone bull Port Said East Port Public Free Zone

[edit] Georgia

bull Poti Samegrelo region

[edit] India

bull Sricity Multi Product SEZ Andhra Pradesh [1] bull SEEPZ India bull Inspira Pharma amp Biotech Park Aurangabad Maharashtra[2]

[edit] Iran

bull Kish bull Aras Free Zone bull Anzali Free Zone bull Arvand Free Zone bull Chabahar Free Zone bull Gheshm Free Zone

[edit] Italy

bull Catania bull Erice bull Gela bull Crotone bull Rossano bull Lamezia Terme bull Matera bull Taranto bull Lecce bull Andria bull Naples bull Torre Annunziata bull Mondragone

22

bull Campobasso bull Cagliari bull Quartu SantElena bull Iglesias bull Velletri bull Sora bull Pescara bull Massa Carrara bull Ventimiglia

[edit] Lithuania

bull Klaipeda Free Economic Zone bull Kaunas Free Economic Zone

[edit] Malaysia

bull Port Klang Free Zone

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Ingushetia bull Yantar Kaliningrad

[edit] South Korea

bull Yellow Sea bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang

[edit] Spain

bull Ibiza

[edit] Ukraine

bull Quarantine Pier of Odessa trade sea port January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Ajman Free Zone[1] bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center

23

bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Studio City

[edit] Uzbekistan

bull Navoiy

[edit] United Kingdom

bull London Docklands bull Bristol Subverbs

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwsricityin 2 ^ httpwwwinspirainfracom

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_economic_zone Categories Special Economic Zones

Special Economic Zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding reliable references Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (January 2007)

A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a countrys typical economic laws The category SEZ covers a broad range of more specific zone types including Free Trade Zones (FTZ) Export Processing Zones (EPZ) Free Zones (FZ) Industrial Estates (IE) Free Ports Urban Enterprise Zones and others Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors typically an international business or a multinational corporation (MNC)

One of the earliest and the most famous Special Economic Zones were found by the government of the Peoples Republic of China under Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s The most successful Special Economic Zone in China Shenzhen has developed from a small village into a city with a population over 10 million within 20 years

Following the Chinese examples Special Economic Zones have been established in several countries including Brazil India Iran Jordan Kazakhstan Pakistan the

24

Philippines Poland Russia and Ukraine Currently Puno Peru has been slated to become a Zona Economica by its president Alan Garcia

A single SEZ can contain multiple specific zones within its boundaries In India the Government has sanctioned few large multi-product Special Exconomic Zones (SEZ) where one can set-up any kind of business (services manufacturing trading etc) Some of the most promoinent large multiple zone SEZs are Sricity SEZ near Chennai and Mundra SEZ in Gujarat India The other two most prominent examples of this layered approach are Subic Bay Freeport Zone in the Philippines the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority in Jordan and According to World Bank estimates as of 2007 there are more than 3000 projects taking place in SEZs in 120 countries worldwide

SEZs have been implemented using a variety of institutional structures across the world ranging from fully public (government operator government developer government regulator) to fully private (private operator private developer public regulator) In many cases public sector operators and developers act as quasi-government agencies in that they have a pseudo-corporate institutional structure and have budgetary autonomy SEZs are often developed under a public-private partnership arrangement in which the public sector provides some level of support (provision of off-site infrastructure equity investment soft loans bond issues etc) to enable a private sector developer to obtain a reasonable rate of return on the project (typically 10-20 depending on risk levels)

Contents [hide]

bull 1 China bull 2 India

o 21 List of SEZs in India bull 3 Indonesia bull 4 Iran bull 5 Kazakhstan bull 6 North Korea bull 7 Pakistan

o 71 List of SEZs in the Pakistan bull 8 Philippines

o 81 List of SEZs in the Philippines bull 9 Poland bull 10 Russia

o 101 TechnicalInnovational Zones o 102 Industrialdevelopmental Zoneso 103 Tourist Zones

bull 11 Ukraine bull 12 References bull 13 External links

25

[edit] China Main article Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

Currently the most prominent SEZs in the country are Shenzhen Xiamen Shantou Zhuhai and Hainan Province

[edit] India Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country and realising the need that a level playing field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally the Government of India had in April 2000 announced the introduction of Special Economic Zones policy in the country deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations duties and tariffs As of 2007 more than 500 SEZs have been proposed 220 of which have been created This has raised the concern of the World Bank which questions the sustainability of such a large number of SEZs The Special Economic Zones in India closely follow the PRC model

India passed special economic zone act in 2005 In India the government has been proactive in the development of the SEZs They have formulated policies reviewed them occasionally and have ensured that ample facilities are provided to the developers of the SEZs as well as to the companies setting up units in the SEZs

[edit] List of SEZs in India

The policy provides for setting up of SEZs in the public private joint sector or by State Governments One of them is Sricity Multi product SEZ part of Sricity which is a developing satellite city in the epicentre of AP amp TN It was also envisaged that some of the existing Export Processing Zones would be converted into Special Economic Zones

bull Sricity (SEZ) (Andhra Pradesh) (httpwwwsricityin) bull Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) bull Polepally (Andhra Pradesh) bull Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) bull Velankani SEZ (Chennai) (httpwwwvelankanisezcom) bull Pharma and Biotech SEZ Aurangabad Maharashtra

(httpwwwinspirainfracom) bull Ahmedabad Baroda Kandla and Surat (Gujarat) bull Cochin (Kerala) bull Pithampur (Madhya Pradesh) bull Nagpur also refer MIHAN Pune and SEEPZ in Mumbai (Maharashtra) bull Chennai Ilandaikulam Madurai Nanguneri and Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu) bull NOIDA Greater NOIDA (Uttar Pradesh) UP bull Falta (West Bengal) bull Bangalore [Karnataka] bull Kensington [Powai Mumbai] bull Mangalore (Karnataka)

26

Currently India has 1022 units in operations in 9 functional SEZs each an average size of 200 acres (081 km2) 8 Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been converted into SEZs These are fully functional All these SEZs are in various parts of the country in the privatejoint sectors or by the State Government But this process of planning and development is under question as the states in which the SEZs have been approved are facing intense protests from the farming community accusing the government of forcibly snatching fertile land from them at heavily discounted prices as against the prevailing prices in the commercial real estate industry Also some reputed companies like Bajaj and others have commented against this policy and have suggested using barren and wasteland for setting up of SEZs

Attempts to set up a Special Economic Zone in Nandigram have led to protests by villagers in the area A Parliamentary Committee to study and give recommendations on SEZs has said that no further SEZs be notified unless the existing law is amended to incorporate the changes related to the land acquisitions

Genpact has announced its plans to expand its presence in Hyderabad by setting up a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) across 50 acres (200000 m2) in the city at Jawahar Nagar

[edit] Indonesia Main article Batam IslandSEZ - Special Economic Zones

[edit] Iran bull Arg - e - Jadid Special Economic Zone Vehicle Manufacturing Hub bull PetZone Petrochemical special economic Zone Mahshahr bull Kish Kish island special economic zone bull Sarakhs bull Sirjan bull Shahid Rajaee Port[1] bull Amirabad Special Economic Zone[2] bull Bushehr Port

[edit] Kazakhstan bull Astana

Multiple Economic zones created by the mandate of the President Each zone has a different focus South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone is dedicated to the development of the textile industry in Kazakhstan

[edit] North Korea The Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone was established under a UN economic development programme in 1994 Located on the bank of the Tuman River the zone borders on the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (or Yeonbyeon in Korean) of

27

the Peoples Republic of China as well as Russia In 2000 the name of the area was shortened to Rason and became separate from the North Hamgyeong Province

[edit] Pakistan Taking the example of the Chinese success with their SEZs China is helping Pakistan develop the Haier-Ruba economic zone on the outskirts of Lahore

Other economic zones include the China-Pakistan economic zone open only to Chinese investors and also the future crown jewel of Pakistan Gwadar

There are also talks of creating a Japanese city for foreign investors from Japan only

There has also been new SEZ proposed on the currently under construction Sialkot-Lahore motorway Qatar has proposed an investment for $1 billion in a new SEZ along the motorway

There is also a new zone under construction in Faislababd which will be the biggest industrial estate of Pakistan when complete it has sections for each country and the first phrase is already complete with a special Chinese zone in it

[edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan

bull Karachi Export Processing Zone Karachi Sindh bull Risalpur Export Processing Zone Risalpur bull Sialkot Export Processing Zone Sialkot Punjab bull Gujranwala Export Processing Zone Gujranwala Punjab bull Saindak Export Processing Zone Saindak Balochistan bull Reko Diq Export Processing Zone bull Khalifa Coastal Oil Refinery EPZ bull Gwadar Export Processing Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Special Industrial Development Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Faisalabad Export Processing Zone Faisalabad Punjab bull Special Inudstrial Economic Zone Lahore Punjab

[edit] Philippines Philippine economic zones (ecozones) are collections of industries brought together geographically for the purpose of promoting economic development Although designed to operate separately from the political and economic milieu of surrounding communities Philippine economic zones do in fact interact with their neighbors There are 41 private-owned economic zones and 4 government owned economic zones in the Philippines Of the 41 private economic zones the biggest exporter is Gateway Business Park in General Trias Cavite and the second biggest private ecozone is Laguna Technopark Inc The four governmentally owned are Cavite Economic Zone Bataan Economic Zone Mactan Economic Zone and Baguio City Economic Zone Thus it is a useful act for the growth of economic zone of the country

[edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines

28

bull Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority bull Clark Special Economic Zone bull Philippine Economic Zone Authority bull PHIVIDEC Industrial Authority bull Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone Authority bull Cagayan Economic Zone Authority

[edit] Poland There are 14 Special Economic Zones in Poland[1]

bull Kamiennogoacuterska SSE bull Katowice Special Economic Zone bull Kostrzyńsko-Słubicka SSE bull Krakowski Park Technologiczny bull Legnicka SSE bull Łoacutedzka SSE bull SSE EURO-PARK MIELEC bull Słupska SSE bull SSE Starachowice bull Suwalska SSE bull Pomorska SSE (Pomeranian Special Economic Zone) bull Tarnobrzeska SSE bull Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone INVEST-PARK bull Warmińsko-Mazurska SSE

[edit] Russia

[edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones

bull Dubna bull Zelenograd bull Noidorf (Russian Нойдорф) - industrial and business park in special economic

zone in Strelna near Saint Petersburg Russia bull Novo-Orlovskoe (Russian Ново-Орловское) - SEZ territory in Saint

Petersburg Russia bull Tomsk

[edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones

bull ldquoAlabugardquo (special economic zone) bull Lipetsk

[edit] Tourist Zones

bull Krasnodar Krai bull Stavropol Krai bull Kaliningrad Oblast (Yantar Kaliningrad Special Economic Zone) bull Altai Krai

29

bull Altai Republic bull Irkutsk Oblast bull Buryatia

[edit] Ukraine Special Economic Zones existed in Ukraine until March 31 2005 The first created was the Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone Syvash (since 1996) From 1998 to 2000 11 new zones were created

Name Location Area Established Time limit

NCEEZ Syvash Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1996 5 years

Slavutych Slavutych Kiev Oblast 2000 ha 30061998 till 01012020

Azov Mariupol Donetsk Oblast 315 ha 21071998 60 years Donetsk Donetsk Donetsk Oblast 466 ha 21071998 60 years

Zakarpattia Uzhhorodskyi Raion and Mukachivskyi Raion Zakarpattia Oblast

737 ha 09011999 30 years

Yavoriv Yavorivskyi Raion Lviv Oblast

116000 ha 17021999 till

01012020 Interport Kovel Kovel Volyn Oblast 57 ha 01012000 20 years Kurortopolis Truskavets Truskavets Lviv Oblast 774 ha 01012000 20 years

Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Oblast shipyard territory and adjoining area

865 ha 01012000 30 years

Port Krym Kerch Autonomous Republic of Crimea 27 ha 01012000 30 years

Porto-Franco Odessa part of Odessa Trade Sea Ports territory 32 ha 01012000 25 years

Reni Reni Odessa Oblast 94 ha 17052000 30 years Initially planned time of operation given All zones were shut down on March 31 2005

NCEEZ mdash Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone

Sources [3] [4] [5] and Пехник АВ Іноземні інвестиції в економіку України Навчальний посібник Вид laquoЗнанняraquo Київ 2007 pages 49 310ndash319

[edit] References

30

1 ^ httpwwwmggovplSpecjalne+strefy+ekonomiczneWykaz+SSE

bull Chee Kian Leong 2007 A Tale of Two Countries Openness and Growth in China and India [6] Dynamics Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper

[edit] External links bull South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone bull Regularly updated news about SEZs in India bull Indian Special Economic Zones bull Russian Special Economic Zones bull Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan bull Indian SEZ bull PEZA Philippines bull The New Maharajas of India bull India Special Economic zones map bull Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones (Russia)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zone Categories International business | International trade | International economics | Special Economic Zones

List of free ports From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Free economic zones may also be called free ports

Most commonly a free port is a special customs area with favorable customs regulations (or no customs duties and controls for transshipment) Earlier in history some free ports like Hong Kong enjoyed political autonomy Many international airports have free ports though they tend to be called customs areas customs zones or international zones

Contents [hide]

31

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

Finance and banking

Financial system middot Financial services middot Chinese currency middot Chinese yuan middot Renminbi middot China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation middot Banking (History middot Central bank middot Other banks) middot Foreign exchange reserve middot Beijing Financial Street middot Stock Exchange Executive Council middot Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE Composite) middot Shenzhen Stock Exchange middot Dalian Commodity Exchange middot Shanghai Metal Exchange middot Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange middot Hedge fund industry middot Accounting in China

Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 15: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

64 Administration of Free Zones in Panama It should be administer by a separate authority which should be call The Free Zone Authority or Corporation It should has representatives from various ministries in fact the existence of a centralized administrative office with the authority to intercede between firms in the Free Zone and other government departments helps to provide investors with a simple and straightforward administrative procedure ie one window service

7 Attracting Foreign Investment and Capital Investment activities in free zones were dominated by storage projects that not require large amounts of capital The source of the invested capital determines to some extent the ability of the Zone to attract foreign investment What I believe determines the success of a Free Zone is its external competitiveness relative to other zones in the region rather than its internal profitability as captured by only cost-benefit analysis The rate of return of investments in the Zone may be extremely high but foreign investors are not attracted So may be what is needed is an international competitiveness analysis that is carried out parallel to the cost-benefits analysis Having looked at some of the main issues that determine the success of Jebel Ali Free Zone it appears that success depends on a number of economic social and geographical factors in effect within the country and abroad It is essential that we do not overlook the fact that in general a Free Economic Zone is a mature phenomenon of the international economy It is believed that an understanding of the features objectives and mechanism of the Zones and their role in the global economy is essential to the success of every zone

8 Free Zones Obstacles and Problems Reasons for Poor Performance

Investors in Free Zones are continuously faced with problems and obstacles that impede the operations of their firms in the zones Some of these problems are related to the macro level while others to sectoral and firm levels Also some are considered administrative and marketing problems while other are legal and technical ones Although assessment shows that the type and magnitude of obstacles differ from country to another the major problems are considered to be similar 8 I On the Macro Level Administrative Obstacles include among other things

1 Excessive red tape and bureaucracy where investors have to deal with several departments to obtain licenses or approvals The process is tedious and lengthy

2 Lack of actual autonomy of Free Zones even though they are accorded by law financial and administrative authority

3 Unexpected changes in laws and regulations that continuously confuse investors

4 Conflict and overlap of laws and procedures related to Free Zones as well as to customs

15

8 II On the other hand Marketing Obstacles include

1 Free zones lack of effective promotional policies They failed to understand that marketing is a task requiring most of the attention of top management

2 There is a difficulty in marketing products of Free Zones because Free Zones in the region are similar and produce almost similar products

At the same time adequate Infrastructure Facilities surrounding the Economic Free Zone are necessary pre-condition for attracting foreign investment However this is not the case in most Free Zones in the region of Panamarsquos country Infrastructure obstacles include Inadequate infrastructure utilities and services especially communication as well as lack and inefficiency of ports used to carry Zones products and materials necessary for production 8 III On the Sectoral and Micro Level Some problems are related to the nature of industrial activities such as the small-sized industries in the Free Zones and their inability to compete in the markets Others are related to the dependence on imported raw materials which has tremendously increased the cost of production of industrial products As a result the ability of industries to compete has decreased At the same time certain problems such as the lack of a complex production process have led to the limited transfer of technology to industries As a result the transfer of technology through industries was relatively limited It is believed that a simple production process generates very few backward linkages with other production activities in the economy and most of the material that requires technical knowledge is being imported from foreign sources As a result there is no room to develop specific technologies in the zones What actually exist is only assembly lines as well as putting together of ready made parts It is believed that Free Economics Zones are going to be more important in the present decade than they were in the last decade or so because they can be the doorways to growth and development that can be opened and closed according to the countryrsquos interest and benefits

9 Conclusion and Policy Implications

In recent years Free Economics Zones have become increasingly important as countries sought to attract foreign investment for the purpose of promoting growth through increasing exports foreign exchange and employment opportunities as well as enhancing the transfer of technology The result the relatively limited effect of Free Zones on the host economies except in the case of Jebel Ali Free Zone was mainly due to macro as well as sectoral level obstacles that impeded the operation of firms in the zones Looking back at the experience of partly successful Free Zones in Arab countries one can identify a number of classical failures at the planning and design stage They include the choice of inappropriate location for the zone

16

lack of sufficient basic infrastructure such as telecommunications and inefficient institutional linkages between the Zone Authority and other government departments As a result careful consideration of the existing rules and measures is necessary for the Zones to succeed The recommended measures include among others things

91 Legislative reforms that would take care of the numerous contradictions and duplications of laws and regulations in the Zones to reduce bureaucracy and give more independence to the authorities Investment laws should remain in force for long periods in order to give investors peace and mind 92 Sufficient infrastructure facilities and services are needed in most of the Free Zones in the region The availability of such infrastructure facilities would give to the New Colon Free Zone in Panamarsquos country a comparative advantage within the entire region 93 Reforms that encourage the expansion of export industries in the Zones such as the removal of barriers to the movement of finished goods in the region In fact is essential to have regulations that attract large and medium size industries rather than small industries as it is the case in Jebel Ali Free Zone 94 Encouragement of employment of nationals in Free Zones which may require giving more attention to training of manpower by the Free Zone Authority on one hand by local and foreign firms on the other 95 Promotion and marketing of the Zones that requires the attention of top management So promotional and marketing programs that attract clients and keep them happy should be developed Priority should be given to meeting clients needs as well as the countryrsquos objectives In fact it makes little sense to invest in land infrastructure utilities etc and fail to provide enough investment for marketing and promotion

Finally we can say that Panamarsquos country have not probably been active as any others regions in establishing and developing Free Economics Zones like the Arab countries and in particular Dubai with the Jebel Ali Free Zone The idea was to get around a large amount of existing regulations and to provide infrastructure facilities and services to attract foreign investment and in turn to promote growth To be successful Free Economic Zones in Panama have to concentrate on competing on the basis of the services offered and the quality of such services In others words their comparative advantage of liberalization should be in their services Aggressive Free Zones can create good opportunities for themselves within the region while traditional and slow Free Zones which are not able to adapt quickly become uncompetitive and in turn a classical example of failure It is the job of dynamic managers to seize the opportunity to attract business and investment to the zone and I can do that for the New Colon Free Zone in Panama because I am a successful CEO actively seeking new opportunities to capture new business opportunities to which I may offer my global approach along with extensive experience

17

Bibliography Tahir Jamil (1998) ldquoAn Assessment of Free Economic Zones (FEZs) in Arab Countries - Performance and Main Featuresrdquo Working Paper 9926 It was presented in an international conference on ldquoNew Economics Developments and Their Impact on Arab Economiesrdquo held in Tunis during the period 3-5 June 1998 Guangwen Meng (2003) ldquoThe Theory and Practice of Free Economic Zones A Case Study of Tianjin Peoplersquos Republic of Chinardquo Submitted to the Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics of the Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Germany for the Degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences Oral Examination 14022003 Watson Noel Newton (1998) ldquoEVALUATING THE NET ECONOMICS BENEFITS OF FREE TRADE ZONES IN THEORY AND PRACTICE - APPLIED TO THE KINGSTON EXPORT FREE ZONE IN JAMAICArdquo Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Economics of Simon Fraser University November 1998 Ministry of Finance and Economy (Republic of Korea) ldquoFree Economic Zones in Korea (2003) The Future of Northeast Asiardquo September 2003 httpenglishmosfgokr Salma Ali Saif Bin Hareb Chief Executive Zonersquos Jebel Free Zone of Government of Dubai (2007) ldquoJafza Corporate Brochurerdquo November 2007 httpwwwjafzaaeen Knowledge Innovation Zone Research Project (2006) ldquoSPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES (SEZ) VERSUS KNOWLEDGE INNOVATION ZONES (KIZ) - A COMPARISONrdquo httpwwwinthekzonecom OECD Private Sector Development Division (2008) ldquoFree Economic Zones in the MENA Region Update 2008rdquo Tarun Dhingra Dr Ambalika Sinha Dr Tripti Singh (2008) ldquoLocation strategy for competitiveness of Special Economic Zones in India ndash A Generic frameworkrdquo

18

Useful Links

Jebel Ali Free Zone (Jafza) httpwwwjafzaaeen SEZ stands for Special Economic Zone a tax free area for manufacturing RampD Trading and Services units (Inspira Infrastructure) httpwwwinspirainfracom Yellow Sea Free Economic Zone (Yesfez) httpwwwyesfezgokrengyesfezsongak_districtasp Tanger Free Zone httpwwwtangerfreezonecom Hamriyah Free Zone httpwwwhfzaae Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone (RAK FTZ) httpwwwrakftzcomen Jebel Ali Free Zone Online Directory (Potential Customer for the New Free Zone) httpwwwjdae

International Trade General International Trade and Trade Policy Free Economic Zones

bull UN Resources bull Documents bull Photos

Free Economic Zones in Korea The Future of Northeast Asia Foreign-invested firms have begun to take a close look at the benefits of locating in one of these zones 8 9 Page 11 What are Free Economic Zones Sector unpan1unorgintradocgroupspublicdocumentsAPCITYUNPAN0 UNESCAP Taking off in earnest Koreas free economic zones are at the forefront of the scenic coastal cities of Incheon Busan-Jinhae and Gwangyang the zones form an wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue78_16nov2005doc UNESCAP By Kim Min-hee Korea will move swiftly to further improve the contents of its free economic zones as well as strengthen its sales pitch to potential investors wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue75_18Oct2005doc

NATIONAL PROFILE FOR THE INFORMATION SOCIETY IN THE UNITED ARAB Also the growth of ICT Free Zones companies and activities is certain to The UAE has made extensive use of duty free economic zones to stimulate business wwwescwaorglbwsisreportsdocsUAE_2005-Epdf Economic and Social Council the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352

ةماعلا ةيعمجلا the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and has introduced many kinds of special zones of various areas For example Xiamen Special Economic Zone covers about 131 million while Tianjin Free Trade Zone wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377pub_2377 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and In 1990 it established free trade zones (bonded areas) altogether 15 to date seven of which are located in special economic zones and five of which are

19

wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377ftz_ch4 TID inputs to 61st Session of the Commission regional special economic zones (along a similar format as ldquogrowth trianglesrdquo) for disaster-affected areas could be considered which would grant duty-free wwwunescaporgtidnewstsunami_briefpdf Economic Cooperation and Integration Sub-programme Provisional These can include regional clusters Internet-based business models business incubators free economic zones technological and science centres platforms and wwwuneceorgcecidocsECI_conceptual_framework_29May2006p See also

Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial development support services gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial sector gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Duty free transit International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Free ports

Free economic zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

Many countries have or have had at some time designated areas where companies are taxed very lightly or not at all to encourage development or for some other reason These are known as free economic zones

Sometimes they are called free ports by an analogy with free ports known for a long time in history - the ports free of customs or with favorable customs regulations eg the free port of Trieste Very often free ports are parts of free economic zones

Contents [hide]

bull 1 Free economic zones by countryo 11 Armenia o 12 Belarus o 13 Brazil o 14 Bulgaria

20

o 15 Chile o 16 China o 17 Egypt o 18 Georgia o 19 India o 110 Iran o 111 Italy o 112 Lithuania o 113 Malaysia o 114 Russia o 115 South Korea o 116 Spain o 117 Ukraine o 118 United Arab Emirateso 119 Uzbekistan o 120 United Kingdom

bull 2 References

[edit] Free economic zones by country

[edit] Armenia

bull Gyumri

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Bulgaria

bull Burgas bull Rousse bull Plovdiv bull Dragoman bull Vidin bull Svilengrad

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] China

21

bull Hong Kong

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said Public Free Zone bull Alexandria Public Free Zone bull Nasr City Public Free Zone bull Suez Public Free Zone bull Ismailia Public Free Zone bull Damietta Public Free Zone bull Media Public Free Zone bull Shebin El- Kom Public Free Zone bull Qeft Public Free Zone bull Port Said East Port Public Free Zone

[edit] Georgia

bull Poti Samegrelo region

[edit] India

bull Sricity Multi Product SEZ Andhra Pradesh [1] bull SEEPZ India bull Inspira Pharma amp Biotech Park Aurangabad Maharashtra[2]

[edit] Iran

bull Kish bull Aras Free Zone bull Anzali Free Zone bull Arvand Free Zone bull Chabahar Free Zone bull Gheshm Free Zone

[edit] Italy

bull Catania bull Erice bull Gela bull Crotone bull Rossano bull Lamezia Terme bull Matera bull Taranto bull Lecce bull Andria bull Naples bull Torre Annunziata bull Mondragone

22

bull Campobasso bull Cagliari bull Quartu SantElena bull Iglesias bull Velletri bull Sora bull Pescara bull Massa Carrara bull Ventimiglia

[edit] Lithuania

bull Klaipeda Free Economic Zone bull Kaunas Free Economic Zone

[edit] Malaysia

bull Port Klang Free Zone

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Ingushetia bull Yantar Kaliningrad

[edit] South Korea

bull Yellow Sea bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang

[edit] Spain

bull Ibiza

[edit] Ukraine

bull Quarantine Pier of Odessa trade sea port January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Ajman Free Zone[1] bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center

23

bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Studio City

[edit] Uzbekistan

bull Navoiy

[edit] United Kingdom

bull London Docklands bull Bristol Subverbs

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwsricityin 2 ^ httpwwwinspirainfracom

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_economic_zone Categories Special Economic Zones

Special Economic Zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding reliable references Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (January 2007)

A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a countrys typical economic laws The category SEZ covers a broad range of more specific zone types including Free Trade Zones (FTZ) Export Processing Zones (EPZ) Free Zones (FZ) Industrial Estates (IE) Free Ports Urban Enterprise Zones and others Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors typically an international business or a multinational corporation (MNC)

One of the earliest and the most famous Special Economic Zones were found by the government of the Peoples Republic of China under Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s The most successful Special Economic Zone in China Shenzhen has developed from a small village into a city with a population over 10 million within 20 years

Following the Chinese examples Special Economic Zones have been established in several countries including Brazil India Iran Jordan Kazakhstan Pakistan the

24

Philippines Poland Russia and Ukraine Currently Puno Peru has been slated to become a Zona Economica by its president Alan Garcia

A single SEZ can contain multiple specific zones within its boundaries In India the Government has sanctioned few large multi-product Special Exconomic Zones (SEZ) where one can set-up any kind of business (services manufacturing trading etc) Some of the most promoinent large multiple zone SEZs are Sricity SEZ near Chennai and Mundra SEZ in Gujarat India The other two most prominent examples of this layered approach are Subic Bay Freeport Zone in the Philippines the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority in Jordan and According to World Bank estimates as of 2007 there are more than 3000 projects taking place in SEZs in 120 countries worldwide

SEZs have been implemented using a variety of institutional structures across the world ranging from fully public (government operator government developer government regulator) to fully private (private operator private developer public regulator) In many cases public sector operators and developers act as quasi-government agencies in that they have a pseudo-corporate institutional structure and have budgetary autonomy SEZs are often developed under a public-private partnership arrangement in which the public sector provides some level of support (provision of off-site infrastructure equity investment soft loans bond issues etc) to enable a private sector developer to obtain a reasonable rate of return on the project (typically 10-20 depending on risk levels)

Contents [hide]

bull 1 China bull 2 India

o 21 List of SEZs in India bull 3 Indonesia bull 4 Iran bull 5 Kazakhstan bull 6 North Korea bull 7 Pakistan

o 71 List of SEZs in the Pakistan bull 8 Philippines

o 81 List of SEZs in the Philippines bull 9 Poland bull 10 Russia

o 101 TechnicalInnovational Zones o 102 Industrialdevelopmental Zoneso 103 Tourist Zones

bull 11 Ukraine bull 12 References bull 13 External links

25

[edit] China Main article Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

Currently the most prominent SEZs in the country are Shenzhen Xiamen Shantou Zhuhai and Hainan Province

[edit] India Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country and realising the need that a level playing field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally the Government of India had in April 2000 announced the introduction of Special Economic Zones policy in the country deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations duties and tariffs As of 2007 more than 500 SEZs have been proposed 220 of which have been created This has raised the concern of the World Bank which questions the sustainability of such a large number of SEZs The Special Economic Zones in India closely follow the PRC model

India passed special economic zone act in 2005 In India the government has been proactive in the development of the SEZs They have formulated policies reviewed them occasionally and have ensured that ample facilities are provided to the developers of the SEZs as well as to the companies setting up units in the SEZs

[edit] List of SEZs in India

The policy provides for setting up of SEZs in the public private joint sector or by State Governments One of them is Sricity Multi product SEZ part of Sricity which is a developing satellite city in the epicentre of AP amp TN It was also envisaged that some of the existing Export Processing Zones would be converted into Special Economic Zones

bull Sricity (SEZ) (Andhra Pradesh) (httpwwwsricityin) bull Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) bull Polepally (Andhra Pradesh) bull Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) bull Velankani SEZ (Chennai) (httpwwwvelankanisezcom) bull Pharma and Biotech SEZ Aurangabad Maharashtra

(httpwwwinspirainfracom) bull Ahmedabad Baroda Kandla and Surat (Gujarat) bull Cochin (Kerala) bull Pithampur (Madhya Pradesh) bull Nagpur also refer MIHAN Pune and SEEPZ in Mumbai (Maharashtra) bull Chennai Ilandaikulam Madurai Nanguneri and Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu) bull NOIDA Greater NOIDA (Uttar Pradesh) UP bull Falta (West Bengal) bull Bangalore [Karnataka] bull Kensington [Powai Mumbai] bull Mangalore (Karnataka)

26

Currently India has 1022 units in operations in 9 functional SEZs each an average size of 200 acres (081 km2) 8 Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been converted into SEZs These are fully functional All these SEZs are in various parts of the country in the privatejoint sectors or by the State Government But this process of planning and development is under question as the states in which the SEZs have been approved are facing intense protests from the farming community accusing the government of forcibly snatching fertile land from them at heavily discounted prices as against the prevailing prices in the commercial real estate industry Also some reputed companies like Bajaj and others have commented against this policy and have suggested using barren and wasteland for setting up of SEZs

Attempts to set up a Special Economic Zone in Nandigram have led to protests by villagers in the area A Parliamentary Committee to study and give recommendations on SEZs has said that no further SEZs be notified unless the existing law is amended to incorporate the changes related to the land acquisitions

Genpact has announced its plans to expand its presence in Hyderabad by setting up a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) across 50 acres (200000 m2) in the city at Jawahar Nagar

[edit] Indonesia Main article Batam IslandSEZ - Special Economic Zones

[edit] Iran bull Arg - e - Jadid Special Economic Zone Vehicle Manufacturing Hub bull PetZone Petrochemical special economic Zone Mahshahr bull Kish Kish island special economic zone bull Sarakhs bull Sirjan bull Shahid Rajaee Port[1] bull Amirabad Special Economic Zone[2] bull Bushehr Port

[edit] Kazakhstan bull Astana

Multiple Economic zones created by the mandate of the President Each zone has a different focus South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone is dedicated to the development of the textile industry in Kazakhstan

[edit] North Korea The Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone was established under a UN economic development programme in 1994 Located on the bank of the Tuman River the zone borders on the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (or Yeonbyeon in Korean) of

27

the Peoples Republic of China as well as Russia In 2000 the name of the area was shortened to Rason and became separate from the North Hamgyeong Province

[edit] Pakistan Taking the example of the Chinese success with their SEZs China is helping Pakistan develop the Haier-Ruba economic zone on the outskirts of Lahore

Other economic zones include the China-Pakistan economic zone open only to Chinese investors and also the future crown jewel of Pakistan Gwadar

There are also talks of creating a Japanese city for foreign investors from Japan only

There has also been new SEZ proposed on the currently under construction Sialkot-Lahore motorway Qatar has proposed an investment for $1 billion in a new SEZ along the motorway

There is also a new zone under construction in Faislababd which will be the biggest industrial estate of Pakistan when complete it has sections for each country and the first phrase is already complete with a special Chinese zone in it

[edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan

bull Karachi Export Processing Zone Karachi Sindh bull Risalpur Export Processing Zone Risalpur bull Sialkot Export Processing Zone Sialkot Punjab bull Gujranwala Export Processing Zone Gujranwala Punjab bull Saindak Export Processing Zone Saindak Balochistan bull Reko Diq Export Processing Zone bull Khalifa Coastal Oil Refinery EPZ bull Gwadar Export Processing Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Special Industrial Development Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Faisalabad Export Processing Zone Faisalabad Punjab bull Special Inudstrial Economic Zone Lahore Punjab

[edit] Philippines Philippine economic zones (ecozones) are collections of industries brought together geographically for the purpose of promoting economic development Although designed to operate separately from the political and economic milieu of surrounding communities Philippine economic zones do in fact interact with their neighbors There are 41 private-owned economic zones and 4 government owned economic zones in the Philippines Of the 41 private economic zones the biggest exporter is Gateway Business Park in General Trias Cavite and the second biggest private ecozone is Laguna Technopark Inc The four governmentally owned are Cavite Economic Zone Bataan Economic Zone Mactan Economic Zone and Baguio City Economic Zone Thus it is a useful act for the growth of economic zone of the country

[edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines

28

bull Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority bull Clark Special Economic Zone bull Philippine Economic Zone Authority bull PHIVIDEC Industrial Authority bull Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone Authority bull Cagayan Economic Zone Authority

[edit] Poland There are 14 Special Economic Zones in Poland[1]

bull Kamiennogoacuterska SSE bull Katowice Special Economic Zone bull Kostrzyńsko-Słubicka SSE bull Krakowski Park Technologiczny bull Legnicka SSE bull Łoacutedzka SSE bull SSE EURO-PARK MIELEC bull Słupska SSE bull SSE Starachowice bull Suwalska SSE bull Pomorska SSE (Pomeranian Special Economic Zone) bull Tarnobrzeska SSE bull Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone INVEST-PARK bull Warmińsko-Mazurska SSE

[edit] Russia

[edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones

bull Dubna bull Zelenograd bull Noidorf (Russian Нойдорф) - industrial and business park in special economic

zone in Strelna near Saint Petersburg Russia bull Novo-Orlovskoe (Russian Ново-Орловское) - SEZ territory in Saint

Petersburg Russia bull Tomsk

[edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones

bull ldquoAlabugardquo (special economic zone) bull Lipetsk

[edit] Tourist Zones

bull Krasnodar Krai bull Stavropol Krai bull Kaliningrad Oblast (Yantar Kaliningrad Special Economic Zone) bull Altai Krai

29

bull Altai Republic bull Irkutsk Oblast bull Buryatia

[edit] Ukraine Special Economic Zones existed in Ukraine until March 31 2005 The first created was the Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone Syvash (since 1996) From 1998 to 2000 11 new zones were created

Name Location Area Established Time limit

NCEEZ Syvash Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1996 5 years

Slavutych Slavutych Kiev Oblast 2000 ha 30061998 till 01012020

Azov Mariupol Donetsk Oblast 315 ha 21071998 60 years Donetsk Donetsk Donetsk Oblast 466 ha 21071998 60 years

Zakarpattia Uzhhorodskyi Raion and Mukachivskyi Raion Zakarpattia Oblast

737 ha 09011999 30 years

Yavoriv Yavorivskyi Raion Lviv Oblast

116000 ha 17021999 till

01012020 Interport Kovel Kovel Volyn Oblast 57 ha 01012000 20 years Kurortopolis Truskavets Truskavets Lviv Oblast 774 ha 01012000 20 years

Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Oblast shipyard territory and adjoining area

865 ha 01012000 30 years

Port Krym Kerch Autonomous Republic of Crimea 27 ha 01012000 30 years

Porto-Franco Odessa part of Odessa Trade Sea Ports territory 32 ha 01012000 25 years

Reni Reni Odessa Oblast 94 ha 17052000 30 years Initially planned time of operation given All zones were shut down on March 31 2005

NCEEZ mdash Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone

Sources [3] [4] [5] and Пехник АВ Іноземні інвестиції в економіку України Навчальний посібник Вид laquoЗнанняraquo Київ 2007 pages 49 310ndash319

[edit] References

30

1 ^ httpwwwmggovplSpecjalne+strefy+ekonomiczneWykaz+SSE

bull Chee Kian Leong 2007 A Tale of Two Countries Openness and Growth in China and India [6] Dynamics Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper

[edit] External links bull South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone bull Regularly updated news about SEZs in India bull Indian Special Economic Zones bull Russian Special Economic Zones bull Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan bull Indian SEZ bull PEZA Philippines bull The New Maharajas of India bull India Special Economic zones map bull Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones (Russia)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zone Categories International business | International trade | International economics | Special Economic Zones

List of free ports From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Free economic zones may also be called free ports

Most commonly a free port is a special customs area with favorable customs regulations (or no customs duties and controls for transshipment) Earlier in history some free ports like Hong Kong enjoyed political autonomy Many international airports have free ports though they tend to be called customs areas customs zones or international zones

Contents [hide]

31

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

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Financial system middot Financial services middot Chinese currency middot Chinese yuan middot Renminbi middot China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation middot Banking (History middot Central bank middot Other banks) middot Foreign exchange reserve middot Beijing Financial Street middot Stock Exchange Executive Council middot Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE Composite) middot Shenzhen Stock Exchange middot Dalian Commodity Exchange middot Shanghai Metal Exchange middot Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange middot Hedge fund industry middot Accounting in China

Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

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International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 16: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

8 II On the other hand Marketing Obstacles include

1 Free zones lack of effective promotional policies They failed to understand that marketing is a task requiring most of the attention of top management

2 There is a difficulty in marketing products of Free Zones because Free Zones in the region are similar and produce almost similar products

At the same time adequate Infrastructure Facilities surrounding the Economic Free Zone are necessary pre-condition for attracting foreign investment However this is not the case in most Free Zones in the region of Panamarsquos country Infrastructure obstacles include Inadequate infrastructure utilities and services especially communication as well as lack and inefficiency of ports used to carry Zones products and materials necessary for production 8 III On the Sectoral and Micro Level Some problems are related to the nature of industrial activities such as the small-sized industries in the Free Zones and their inability to compete in the markets Others are related to the dependence on imported raw materials which has tremendously increased the cost of production of industrial products As a result the ability of industries to compete has decreased At the same time certain problems such as the lack of a complex production process have led to the limited transfer of technology to industries As a result the transfer of technology through industries was relatively limited It is believed that a simple production process generates very few backward linkages with other production activities in the economy and most of the material that requires technical knowledge is being imported from foreign sources As a result there is no room to develop specific technologies in the zones What actually exist is only assembly lines as well as putting together of ready made parts It is believed that Free Economics Zones are going to be more important in the present decade than they were in the last decade or so because they can be the doorways to growth and development that can be opened and closed according to the countryrsquos interest and benefits

9 Conclusion and Policy Implications

In recent years Free Economics Zones have become increasingly important as countries sought to attract foreign investment for the purpose of promoting growth through increasing exports foreign exchange and employment opportunities as well as enhancing the transfer of technology The result the relatively limited effect of Free Zones on the host economies except in the case of Jebel Ali Free Zone was mainly due to macro as well as sectoral level obstacles that impeded the operation of firms in the zones Looking back at the experience of partly successful Free Zones in Arab countries one can identify a number of classical failures at the planning and design stage They include the choice of inappropriate location for the zone

16

lack of sufficient basic infrastructure such as telecommunications and inefficient institutional linkages between the Zone Authority and other government departments As a result careful consideration of the existing rules and measures is necessary for the Zones to succeed The recommended measures include among others things

91 Legislative reforms that would take care of the numerous contradictions and duplications of laws and regulations in the Zones to reduce bureaucracy and give more independence to the authorities Investment laws should remain in force for long periods in order to give investors peace and mind 92 Sufficient infrastructure facilities and services are needed in most of the Free Zones in the region The availability of such infrastructure facilities would give to the New Colon Free Zone in Panamarsquos country a comparative advantage within the entire region 93 Reforms that encourage the expansion of export industries in the Zones such as the removal of barriers to the movement of finished goods in the region In fact is essential to have regulations that attract large and medium size industries rather than small industries as it is the case in Jebel Ali Free Zone 94 Encouragement of employment of nationals in Free Zones which may require giving more attention to training of manpower by the Free Zone Authority on one hand by local and foreign firms on the other 95 Promotion and marketing of the Zones that requires the attention of top management So promotional and marketing programs that attract clients and keep them happy should be developed Priority should be given to meeting clients needs as well as the countryrsquos objectives In fact it makes little sense to invest in land infrastructure utilities etc and fail to provide enough investment for marketing and promotion

Finally we can say that Panamarsquos country have not probably been active as any others regions in establishing and developing Free Economics Zones like the Arab countries and in particular Dubai with the Jebel Ali Free Zone The idea was to get around a large amount of existing regulations and to provide infrastructure facilities and services to attract foreign investment and in turn to promote growth To be successful Free Economic Zones in Panama have to concentrate on competing on the basis of the services offered and the quality of such services In others words their comparative advantage of liberalization should be in their services Aggressive Free Zones can create good opportunities for themselves within the region while traditional and slow Free Zones which are not able to adapt quickly become uncompetitive and in turn a classical example of failure It is the job of dynamic managers to seize the opportunity to attract business and investment to the zone and I can do that for the New Colon Free Zone in Panama because I am a successful CEO actively seeking new opportunities to capture new business opportunities to which I may offer my global approach along with extensive experience

17

Bibliography Tahir Jamil (1998) ldquoAn Assessment of Free Economic Zones (FEZs) in Arab Countries - Performance and Main Featuresrdquo Working Paper 9926 It was presented in an international conference on ldquoNew Economics Developments and Their Impact on Arab Economiesrdquo held in Tunis during the period 3-5 June 1998 Guangwen Meng (2003) ldquoThe Theory and Practice of Free Economic Zones A Case Study of Tianjin Peoplersquos Republic of Chinardquo Submitted to the Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics of the Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Germany for the Degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences Oral Examination 14022003 Watson Noel Newton (1998) ldquoEVALUATING THE NET ECONOMICS BENEFITS OF FREE TRADE ZONES IN THEORY AND PRACTICE - APPLIED TO THE KINGSTON EXPORT FREE ZONE IN JAMAICArdquo Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Economics of Simon Fraser University November 1998 Ministry of Finance and Economy (Republic of Korea) ldquoFree Economic Zones in Korea (2003) The Future of Northeast Asiardquo September 2003 httpenglishmosfgokr Salma Ali Saif Bin Hareb Chief Executive Zonersquos Jebel Free Zone of Government of Dubai (2007) ldquoJafza Corporate Brochurerdquo November 2007 httpwwwjafzaaeen Knowledge Innovation Zone Research Project (2006) ldquoSPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES (SEZ) VERSUS KNOWLEDGE INNOVATION ZONES (KIZ) - A COMPARISONrdquo httpwwwinthekzonecom OECD Private Sector Development Division (2008) ldquoFree Economic Zones in the MENA Region Update 2008rdquo Tarun Dhingra Dr Ambalika Sinha Dr Tripti Singh (2008) ldquoLocation strategy for competitiveness of Special Economic Zones in India ndash A Generic frameworkrdquo

18

Useful Links

Jebel Ali Free Zone (Jafza) httpwwwjafzaaeen SEZ stands for Special Economic Zone a tax free area for manufacturing RampD Trading and Services units (Inspira Infrastructure) httpwwwinspirainfracom Yellow Sea Free Economic Zone (Yesfez) httpwwwyesfezgokrengyesfezsongak_districtasp Tanger Free Zone httpwwwtangerfreezonecom Hamriyah Free Zone httpwwwhfzaae Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone (RAK FTZ) httpwwwrakftzcomen Jebel Ali Free Zone Online Directory (Potential Customer for the New Free Zone) httpwwwjdae

International Trade General International Trade and Trade Policy Free Economic Zones

bull UN Resources bull Documents bull Photos

Free Economic Zones in Korea The Future of Northeast Asia Foreign-invested firms have begun to take a close look at the benefits of locating in one of these zones 8 9 Page 11 What are Free Economic Zones Sector unpan1unorgintradocgroupspublicdocumentsAPCITYUNPAN0 UNESCAP Taking off in earnest Koreas free economic zones are at the forefront of the scenic coastal cities of Incheon Busan-Jinhae and Gwangyang the zones form an wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue78_16nov2005doc UNESCAP By Kim Min-hee Korea will move swiftly to further improve the contents of its free economic zones as well as strengthen its sales pitch to potential investors wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue75_18Oct2005doc

NATIONAL PROFILE FOR THE INFORMATION SOCIETY IN THE UNITED ARAB Also the growth of ICT Free Zones companies and activities is certain to The UAE has made extensive use of duty free economic zones to stimulate business wwwescwaorglbwsisreportsdocsUAE_2005-Epdf Economic and Social Council the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352

ةماعلا ةيعمجلا the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and has introduced many kinds of special zones of various areas For example Xiamen Special Economic Zone covers about 131 million while Tianjin Free Trade Zone wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377pub_2377 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and In 1990 it established free trade zones (bonded areas) altogether 15 to date seven of which are located in special economic zones and five of which are

19

wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377ftz_ch4 TID inputs to 61st Session of the Commission regional special economic zones (along a similar format as ldquogrowth trianglesrdquo) for disaster-affected areas could be considered which would grant duty-free wwwunescaporgtidnewstsunami_briefpdf Economic Cooperation and Integration Sub-programme Provisional These can include regional clusters Internet-based business models business incubators free economic zones technological and science centres platforms and wwwuneceorgcecidocsECI_conceptual_framework_29May2006p See also

Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial development support services gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial sector gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Duty free transit International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Free ports

Free economic zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

Many countries have or have had at some time designated areas where companies are taxed very lightly or not at all to encourage development or for some other reason These are known as free economic zones

Sometimes they are called free ports by an analogy with free ports known for a long time in history - the ports free of customs or with favorable customs regulations eg the free port of Trieste Very often free ports are parts of free economic zones

Contents [hide]

bull 1 Free economic zones by countryo 11 Armenia o 12 Belarus o 13 Brazil o 14 Bulgaria

20

o 15 Chile o 16 China o 17 Egypt o 18 Georgia o 19 India o 110 Iran o 111 Italy o 112 Lithuania o 113 Malaysia o 114 Russia o 115 South Korea o 116 Spain o 117 Ukraine o 118 United Arab Emirateso 119 Uzbekistan o 120 United Kingdom

bull 2 References

[edit] Free economic zones by country

[edit] Armenia

bull Gyumri

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Bulgaria

bull Burgas bull Rousse bull Plovdiv bull Dragoman bull Vidin bull Svilengrad

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] China

21

bull Hong Kong

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said Public Free Zone bull Alexandria Public Free Zone bull Nasr City Public Free Zone bull Suez Public Free Zone bull Ismailia Public Free Zone bull Damietta Public Free Zone bull Media Public Free Zone bull Shebin El- Kom Public Free Zone bull Qeft Public Free Zone bull Port Said East Port Public Free Zone

[edit] Georgia

bull Poti Samegrelo region

[edit] India

bull Sricity Multi Product SEZ Andhra Pradesh [1] bull SEEPZ India bull Inspira Pharma amp Biotech Park Aurangabad Maharashtra[2]

[edit] Iran

bull Kish bull Aras Free Zone bull Anzali Free Zone bull Arvand Free Zone bull Chabahar Free Zone bull Gheshm Free Zone

[edit] Italy

bull Catania bull Erice bull Gela bull Crotone bull Rossano bull Lamezia Terme bull Matera bull Taranto bull Lecce bull Andria bull Naples bull Torre Annunziata bull Mondragone

22

bull Campobasso bull Cagliari bull Quartu SantElena bull Iglesias bull Velletri bull Sora bull Pescara bull Massa Carrara bull Ventimiglia

[edit] Lithuania

bull Klaipeda Free Economic Zone bull Kaunas Free Economic Zone

[edit] Malaysia

bull Port Klang Free Zone

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Ingushetia bull Yantar Kaliningrad

[edit] South Korea

bull Yellow Sea bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang

[edit] Spain

bull Ibiza

[edit] Ukraine

bull Quarantine Pier of Odessa trade sea port January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Ajman Free Zone[1] bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center

23

bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Studio City

[edit] Uzbekistan

bull Navoiy

[edit] United Kingdom

bull London Docklands bull Bristol Subverbs

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwsricityin 2 ^ httpwwwinspirainfracom

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_economic_zone Categories Special Economic Zones

Special Economic Zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding reliable references Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (January 2007)

A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a countrys typical economic laws The category SEZ covers a broad range of more specific zone types including Free Trade Zones (FTZ) Export Processing Zones (EPZ) Free Zones (FZ) Industrial Estates (IE) Free Ports Urban Enterprise Zones and others Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors typically an international business or a multinational corporation (MNC)

One of the earliest and the most famous Special Economic Zones were found by the government of the Peoples Republic of China under Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s The most successful Special Economic Zone in China Shenzhen has developed from a small village into a city with a population over 10 million within 20 years

Following the Chinese examples Special Economic Zones have been established in several countries including Brazil India Iran Jordan Kazakhstan Pakistan the

24

Philippines Poland Russia and Ukraine Currently Puno Peru has been slated to become a Zona Economica by its president Alan Garcia

A single SEZ can contain multiple specific zones within its boundaries In India the Government has sanctioned few large multi-product Special Exconomic Zones (SEZ) where one can set-up any kind of business (services manufacturing trading etc) Some of the most promoinent large multiple zone SEZs are Sricity SEZ near Chennai and Mundra SEZ in Gujarat India The other two most prominent examples of this layered approach are Subic Bay Freeport Zone in the Philippines the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority in Jordan and According to World Bank estimates as of 2007 there are more than 3000 projects taking place in SEZs in 120 countries worldwide

SEZs have been implemented using a variety of institutional structures across the world ranging from fully public (government operator government developer government regulator) to fully private (private operator private developer public regulator) In many cases public sector operators and developers act as quasi-government agencies in that they have a pseudo-corporate institutional structure and have budgetary autonomy SEZs are often developed under a public-private partnership arrangement in which the public sector provides some level of support (provision of off-site infrastructure equity investment soft loans bond issues etc) to enable a private sector developer to obtain a reasonable rate of return on the project (typically 10-20 depending on risk levels)

Contents [hide]

bull 1 China bull 2 India

o 21 List of SEZs in India bull 3 Indonesia bull 4 Iran bull 5 Kazakhstan bull 6 North Korea bull 7 Pakistan

o 71 List of SEZs in the Pakistan bull 8 Philippines

o 81 List of SEZs in the Philippines bull 9 Poland bull 10 Russia

o 101 TechnicalInnovational Zones o 102 Industrialdevelopmental Zoneso 103 Tourist Zones

bull 11 Ukraine bull 12 References bull 13 External links

25

[edit] China Main article Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

Currently the most prominent SEZs in the country are Shenzhen Xiamen Shantou Zhuhai and Hainan Province

[edit] India Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country and realising the need that a level playing field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally the Government of India had in April 2000 announced the introduction of Special Economic Zones policy in the country deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations duties and tariffs As of 2007 more than 500 SEZs have been proposed 220 of which have been created This has raised the concern of the World Bank which questions the sustainability of such a large number of SEZs The Special Economic Zones in India closely follow the PRC model

India passed special economic zone act in 2005 In India the government has been proactive in the development of the SEZs They have formulated policies reviewed them occasionally and have ensured that ample facilities are provided to the developers of the SEZs as well as to the companies setting up units in the SEZs

[edit] List of SEZs in India

The policy provides for setting up of SEZs in the public private joint sector or by State Governments One of them is Sricity Multi product SEZ part of Sricity which is a developing satellite city in the epicentre of AP amp TN It was also envisaged that some of the existing Export Processing Zones would be converted into Special Economic Zones

bull Sricity (SEZ) (Andhra Pradesh) (httpwwwsricityin) bull Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) bull Polepally (Andhra Pradesh) bull Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) bull Velankani SEZ (Chennai) (httpwwwvelankanisezcom) bull Pharma and Biotech SEZ Aurangabad Maharashtra

(httpwwwinspirainfracom) bull Ahmedabad Baroda Kandla and Surat (Gujarat) bull Cochin (Kerala) bull Pithampur (Madhya Pradesh) bull Nagpur also refer MIHAN Pune and SEEPZ in Mumbai (Maharashtra) bull Chennai Ilandaikulam Madurai Nanguneri and Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu) bull NOIDA Greater NOIDA (Uttar Pradesh) UP bull Falta (West Bengal) bull Bangalore [Karnataka] bull Kensington [Powai Mumbai] bull Mangalore (Karnataka)

26

Currently India has 1022 units in operations in 9 functional SEZs each an average size of 200 acres (081 km2) 8 Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been converted into SEZs These are fully functional All these SEZs are in various parts of the country in the privatejoint sectors or by the State Government But this process of planning and development is under question as the states in which the SEZs have been approved are facing intense protests from the farming community accusing the government of forcibly snatching fertile land from them at heavily discounted prices as against the prevailing prices in the commercial real estate industry Also some reputed companies like Bajaj and others have commented against this policy and have suggested using barren and wasteland for setting up of SEZs

Attempts to set up a Special Economic Zone in Nandigram have led to protests by villagers in the area A Parliamentary Committee to study and give recommendations on SEZs has said that no further SEZs be notified unless the existing law is amended to incorporate the changes related to the land acquisitions

Genpact has announced its plans to expand its presence in Hyderabad by setting up a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) across 50 acres (200000 m2) in the city at Jawahar Nagar

[edit] Indonesia Main article Batam IslandSEZ - Special Economic Zones

[edit] Iran bull Arg - e - Jadid Special Economic Zone Vehicle Manufacturing Hub bull PetZone Petrochemical special economic Zone Mahshahr bull Kish Kish island special economic zone bull Sarakhs bull Sirjan bull Shahid Rajaee Port[1] bull Amirabad Special Economic Zone[2] bull Bushehr Port

[edit] Kazakhstan bull Astana

Multiple Economic zones created by the mandate of the President Each zone has a different focus South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone is dedicated to the development of the textile industry in Kazakhstan

[edit] North Korea The Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone was established under a UN economic development programme in 1994 Located on the bank of the Tuman River the zone borders on the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (or Yeonbyeon in Korean) of

27

the Peoples Republic of China as well as Russia In 2000 the name of the area was shortened to Rason and became separate from the North Hamgyeong Province

[edit] Pakistan Taking the example of the Chinese success with their SEZs China is helping Pakistan develop the Haier-Ruba economic zone on the outskirts of Lahore

Other economic zones include the China-Pakistan economic zone open only to Chinese investors and also the future crown jewel of Pakistan Gwadar

There are also talks of creating a Japanese city for foreign investors from Japan only

There has also been new SEZ proposed on the currently under construction Sialkot-Lahore motorway Qatar has proposed an investment for $1 billion in a new SEZ along the motorway

There is also a new zone under construction in Faislababd which will be the biggest industrial estate of Pakistan when complete it has sections for each country and the first phrase is already complete with a special Chinese zone in it

[edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan

bull Karachi Export Processing Zone Karachi Sindh bull Risalpur Export Processing Zone Risalpur bull Sialkot Export Processing Zone Sialkot Punjab bull Gujranwala Export Processing Zone Gujranwala Punjab bull Saindak Export Processing Zone Saindak Balochistan bull Reko Diq Export Processing Zone bull Khalifa Coastal Oil Refinery EPZ bull Gwadar Export Processing Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Special Industrial Development Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Faisalabad Export Processing Zone Faisalabad Punjab bull Special Inudstrial Economic Zone Lahore Punjab

[edit] Philippines Philippine economic zones (ecozones) are collections of industries brought together geographically for the purpose of promoting economic development Although designed to operate separately from the political and economic milieu of surrounding communities Philippine economic zones do in fact interact with their neighbors There are 41 private-owned economic zones and 4 government owned economic zones in the Philippines Of the 41 private economic zones the biggest exporter is Gateway Business Park in General Trias Cavite and the second biggest private ecozone is Laguna Technopark Inc The four governmentally owned are Cavite Economic Zone Bataan Economic Zone Mactan Economic Zone and Baguio City Economic Zone Thus it is a useful act for the growth of economic zone of the country

[edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines

28

bull Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority bull Clark Special Economic Zone bull Philippine Economic Zone Authority bull PHIVIDEC Industrial Authority bull Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone Authority bull Cagayan Economic Zone Authority

[edit] Poland There are 14 Special Economic Zones in Poland[1]

bull Kamiennogoacuterska SSE bull Katowice Special Economic Zone bull Kostrzyńsko-Słubicka SSE bull Krakowski Park Technologiczny bull Legnicka SSE bull Łoacutedzka SSE bull SSE EURO-PARK MIELEC bull Słupska SSE bull SSE Starachowice bull Suwalska SSE bull Pomorska SSE (Pomeranian Special Economic Zone) bull Tarnobrzeska SSE bull Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone INVEST-PARK bull Warmińsko-Mazurska SSE

[edit] Russia

[edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones

bull Dubna bull Zelenograd bull Noidorf (Russian Нойдорф) - industrial and business park in special economic

zone in Strelna near Saint Petersburg Russia bull Novo-Orlovskoe (Russian Ново-Орловское) - SEZ territory in Saint

Petersburg Russia bull Tomsk

[edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones

bull ldquoAlabugardquo (special economic zone) bull Lipetsk

[edit] Tourist Zones

bull Krasnodar Krai bull Stavropol Krai bull Kaliningrad Oblast (Yantar Kaliningrad Special Economic Zone) bull Altai Krai

29

bull Altai Republic bull Irkutsk Oblast bull Buryatia

[edit] Ukraine Special Economic Zones existed in Ukraine until March 31 2005 The first created was the Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone Syvash (since 1996) From 1998 to 2000 11 new zones were created

Name Location Area Established Time limit

NCEEZ Syvash Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1996 5 years

Slavutych Slavutych Kiev Oblast 2000 ha 30061998 till 01012020

Azov Mariupol Donetsk Oblast 315 ha 21071998 60 years Donetsk Donetsk Donetsk Oblast 466 ha 21071998 60 years

Zakarpattia Uzhhorodskyi Raion and Mukachivskyi Raion Zakarpattia Oblast

737 ha 09011999 30 years

Yavoriv Yavorivskyi Raion Lviv Oblast

116000 ha 17021999 till

01012020 Interport Kovel Kovel Volyn Oblast 57 ha 01012000 20 years Kurortopolis Truskavets Truskavets Lviv Oblast 774 ha 01012000 20 years

Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Oblast shipyard territory and adjoining area

865 ha 01012000 30 years

Port Krym Kerch Autonomous Republic of Crimea 27 ha 01012000 30 years

Porto-Franco Odessa part of Odessa Trade Sea Ports territory 32 ha 01012000 25 years

Reni Reni Odessa Oblast 94 ha 17052000 30 years Initially planned time of operation given All zones were shut down on March 31 2005

NCEEZ mdash Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone

Sources [3] [4] [5] and Пехник АВ Іноземні інвестиції в економіку України Навчальний посібник Вид laquoЗнанняraquo Київ 2007 pages 49 310ndash319

[edit] References

30

1 ^ httpwwwmggovplSpecjalne+strefy+ekonomiczneWykaz+SSE

bull Chee Kian Leong 2007 A Tale of Two Countries Openness and Growth in China and India [6] Dynamics Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper

[edit] External links bull South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone bull Regularly updated news about SEZs in India bull Indian Special Economic Zones bull Russian Special Economic Zones bull Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan bull Indian SEZ bull PEZA Philippines bull The New Maharajas of India bull India Special Economic zones map bull Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones (Russia)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zone Categories International business | International trade | International economics | Special Economic Zones

List of free ports From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Free economic zones may also be called free ports

Most commonly a free port is a special customs area with favorable customs regulations (or no customs duties and controls for transshipment) Earlier in history some free ports like Hong Kong enjoyed political autonomy Many international airports have free ports though they tend to be called customs areas customs zones or international zones

Contents [hide]

31

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

Finance and banking

Financial system middot Financial services middot Chinese currency middot Chinese yuan middot Renminbi middot China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation middot Banking (History middot Central bank middot Other banks) middot Foreign exchange reserve middot Beijing Financial Street middot Stock Exchange Executive Council middot Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE Composite) middot Shenzhen Stock Exchange middot Dalian Commodity Exchange middot Shanghai Metal Exchange middot Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange middot Hedge fund industry middot Accounting in China

Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 17: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

lack of sufficient basic infrastructure such as telecommunications and inefficient institutional linkages between the Zone Authority and other government departments As a result careful consideration of the existing rules and measures is necessary for the Zones to succeed The recommended measures include among others things

91 Legislative reforms that would take care of the numerous contradictions and duplications of laws and regulations in the Zones to reduce bureaucracy and give more independence to the authorities Investment laws should remain in force for long periods in order to give investors peace and mind 92 Sufficient infrastructure facilities and services are needed in most of the Free Zones in the region The availability of such infrastructure facilities would give to the New Colon Free Zone in Panamarsquos country a comparative advantage within the entire region 93 Reforms that encourage the expansion of export industries in the Zones such as the removal of barriers to the movement of finished goods in the region In fact is essential to have regulations that attract large and medium size industries rather than small industries as it is the case in Jebel Ali Free Zone 94 Encouragement of employment of nationals in Free Zones which may require giving more attention to training of manpower by the Free Zone Authority on one hand by local and foreign firms on the other 95 Promotion and marketing of the Zones that requires the attention of top management So promotional and marketing programs that attract clients and keep them happy should be developed Priority should be given to meeting clients needs as well as the countryrsquos objectives In fact it makes little sense to invest in land infrastructure utilities etc and fail to provide enough investment for marketing and promotion

Finally we can say that Panamarsquos country have not probably been active as any others regions in establishing and developing Free Economics Zones like the Arab countries and in particular Dubai with the Jebel Ali Free Zone The idea was to get around a large amount of existing regulations and to provide infrastructure facilities and services to attract foreign investment and in turn to promote growth To be successful Free Economic Zones in Panama have to concentrate on competing on the basis of the services offered and the quality of such services In others words their comparative advantage of liberalization should be in their services Aggressive Free Zones can create good opportunities for themselves within the region while traditional and slow Free Zones which are not able to adapt quickly become uncompetitive and in turn a classical example of failure It is the job of dynamic managers to seize the opportunity to attract business and investment to the zone and I can do that for the New Colon Free Zone in Panama because I am a successful CEO actively seeking new opportunities to capture new business opportunities to which I may offer my global approach along with extensive experience

17

Bibliography Tahir Jamil (1998) ldquoAn Assessment of Free Economic Zones (FEZs) in Arab Countries - Performance and Main Featuresrdquo Working Paper 9926 It was presented in an international conference on ldquoNew Economics Developments and Their Impact on Arab Economiesrdquo held in Tunis during the period 3-5 June 1998 Guangwen Meng (2003) ldquoThe Theory and Practice of Free Economic Zones A Case Study of Tianjin Peoplersquos Republic of Chinardquo Submitted to the Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics of the Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Germany for the Degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences Oral Examination 14022003 Watson Noel Newton (1998) ldquoEVALUATING THE NET ECONOMICS BENEFITS OF FREE TRADE ZONES IN THEORY AND PRACTICE - APPLIED TO THE KINGSTON EXPORT FREE ZONE IN JAMAICArdquo Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Economics of Simon Fraser University November 1998 Ministry of Finance and Economy (Republic of Korea) ldquoFree Economic Zones in Korea (2003) The Future of Northeast Asiardquo September 2003 httpenglishmosfgokr Salma Ali Saif Bin Hareb Chief Executive Zonersquos Jebel Free Zone of Government of Dubai (2007) ldquoJafza Corporate Brochurerdquo November 2007 httpwwwjafzaaeen Knowledge Innovation Zone Research Project (2006) ldquoSPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES (SEZ) VERSUS KNOWLEDGE INNOVATION ZONES (KIZ) - A COMPARISONrdquo httpwwwinthekzonecom OECD Private Sector Development Division (2008) ldquoFree Economic Zones in the MENA Region Update 2008rdquo Tarun Dhingra Dr Ambalika Sinha Dr Tripti Singh (2008) ldquoLocation strategy for competitiveness of Special Economic Zones in India ndash A Generic frameworkrdquo

18

Useful Links

Jebel Ali Free Zone (Jafza) httpwwwjafzaaeen SEZ stands for Special Economic Zone a tax free area for manufacturing RampD Trading and Services units (Inspira Infrastructure) httpwwwinspirainfracom Yellow Sea Free Economic Zone (Yesfez) httpwwwyesfezgokrengyesfezsongak_districtasp Tanger Free Zone httpwwwtangerfreezonecom Hamriyah Free Zone httpwwwhfzaae Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone (RAK FTZ) httpwwwrakftzcomen Jebel Ali Free Zone Online Directory (Potential Customer for the New Free Zone) httpwwwjdae

International Trade General International Trade and Trade Policy Free Economic Zones

bull UN Resources bull Documents bull Photos

Free Economic Zones in Korea The Future of Northeast Asia Foreign-invested firms have begun to take a close look at the benefits of locating in one of these zones 8 9 Page 11 What are Free Economic Zones Sector unpan1unorgintradocgroupspublicdocumentsAPCITYUNPAN0 UNESCAP Taking off in earnest Koreas free economic zones are at the forefront of the scenic coastal cities of Incheon Busan-Jinhae and Gwangyang the zones form an wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue78_16nov2005doc UNESCAP By Kim Min-hee Korea will move swiftly to further improve the contents of its free economic zones as well as strengthen its sales pitch to potential investors wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue75_18Oct2005doc

NATIONAL PROFILE FOR THE INFORMATION SOCIETY IN THE UNITED ARAB Also the growth of ICT Free Zones companies and activities is certain to The UAE has made extensive use of duty free economic zones to stimulate business wwwescwaorglbwsisreportsdocsUAE_2005-Epdf Economic and Social Council the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352

ةماعلا ةيعمجلا the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and has introduced many kinds of special zones of various areas For example Xiamen Special Economic Zone covers about 131 million while Tianjin Free Trade Zone wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377pub_2377 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and In 1990 it established free trade zones (bonded areas) altogether 15 to date seven of which are located in special economic zones and five of which are

19

wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377ftz_ch4 TID inputs to 61st Session of the Commission regional special economic zones (along a similar format as ldquogrowth trianglesrdquo) for disaster-affected areas could be considered which would grant duty-free wwwunescaporgtidnewstsunami_briefpdf Economic Cooperation and Integration Sub-programme Provisional These can include regional clusters Internet-based business models business incubators free economic zones technological and science centres platforms and wwwuneceorgcecidocsECI_conceptual_framework_29May2006p See also

Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial development support services gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial sector gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Duty free transit International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Free ports

Free economic zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

Many countries have or have had at some time designated areas where companies are taxed very lightly or not at all to encourage development or for some other reason These are known as free economic zones

Sometimes they are called free ports by an analogy with free ports known for a long time in history - the ports free of customs or with favorable customs regulations eg the free port of Trieste Very often free ports are parts of free economic zones

Contents [hide]

bull 1 Free economic zones by countryo 11 Armenia o 12 Belarus o 13 Brazil o 14 Bulgaria

20

o 15 Chile o 16 China o 17 Egypt o 18 Georgia o 19 India o 110 Iran o 111 Italy o 112 Lithuania o 113 Malaysia o 114 Russia o 115 South Korea o 116 Spain o 117 Ukraine o 118 United Arab Emirateso 119 Uzbekistan o 120 United Kingdom

bull 2 References

[edit] Free economic zones by country

[edit] Armenia

bull Gyumri

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Bulgaria

bull Burgas bull Rousse bull Plovdiv bull Dragoman bull Vidin bull Svilengrad

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] China

21

bull Hong Kong

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said Public Free Zone bull Alexandria Public Free Zone bull Nasr City Public Free Zone bull Suez Public Free Zone bull Ismailia Public Free Zone bull Damietta Public Free Zone bull Media Public Free Zone bull Shebin El- Kom Public Free Zone bull Qeft Public Free Zone bull Port Said East Port Public Free Zone

[edit] Georgia

bull Poti Samegrelo region

[edit] India

bull Sricity Multi Product SEZ Andhra Pradesh [1] bull SEEPZ India bull Inspira Pharma amp Biotech Park Aurangabad Maharashtra[2]

[edit] Iran

bull Kish bull Aras Free Zone bull Anzali Free Zone bull Arvand Free Zone bull Chabahar Free Zone bull Gheshm Free Zone

[edit] Italy

bull Catania bull Erice bull Gela bull Crotone bull Rossano bull Lamezia Terme bull Matera bull Taranto bull Lecce bull Andria bull Naples bull Torre Annunziata bull Mondragone

22

bull Campobasso bull Cagliari bull Quartu SantElena bull Iglesias bull Velletri bull Sora bull Pescara bull Massa Carrara bull Ventimiglia

[edit] Lithuania

bull Klaipeda Free Economic Zone bull Kaunas Free Economic Zone

[edit] Malaysia

bull Port Klang Free Zone

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Ingushetia bull Yantar Kaliningrad

[edit] South Korea

bull Yellow Sea bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang

[edit] Spain

bull Ibiza

[edit] Ukraine

bull Quarantine Pier of Odessa trade sea port January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Ajman Free Zone[1] bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center

23

bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Studio City

[edit] Uzbekistan

bull Navoiy

[edit] United Kingdom

bull London Docklands bull Bristol Subverbs

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwsricityin 2 ^ httpwwwinspirainfracom

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_economic_zone Categories Special Economic Zones

Special Economic Zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding reliable references Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (January 2007)

A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a countrys typical economic laws The category SEZ covers a broad range of more specific zone types including Free Trade Zones (FTZ) Export Processing Zones (EPZ) Free Zones (FZ) Industrial Estates (IE) Free Ports Urban Enterprise Zones and others Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors typically an international business or a multinational corporation (MNC)

One of the earliest and the most famous Special Economic Zones were found by the government of the Peoples Republic of China under Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s The most successful Special Economic Zone in China Shenzhen has developed from a small village into a city with a population over 10 million within 20 years

Following the Chinese examples Special Economic Zones have been established in several countries including Brazil India Iran Jordan Kazakhstan Pakistan the

24

Philippines Poland Russia and Ukraine Currently Puno Peru has been slated to become a Zona Economica by its president Alan Garcia

A single SEZ can contain multiple specific zones within its boundaries In India the Government has sanctioned few large multi-product Special Exconomic Zones (SEZ) where one can set-up any kind of business (services manufacturing trading etc) Some of the most promoinent large multiple zone SEZs are Sricity SEZ near Chennai and Mundra SEZ in Gujarat India The other two most prominent examples of this layered approach are Subic Bay Freeport Zone in the Philippines the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority in Jordan and According to World Bank estimates as of 2007 there are more than 3000 projects taking place in SEZs in 120 countries worldwide

SEZs have been implemented using a variety of institutional structures across the world ranging from fully public (government operator government developer government regulator) to fully private (private operator private developer public regulator) In many cases public sector operators and developers act as quasi-government agencies in that they have a pseudo-corporate institutional structure and have budgetary autonomy SEZs are often developed under a public-private partnership arrangement in which the public sector provides some level of support (provision of off-site infrastructure equity investment soft loans bond issues etc) to enable a private sector developer to obtain a reasonable rate of return on the project (typically 10-20 depending on risk levels)

Contents [hide]

bull 1 China bull 2 India

o 21 List of SEZs in India bull 3 Indonesia bull 4 Iran bull 5 Kazakhstan bull 6 North Korea bull 7 Pakistan

o 71 List of SEZs in the Pakistan bull 8 Philippines

o 81 List of SEZs in the Philippines bull 9 Poland bull 10 Russia

o 101 TechnicalInnovational Zones o 102 Industrialdevelopmental Zoneso 103 Tourist Zones

bull 11 Ukraine bull 12 References bull 13 External links

25

[edit] China Main article Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

Currently the most prominent SEZs in the country are Shenzhen Xiamen Shantou Zhuhai and Hainan Province

[edit] India Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country and realising the need that a level playing field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally the Government of India had in April 2000 announced the introduction of Special Economic Zones policy in the country deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations duties and tariffs As of 2007 more than 500 SEZs have been proposed 220 of which have been created This has raised the concern of the World Bank which questions the sustainability of such a large number of SEZs The Special Economic Zones in India closely follow the PRC model

India passed special economic zone act in 2005 In India the government has been proactive in the development of the SEZs They have formulated policies reviewed them occasionally and have ensured that ample facilities are provided to the developers of the SEZs as well as to the companies setting up units in the SEZs

[edit] List of SEZs in India

The policy provides for setting up of SEZs in the public private joint sector or by State Governments One of them is Sricity Multi product SEZ part of Sricity which is a developing satellite city in the epicentre of AP amp TN It was also envisaged that some of the existing Export Processing Zones would be converted into Special Economic Zones

bull Sricity (SEZ) (Andhra Pradesh) (httpwwwsricityin) bull Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) bull Polepally (Andhra Pradesh) bull Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) bull Velankani SEZ (Chennai) (httpwwwvelankanisezcom) bull Pharma and Biotech SEZ Aurangabad Maharashtra

(httpwwwinspirainfracom) bull Ahmedabad Baroda Kandla and Surat (Gujarat) bull Cochin (Kerala) bull Pithampur (Madhya Pradesh) bull Nagpur also refer MIHAN Pune and SEEPZ in Mumbai (Maharashtra) bull Chennai Ilandaikulam Madurai Nanguneri and Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu) bull NOIDA Greater NOIDA (Uttar Pradesh) UP bull Falta (West Bengal) bull Bangalore [Karnataka] bull Kensington [Powai Mumbai] bull Mangalore (Karnataka)

26

Currently India has 1022 units in operations in 9 functional SEZs each an average size of 200 acres (081 km2) 8 Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been converted into SEZs These are fully functional All these SEZs are in various parts of the country in the privatejoint sectors or by the State Government But this process of planning and development is under question as the states in which the SEZs have been approved are facing intense protests from the farming community accusing the government of forcibly snatching fertile land from them at heavily discounted prices as against the prevailing prices in the commercial real estate industry Also some reputed companies like Bajaj and others have commented against this policy and have suggested using barren and wasteland for setting up of SEZs

Attempts to set up a Special Economic Zone in Nandigram have led to protests by villagers in the area A Parliamentary Committee to study and give recommendations on SEZs has said that no further SEZs be notified unless the existing law is amended to incorporate the changes related to the land acquisitions

Genpact has announced its plans to expand its presence in Hyderabad by setting up a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) across 50 acres (200000 m2) in the city at Jawahar Nagar

[edit] Indonesia Main article Batam IslandSEZ - Special Economic Zones

[edit] Iran bull Arg - e - Jadid Special Economic Zone Vehicle Manufacturing Hub bull PetZone Petrochemical special economic Zone Mahshahr bull Kish Kish island special economic zone bull Sarakhs bull Sirjan bull Shahid Rajaee Port[1] bull Amirabad Special Economic Zone[2] bull Bushehr Port

[edit] Kazakhstan bull Astana

Multiple Economic zones created by the mandate of the President Each zone has a different focus South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone is dedicated to the development of the textile industry in Kazakhstan

[edit] North Korea The Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone was established under a UN economic development programme in 1994 Located on the bank of the Tuman River the zone borders on the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (or Yeonbyeon in Korean) of

27

the Peoples Republic of China as well as Russia In 2000 the name of the area was shortened to Rason and became separate from the North Hamgyeong Province

[edit] Pakistan Taking the example of the Chinese success with their SEZs China is helping Pakistan develop the Haier-Ruba economic zone on the outskirts of Lahore

Other economic zones include the China-Pakistan economic zone open only to Chinese investors and also the future crown jewel of Pakistan Gwadar

There are also talks of creating a Japanese city for foreign investors from Japan only

There has also been new SEZ proposed on the currently under construction Sialkot-Lahore motorway Qatar has proposed an investment for $1 billion in a new SEZ along the motorway

There is also a new zone under construction in Faislababd which will be the biggest industrial estate of Pakistan when complete it has sections for each country and the first phrase is already complete with a special Chinese zone in it

[edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan

bull Karachi Export Processing Zone Karachi Sindh bull Risalpur Export Processing Zone Risalpur bull Sialkot Export Processing Zone Sialkot Punjab bull Gujranwala Export Processing Zone Gujranwala Punjab bull Saindak Export Processing Zone Saindak Balochistan bull Reko Diq Export Processing Zone bull Khalifa Coastal Oil Refinery EPZ bull Gwadar Export Processing Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Special Industrial Development Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Faisalabad Export Processing Zone Faisalabad Punjab bull Special Inudstrial Economic Zone Lahore Punjab

[edit] Philippines Philippine economic zones (ecozones) are collections of industries brought together geographically for the purpose of promoting economic development Although designed to operate separately from the political and economic milieu of surrounding communities Philippine economic zones do in fact interact with their neighbors There are 41 private-owned economic zones and 4 government owned economic zones in the Philippines Of the 41 private economic zones the biggest exporter is Gateway Business Park in General Trias Cavite and the second biggest private ecozone is Laguna Technopark Inc The four governmentally owned are Cavite Economic Zone Bataan Economic Zone Mactan Economic Zone and Baguio City Economic Zone Thus it is a useful act for the growth of economic zone of the country

[edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines

28

bull Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority bull Clark Special Economic Zone bull Philippine Economic Zone Authority bull PHIVIDEC Industrial Authority bull Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone Authority bull Cagayan Economic Zone Authority

[edit] Poland There are 14 Special Economic Zones in Poland[1]

bull Kamiennogoacuterska SSE bull Katowice Special Economic Zone bull Kostrzyńsko-Słubicka SSE bull Krakowski Park Technologiczny bull Legnicka SSE bull Łoacutedzka SSE bull SSE EURO-PARK MIELEC bull Słupska SSE bull SSE Starachowice bull Suwalska SSE bull Pomorska SSE (Pomeranian Special Economic Zone) bull Tarnobrzeska SSE bull Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone INVEST-PARK bull Warmińsko-Mazurska SSE

[edit] Russia

[edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones

bull Dubna bull Zelenograd bull Noidorf (Russian Нойдорф) - industrial and business park in special economic

zone in Strelna near Saint Petersburg Russia bull Novo-Orlovskoe (Russian Ново-Орловское) - SEZ territory in Saint

Petersburg Russia bull Tomsk

[edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones

bull ldquoAlabugardquo (special economic zone) bull Lipetsk

[edit] Tourist Zones

bull Krasnodar Krai bull Stavropol Krai bull Kaliningrad Oblast (Yantar Kaliningrad Special Economic Zone) bull Altai Krai

29

bull Altai Republic bull Irkutsk Oblast bull Buryatia

[edit] Ukraine Special Economic Zones existed in Ukraine until March 31 2005 The first created was the Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone Syvash (since 1996) From 1998 to 2000 11 new zones were created

Name Location Area Established Time limit

NCEEZ Syvash Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1996 5 years

Slavutych Slavutych Kiev Oblast 2000 ha 30061998 till 01012020

Azov Mariupol Donetsk Oblast 315 ha 21071998 60 years Donetsk Donetsk Donetsk Oblast 466 ha 21071998 60 years

Zakarpattia Uzhhorodskyi Raion and Mukachivskyi Raion Zakarpattia Oblast

737 ha 09011999 30 years

Yavoriv Yavorivskyi Raion Lviv Oblast

116000 ha 17021999 till

01012020 Interport Kovel Kovel Volyn Oblast 57 ha 01012000 20 years Kurortopolis Truskavets Truskavets Lviv Oblast 774 ha 01012000 20 years

Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Oblast shipyard territory and adjoining area

865 ha 01012000 30 years

Port Krym Kerch Autonomous Republic of Crimea 27 ha 01012000 30 years

Porto-Franco Odessa part of Odessa Trade Sea Ports territory 32 ha 01012000 25 years

Reni Reni Odessa Oblast 94 ha 17052000 30 years Initially planned time of operation given All zones were shut down on March 31 2005

NCEEZ mdash Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone

Sources [3] [4] [5] and Пехник АВ Іноземні інвестиції в економіку України Навчальний посібник Вид laquoЗнанняraquo Київ 2007 pages 49 310ndash319

[edit] References

30

1 ^ httpwwwmggovplSpecjalne+strefy+ekonomiczneWykaz+SSE

bull Chee Kian Leong 2007 A Tale of Two Countries Openness and Growth in China and India [6] Dynamics Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper

[edit] External links bull South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone bull Regularly updated news about SEZs in India bull Indian Special Economic Zones bull Russian Special Economic Zones bull Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan bull Indian SEZ bull PEZA Philippines bull The New Maharajas of India bull India Special Economic zones map bull Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones (Russia)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zone Categories International business | International trade | International economics | Special Economic Zones

List of free ports From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Free economic zones may also be called free ports

Most commonly a free port is a special customs area with favorable customs regulations (or no customs duties and controls for transshipment) Earlier in history some free ports like Hong Kong enjoyed political autonomy Many international airports have free ports though they tend to be called customs areas customs zones or international zones

Contents [hide]

31

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

Finance and banking

Financial system middot Financial services middot Chinese currency middot Chinese yuan middot Renminbi middot China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation middot Banking (History middot Central bank middot Other banks) middot Foreign exchange reserve middot Beijing Financial Street middot Stock Exchange Executive Council middot Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE Composite) middot Shenzhen Stock Exchange middot Dalian Commodity Exchange middot Shanghai Metal Exchange middot Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange middot Hedge fund industry middot Accounting in China

Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 18: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

Bibliography Tahir Jamil (1998) ldquoAn Assessment of Free Economic Zones (FEZs) in Arab Countries - Performance and Main Featuresrdquo Working Paper 9926 It was presented in an international conference on ldquoNew Economics Developments and Their Impact on Arab Economiesrdquo held in Tunis during the period 3-5 June 1998 Guangwen Meng (2003) ldquoThe Theory and Practice of Free Economic Zones A Case Study of Tianjin Peoplersquos Republic of Chinardquo Submitted to the Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics of the Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Germany for the Degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences Oral Examination 14022003 Watson Noel Newton (1998) ldquoEVALUATING THE NET ECONOMICS BENEFITS OF FREE TRADE ZONES IN THEORY AND PRACTICE - APPLIED TO THE KINGSTON EXPORT FREE ZONE IN JAMAICArdquo Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Economics of Simon Fraser University November 1998 Ministry of Finance and Economy (Republic of Korea) ldquoFree Economic Zones in Korea (2003) The Future of Northeast Asiardquo September 2003 httpenglishmosfgokr Salma Ali Saif Bin Hareb Chief Executive Zonersquos Jebel Free Zone of Government of Dubai (2007) ldquoJafza Corporate Brochurerdquo November 2007 httpwwwjafzaaeen Knowledge Innovation Zone Research Project (2006) ldquoSPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES (SEZ) VERSUS KNOWLEDGE INNOVATION ZONES (KIZ) - A COMPARISONrdquo httpwwwinthekzonecom OECD Private Sector Development Division (2008) ldquoFree Economic Zones in the MENA Region Update 2008rdquo Tarun Dhingra Dr Ambalika Sinha Dr Tripti Singh (2008) ldquoLocation strategy for competitiveness of Special Economic Zones in India ndash A Generic frameworkrdquo

18

Useful Links

Jebel Ali Free Zone (Jafza) httpwwwjafzaaeen SEZ stands for Special Economic Zone a tax free area for manufacturing RampD Trading and Services units (Inspira Infrastructure) httpwwwinspirainfracom Yellow Sea Free Economic Zone (Yesfez) httpwwwyesfezgokrengyesfezsongak_districtasp Tanger Free Zone httpwwwtangerfreezonecom Hamriyah Free Zone httpwwwhfzaae Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone (RAK FTZ) httpwwwrakftzcomen Jebel Ali Free Zone Online Directory (Potential Customer for the New Free Zone) httpwwwjdae

International Trade General International Trade and Trade Policy Free Economic Zones

bull UN Resources bull Documents bull Photos

Free Economic Zones in Korea The Future of Northeast Asia Foreign-invested firms have begun to take a close look at the benefits of locating in one of these zones 8 9 Page 11 What are Free Economic Zones Sector unpan1unorgintradocgroupspublicdocumentsAPCITYUNPAN0 UNESCAP Taking off in earnest Koreas free economic zones are at the forefront of the scenic coastal cities of Incheon Busan-Jinhae and Gwangyang the zones form an wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue78_16nov2005doc UNESCAP By Kim Min-hee Korea will move swiftly to further improve the contents of its free economic zones as well as strengthen its sales pitch to potential investors wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue75_18Oct2005doc

NATIONAL PROFILE FOR THE INFORMATION SOCIETY IN THE UNITED ARAB Also the growth of ICT Free Zones companies and activities is certain to The UAE has made extensive use of duty free economic zones to stimulate business wwwescwaorglbwsisreportsdocsUAE_2005-Epdf Economic and Social Council the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352

ةماعلا ةيعمجلا the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and has introduced many kinds of special zones of various areas For example Xiamen Special Economic Zone covers about 131 million while Tianjin Free Trade Zone wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377pub_2377 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and In 1990 it established free trade zones (bonded areas) altogether 15 to date seven of which are located in special economic zones and five of which are

19

wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377ftz_ch4 TID inputs to 61st Session of the Commission regional special economic zones (along a similar format as ldquogrowth trianglesrdquo) for disaster-affected areas could be considered which would grant duty-free wwwunescaporgtidnewstsunami_briefpdf Economic Cooperation and Integration Sub-programme Provisional These can include regional clusters Internet-based business models business incubators free economic zones technological and science centres platforms and wwwuneceorgcecidocsECI_conceptual_framework_29May2006p See also

Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial development support services gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial sector gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Duty free transit International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Free ports

Free economic zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

Many countries have or have had at some time designated areas where companies are taxed very lightly or not at all to encourage development or for some other reason These are known as free economic zones

Sometimes they are called free ports by an analogy with free ports known for a long time in history - the ports free of customs or with favorable customs regulations eg the free port of Trieste Very often free ports are parts of free economic zones

Contents [hide]

bull 1 Free economic zones by countryo 11 Armenia o 12 Belarus o 13 Brazil o 14 Bulgaria

20

o 15 Chile o 16 China o 17 Egypt o 18 Georgia o 19 India o 110 Iran o 111 Italy o 112 Lithuania o 113 Malaysia o 114 Russia o 115 South Korea o 116 Spain o 117 Ukraine o 118 United Arab Emirateso 119 Uzbekistan o 120 United Kingdom

bull 2 References

[edit] Free economic zones by country

[edit] Armenia

bull Gyumri

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Bulgaria

bull Burgas bull Rousse bull Plovdiv bull Dragoman bull Vidin bull Svilengrad

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] China

21

bull Hong Kong

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said Public Free Zone bull Alexandria Public Free Zone bull Nasr City Public Free Zone bull Suez Public Free Zone bull Ismailia Public Free Zone bull Damietta Public Free Zone bull Media Public Free Zone bull Shebin El- Kom Public Free Zone bull Qeft Public Free Zone bull Port Said East Port Public Free Zone

[edit] Georgia

bull Poti Samegrelo region

[edit] India

bull Sricity Multi Product SEZ Andhra Pradesh [1] bull SEEPZ India bull Inspira Pharma amp Biotech Park Aurangabad Maharashtra[2]

[edit] Iran

bull Kish bull Aras Free Zone bull Anzali Free Zone bull Arvand Free Zone bull Chabahar Free Zone bull Gheshm Free Zone

[edit] Italy

bull Catania bull Erice bull Gela bull Crotone bull Rossano bull Lamezia Terme bull Matera bull Taranto bull Lecce bull Andria bull Naples bull Torre Annunziata bull Mondragone

22

bull Campobasso bull Cagliari bull Quartu SantElena bull Iglesias bull Velletri bull Sora bull Pescara bull Massa Carrara bull Ventimiglia

[edit] Lithuania

bull Klaipeda Free Economic Zone bull Kaunas Free Economic Zone

[edit] Malaysia

bull Port Klang Free Zone

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Ingushetia bull Yantar Kaliningrad

[edit] South Korea

bull Yellow Sea bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang

[edit] Spain

bull Ibiza

[edit] Ukraine

bull Quarantine Pier of Odessa trade sea port January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Ajman Free Zone[1] bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center

23

bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Studio City

[edit] Uzbekistan

bull Navoiy

[edit] United Kingdom

bull London Docklands bull Bristol Subverbs

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwsricityin 2 ^ httpwwwinspirainfracom

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_economic_zone Categories Special Economic Zones

Special Economic Zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding reliable references Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (January 2007)

A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a countrys typical economic laws The category SEZ covers a broad range of more specific zone types including Free Trade Zones (FTZ) Export Processing Zones (EPZ) Free Zones (FZ) Industrial Estates (IE) Free Ports Urban Enterprise Zones and others Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors typically an international business or a multinational corporation (MNC)

One of the earliest and the most famous Special Economic Zones were found by the government of the Peoples Republic of China under Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s The most successful Special Economic Zone in China Shenzhen has developed from a small village into a city with a population over 10 million within 20 years

Following the Chinese examples Special Economic Zones have been established in several countries including Brazil India Iran Jordan Kazakhstan Pakistan the

24

Philippines Poland Russia and Ukraine Currently Puno Peru has been slated to become a Zona Economica by its president Alan Garcia

A single SEZ can contain multiple specific zones within its boundaries In India the Government has sanctioned few large multi-product Special Exconomic Zones (SEZ) where one can set-up any kind of business (services manufacturing trading etc) Some of the most promoinent large multiple zone SEZs are Sricity SEZ near Chennai and Mundra SEZ in Gujarat India The other two most prominent examples of this layered approach are Subic Bay Freeport Zone in the Philippines the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority in Jordan and According to World Bank estimates as of 2007 there are more than 3000 projects taking place in SEZs in 120 countries worldwide

SEZs have been implemented using a variety of institutional structures across the world ranging from fully public (government operator government developer government regulator) to fully private (private operator private developer public regulator) In many cases public sector operators and developers act as quasi-government agencies in that they have a pseudo-corporate institutional structure and have budgetary autonomy SEZs are often developed under a public-private partnership arrangement in which the public sector provides some level of support (provision of off-site infrastructure equity investment soft loans bond issues etc) to enable a private sector developer to obtain a reasonable rate of return on the project (typically 10-20 depending on risk levels)

Contents [hide]

bull 1 China bull 2 India

o 21 List of SEZs in India bull 3 Indonesia bull 4 Iran bull 5 Kazakhstan bull 6 North Korea bull 7 Pakistan

o 71 List of SEZs in the Pakistan bull 8 Philippines

o 81 List of SEZs in the Philippines bull 9 Poland bull 10 Russia

o 101 TechnicalInnovational Zones o 102 Industrialdevelopmental Zoneso 103 Tourist Zones

bull 11 Ukraine bull 12 References bull 13 External links

25

[edit] China Main article Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

Currently the most prominent SEZs in the country are Shenzhen Xiamen Shantou Zhuhai and Hainan Province

[edit] India Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country and realising the need that a level playing field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally the Government of India had in April 2000 announced the introduction of Special Economic Zones policy in the country deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations duties and tariffs As of 2007 more than 500 SEZs have been proposed 220 of which have been created This has raised the concern of the World Bank which questions the sustainability of such a large number of SEZs The Special Economic Zones in India closely follow the PRC model

India passed special economic zone act in 2005 In India the government has been proactive in the development of the SEZs They have formulated policies reviewed them occasionally and have ensured that ample facilities are provided to the developers of the SEZs as well as to the companies setting up units in the SEZs

[edit] List of SEZs in India

The policy provides for setting up of SEZs in the public private joint sector or by State Governments One of them is Sricity Multi product SEZ part of Sricity which is a developing satellite city in the epicentre of AP amp TN It was also envisaged that some of the existing Export Processing Zones would be converted into Special Economic Zones

bull Sricity (SEZ) (Andhra Pradesh) (httpwwwsricityin) bull Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) bull Polepally (Andhra Pradesh) bull Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) bull Velankani SEZ (Chennai) (httpwwwvelankanisezcom) bull Pharma and Biotech SEZ Aurangabad Maharashtra

(httpwwwinspirainfracom) bull Ahmedabad Baroda Kandla and Surat (Gujarat) bull Cochin (Kerala) bull Pithampur (Madhya Pradesh) bull Nagpur also refer MIHAN Pune and SEEPZ in Mumbai (Maharashtra) bull Chennai Ilandaikulam Madurai Nanguneri and Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu) bull NOIDA Greater NOIDA (Uttar Pradesh) UP bull Falta (West Bengal) bull Bangalore [Karnataka] bull Kensington [Powai Mumbai] bull Mangalore (Karnataka)

26

Currently India has 1022 units in operations in 9 functional SEZs each an average size of 200 acres (081 km2) 8 Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been converted into SEZs These are fully functional All these SEZs are in various parts of the country in the privatejoint sectors or by the State Government But this process of planning and development is under question as the states in which the SEZs have been approved are facing intense protests from the farming community accusing the government of forcibly snatching fertile land from them at heavily discounted prices as against the prevailing prices in the commercial real estate industry Also some reputed companies like Bajaj and others have commented against this policy and have suggested using barren and wasteland for setting up of SEZs

Attempts to set up a Special Economic Zone in Nandigram have led to protests by villagers in the area A Parliamentary Committee to study and give recommendations on SEZs has said that no further SEZs be notified unless the existing law is amended to incorporate the changes related to the land acquisitions

Genpact has announced its plans to expand its presence in Hyderabad by setting up a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) across 50 acres (200000 m2) in the city at Jawahar Nagar

[edit] Indonesia Main article Batam IslandSEZ - Special Economic Zones

[edit] Iran bull Arg - e - Jadid Special Economic Zone Vehicle Manufacturing Hub bull PetZone Petrochemical special economic Zone Mahshahr bull Kish Kish island special economic zone bull Sarakhs bull Sirjan bull Shahid Rajaee Port[1] bull Amirabad Special Economic Zone[2] bull Bushehr Port

[edit] Kazakhstan bull Astana

Multiple Economic zones created by the mandate of the President Each zone has a different focus South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone is dedicated to the development of the textile industry in Kazakhstan

[edit] North Korea The Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone was established under a UN economic development programme in 1994 Located on the bank of the Tuman River the zone borders on the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (or Yeonbyeon in Korean) of

27

the Peoples Republic of China as well as Russia In 2000 the name of the area was shortened to Rason and became separate from the North Hamgyeong Province

[edit] Pakistan Taking the example of the Chinese success with their SEZs China is helping Pakistan develop the Haier-Ruba economic zone on the outskirts of Lahore

Other economic zones include the China-Pakistan economic zone open only to Chinese investors and also the future crown jewel of Pakistan Gwadar

There are also talks of creating a Japanese city for foreign investors from Japan only

There has also been new SEZ proposed on the currently under construction Sialkot-Lahore motorway Qatar has proposed an investment for $1 billion in a new SEZ along the motorway

There is also a new zone under construction in Faislababd which will be the biggest industrial estate of Pakistan when complete it has sections for each country and the first phrase is already complete with a special Chinese zone in it

[edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan

bull Karachi Export Processing Zone Karachi Sindh bull Risalpur Export Processing Zone Risalpur bull Sialkot Export Processing Zone Sialkot Punjab bull Gujranwala Export Processing Zone Gujranwala Punjab bull Saindak Export Processing Zone Saindak Balochistan bull Reko Diq Export Processing Zone bull Khalifa Coastal Oil Refinery EPZ bull Gwadar Export Processing Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Special Industrial Development Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Faisalabad Export Processing Zone Faisalabad Punjab bull Special Inudstrial Economic Zone Lahore Punjab

[edit] Philippines Philippine economic zones (ecozones) are collections of industries brought together geographically for the purpose of promoting economic development Although designed to operate separately from the political and economic milieu of surrounding communities Philippine economic zones do in fact interact with their neighbors There are 41 private-owned economic zones and 4 government owned economic zones in the Philippines Of the 41 private economic zones the biggest exporter is Gateway Business Park in General Trias Cavite and the second biggest private ecozone is Laguna Technopark Inc The four governmentally owned are Cavite Economic Zone Bataan Economic Zone Mactan Economic Zone and Baguio City Economic Zone Thus it is a useful act for the growth of economic zone of the country

[edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines

28

bull Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority bull Clark Special Economic Zone bull Philippine Economic Zone Authority bull PHIVIDEC Industrial Authority bull Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone Authority bull Cagayan Economic Zone Authority

[edit] Poland There are 14 Special Economic Zones in Poland[1]

bull Kamiennogoacuterska SSE bull Katowice Special Economic Zone bull Kostrzyńsko-Słubicka SSE bull Krakowski Park Technologiczny bull Legnicka SSE bull Łoacutedzka SSE bull SSE EURO-PARK MIELEC bull Słupska SSE bull SSE Starachowice bull Suwalska SSE bull Pomorska SSE (Pomeranian Special Economic Zone) bull Tarnobrzeska SSE bull Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone INVEST-PARK bull Warmińsko-Mazurska SSE

[edit] Russia

[edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones

bull Dubna bull Zelenograd bull Noidorf (Russian Нойдорф) - industrial and business park in special economic

zone in Strelna near Saint Petersburg Russia bull Novo-Orlovskoe (Russian Ново-Орловское) - SEZ territory in Saint

Petersburg Russia bull Tomsk

[edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones

bull ldquoAlabugardquo (special economic zone) bull Lipetsk

[edit] Tourist Zones

bull Krasnodar Krai bull Stavropol Krai bull Kaliningrad Oblast (Yantar Kaliningrad Special Economic Zone) bull Altai Krai

29

bull Altai Republic bull Irkutsk Oblast bull Buryatia

[edit] Ukraine Special Economic Zones existed in Ukraine until March 31 2005 The first created was the Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone Syvash (since 1996) From 1998 to 2000 11 new zones were created

Name Location Area Established Time limit

NCEEZ Syvash Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1996 5 years

Slavutych Slavutych Kiev Oblast 2000 ha 30061998 till 01012020

Azov Mariupol Donetsk Oblast 315 ha 21071998 60 years Donetsk Donetsk Donetsk Oblast 466 ha 21071998 60 years

Zakarpattia Uzhhorodskyi Raion and Mukachivskyi Raion Zakarpattia Oblast

737 ha 09011999 30 years

Yavoriv Yavorivskyi Raion Lviv Oblast

116000 ha 17021999 till

01012020 Interport Kovel Kovel Volyn Oblast 57 ha 01012000 20 years Kurortopolis Truskavets Truskavets Lviv Oblast 774 ha 01012000 20 years

Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Oblast shipyard territory and adjoining area

865 ha 01012000 30 years

Port Krym Kerch Autonomous Republic of Crimea 27 ha 01012000 30 years

Porto-Franco Odessa part of Odessa Trade Sea Ports territory 32 ha 01012000 25 years

Reni Reni Odessa Oblast 94 ha 17052000 30 years Initially planned time of operation given All zones were shut down on March 31 2005

NCEEZ mdash Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone

Sources [3] [4] [5] and Пехник АВ Іноземні інвестиції в економіку України Навчальний посібник Вид laquoЗнанняraquo Київ 2007 pages 49 310ndash319

[edit] References

30

1 ^ httpwwwmggovplSpecjalne+strefy+ekonomiczneWykaz+SSE

bull Chee Kian Leong 2007 A Tale of Two Countries Openness and Growth in China and India [6] Dynamics Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper

[edit] External links bull South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone bull Regularly updated news about SEZs in India bull Indian Special Economic Zones bull Russian Special Economic Zones bull Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan bull Indian SEZ bull PEZA Philippines bull The New Maharajas of India bull India Special Economic zones map bull Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones (Russia)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zone Categories International business | International trade | International economics | Special Economic Zones

List of free ports From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Free economic zones may also be called free ports

Most commonly a free port is a special customs area with favorable customs regulations (or no customs duties and controls for transshipment) Earlier in history some free ports like Hong Kong enjoyed political autonomy Many international airports have free ports though they tend to be called customs areas customs zones or international zones

Contents [hide]

31

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

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Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

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Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

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45

Society

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Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

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National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

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Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

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National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

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International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

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47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 19: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

Useful Links

Jebel Ali Free Zone (Jafza) httpwwwjafzaaeen SEZ stands for Special Economic Zone a tax free area for manufacturing RampD Trading and Services units (Inspira Infrastructure) httpwwwinspirainfracom Yellow Sea Free Economic Zone (Yesfez) httpwwwyesfezgokrengyesfezsongak_districtasp Tanger Free Zone httpwwwtangerfreezonecom Hamriyah Free Zone httpwwwhfzaae Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone (RAK FTZ) httpwwwrakftzcomen Jebel Ali Free Zone Online Directory (Potential Customer for the New Free Zone) httpwwwjdae

International Trade General International Trade and Trade Policy Free Economic Zones

bull UN Resources bull Documents bull Photos

Free Economic Zones in Korea The Future of Northeast Asia Foreign-invested firms have begun to take a close look at the benefits of locating in one of these zones 8 9 Page 11 What are Free Economic Zones Sector unpan1unorgintradocgroupspublicdocumentsAPCITYUNPAN0 UNESCAP Taking off in earnest Koreas free economic zones are at the forefront of the scenic coastal cities of Incheon Busan-Jinhae and Gwangyang the zones form an wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue78_16nov2005doc UNESCAP By Kim Min-hee Korea will move swiftly to further improve the contents of its free economic zones as well as strengthen its sales pitch to potential investors wwwunescaporguniseye_on_unescapissue75_18Oct2005doc

NATIONAL PROFILE FOR THE INFORMATION SOCIETY IN THE UNITED ARAB Also the growth of ICT Free Zones companies and activities is certain to The UAE has made extensive use of duty free economic zones to stimulate business wwwescwaorglbwsisreportsdocsUAE_2005-Epdf Economic and Social Council the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352

ةماعلا ةيعمجلا the economic elite and the middle class who have seen their situation improve considerably thanks to income from tourism the 40 free economic zones in which daccess-odsunorgaccessnsfGetOpenampDS=ECN4200352 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and has introduced many kinds of special zones of various areas For example Xiamen Special Economic Zone covers about 131 million while Tianjin Free Trade Zone wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377pub_2377 4 Recent developments in FTZs and port hinterlands in Asia and In 1990 it established free trade zones (bonded areas) altogether 15 to date seven of which are located in special economic zones and five of which are

19

wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377ftz_ch4 TID inputs to 61st Session of the Commission regional special economic zones (along a similar format as ldquogrowth trianglesrdquo) for disaster-affected areas could be considered which would grant duty-free wwwunescaporgtidnewstsunami_briefpdf Economic Cooperation and Integration Sub-programme Provisional These can include regional clusters Internet-based business models business incubators free economic zones technological and science centres platforms and wwwuneceorgcecidocsECI_conceptual_framework_29May2006p See also

Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial development support services gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial sector gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Duty free transit International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Free ports

Free economic zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

Many countries have or have had at some time designated areas where companies are taxed very lightly or not at all to encourage development or for some other reason These are known as free economic zones

Sometimes they are called free ports by an analogy with free ports known for a long time in history - the ports free of customs or with favorable customs regulations eg the free port of Trieste Very often free ports are parts of free economic zones

Contents [hide]

bull 1 Free economic zones by countryo 11 Armenia o 12 Belarus o 13 Brazil o 14 Bulgaria

20

o 15 Chile o 16 China o 17 Egypt o 18 Georgia o 19 India o 110 Iran o 111 Italy o 112 Lithuania o 113 Malaysia o 114 Russia o 115 South Korea o 116 Spain o 117 Ukraine o 118 United Arab Emirateso 119 Uzbekistan o 120 United Kingdom

bull 2 References

[edit] Free economic zones by country

[edit] Armenia

bull Gyumri

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Bulgaria

bull Burgas bull Rousse bull Plovdiv bull Dragoman bull Vidin bull Svilengrad

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] China

21

bull Hong Kong

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said Public Free Zone bull Alexandria Public Free Zone bull Nasr City Public Free Zone bull Suez Public Free Zone bull Ismailia Public Free Zone bull Damietta Public Free Zone bull Media Public Free Zone bull Shebin El- Kom Public Free Zone bull Qeft Public Free Zone bull Port Said East Port Public Free Zone

[edit] Georgia

bull Poti Samegrelo region

[edit] India

bull Sricity Multi Product SEZ Andhra Pradesh [1] bull SEEPZ India bull Inspira Pharma amp Biotech Park Aurangabad Maharashtra[2]

[edit] Iran

bull Kish bull Aras Free Zone bull Anzali Free Zone bull Arvand Free Zone bull Chabahar Free Zone bull Gheshm Free Zone

[edit] Italy

bull Catania bull Erice bull Gela bull Crotone bull Rossano bull Lamezia Terme bull Matera bull Taranto bull Lecce bull Andria bull Naples bull Torre Annunziata bull Mondragone

22

bull Campobasso bull Cagliari bull Quartu SantElena bull Iglesias bull Velletri bull Sora bull Pescara bull Massa Carrara bull Ventimiglia

[edit] Lithuania

bull Klaipeda Free Economic Zone bull Kaunas Free Economic Zone

[edit] Malaysia

bull Port Klang Free Zone

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Ingushetia bull Yantar Kaliningrad

[edit] South Korea

bull Yellow Sea bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang

[edit] Spain

bull Ibiza

[edit] Ukraine

bull Quarantine Pier of Odessa trade sea port January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Ajman Free Zone[1] bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center

23

bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Studio City

[edit] Uzbekistan

bull Navoiy

[edit] United Kingdom

bull London Docklands bull Bristol Subverbs

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwsricityin 2 ^ httpwwwinspirainfracom

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_economic_zone Categories Special Economic Zones

Special Economic Zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding reliable references Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (January 2007)

A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a countrys typical economic laws The category SEZ covers a broad range of more specific zone types including Free Trade Zones (FTZ) Export Processing Zones (EPZ) Free Zones (FZ) Industrial Estates (IE) Free Ports Urban Enterprise Zones and others Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors typically an international business or a multinational corporation (MNC)

One of the earliest and the most famous Special Economic Zones were found by the government of the Peoples Republic of China under Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s The most successful Special Economic Zone in China Shenzhen has developed from a small village into a city with a population over 10 million within 20 years

Following the Chinese examples Special Economic Zones have been established in several countries including Brazil India Iran Jordan Kazakhstan Pakistan the

24

Philippines Poland Russia and Ukraine Currently Puno Peru has been slated to become a Zona Economica by its president Alan Garcia

A single SEZ can contain multiple specific zones within its boundaries In India the Government has sanctioned few large multi-product Special Exconomic Zones (SEZ) where one can set-up any kind of business (services manufacturing trading etc) Some of the most promoinent large multiple zone SEZs are Sricity SEZ near Chennai and Mundra SEZ in Gujarat India The other two most prominent examples of this layered approach are Subic Bay Freeport Zone in the Philippines the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority in Jordan and According to World Bank estimates as of 2007 there are more than 3000 projects taking place in SEZs in 120 countries worldwide

SEZs have been implemented using a variety of institutional structures across the world ranging from fully public (government operator government developer government regulator) to fully private (private operator private developer public regulator) In many cases public sector operators and developers act as quasi-government agencies in that they have a pseudo-corporate institutional structure and have budgetary autonomy SEZs are often developed under a public-private partnership arrangement in which the public sector provides some level of support (provision of off-site infrastructure equity investment soft loans bond issues etc) to enable a private sector developer to obtain a reasonable rate of return on the project (typically 10-20 depending on risk levels)

Contents [hide]

bull 1 China bull 2 India

o 21 List of SEZs in India bull 3 Indonesia bull 4 Iran bull 5 Kazakhstan bull 6 North Korea bull 7 Pakistan

o 71 List of SEZs in the Pakistan bull 8 Philippines

o 81 List of SEZs in the Philippines bull 9 Poland bull 10 Russia

o 101 TechnicalInnovational Zones o 102 Industrialdevelopmental Zoneso 103 Tourist Zones

bull 11 Ukraine bull 12 References bull 13 External links

25

[edit] China Main article Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

Currently the most prominent SEZs in the country are Shenzhen Xiamen Shantou Zhuhai and Hainan Province

[edit] India Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country and realising the need that a level playing field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally the Government of India had in April 2000 announced the introduction of Special Economic Zones policy in the country deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations duties and tariffs As of 2007 more than 500 SEZs have been proposed 220 of which have been created This has raised the concern of the World Bank which questions the sustainability of such a large number of SEZs The Special Economic Zones in India closely follow the PRC model

India passed special economic zone act in 2005 In India the government has been proactive in the development of the SEZs They have formulated policies reviewed them occasionally and have ensured that ample facilities are provided to the developers of the SEZs as well as to the companies setting up units in the SEZs

[edit] List of SEZs in India

The policy provides for setting up of SEZs in the public private joint sector or by State Governments One of them is Sricity Multi product SEZ part of Sricity which is a developing satellite city in the epicentre of AP amp TN It was also envisaged that some of the existing Export Processing Zones would be converted into Special Economic Zones

bull Sricity (SEZ) (Andhra Pradesh) (httpwwwsricityin) bull Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) bull Polepally (Andhra Pradesh) bull Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) bull Velankani SEZ (Chennai) (httpwwwvelankanisezcom) bull Pharma and Biotech SEZ Aurangabad Maharashtra

(httpwwwinspirainfracom) bull Ahmedabad Baroda Kandla and Surat (Gujarat) bull Cochin (Kerala) bull Pithampur (Madhya Pradesh) bull Nagpur also refer MIHAN Pune and SEEPZ in Mumbai (Maharashtra) bull Chennai Ilandaikulam Madurai Nanguneri and Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu) bull NOIDA Greater NOIDA (Uttar Pradesh) UP bull Falta (West Bengal) bull Bangalore [Karnataka] bull Kensington [Powai Mumbai] bull Mangalore (Karnataka)

26

Currently India has 1022 units in operations in 9 functional SEZs each an average size of 200 acres (081 km2) 8 Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been converted into SEZs These are fully functional All these SEZs are in various parts of the country in the privatejoint sectors or by the State Government But this process of planning and development is under question as the states in which the SEZs have been approved are facing intense protests from the farming community accusing the government of forcibly snatching fertile land from them at heavily discounted prices as against the prevailing prices in the commercial real estate industry Also some reputed companies like Bajaj and others have commented against this policy and have suggested using barren and wasteland for setting up of SEZs

Attempts to set up a Special Economic Zone in Nandigram have led to protests by villagers in the area A Parliamentary Committee to study and give recommendations on SEZs has said that no further SEZs be notified unless the existing law is amended to incorporate the changes related to the land acquisitions

Genpact has announced its plans to expand its presence in Hyderabad by setting up a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) across 50 acres (200000 m2) in the city at Jawahar Nagar

[edit] Indonesia Main article Batam IslandSEZ - Special Economic Zones

[edit] Iran bull Arg - e - Jadid Special Economic Zone Vehicle Manufacturing Hub bull PetZone Petrochemical special economic Zone Mahshahr bull Kish Kish island special economic zone bull Sarakhs bull Sirjan bull Shahid Rajaee Port[1] bull Amirabad Special Economic Zone[2] bull Bushehr Port

[edit] Kazakhstan bull Astana

Multiple Economic zones created by the mandate of the President Each zone has a different focus South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone is dedicated to the development of the textile industry in Kazakhstan

[edit] North Korea The Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone was established under a UN economic development programme in 1994 Located on the bank of the Tuman River the zone borders on the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (or Yeonbyeon in Korean) of

27

the Peoples Republic of China as well as Russia In 2000 the name of the area was shortened to Rason and became separate from the North Hamgyeong Province

[edit] Pakistan Taking the example of the Chinese success with their SEZs China is helping Pakistan develop the Haier-Ruba economic zone on the outskirts of Lahore

Other economic zones include the China-Pakistan economic zone open only to Chinese investors and also the future crown jewel of Pakistan Gwadar

There are also talks of creating a Japanese city for foreign investors from Japan only

There has also been new SEZ proposed on the currently under construction Sialkot-Lahore motorway Qatar has proposed an investment for $1 billion in a new SEZ along the motorway

There is also a new zone under construction in Faislababd which will be the biggest industrial estate of Pakistan when complete it has sections for each country and the first phrase is already complete with a special Chinese zone in it

[edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan

bull Karachi Export Processing Zone Karachi Sindh bull Risalpur Export Processing Zone Risalpur bull Sialkot Export Processing Zone Sialkot Punjab bull Gujranwala Export Processing Zone Gujranwala Punjab bull Saindak Export Processing Zone Saindak Balochistan bull Reko Diq Export Processing Zone bull Khalifa Coastal Oil Refinery EPZ bull Gwadar Export Processing Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Special Industrial Development Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Faisalabad Export Processing Zone Faisalabad Punjab bull Special Inudstrial Economic Zone Lahore Punjab

[edit] Philippines Philippine economic zones (ecozones) are collections of industries brought together geographically for the purpose of promoting economic development Although designed to operate separately from the political and economic milieu of surrounding communities Philippine economic zones do in fact interact with their neighbors There are 41 private-owned economic zones and 4 government owned economic zones in the Philippines Of the 41 private economic zones the biggest exporter is Gateway Business Park in General Trias Cavite and the second biggest private ecozone is Laguna Technopark Inc The four governmentally owned are Cavite Economic Zone Bataan Economic Zone Mactan Economic Zone and Baguio City Economic Zone Thus it is a useful act for the growth of economic zone of the country

[edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines

28

bull Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority bull Clark Special Economic Zone bull Philippine Economic Zone Authority bull PHIVIDEC Industrial Authority bull Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone Authority bull Cagayan Economic Zone Authority

[edit] Poland There are 14 Special Economic Zones in Poland[1]

bull Kamiennogoacuterska SSE bull Katowice Special Economic Zone bull Kostrzyńsko-Słubicka SSE bull Krakowski Park Technologiczny bull Legnicka SSE bull Łoacutedzka SSE bull SSE EURO-PARK MIELEC bull Słupska SSE bull SSE Starachowice bull Suwalska SSE bull Pomorska SSE (Pomeranian Special Economic Zone) bull Tarnobrzeska SSE bull Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone INVEST-PARK bull Warmińsko-Mazurska SSE

[edit] Russia

[edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones

bull Dubna bull Zelenograd bull Noidorf (Russian Нойдорф) - industrial and business park in special economic

zone in Strelna near Saint Petersburg Russia bull Novo-Orlovskoe (Russian Ново-Орловское) - SEZ territory in Saint

Petersburg Russia bull Tomsk

[edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones

bull ldquoAlabugardquo (special economic zone) bull Lipetsk

[edit] Tourist Zones

bull Krasnodar Krai bull Stavropol Krai bull Kaliningrad Oblast (Yantar Kaliningrad Special Economic Zone) bull Altai Krai

29

bull Altai Republic bull Irkutsk Oblast bull Buryatia

[edit] Ukraine Special Economic Zones existed in Ukraine until March 31 2005 The first created was the Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone Syvash (since 1996) From 1998 to 2000 11 new zones were created

Name Location Area Established Time limit

NCEEZ Syvash Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1996 5 years

Slavutych Slavutych Kiev Oblast 2000 ha 30061998 till 01012020

Azov Mariupol Donetsk Oblast 315 ha 21071998 60 years Donetsk Donetsk Donetsk Oblast 466 ha 21071998 60 years

Zakarpattia Uzhhorodskyi Raion and Mukachivskyi Raion Zakarpattia Oblast

737 ha 09011999 30 years

Yavoriv Yavorivskyi Raion Lviv Oblast

116000 ha 17021999 till

01012020 Interport Kovel Kovel Volyn Oblast 57 ha 01012000 20 years Kurortopolis Truskavets Truskavets Lviv Oblast 774 ha 01012000 20 years

Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Oblast shipyard territory and adjoining area

865 ha 01012000 30 years

Port Krym Kerch Autonomous Republic of Crimea 27 ha 01012000 30 years

Porto-Franco Odessa part of Odessa Trade Sea Ports territory 32 ha 01012000 25 years

Reni Reni Odessa Oblast 94 ha 17052000 30 years Initially planned time of operation given All zones were shut down on March 31 2005

NCEEZ mdash Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone

Sources [3] [4] [5] and Пехник АВ Іноземні інвестиції в економіку України Навчальний посібник Вид laquoЗнанняraquo Київ 2007 pages 49 310ndash319

[edit] References

30

1 ^ httpwwwmggovplSpecjalne+strefy+ekonomiczneWykaz+SSE

bull Chee Kian Leong 2007 A Tale of Two Countries Openness and Growth in China and India [6] Dynamics Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper

[edit] External links bull South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone bull Regularly updated news about SEZs in India bull Indian Special Economic Zones bull Russian Special Economic Zones bull Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan bull Indian SEZ bull PEZA Philippines bull The New Maharajas of India bull India Special Economic zones map bull Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones (Russia)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zone Categories International business | International trade | International economics | Special Economic Zones

List of free ports From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Free economic zones may also be called free ports

Most commonly a free port is a special customs area with favorable customs regulations (or no customs duties and controls for transshipment) Earlier in history some free ports like Hong Kong enjoyed political autonomy Many international airports have free ports though they tend to be called customs areas customs zones or international zones

Contents [hide]

31

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

Finance and banking

Financial system middot Financial services middot Chinese currency middot Chinese yuan middot Renminbi middot China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation middot Banking (History middot Central bank middot Other banks) middot Foreign exchange reserve middot Beijing Financial Street middot Stock Exchange Executive Council middot Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE Composite) middot Shenzhen Stock Exchange middot Dalian Commodity Exchange middot Shanghai Metal Exchange middot Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange middot Hedge fund industry middot Accounting in China

Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 20: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

wwwunescaporgttdwPublicationsTFS_pubspub_2377ftz_ch4 TID inputs to 61st Session of the Commission regional special economic zones (along a similar format as ldquogrowth trianglesrdquo) for disaster-affected areas could be considered which would grant duty-free wwwunescaporgtidnewstsunami_briefpdf Economic Cooperation and Integration Sub-programme Provisional These can include regional clusters Internet-based business models business incubators free economic zones technological and science centres platforms and wwwuneceorgcecidocsECI_conceptual_framework_29May2006p See also

Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development finance gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic unions Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Economic zoning Economic development and development finance gt Development gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial development support services gt Industrial estates Industry gt Industrial sector gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Duty free transit International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Export oriented industries International trade gt General international trade and trade policy gt Free ports

Free economic zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

Many countries have or have had at some time designated areas where companies are taxed very lightly or not at all to encourage development or for some other reason These are known as free economic zones

Sometimes they are called free ports by an analogy with free ports known for a long time in history - the ports free of customs or with favorable customs regulations eg the free port of Trieste Very often free ports are parts of free economic zones

Contents [hide]

bull 1 Free economic zones by countryo 11 Armenia o 12 Belarus o 13 Brazil o 14 Bulgaria

20

o 15 Chile o 16 China o 17 Egypt o 18 Georgia o 19 India o 110 Iran o 111 Italy o 112 Lithuania o 113 Malaysia o 114 Russia o 115 South Korea o 116 Spain o 117 Ukraine o 118 United Arab Emirateso 119 Uzbekistan o 120 United Kingdom

bull 2 References

[edit] Free economic zones by country

[edit] Armenia

bull Gyumri

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Bulgaria

bull Burgas bull Rousse bull Plovdiv bull Dragoman bull Vidin bull Svilengrad

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] China

21

bull Hong Kong

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said Public Free Zone bull Alexandria Public Free Zone bull Nasr City Public Free Zone bull Suez Public Free Zone bull Ismailia Public Free Zone bull Damietta Public Free Zone bull Media Public Free Zone bull Shebin El- Kom Public Free Zone bull Qeft Public Free Zone bull Port Said East Port Public Free Zone

[edit] Georgia

bull Poti Samegrelo region

[edit] India

bull Sricity Multi Product SEZ Andhra Pradesh [1] bull SEEPZ India bull Inspira Pharma amp Biotech Park Aurangabad Maharashtra[2]

[edit] Iran

bull Kish bull Aras Free Zone bull Anzali Free Zone bull Arvand Free Zone bull Chabahar Free Zone bull Gheshm Free Zone

[edit] Italy

bull Catania bull Erice bull Gela bull Crotone bull Rossano bull Lamezia Terme bull Matera bull Taranto bull Lecce bull Andria bull Naples bull Torre Annunziata bull Mondragone

22

bull Campobasso bull Cagliari bull Quartu SantElena bull Iglesias bull Velletri bull Sora bull Pescara bull Massa Carrara bull Ventimiglia

[edit] Lithuania

bull Klaipeda Free Economic Zone bull Kaunas Free Economic Zone

[edit] Malaysia

bull Port Klang Free Zone

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Ingushetia bull Yantar Kaliningrad

[edit] South Korea

bull Yellow Sea bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang

[edit] Spain

bull Ibiza

[edit] Ukraine

bull Quarantine Pier of Odessa trade sea port January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Ajman Free Zone[1] bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center

23

bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Studio City

[edit] Uzbekistan

bull Navoiy

[edit] United Kingdom

bull London Docklands bull Bristol Subverbs

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwsricityin 2 ^ httpwwwinspirainfracom

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_economic_zone Categories Special Economic Zones

Special Economic Zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding reliable references Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (January 2007)

A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a countrys typical economic laws The category SEZ covers a broad range of more specific zone types including Free Trade Zones (FTZ) Export Processing Zones (EPZ) Free Zones (FZ) Industrial Estates (IE) Free Ports Urban Enterprise Zones and others Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors typically an international business or a multinational corporation (MNC)

One of the earliest and the most famous Special Economic Zones were found by the government of the Peoples Republic of China under Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s The most successful Special Economic Zone in China Shenzhen has developed from a small village into a city with a population over 10 million within 20 years

Following the Chinese examples Special Economic Zones have been established in several countries including Brazil India Iran Jordan Kazakhstan Pakistan the

24

Philippines Poland Russia and Ukraine Currently Puno Peru has been slated to become a Zona Economica by its president Alan Garcia

A single SEZ can contain multiple specific zones within its boundaries In India the Government has sanctioned few large multi-product Special Exconomic Zones (SEZ) where one can set-up any kind of business (services manufacturing trading etc) Some of the most promoinent large multiple zone SEZs are Sricity SEZ near Chennai and Mundra SEZ in Gujarat India The other two most prominent examples of this layered approach are Subic Bay Freeport Zone in the Philippines the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority in Jordan and According to World Bank estimates as of 2007 there are more than 3000 projects taking place in SEZs in 120 countries worldwide

SEZs have been implemented using a variety of institutional structures across the world ranging from fully public (government operator government developer government regulator) to fully private (private operator private developer public regulator) In many cases public sector operators and developers act as quasi-government agencies in that they have a pseudo-corporate institutional structure and have budgetary autonomy SEZs are often developed under a public-private partnership arrangement in which the public sector provides some level of support (provision of off-site infrastructure equity investment soft loans bond issues etc) to enable a private sector developer to obtain a reasonable rate of return on the project (typically 10-20 depending on risk levels)

Contents [hide]

bull 1 China bull 2 India

o 21 List of SEZs in India bull 3 Indonesia bull 4 Iran bull 5 Kazakhstan bull 6 North Korea bull 7 Pakistan

o 71 List of SEZs in the Pakistan bull 8 Philippines

o 81 List of SEZs in the Philippines bull 9 Poland bull 10 Russia

o 101 TechnicalInnovational Zones o 102 Industrialdevelopmental Zoneso 103 Tourist Zones

bull 11 Ukraine bull 12 References bull 13 External links

25

[edit] China Main article Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

Currently the most prominent SEZs in the country are Shenzhen Xiamen Shantou Zhuhai and Hainan Province

[edit] India Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country and realising the need that a level playing field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally the Government of India had in April 2000 announced the introduction of Special Economic Zones policy in the country deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations duties and tariffs As of 2007 more than 500 SEZs have been proposed 220 of which have been created This has raised the concern of the World Bank which questions the sustainability of such a large number of SEZs The Special Economic Zones in India closely follow the PRC model

India passed special economic zone act in 2005 In India the government has been proactive in the development of the SEZs They have formulated policies reviewed them occasionally and have ensured that ample facilities are provided to the developers of the SEZs as well as to the companies setting up units in the SEZs

[edit] List of SEZs in India

The policy provides for setting up of SEZs in the public private joint sector or by State Governments One of them is Sricity Multi product SEZ part of Sricity which is a developing satellite city in the epicentre of AP amp TN It was also envisaged that some of the existing Export Processing Zones would be converted into Special Economic Zones

bull Sricity (SEZ) (Andhra Pradesh) (httpwwwsricityin) bull Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) bull Polepally (Andhra Pradesh) bull Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) bull Velankani SEZ (Chennai) (httpwwwvelankanisezcom) bull Pharma and Biotech SEZ Aurangabad Maharashtra

(httpwwwinspirainfracom) bull Ahmedabad Baroda Kandla and Surat (Gujarat) bull Cochin (Kerala) bull Pithampur (Madhya Pradesh) bull Nagpur also refer MIHAN Pune and SEEPZ in Mumbai (Maharashtra) bull Chennai Ilandaikulam Madurai Nanguneri and Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu) bull NOIDA Greater NOIDA (Uttar Pradesh) UP bull Falta (West Bengal) bull Bangalore [Karnataka] bull Kensington [Powai Mumbai] bull Mangalore (Karnataka)

26

Currently India has 1022 units in operations in 9 functional SEZs each an average size of 200 acres (081 km2) 8 Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been converted into SEZs These are fully functional All these SEZs are in various parts of the country in the privatejoint sectors or by the State Government But this process of planning and development is under question as the states in which the SEZs have been approved are facing intense protests from the farming community accusing the government of forcibly snatching fertile land from them at heavily discounted prices as against the prevailing prices in the commercial real estate industry Also some reputed companies like Bajaj and others have commented against this policy and have suggested using barren and wasteland for setting up of SEZs

Attempts to set up a Special Economic Zone in Nandigram have led to protests by villagers in the area A Parliamentary Committee to study and give recommendations on SEZs has said that no further SEZs be notified unless the existing law is amended to incorporate the changes related to the land acquisitions

Genpact has announced its plans to expand its presence in Hyderabad by setting up a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) across 50 acres (200000 m2) in the city at Jawahar Nagar

[edit] Indonesia Main article Batam IslandSEZ - Special Economic Zones

[edit] Iran bull Arg - e - Jadid Special Economic Zone Vehicle Manufacturing Hub bull PetZone Petrochemical special economic Zone Mahshahr bull Kish Kish island special economic zone bull Sarakhs bull Sirjan bull Shahid Rajaee Port[1] bull Amirabad Special Economic Zone[2] bull Bushehr Port

[edit] Kazakhstan bull Astana

Multiple Economic zones created by the mandate of the President Each zone has a different focus South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone is dedicated to the development of the textile industry in Kazakhstan

[edit] North Korea The Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone was established under a UN economic development programme in 1994 Located on the bank of the Tuman River the zone borders on the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (or Yeonbyeon in Korean) of

27

the Peoples Republic of China as well as Russia In 2000 the name of the area was shortened to Rason and became separate from the North Hamgyeong Province

[edit] Pakistan Taking the example of the Chinese success with their SEZs China is helping Pakistan develop the Haier-Ruba economic zone on the outskirts of Lahore

Other economic zones include the China-Pakistan economic zone open only to Chinese investors and also the future crown jewel of Pakistan Gwadar

There are also talks of creating a Japanese city for foreign investors from Japan only

There has also been new SEZ proposed on the currently under construction Sialkot-Lahore motorway Qatar has proposed an investment for $1 billion in a new SEZ along the motorway

There is also a new zone under construction in Faislababd which will be the biggest industrial estate of Pakistan when complete it has sections for each country and the first phrase is already complete with a special Chinese zone in it

[edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan

bull Karachi Export Processing Zone Karachi Sindh bull Risalpur Export Processing Zone Risalpur bull Sialkot Export Processing Zone Sialkot Punjab bull Gujranwala Export Processing Zone Gujranwala Punjab bull Saindak Export Processing Zone Saindak Balochistan bull Reko Diq Export Processing Zone bull Khalifa Coastal Oil Refinery EPZ bull Gwadar Export Processing Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Special Industrial Development Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Faisalabad Export Processing Zone Faisalabad Punjab bull Special Inudstrial Economic Zone Lahore Punjab

[edit] Philippines Philippine economic zones (ecozones) are collections of industries brought together geographically for the purpose of promoting economic development Although designed to operate separately from the political and economic milieu of surrounding communities Philippine economic zones do in fact interact with their neighbors There are 41 private-owned economic zones and 4 government owned economic zones in the Philippines Of the 41 private economic zones the biggest exporter is Gateway Business Park in General Trias Cavite and the second biggest private ecozone is Laguna Technopark Inc The four governmentally owned are Cavite Economic Zone Bataan Economic Zone Mactan Economic Zone and Baguio City Economic Zone Thus it is a useful act for the growth of economic zone of the country

[edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines

28

bull Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority bull Clark Special Economic Zone bull Philippine Economic Zone Authority bull PHIVIDEC Industrial Authority bull Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone Authority bull Cagayan Economic Zone Authority

[edit] Poland There are 14 Special Economic Zones in Poland[1]

bull Kamiennogoacuterska SSE bull Katowice Special Economic Zone bull Kostrzyńsko-Słubicka SSE bull Krakowski Park Technologiczny bull Legnicka SSE bull Łoacutedzka SSE bull SSE EURO-PARK MIELEC bull Słupska SSE bull SSE Starachowice bull Suwalska SSE bull Pomorska SSE (Pomeranian Special Economic Zone) bull Tarnobrzeska SSE bull Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone INVEST-PARK bull Warmińsko-Mazurska SSE

[edit] Russia

[edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones

bull Dubna bull Zelenograd bull Noidorf (Russian Нойдорф) - industrial and business park in special economic

zone in Strelna near Saint Petersburg Russia bull Novo-Orlovskoe (Russian Ново-Орловское) - SEZ territory in Saint

Petersburg Russia bull Tomsk

[edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones

bull ldquoAlabugardquo (special economic zone) bull Lipetsk

[edit] Tourist Zones

bull Krasnodar Krai bull Stavropol Krai bull Kaliningrad Oblast (Yantar Kaliningrad Special Economic Zone) bull Altai Krai

29

bull Altai Republic bull Irkutsk Oblast bull Buryatia

[edit] Ukraine Special Economic Zones existed in Ukraine until March 31 2005 The first created was the Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone Syvash (since 1996) From 1998 to 2000 11 new zones were created

Name Location Area Established Time limit

NCEEZ Syvash Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1996 5 years

Slavutych Slavutych Kiev Oblast 2000 ha 30061998 till 01012020

Azov Mariupol Donetsk Oblast 315 ha 21071998 60 years Donetsk Donetsk Donetsk Oblast 466 ha 21071998 60 years

Zakarpattia Uzhhorodskyi Raion and Mukachivskyi Raion Zakarpattia Oblast

737 ha 09011999 30 years

Yavoriv Yavorivskyi Raion Lviv Oblast

116000 ha 17021999 till

01012020 Interport Kovel Kovel Volyn Oblast 57 ha 01012000 20 years Kurortopolis Truskavets Truskavets Lviv Oblast 774 ha 01012000 20 years

Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Oblast shipyard territory and adjoining area

865 ha 01012000 30 years

Port Krym Kerch Autonomous Republic of Crimea 27 ha 01012000 30 years

Porto-Franco Odessa part of Odessa Trade Sea Ports territory 32 ha 01012000 25 years

Reni Reni Odessa Oblast 94 ha 17052000 30 years Initially planned time of operation given All zones were shut down on March 31 2005

NCEEZ mdash Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone

Sources [3] [4] [5] and Пехник АВ Іноземні інвестиції в економіку України Навчальний посібник Вид laquoЗнанняraquo Київ 2007 pages 49 310ndash319

[edit] References

30

1 ^ httpwwwmggovplSpecjalne+strefy+ekonomiczneWykaz+SSE

bull Chee Kian Leong 2007 A Tale of Two Countries Openness and Growth in China and India [6] Dynamics Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper

[edit] External links bull South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone bull Regularly updated news about SEZs in India bull Indian Special Economic Zones bull Russian Special Economic Zones bull Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan bull Indian SEZ bull PEZA Philippines bull The New Maharajas of India bull India Special Economic zones map bull Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones (Russia)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zone Categories International business | International trade | International economics | Special Economic Zones

List of free ports From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Free economic zones may also be called free ports

Most commonly a free port is a special customs area with favorable customs regulations (or no customs duties and controls for transshipment) Earlier in history some free ports like Hong Kong enjoyed political autonomy Many international airports have free ports though they tend to be called customs areas customs zones or international zones

Contents [hide]

31

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

Finance and banking

Financial system middot Financial services middot Chinese currency middot Chinese yuan middot Renminbi middot China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation middot Banking (History middot Central bank middot Other banks) middot Foreign exchange reserve middot Beijing Financial Street middot Stock Exchange Executive Council middot Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE Composite) middot Shenzhen Stock Exchange middot Dalian Commodity Exchange middot Shanghai Metal Exchange middot Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange middot Hedge fund industry middot Accounting in China

Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 21: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

o 15 Chile o 16 China o 17 Egypt o 18 Georgia o 19 India o 110 Iran o 111 Italy o 112 Lithuania o 113 Malaysia o 114 Russia o 115 South Korea o 116 Spain o 117 Ukraine o 118 United Arab Emirateso 119 Uzbekistan o 120 United Kingdom

bull 2 References

[edit] Free economic zones by country

[edit] Armenia

bull Gyumri

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Bulgaria

bull Burgas bull Rousse bull Plovdiv bull Dragoman bull Vidin bull Svilengrad

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] China

21

bull Hong Kong

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said Public Free Zone bull Alexandria Public Free Zone bull Nasr City Public Free Zone bull Suez Public Free Zone bull Ismailia Public Free Zone bull Damietta Public Free Zone bull Media Public Free Zone bull Shebin El- Kom Public Free Zone bull Qeft Public Free Zone bull Port Said East Port Public Free Zone

[edit] Georgia

bull Poti Samegrelo region

[edit] India

bull Sricity Multi Product SEZ Andhra Pradesh [1] bull SEEPZ India bull Inspira Pharma amp Biotech Park Aurangabad Maharashtra[2]

[edit] Iran

bull Kish bull Aras Free Zone bull Anzali Free Zone bull Arvand Free Zone bull Chabahar Free Zone bull Gheshm Free Zone

[edit] Italy

bull Catania bull Erice bull Gela bull Crotone bull Rossano bull Lamezia Terme bull Matera bull Taranto bull Lecce bull Andria bull Naples bull Torre Annunziata bull Mondragone

22

bull Campobasso bull Cagliari bull Quartu SantElena bull Iglesias bull Velletri bull Sora bull Pescara bull Massa Carrara bull Ventimiglia

[edit] Lithuania

bull Klaipeda Free Economic Zone bull Kaunas Free Economic Zone

[edit] Malaysia

bull Port Klang Free Zone

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Ingushetia bull Yantar Kaliningrad

[edit] South Korea

bull Yellow Sea bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang

[edit] Spain

bull Ibiza

[edit] Ukraine

bull Quarantine Pier of Odessa trade sea port January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Ajman Free Zone[1] bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center

23

bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Studio City

[edit] Uzbekistan

bull Navoiy

[edit] United Kingdom

bull London Docklands bull Bristol Subverbs

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwsricityin 2 ^ httpwwwinspirainfracom

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_economic_zone Categories Special Economic Zones

Special Economic Zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding reliable references Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (January 2007)

A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a countrys typical economic laws The category SEZ covers a broad range of more specific zone types including Free Trade Zones (FTZ) Export Processing Zones (EPZ) Free Zones (FZ) Industrial Estates (IE) Free Ports Urban Enterprise Zones and others Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors typically an international business or a multinational corporation (MNC)

One of the earliest and the most famous Special Economic Zones were found by the government of the Peoples Republic of China under Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s The most successful Special Economic Zone in China Shenzhen has developed from a small village into a city with a population over 10 million within 20 years

Following the Chinese examples Special Economic Zones have been established in several countries including Brazil India Iran Jordan Kazakhstan Pakistan the

24

Philippines Poland Russia and Ukraine Currently Puno Peru has been slated to become a Zona Economica by its president Alan Garcia

A single SEZ can contain multiple specific zones within its boundaries In India the Government has sanctioned few large multi-product Special Exconomic Zones (SEZ) where one can set-up any kind of business (services manufacturing trading etc) Some of the most promoinent large multiple zone SEZs are Sricity SEZ near Chennai and Mundra SEZ in Gujarat India The other two most prominent examples of this layered approach are Subic Bay Freeport Zone in the Philippines the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority in Jordan and According to World Bank estimates as of 2007 there are more than 3000 projects taking place in SEZs in 120 countries worldwide

SEZs have been implemented using a variety of institutional structures across the world ranging from fully public (government operator government developer government regulator) to fully private (private operator private developer public regulator) In many cases public sector operators and developers act as quasi-government agencies in that they have a pseudo-corporate institutional structure and have budgetary autonomy SEZs are often developed under a public-private partnership arrangement in which the public sector provides some level of support (provision of off-site infrastructure equity investment soft loans bond issues etc) to enable a private sector developer to obtain a reasonable rate of return on the project (typically 10-20 depending on risk levels)

Contents [hide]

bull 1 China bull 2 India

o 21 List of SEZs in India bull 3 Indonesia bull 4 Iran bull 5 Kazakhstan bull 6 North Korea bull 7 Pakistan

o 71 List of SEZs in the Pakistan bull 8 Philippines

o 81 List of SEZs in the Philippines bull 9 Poland bull 10 Russia

o 101 TechnicalInnovational Zones o 102 Industrialdevelopmental Zoneso 103 Tourist Zones

bull 11 Ukraine bull 12 References bull 13 External links

25

[edit] China Main article Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

Currently the most prominent SEZs in the country are Shenzhen Xiamen Shantou Zhuhai and Hainan Province

[edit] India Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country and realising the need that a level playing field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally the Government of India had in April 2000 announced the introduction of Special Economic Zones policy in the country deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations duties and tariffs As of 2007 more than 500 SEZs have been proposed 220 of which have been created This has raised the concern of the World Bank which questions the sustainability of such a large number of SEZs The Special Economic Zones in India closely follow the PRC model

India passed special economic zone act in 2005 In India the government has been proactive in the development of the SEZs They have formulated policies reviewed them occasionally and have ensured that ample facilities are provided to the developers of the SEZs as well as to the companies setting up units in the SEZs

[edit] List of SEZs in India

The policy provides for setting up of SEZs in the public private joint sector or by State Governments One of them is Sricity Multi product SEZ part of Sricity which is a developing satellite city in the epicentre of AP amp TN It was also envisaged that some of the existing Export Processing Zones would be converted into Special Economic Zones

bull Sricity (SEZ) (Andhra Pradesh) (httpwwwsricityin) bull Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) bull Polepally (Andhra Pradesh) bull Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) bull Velankani SEZ (Chennai) (httpwwwvelankanisezcom) bull Pharma and Biotech SEZ Aurangabad Maharashtra

(httpwwwinspirainfracom) bull Ahmedabad Baroda Kandla and Surat (Gujarat) bull Cochin (Kerala) bull Pithampur (Madhya Pradesh) bull Nagpur also refer MIHAN Pune and SEEPZ in Mumbai (Maharashtra) bull Chennai Ilandaikulam Madurai Nanguneri and Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu) bull NOIDA Greater NOIDA (Uttar Pradesh) UP bull Falta (West Bengal) bull Bangalore [Karnataka] bull Kensington [Powai Mumbai] bull Mangalore (Karnataka)

26

Currently India has 1022 units in operations in 9 functional SEZs each an average size of 200 acres (081 km2) 8 Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been converted into SEZs These are fully functional All these SEZs are in various parts of the country in the privatejoint sectors or by the State Government But this process of planning and development is under question as the states in which the SEZs have been approved are facing intense protests from the farming community accusing the government of forcibly snatching fertile land from them at heavily discounted prices as against the prevailing prices in the commercial real estate industry Also some reputed companies like Bajaj and others have commented against this policy and have suggested using barren and wasteland for setting up of SEZs

Attempts to set up a Special Economic Zone in Nandigram have led to protests by villagers in the area A Parliamentary Committee to study and give recommendations on SEZs has said that no further SEZs be notified unless the existing law is amended to incorporate the changes related to the land acquisitions

Genpact has announced its plans to expand its presence in Hyderabad by setting up a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) across 50 acres (200000 m2) in the city at Jawahar Nagar

[edit] Indonesia Main article Batam IslandSEZ - Special Economic Zones

[edit] Iran bull Arg - e - Jadid Special Economic Zone Vehicle Manufacturing Hub bull PetZone Petrochemical special economic Zone Mahshahr bull Kish Kish island special economic zone bull Sarakhs bull Sirjan bull Shahid Rajaee Port[1] bull Amirabad Special Economic Zone[2] bull Bushehr Port

[edit] Kazakhstan bull Astana

Multiple Economic zones created by the mandate of the President Each zone has a different focus South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone is dedicated to the development of the textile industry in Kazakhstan

[edit] North Korea The Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone was established under a UN economic development programme in 1994 Located on the bank of the Tuman River the zone borders on the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (or Yeonbyeon in Korean) of

27

the Peoples Republic of China as well as Russia In 2000 the name of the area was shortened to Rason and became separate from the North Hamgyeong Province

[edit] Pakistan Taking the example of the Chinese success with their SEZs China is helping Pakistan develop the Haier-Ruba economic zone on the outskirts of Lahore

Other economic zones include the China-Pakistan economic zone open only to Chinese investors and also the future crown jewel of Pakistan Gwadar

There are also talks of creating a Japanese city for foreign investors from Japan only

There has also been new SEZ proposed on the currently under construction Sialkot-Lahore motorway Qatar has proposed an investment for $1 billion in a new SEZ along the motorway

There is also a new zone under construction in Faislababd which will be the biggest industrial estate of Pakistan when complete it has sections for each country and the first phrase is already complete with a special Chinese zone in it

[edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan

bull Karachi Export Processing Zone Karachi Sindh bull Risalpur Export Processing Zone Risalpur bull Sialkot Export Processing Zone Sialkot Punjab bull Gujranwala Export Processing Zone Gujranwala Punjab bull Saindak Export Processing Zone Saindak Balochistan bull Reko Diq Export Processing Zone bull Khalifa Coastal Oil Refinery EPZ bull Gwadar Export Processing Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Special Industrial Development Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Faisalabad Export Processing Zone Faisalabad Punjab bull Special Inudstrial Economic Zone Lahore Punjab

[edit] Philippines Philippine economic zones (ecozones) are collections of industries brought together geographically for the purpose of promoting economic development Although designed to operate separately from the political and economic milieu of surrounding communities Philippine economic zones do in fact interact with their neighbors There are 41 private-owned economic zones and 4 government owned economic zones in the Philippines Of the 41 private economic zones the biggest exporter is Gateway Business Park in General Trias Cavite and the second biggest private ecozone is Laguna Technopark Inc The four governmentally owned are Cavite Economic Zone Bataan Economic Zone Mactan Economic Zone and Baguio City Economic Zone Thus it is a useful act for the growth of economic zone of the country

[edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines

28

bull Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority bull Clark Special Economic Zone bull Philippine Economic Zone Authority bull PHIVIDEC Industrial Authority bull Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone Authority bull Cagayan Economic Zone Authority

[edit] Poland There are 14 Special Economic Zones in Poland[1]

bull Kamiennogoacuterska SSE bull Katowice Special Economic Zone bull Kostrzyńsko-Słubicka SSE bull Krakowski Park Technologiczny bull Legnicka SSE bull Łoacutedzka SSE bull SSE EURO-PARK MIELEC bull Słupska SSE bull SSE Starachowice bull Suwalska SSE bull Pomorska SSE (Pomeranian Special Economic Zone) bull Tarnobrzeska SSE bull Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone INVEST-PARK bull Warmińsko-Mazurska SSE

[edit] Russia

[edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones

bull Dubna bull Zelenograd bull Noidorf (Russian Нойдорф) - industrial and business park in special economic

zone in Strelna near Saint Petersburg Russia bull Novo-Orlovskoe (Russian Ново-Орловское) - SEZ territory in Saint

Petersburg Russia bull Tomsk

[edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones

bull ldquoAlabugardquo (special economic zone) bull Lipetsk

[edit] Tourist Zones

bull Krasnodar Krai bull Stavropol Krai bull Kaliningrad Oblast (Yantar Kaliningrad Special Economic Zone) bull Altai Krai

29

bull Altai Republic bull Irkutsk Oblast bull Buryatia

[edit] Ukraine Special Economic Zones existed in Ukraine until March 31 2005 The first created was the Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone Syvash (since 1996) From 1998 to 2000 11 new zones were created

Name Location Area Established Time limit

NCEEZ Syvash Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1996 5 years

Slavutych Slavutych Kiev Oblast 2000 ha 30061998 till 01012020

Azov Mariupol Donetsk Oblast 315 ha 21071998 60 years Donetsk Donetsk Donetsk Oblast 466 ha 21071998 60 years

Zakarpattia Uzhhorodskyi Raion and Mukachivskyi Raion Zakarpattia Oblast

737 ha 09011999 30 years

Yavoriv Yavorivskyi Raion Lviv Oblast

116000 ha 17021999 till

01012020 Interport Kovel Kovel Volyn Oblast 57 ha 01012000 20 years Kurortopolis Truskavets Truskavets Lviv Oblast 774 ha 01012000 20 years

Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Oblast shipyard territory and adjoining area

865 ha 01012000 30 years

Port Krym Kerch Autonomous Republic of Crimea 27 ha 01012000 30 years

Porto-Franco Odessa part of Odessa Trade Sea Ports territory 32 ha 01012000 25 years

Reni Reni Odessa Oblast 94 ha 17052000 30 years Initially planned time of operation given All zones were shut down on March 31 2005

NCEEZ mdash Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone

Sources [3] [4] [5] and Пехник АВ Іноземні інвестиції в економіку України Навчальний посібник Вид laquoЗнанняraquo Київ 2007 pages 49 310ndash319

[edit] References

30

1 ^ httpwwwmggovplSpecjalne+strefy+ekonomiczneWykaz+SSE

bull Chee Kian Leong 2007 A Tale of Two Countries Openness and Growth in China and India [6] Dynamics Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper

[edit] External links bull South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone bull Regularly updated news about SEZs in India bull Indian Special Economic Zones bull Russian Special Economic Zones bull Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan bull Indian SEZ bull PEZA Philippines bull The New Maharajas of India bull India Special Economic zones map bull Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones (Russia)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zone Categories International business | International trade | International economics | Special Economic Zones

List of free ports From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Free economic zones may also be called free ports

Most commonly a free port is a special customs area with favorable customs regulations (or no customs duties and controls for transshipment) Earlier in history some free ports like Hong Kong enjoyed political autonomy Many international airports have free ports though they tend to be called customs areas customs zones or international zones

Contents [hide]

31

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

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44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

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[show]

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45

Society

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[show]

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[show] v bull d bull e

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History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

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46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

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Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

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International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

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47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 22: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

bull Hong Kong

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said Public Free Zone bull Alexandria Public Free Zone bull Nasr City Public Free Zone bull Suez Public Free Zone bull Ismailia Public Free Zone bull Damietta Public Free Zone bull Media Public Free Zone bull Shebin El- Kom Public Free Zone bull Qeft Public Free Zone bull Port Said East Port Public Free Zone

[edit] Georgia

bull Poti Samegrelo region

[edit] India

bull Sricity Multi Product SEZ Andhra Pradesh [1] bull SEEPZ India bull Inspira Pharma amp Biotech Park Aurangabad Maharashtra[2]

[edit] Iran

bull Kish bull Aras Free Zone bull Anzali Free Zone bull Arvand Free Zone bull Chabahar Free Zone bull Gheshm Free Zone

[edit] Italy

bull Catania bull Erice bull Gela bull Crotone bull Rossano bull Lamezia Terme bull Matera bull Taranto bull Lecce bull Andria bull Naples bull Torre Annunziata bull Mondragone

22

bull Campobasso bull Cagliari bull Quartu SantElena bull Iglesias bull Velletri bull Sora bull Pescara bull Massa Carrara bull Ventimiglia

[edit] Lithuania

bull Klaipeda Free Economic Zone bull Kaunas Free Economic Zone

[edit] Malaysia

bull Port Klang Free Zone

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Ingushetia bull Yantar Kaliningrad

[edit] South Korea

bull Yellow Sea bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang

[edit] Spain

bull Ibiza

[edit] Ukraine

bull Quarantine Pier of Odessa trade sea port January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Ajman Free Zone[1] bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center

23

bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Studio City

[edit] Uzbekistan

bull Navoiy

[edit] United Kingdom

bull London Docklands bull Bristol Subverbs

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwsricityin 2 ^ httpwwwinspirainfracom

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_economic_zone Categories Special Economic Zones

Special Economic Zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding reliable references Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (January 2007)

A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a countrys typical economic laws The category SEZ covers a broad range of more specific zone types including Free Trade Zones (FTZ) Export Processing Zones (EPZ) Free Zones (FZ) Industrial Estates (IE) Free Ports Urban Enterprise Zones and others Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors typically an international business or a multinational corporation (MNC)

One of the earliest and the most famous Special Economic Zones were found by the government of the Peoples Republic of China under Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s The most successful Special Economic Zone in China Shenzhen has developed from a small village into a city with a population over 10 million within 20 years

Following the Chinese examples Special Economic Zones have been established in several countries including Brazil India Iran Jordan Kazakhstan Pakistan the

24

Philippines Poland Russia and Ukraine Currently Puno Peru has been slated to become a Zona Economica by its president Alan Garcia

A single SEZ can contain multiple specific zones within its boundaries In India the Government has sanctioned few large multi-product Special Exconomic Zones (SEZ) where one can set-up any kind of business (services manufacturing trading etc) Some of the most promoinent large multiple zone SEZs are Sricity SEZ near Chennai and Mundra SEZ in Gujarat India The other two most prominent examples of this layered approach are Subic Bay Freeport Zone in the Philippines the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority in Jordan and According to World Bank estimates as of 2007 there are more than 3000 projects taking place in SEZs in 120 countries worldwide

SEZs have been implemented using a variety of institutional structures across the world ranging from fully public (government operator government developer government regulator) to fully private (private operator private developer public regulator) In many cases public sector operators and developers act as quasi-government agencies in that they have a pseudo-corporate institutional structure and have budgetary autonomy SEZs are often developed under a public-private partnership arrangement in which the public sector provides some level of support (provision of off-site infrastructure equity investment soft loans bond issues etc) to enable a private sector developer to obtain a reasonable rate of return on the project (typically 10-20 depending on risk levels)

Contents [hide]

bull 1 China bull 2 India

o 21 List of SEZs in India bull 3 Indonesia bull 4 Iran bull 5 Kazakhstan bull 6 North Korea bull 7 Pakistan

o 71 List of SEZs in the Pakistan bull 8 Philippines

o 81 List of SEZs in the Philippines bull 9 Poland bull 10 Russia

o 101 TechnicalInnovational Zones o 102 Industrialdevelopmental Zoneso 103 Tourist Zones

bull 11 Ukraine bull 12 References bull 13 External links

25

[edit] China Main article Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

Currently the most prominent SEZs in the country are Shenzhen Xiamen Shantou Zhuhai and Hainan Province

[edit] India Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country and realising the need that a level playing field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally the Government of India had in April 2000 announced the introduction of Special Economic Zones policy in the country deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations duties and tariffs As of 2007 more than 500 SEZs have been proposed 220 of which have been created This has raised the concern of the World Bank which questions the sustainability of such a large number of SEZs The Special Economic Zones in India closely follow the PRC model

India passed special economic zone act in 2005 In India the government has been proactive in the development of the SEZs They have formulated policies reviewed them occasionally and have ensured that ample facilities are provided to the developers of the SEZs as well as to the companies setting up units in the SEZs

[edit] List of SEZs in India

The policy provides for setting up of SEZs in the public private joint sector or by State Governments One of them is Sricity Multi product SEZ part of Sricity which is a developing satellite city in the epicentre of AP amp TN It was also envisaged that some of the existing Export Processing Zones would be converted into Special Economic Zones

bull Sricity (SEZ) (Andhra Pradesh) (httpwwwsricityin) bull Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) bull Polepally (Andhra Pradesh) bull Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) bull Velankani SEZ (Chennai) (httpwwwvelankanisezcom) bull Pharma and Biotech SEZ Aurangabad Maharashtra

(httpwwwinspirainfracom) bull Ahmedabad Baroda Kandla and Surat (Gujarat) bull Cochin (Kerala) bull Pithampur (Madhya Pradesh) bull Nagpur also refer MIHAN Pune and SEEPZ in Mumbai (Maharashtra) bull Chennai Ilandaikulam Madurai Nanguneri and Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu) bull NOIDA Greater NOIDA (Uttar Pradesh) UP bull Falta (West Bengal) bull Bangalore [Karnataka] bull Kensington [Powai Mumbai] bull Mangalore (Karnataka)

26

Currently India has 1022 units in operations in 9 functional SEZs each an average size of 200 acres (081 km2) 8 Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been converted into SEZs These are fully functional All these SEZs are in various parts of the country in the privatejoint sectors or by the State Government But this process of planning and development is under question as the states in which the SEZs have been approved are facing intense protests from the farming community accusing the government of forcibly snatching fertile land from them at heavily discounted prices as against the prevailing prices in the commercial real estate industry Also some reputed companies like Bajaj and others have commented against this policy and have suggested using barren and wasteland for setting up of SEZs

Attempts to set up a Special Economic Zone in Nandigram have led to protests by villagers in the area A Parliamentary Committee to study and give recommendations on SEZs has said that no further SEZs be notified unless the existing law is amended to incorporate the changes related to the land acquisitions

Genpact has announced its plans to expand its presence in Hyderabad by setting up a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) across 50 acres (200000 m2) in the city at Jawahar Nagar

[edit] Indonesia Main article Batam IslandSEZ - Special Economic Zones

[edit] Iran bull Arg - e - Jadid Special Economic Zone Vehicle Manufacturing Hub bull PetZone Petrochemical special economic Zone Mahshahr bull Kish Kish island special economic zone bull Sarakhs bull Sirjan bull Shahid Rajaee Port[1] bull Amirabad Special Economic Zone[2] bull Bushehr Port

[edit] Kazakhstan bull Astana

Multiple Economic zones created by the mandate of the President Each zone has a different focus South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone is dedicated to the development of the textile industry in Kazakhstan

[edit] North Korea The Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone was established under a UN economic development programme in 1994 Located on the bank of the Tuman River the zone borders on the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (or Yeonbyeon in Korean) of

27

the Peoples Republic of China as well as Russia In 2000 the name of the area was shortened to Rason and became separate from the North Hamgyeong Province

[edit] Pakistan Taking the example of the Chinese success with their SEZs China is helping Pakistan develop the Haier-Ruba economic zone on the outskirts of Lahore

Other economic zones include the China-Pakistan economic zone open only to Chinese investors and also the future crown jewel of Pakistan Gwadar

There are also talks of creating a Japanese city for foreign investors from Japan only

There has also been new SEZ proposed on the currently under construction Sialkot-Lahore motorway Qatar has proposed an investment for $1 billion in a new SEZ along the motorway

There is also a new zone under construction in Faislababd which will be the biggest industrial estate of Pakistan when complete it has sections for each country and the first phrase is already complete with a special Chinese zone in it

[edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan

bull Karachi Export Processing Zone Karachi Sindh bull Risalpur Export Processing Zone Risalpur bull Sialkot Export Processing Zone Sialkot Punjab bull Gujranwala Export Processing Zone Gujranwala Punjab bull Saindak Export Processing Zone Saindak Balochistan bull Reko Diq Export Processing Zone bull Khalifa Coastal Oil Refinery EPZ bull Gwadar Export Processing Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Special Industrial Development Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Faisalabad Export Processing Zone Faisalabad Punjab bull Special Inudstrial Economic Zone Lahore Punjab

[edit] Philippines Philippine economic zones (ecozones) are collections of industries brought together geographically for the purpose of promoting economic development Although designed to operate separately from the political and economic milieu of surrounding communities Philippine economic zones do in fact interact with their neighbors There are 41 private-owned economic zones and 4 government owned economic zones in the Philippines Of the 41 private economic zones the biggest exporter is Gateway Business Park in General Trias Cavite and the second biggest private ecozone is Laguna Technopark Inc The four governmentally owned are Cavite Economic Zone Bataan Economic Zone Mactan Economic Zone and Baguio City Economic Zone Thus it is a useful act for the growth of economic zone of the country

[edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines

28

bull Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority bull Clark Special Economic Zone bull Philippine Economic Zone Authority bull PHIVIDEC Industrial Authority bull Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone Authority bull Cagayan Economic Zone Authority

[edit] Poland There are 14 Special Economic Zones in Poland[1]

bull Kamiennogoacuterska SSE bull Katowice Special Economic Zone bull Kostrzyńsko-Słubicka SSE bull Krakowski Park Technologiczny bull Legnicka SSE bull Łoacutedzka SSE bull SSE EURO-PARK MIELEC bull Słupska SSE bull SSE Starachowice bull Suwalska SSE bull Pomorska SSE (Pomeranian Special Economic Zone) bull Tarnobrzeska SSE bull Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone INVEST-PARK bull Warmińsko-Mazurska SSE

[edit] Russia

[edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones

bull Dubna bull Zelenograd bull Noidorf (Russian Нойдорф) - industrial and business park in special economic

zone in Strelna near Saint Petersburg Russia bull Novo-Orlovskoe (Russian Ново-Орловское) - SEZ territory in Saint

Petersburg Russia bull Tomsk

[edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones

bull ldquoAlabugardquo (special economic zone) bull Lipetsk

[edit] Tourist Zones

bull Krasnodar Krai bull Stavropol Krai bull Kaliningrad Oblast (Yantar Kaliningrad Special Economic Zone) bull Altai Krai

29

bull Altai Republic bull Irkutsk Oblast bull Buryatia

[edit] Ukraine Special Economic Zones existed in Ukraine until March 31 2005 The first created was the Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone Syvash (since 1996) From 1998 to 2000 11 new zones were created

Name Location Area Established Time limit

NCEEZ Syvash Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1996 5 years

Slavutych Slavutych Kiev Oblast 2000 ha 30061998 till 01012020

Azov Mariupol Donetsk Oblast 315 ha 21071998 60 years Donetsk Donetsk Donetsk Oblast 466 ha 21071998 60 years

Zakarpattia Uzhhorodskyi Raion and Mukachivskyi Raion Zakarpattia Oblast

737 ha 09011999 30 years

Yavoriv Yavorivskyi Raion Lviv Oblast

116000 ha 17021999 till

01012020 Interport Kovel Kovel Volyn Oblast 57 ha 01012000 20 years Kurortopolis Truskavets Truskavets Lviv Oblast 774 ha 01012000 20 years

Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Oblast shipyard territory and adjoining area

865 ha 01012000 30 years

Port Krym Kerch Autonomous Republic of Crimea 27 ha 01012000 30 years

Porto-Franco Odessa part of Odessa Trade Sea Ports territory 32 ha 01012000 25 years

Reni Reni Odessa Oblast 94 ha 17052000 30 years Initially planned time of operation given All zones were shut down on March 31 2005

NCEEZ mdash Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone

Sources [3] [4] [5] and Пехник АВ Іноземні інвестиції в економіку України Навчальний посібник Вид laquoЗнанняraquo Київ 2007 pages 49 310ndash319

[edit] References

30

1 ^ httpwwwmggovplSpecjalne+strefy+ekonomiczneWykaz+SSE

bull Chee Kian Leong 2007 A Tale of Two Countries Openness and Growth in China and India [6] Dynamics Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper

[edit] External links bull South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone bull Regularly updated news about SEZs in India bull Indian Special Economic Zones bull Russian Special Economic Zones bull Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan bull Indian SEZ bull PEZA Philippines bull The New Maharajas of India bull India Special Economic zones map bull Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones (Russia)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zone Categories International business | International trade | International economics | Special Economic Zones

List of free ports From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Free economic zones may also be called free ports

Most commonly a free port is a special customs area with favorable customs regulations (or no customs duties and controls for transshipment) Earlier in history some free ports like Hong Kong enjoyed political autonomy Many international airports have free ports though they tend to be called customs areas customs zones or international zones

Contents [hide]

31

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

Finance and banking

Financial system middot Financial services middot Chinese currency middot Chinese yuan middot Renminbi middot China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation middot Banking (History middot Central bank middot Other banks) middot Foreign exchange reserve middot Beijing Financial Street middot Stock Exchange Executive Council middot Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE Composite) middot Shenzhen Stock Exchange middot Dalian Commodity Exchange middot Shanghai Metal Exchange middot Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange middot Hedge fund industry middot Accounting in China

Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 23: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

bull Campobasso bull Cagliari bull Quartu SantElena bull Iglesias bull Velletri bull Sora bull Pescara bull Massa Carrara bull Ventimiglia

[edit] Lithuania

bull Klaipeda Free Economic Zone bull Kaunas Free Economic Zone

[edit] Malaysia

bull Port Klang Free Zone

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Ingushetia bull Yantar Kaliningrad

[edit] South Korea

bull Yellow Sea bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang

[edit] Spain

bull Ibiza

[edit] Ukraine

bull Quarantine Pier of Odessa trade sea port January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Ajman Free Zone[1] bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center

23

bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Studio City

[edit] Uzbekistan

bull Navoiy

[edit] United Kingdom

bull London Docklands bull Bristol Subverbs

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwsricityin 2 ^ httpwwwinspirainfracom

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_economic_zone Categories Special Economic Zones

Special Economic Zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding reliable references Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (January 2007)

A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a countrys typical economic laws The category SEZ covers a broad range of more specific zone types including Free Trade Zones (FTZ) Export Processing Zones (EPZ) Free Zones (FZ) Industrial Estates (IE) Free Ports Urban Enterprise Zones and others Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors typically an international business or a multinational corporation (MNC)

One of the earliest and the most famous Special Economic Zones were found by the government of the Peoples Republic of China under Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s The most successful Special Economic Zone in China Shenzhen has developed from a small village into a city with a population over 10 million within 20 years

Following the Chinese examples Special Economic Zones have been established in several countries including Brazil India Iran Jordan Kazakhstan Pakistan the

24

Philippines Poland Russia and Ukraine Currently Puno Peru has been slated to become a Zona Economica by its president Alan Garcia

A single SEZ can contain multiple specific zones within its boundaries In India the Government has sanctioned few large multi-product Special Exconomic Zones (SEZ) where one can set-up any kind of business (services manufacturing trading etc) Some of the most promoinent large multiple zone SEZs are Sricity SEZ near Chennai and Mundra SEZ in Gujarat India The other two most prominent examples of this layered approach are Subic Bay Freeport Zone in the Philippines the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority in Jordan and According to World Bank estimates as of 2007 there are more than 3000 projects taking place in SEZs in 120 countries worldwide

SEZs have been implemented using a variety of institutional structures across the world ranging from fully public (government operator government developer government regulator) to fully private (private operator private developer public regulator) In many cases public sector operators and developers act as quasi-government agencies in that they have a pseudo-corporate institutional structure and have budgetary autonomy SEZs are often developed under a public-private partnership arrangement in which the public sector provides some level of support (provision of off-site infrastructure equity investment soft loans bond issues etc) to enable a private sector developer to obtain a reasonable rate of return on the project (typically 10-20 depending on risk levels)

Contents [hide]

bull 1 China bull 2 India

o 21 List of SEZs in India bull 3 Indonesia bull 4 Iran bull 5 Kazakhstan bull 6 North Korea bull 7 Pakistan

o 71 List of SEZs in the Pakistan bull 8 Philippines

o 81 List of SEZs in the Philippines bull 9 Poland bull 10 Russia

o 101 TechnicalInnovational Zones o 102 Industrialdevelopmental Zoneso 103 Tourist Zones

bull 11 Ukraine bull 12 References bull 13 External links

25

[edit] China Main article Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

Currently the most prominent SEZs in the country are Shenzhen Xiamen Shantou Zhuhai and Hainan Province

[edit] India Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country and realising the need that a level playing field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally the Government of India had in April 2000 announced the introduction of Special Economic Zones policy in the country deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations duties and tariffs As of 2007 more than 500 SEZs have been proposed 220 of which have been created This has raised the concern of the World Bank which questions the sustainability of such a large number of SEZs The Special Economic Zones in India closely follow the PRC model

India passed special economic zone act in 2005 In India the government has been proactive in the development of the SEZs They have formulated policies reviewed them occasionally and have ensured that ample facilities are provided to the developers of the SEZs as well as to the companies setting up units in the SEZs

[edit] List of SEZs in India

The policy provides for setting up of SEZs in the public private joint sector or by State Governments One of them is Sricity Multi product SEZ part of Sricity which is a developing satellite city in the epicentre of AP amp TN It was also envisaged that some of the existing Export Processing Zones would be converted into Special Economic Zones

bull Sricity (SEZ) (Andhra Pradesh) (httpwwwsricityin) bull Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) bull Polepally (Andhra Pradesh) bull Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) bull Velankani SEZ (Chennai) (httpwwwvelankanisezcom) bull Pharma and Biotech SEZ Aurangabad Maharashtra

(httpwwwinspirainfracom) bull Ahmedabad Baroda Kandla and Surat (Gujarat) bull Cochin (Kerala) bull Pithampur (Madhya Pradesh) bull Nagpur also refer MIHAN Pune and SEEPZ in Mumbai (Maharashtra) bull Chennai Ilandaikulam Madurai Nanguneri and Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu) bull NOIDA Greater NOIDA (Uttar Pradesh) UP bull Falta (West Bengal) bull Bangalore [Karnataka] bull Kensington [Powai Mumbai] bull Mangalore (Karnataka)

26

Currently India has 1022 units in operations in 9 functional SEZs each an average size of 200 acres (081 km2) 8 Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been converted into SEZs These are fully functional All these SEZs are in various parts of the country in the privatejoint sectors or by the State Government But this process of planning and development is under question as the states in which the SEZs have been approved are facing intense protests from the farming community accusing the government of forcibly snatching fertile land from them at heavily discounted prices as against the prevailing prices in the commercial real estate industry Also some reputed companies like Bajaj and others have commented against this policy and have suggested using barren and wasteland for setting up of SEZs

Attempts to set up a Special Economic Zone in Nandigram have led to protests by villagers in the area A Parliamentary Committee to study and give recommendations on SEZs has said that no further SEZs be notified unless the existing law is amended to incorporate the changes related to the land acquisitions

Genpact has announced its plans to expand its presence in Hyderabad by setting up a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) across 50 acres (200000 m2) in the city at Jawahar Nagar

[edit] Indonesia Main article Batam IslandSEZ - Special Economic Zones

[edit] Iran bull Arg - e - Jadid Special Economic Zone Vehicle Manufacturing Hub bull PetZone Petrochemical special economic Zone Mahshahr bull Kish Kish island special economic zone bull Sarakhs bull Sirjan bull Shahid Rajaee Port[1] bull Amirabad Special Economic Zone[2] bull Bushehr Port

[edit] Kazakhstan bull Astana

Multiple Economic zones created by the mandate of the President Each zone has a different focus South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone is dedicated to the development of the textile industry in Kazakhstan

[edit] North Korea The Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone was established under a UN economic development programme in 1994 Located on the bank of the Tuman River the zone borders on the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (or Yeonbyeon in Korean) of

27

the Peoples Republic of China as well as Russia In 2000 the name of the area was shortened to Rason and became separate from the North Hamgyeong Province

[edit] Pakistan Taking the example of the Chinese success with their SEZs China is helping Pakistan develop the Haier-Ruba economic zone on the outskirts of Lahore

Other economic zones include the China-Pakistan economic zone open only to Chinese investors and also the future crown jewel of Pakistan Gwadar

There are also talks of creating a Japanese city for foreign investors from Japan only

There has also been new SEZ proposed on the currently under construction Sialkot-Lahore motorway Qatar has proposed an investment for $1 billion in a new SEZ along the motorway

There is also a new zone under construction in Faislababd which will be the biggest industrial estate of Pakistan when complete it has sections for each country and the first phrase is already complete with a special Chinese zone in it

[edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan

bull Karachi Export Processing Zone Karachi Sindh bull Risalpur Export Processing Zone Risalpur bull Sialkot Export Processing Zone Sialkot Punjab bull Gujranwala Export Processing Zone Gujranwala Punjab bull Saindak Export Processing Zone Saindak Balochistan bull Reko Diq Export Processing Zone bull Khalifa Coastal Oil Refinery EPZ bull Gwadar Export Processing Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Special Industrial Development Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Faisalabad Export Processing Zone Faisalabad Punjab bull Special Inudstrial Economic Zone Lahore Punjab

[edit] Philippines Philippine economic zones (ecozones) are collections of industries brought together geographically for the purpose of promoting economic development Although designed to operate separately from the political and economic milieu of surrounding communities Philippine economic zones do in fact interact with their neighbors There are 41 private-owned economic zones and 4 government owned economic zones in the Philippines Of the 41 private economic zones the biggest exporter is Gateway Business Park in General Trias Cavite and the second biggest private ecozone is Laguna Technopark Inc The four governmentally owned are Cavite Economic Zone Bataan Economic Zone Mactan Economic Zone and Baguio City Economic Zone Thus it is a useful act for the growth of economic zone of the country

[edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines

28

bull Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority bull Clark Special Economic Zone bull Philippine Economic Zone Authority bull PHIVIDEC Industrial Authority bull Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone Authority bull Cagayan Economic Zone Authority

[edit] Poland There are 14 Special Economic Zones in Poland[1]

bull Kamiennogoacuterska SSE bull Katowice Special Economic Zone bull Kostrzyńsko-Słubicka SSE bull Krakowski Park Technologiczny bull Legnicka SSE bull Łoacutedzka SSE bull SSE EURO-PARK MIELEC bull Słupska SSE bull SSE Starachowice bull Suwalska SSE bull Pomorska SSE (Pomeranian Special Economic Zone) bull Tarnobrzeska SSE bull Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone INVEST-PARK bull Warmińsko-Mazurska SSE

[edit] Russia

[edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones

bull Dubna bull Zelenograd bull Noidorf (Russian Нойдорф) - industrial and business park in special economic

zone in Strelna near Saint Petersburg Russia bull Novo-Orlovskoe (Russian Ново-Орловское) - SEZ territory in Saint

Petersburg Russia bull Tomsk

[edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones

bull ldquoAlabugardquo (special economic zone) bull Lipetsk

[edit] Tourist Zones

bull Krasnodar Krai bull Stavropol Krai bull Kaliningrad Oblast (Yantar Kaliningrad Special Economic Zone) bull Altai Krai

29

bull Altai Republic bull Irkutsk Oblast bull Buryatia

[edit] Ukraine Special Economic Zones existed in Ukraine until March 31 2005 The first created was the Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone Syvash (since 1996) From 1998 to 2000 11 new zones were created

Name Location Area Established Time limit

NCEEZ Syvash Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1996 5 years

Slavutych Slavutych Kiev Oblast 2000 ha 30061998 till 01012020

Azov Mariupol Donetsk Oblast 315 ha 21071998 60 years Donetsk Donetsk Donetsk Oblast 466 ha 21071998 60 years

Zakarpattia Uzhhorodskyi Raion and Mukachivskyi Raion Zakarpattia Oblast

737 ha 09011999 30 years

Yavoriv Yavorivskyi Raion Lviv Oblast

116000 ha 17021999 till

01012020 Interport Kovel Kovel Volyn Oblast 57 ha 01012000 20 years Kurortopolis Truskavets Truskavets Lviv Oblast 774 ha 01012000 20 years

Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Oblast shipyard territory and adjoining area

865 ha 01012000 30 years

Port Krym Kerch Autonomous Republic of Crimea 27 ha 01012000 30 years

Porto-Franco Odessa part of Odessa Trade Sea Ports territory 32 ha 01012000 25 years

Reni Reni Odessa Oblast 94 ha 17052000 30 years Initially planned time of operation given All zones were shut down on March 31 2005

NCEEZ mdash Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone

Sources [3] [4] [5] and Пехник АВ Іноземні інвестиції в економіку України Навчальний посібник Вид laquoЗнанняraquo Київ 2007 pages 49 310ndash319

[edit] References

30

1 ^ httpwwwmggovplSpecjalne+strefy+ekonomiczneWykaz+SSE

bull Chee Kian Leong 2007 A Tale of Two Countries Openness and Growth in China and India [6] Dynamics Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper

[edit] External links bull South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone bull Regularly updated news about SEZs in India bull Indian Special Economic Zones bull Russian Special Economic Zones bull Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan bull Indian SEZ bull PEZA Philippines bull The New Maharajas of India bull India Special Economic zones map bull Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones (Russia)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zone Categories International business | International trade | International economics | Special Economic Zones

List of free ports From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Free economic zones may also be called free ports

Most commonly a free port is a special customs area with favorable customs regulations (or no customs duties and controls for transshipment) Earlier in history some free ports like Hong Kong enjoyed political autonomy Many international airports have free ports though they tend to be called customs areas customs zones or international zones

Contents [hide]

31

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

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[show]

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44

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[show]

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45

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[show] v bull d bull e

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History

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46

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47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 24: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Studio City

[edit] Uzbekistan

bull Navoiy

[edit] United Kingdom

bull London Docklands bull Bristol Subverbs

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwsricityin 2 ^ httpwwwinspirainfracom

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_economic_zone Categories Special Economic Zones

Special Economic Zone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding reliable references Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (January 2007)

A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a countrys typical economic laws The category SEZ covers a broad range of more specific zone types including Free Trade Zones (FTZ) Export Processing Zones (EPZ) Free Zones (FZ) Industrial Estates (IE) Free Ports Urban Enterprise Zones and others Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors typically an international business or a multinational corporation (MNC)

One of the earliest and the most famous Special Economic Zones were found by the government of the Peoples Republic of China under Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s The most successful Special Economic Zone in China Shenzhen has developed from a small village into a city with a population over 10 million within 20 years

Following the Chinese examples Special Economic Zones have been established in several countries including Brazil India Iran Jordan Kazakhstan Pakistan the

24

Philippines Poland Russia and Ukraine Currently Puno Peru has been slated to become a Zona Economica by its president Alan Garcia

A single SEZ can contain multiple specific zones within its boundaries In India the Government has sanctioned few large multi-product Special Exconomic Zones (SEZ) where one can set-up any kind of business (services manufacturing trading etc) Some of the most promoinent large multiple zone SEZs are Sricity SEZ near Chennai and Mundra SEZ in Gujarat India The other two most prominent examples of this layered approach are Subic Bay Freeport Zone in the Philippines the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority in Jordan and According to World Bank estimates as of 2007 there are more than 3000 projects taking place in SEZs in 120 countries worldwide

SEZs have been implemented using a variety of institutional structures across the world ranging from fully public (government operator government developer government regulator) to fully private (private operator private developer public regulator) In many cases public sector operators and developers act as quasi-government agencies in that they have a pseudo-corporate institutional structure and have budgetary autonomy SEZs are often developed under a public-private partnership arrangement in which the public sector provides some level of support (provision of off-site infrastructure equity investment soft loans bond issues etc) to enable a private sector developer to obtain a reasonable rate of return on the project (typically 10-20 depending on risk levels)

Contents [hide]

bull 1 China bull 2 India

o 21 List of SEZs in India bull 3 Indonesia bull 4 Iran bull 5 Kazakhstan bull 6 North Korea bull 7 Pakistan

o 71 List of SEZs in the Pakistan bull 8 Philippines

o 81 List of SEZs in the Philippines bull 9 Poland bull 10 Russia

o 101 TechnicalInnovational Zones o 102 Industrialdevelopmental Zoneso 103 Tourist Zones

bull 11 Ukraine bull 12 References bull 13 External links

25

[edit] China Main article Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

Currently the most prominent SEZs in the country are Shenzhen Xiamen Shantou Zhuhai and Hainan Province

[edit] India Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country and realising the need that a level playing field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally the Government of India had in April 2000 announced the introduction of Special Economic Zones policy in the country deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations duties and tariffs As of 2007 more than 500 SEZs have been proposed 220 of which have been created This has raised the concern of the World Bank which questions the sustainability of such a large number of SEZs The Special Economic Zones in India closely follow the PRC model

India passed special economic zone act in 2005 In India the government has been proactive in the development of the SEZs They have formulated policies reviewed them occasionally and have ensured that ample facilities are provided to the developers of the SEZs as well as to the companies setting up units in the SEZs

[edit] List of SEZs in India

The policy provides for setting up of SEZs in the public private joint sector or by State Governments One of them is Sricity Multi product SEZ part of Sricity which is a developing satellite city in the epicentre of AP amp TN It was also envisaged that some of the existing Export Processing Zones would be converted into Special Economic Zones

bull Sricity (SEZ) (Andhra Pradesh) (httpwwwsricityin) bull Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) bull Polepally (Andhra Pradesh) bull Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) bull Velankani SEZ (Chennai) (httpwwwvelankanisezcom) bull Pharma and Biotech SEZ Aurangabad Maharashtra

(httpwwwinspirainfracom) bull Ahmedabad Baroda Kandla and Surat (Gujarat) bull Cochin (Kerala) bull Pithampur (Madhya Pradesh) bull Nagpur also refer MIHAN Pune and SEEPZ in Mumbai (Maharashtra) bull Chennai Ilandaikulam Madurai Nanguneri and Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu) bull NOIDA Greater NOIDA (Uttar Pradesh) UP bull Falta (West Bengal) bull Bangalore [Karnataka] bull Kensington [Powai Mumbai] bull Mangalore (Karnataka)

26

Currently India has 1022 units in operations in 9 functional SEZs each an average size of 200 acres (081 km2) 8 Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been converted into SEZs These are fully functional All these SEZs are in various parts of the country in the privatejoint sectors or by the State Government But this process of planning and development is under question as the states in which the SEZs have been approved are facing intense protests from the farming community accusing the government of forcibly snatching fertile land from them at heavily discounted prices as against the prevailing prices in the commercial real estate industry Also some reputed companies like Bajaj and others have commented against this policy and have suggested using barren and wasteland for setting up of SEZs

Attempts to set up a Special Economic Zone in Nandigram have led to protests by villagers in the area A Parliamentary Committee to study and give recommendations on SEZs has said that no further SEZs be notified unless the existing law is amended to incorporate the changes related to the land acquisitions

Genpact has announced its plans to expand its presence in Hyderabad by setting up a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) across 50 acres (200000 m2) in the city at Jawahar Nagar

[edit] Indonesia Main article Batam IslandSEZ - Special Economic Zones

[edit] Iran bull Arg - e - Jadid Special Economic Zone Vehicle Manufacturing Hub bull PetZone Petrochemical special economic Zone Mahshahr bull Kish Kish island special economic zone bull Sarakhs bull Sirjan bull Shahid Rajaee Port[1] bull Amirabad Special Economic Zone[2] bull Bushehr Port

[edit] Kazakhstan bull Astana

Multiple Economic zones created by the mandate of the President Each zone has a different focus South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone is dedicated to the development of the textile industry in Kazakhstan

[edit] North Korea The Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone was established under a UN economic development programme in 1994 Located on the bank of the Tuman River the zone borders on the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (or Yeonbyeon in Korean) of

27

the Peoples Republic of China as well as Russia In 2000 the name of the area was shortened to Rason and became separate from the North Hamgyeong Province

[edit] Pakistan Taking the example of the Chinese success with their SEZs China is helping Pakistan develop the Haier-Ruba economic zone on the outskirts of Lahore

Other economic zones include the China-Pakistan economic zone open only to Chinese investors and also the future crown jewel of Pakistan Gwadar

There are also talks of creating a Japanese city for foreign investors from Japan only

There has also been new SEZ proposed on the currently under construction Sialkot-Lahore motorway Qatar has proposed an investment for $1 billion in a new SEZ along the motorway

There is also a new zone under construction in Faislababd which will be the biggest industrial estate of Pakistan when complete it has sections for each country and the first phrase is already complete with a special Chinese zone in it

[edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan

bull Karachi Export Processing Zone Karachi Sindh bull Risalpur Export Processing Zone Risalpur bull Sialkot Export Processing Zone Sialkot Punjab bull Gujranwala Export Processing Zone Gujranwala Punjab bull Saindak Export Processing Zone Saindak Balochistan bull Reko Diq Export Processing Zone bull Khalifa Coastal Oil Refinery EPZ bull Gwadar Export Processing Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Special Industrial Development Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Faisalabad Export Processing Zone Faisalabad Punjab bull Special Inudstrial Economic Zone Lahore Punjab

[edit] Philippines Philippine economic zones (ecozones) are collections of industries brought together geographically for the purpose of promoting economic development Although designed to operate separately from the political and economic milieu of surrounding communities Philippine economic zones do in fact interact with their neighbors There are 41 private-owned economic zones and 4 government owned economic zones in the Philippines Of the 41 private economic zones the biggest exporter is Gateway Business Park in General Trias Cavite and the second biggest private ecozone is Laguna Technopark Inc The four governmentally owned are Cavite Economic Zone Bataan Economic Zone Mactan Economic Zone and Baguio City Economic Zone Thus it is a useful act for the growth of economic zone of the country

[edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines

28

bull Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority bull Clark Special Economic Zone bull Philippine Economic Zone Authority bull PHIVIDEC Industrial Authority bull Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone Authority bull Cagayan Economic Zone Authority

[edit] Poland There are 14 Special Economic Zones in Poland[1]

bull Kamiennogoacuterska SSE bull Katowice Special Economic Zone bull Kostrzyńsko-Słubicka SSE bull Krakowski Park Technologiczny bull Legnicka SSE bull Łoacutedzka SSE bull SSE EURO-PARK MIELEC bull Słupska SSE bull SSE Starachowice bull Suwalska SSE bull Pomorska SSE (Pomeranian Special Economic Zone) bull Tarnobrzeska SSE bull Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone INVEST-PARK bull Warmińsko-Mazurska SSE

[edit] Russia

[edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones

bull Dubna bull Zelenograd bull Noidorf (Russian Нойдорф) - industrial and business park in special economic

zone in Strelna near Saint Petersburg Russia bull Novo-Orlovskoe (Russian Ново-Орловское) - SEZ territory in Saint

Petersburg Russia bull Tomsk

[edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones

bull ldquoAlabugardquo (special economic zone) bull Lipetsk

[edit] Tourist Zones

bull Krasnodar Krai bull Stavropol Krai bull Kaliningrad Oblast (Yantar Kaliningrad Special Economic Zone) bull Altai Krai

29

bull Altai Republic bull Irkutsk Oblast bull Buryatia

[edit] Ukraine Special Economic Zones existed in Ukraine until March 31 2005 The first created was the Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone Syvash (since 1996) From 1998 to 2000 11 new zones were created

Name Location Area Established Time limit

NCEEZ Syvash Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1996 5 years

Slavutych Slavutych Kiev Oblast 2000 ha 30061998 till 01012020

Azov Mariupol Donetsk Oblast 315 ha 21071998 60 years Donetsk Donetsk Donetsk Oblast 466 ha 21071998 60 years

Zakarpattia Uzhhorodskyi Raion and Mukachivskyi Raion Zakarpattia Oblast

737 ha 09011999 30 years

Yavoriv Yavorivskyi Raion Lviv Oblast

116000 ha 17021999 till

01012020 Interport Kovel Kovel Volyn Oblast 57 ha 01012000 20 years Kurortopolis Truskavets Truskavets Lviv Oblast 774 ha 01012000 20 years

Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Oblast shipyard territory and adjoining area

865 ha 01012000 30 years

Port Krym Kerch Autonomous Republic of Crimea 27 ha 01012000 30 years

Porto-Franco Odessa part of Odessa Trade Sea Ports territory 32 ha 01012000 25 years

Reni Reni Odessa Oblast 94 ha 17052000 30 years Initially planned time of operation given All zones were shut down on March 31 2005

NCEEZ mdash Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone

Sources [3] [4] [5] and Пехник АВ Іноземні інвестиції в економіку України Навчальний посібник Вид laquoЗнанняraquo Київ 2007 pages 49 310ndash319

[edit] References

30

1 ^ httpwwwmggovplSpecjalne+strefy+ekonomiczneWykaz+SSE

bull Chee Kian Leong 2007 A Tale of Two Countries Openness and Growth in China and India [6] Dynamics Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper

[edit] External links bull South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone bull Regularly updated news about SEZs in India bull Indian Special Economic Zones bull Russian Special Economic Zones bull Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan bull Indian SEZ bull PEZA Philippines bull The New Maharajas of India bull India Special Economic zones map bull Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones (Russia)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zone Categories International business | International trade | International economics | Special Economic Zones

List of free ports From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Free economic zones may also be called free ports

Most commonly a free port is a special customs area with favorable customs regulations (or no customs duties and controls for transshipment) Earlier in history some free ports like Hong Kong enjoyed political autonomy Many international airports have free ports though they tend to be called customs areas customs zones or international zones

Contents [hide]

31

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

Finance and banking

Financial system middot Financial services middot Chinese currency middot Chinese yuan middot Renminbi middot China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation middot Banking (History middot Central bank middot Other banks) middot Foreign exchange reserve middot Beijing Financial Street middot Stock Exchange Executive Council middot Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE Composite) middot Shenzhen Stock Exchange middot Dalian Commodity Exchange middot Shanghai Metal Exchange middot Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange middot Hedge fund industry middot Accounting in China

Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 25: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

Philippines Poland Russia and Ukraine Currently Puno Peru has been slated to become a Zona Economica by its president Alan Garcia

A single SEZ can contain multiple specific zones within its boundaries In India the Government has sanctioned few large multi-product Special Exconomic Zones (SEZ) where one can set-up any kind of business (services manufacturing trading etc) Some of the most promoinent large multiple zone SEZs are Sricity SEZ near Chennai and Mundra SEZ in Gujarat India The other two most prominent examples of this layered approach are Subic Bay Freeport Zone in the Philippines the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority in Jordan and According to World Bank estimates as of 2007 there are more than 3000 projects taking place in SEZs in 120 countries worldwide

SEZs have been implemented using a variety of institutional structures across the world ranging from fully public (government operator government developer government regulator) to fully private (private operator private developer public regulator) In many cases public sector operators and developers act as quasi-government agencies in that they have a pseudo-corporate institutional structure and have budgetary autonomy SEZs are often developed under a public-private partnership arrangement in which the public sector provides some level of support (provision of off-site infrastructure equity investment soft loans bond issues etc) to enable a private sector developer to obtain a reasonable rate of return on the project (typically 10-20 depending on risk levels)

Contents [hide]

bull 1 China bull 2 India

o 21 List of SEZs in India bull 3 Indonesia bull 4 Iran bull 5 Kazakhstan bull 6 North Korea bull 7 Pakistan

o 71 List of SEZs in the Pakistan bull 8 Philippines

o 81 List of SEZs in the Philippines bull 9 Poland bull 10 Russia

o 101 TechnicalInnovational Zones o 102 Industrialdevelopmental Zoneso 103 Tourist Zones

bull 11 Ukraine bull 12 References bull 13 External links

25

[edit] China Main article Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

Currently the most prominent SEZs in the country are Shenzhen Xiamen Shantou Zhuhai and Hainan Province

[edit] India Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country and realising the need that a level playing field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally the Government of India had in April 2000 announced the introduction of Special Economic Zones policy in the country deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations duties and tariffs As of 2007 more than 500 SEZs have been proposed 220 of which have been created This has raised the concern of the World Bank which questions the sustainability of such a large number of SEZs The Special Economic Zones in India closely follow the PRC model

India passed special economic zone act in 2005 In India the government has been proactive in the development of the SEZs They have formulated policies reviewed them occasionally and have ensured that ample facilities are provided to the developers of the SEZs as well as to the companies setting up units in the SEZs

[edit] List of SEZs in India

The policy provides for setting up of SEZs in the public private joint sector or by State Governments One of them is Sricity Multi product SEZ part of Sricity which is a developing satellite city in the epicentre of AP amp TN It was also envisaged that some of the existing Export Processing Zones would be converted into Special Economic Zones

bull Sricity (SEZ) (Andhra Pradesh) (httpwwwsricityin) bull Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) bull Polepally (Andhra Pradesh) bull Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) bull Velankani SEZ (Chennai) (httpwwwvelankanisezcom) bull Pharma and Biotech SEZ Aurangabad Maharashtra

(httpwwwinspirainfracom) bull Ahmedabad Baroda Kandla and Surat (Gujarat) bull Cochin (Kerala) bull Pithampur (Madhya Pradesh) bull Nagpur also refer MIHAN Pune and SEEPZ in Mumbai (Maharashtra) bull Chennai Ilandaikulam Madurai Nanguneri and Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu) bull NOIDA Greater NOIDA (Uttar Pradesh) UP bull Falta (West Bengal) bull Bangalore [Karnataka] bull Kensington [Powai Mumbai] bull Mangalore (Karnataka)

26

Currently India has 1022 units in operations in 9 functional SEZs each an average size of 200 acres (081 km2) 8 Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been converted into SEZs These are fully functional All these SEZs are in various parts of the country in the privatejoint sectors or by the State Government But this process of planning and development is under question as the states in which the SEZs have been approved are facing intense protests from the farming community accusing the government of forcibly snatching fertile land from them at heavily discounted prices as against the prevailing prices in the commercial real estate industry Also some reputed companies like Bajaj and others have commented against this policy and have suggested using barren and wasteland for setting up of SEZs

Attempts to set up a Special Economic Zone in Nandigram have led to protests by villagers in the area A Parliamentary Committee to study and give recommendations on SEZs has said that no further SEZs be notified unless the existing law is amended to incorporate the changes related to the land acquisitions

Genpact has announced its plans to expand its presence in Hyderabad by setting up a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) across 50 acres (200000 m2) in the city at Jawahar Nagar

[edit] Indonesia Main article Batam IslandSEZ - Special Economic Zones

[edit] Iran bull Arg - e - Jadid Special Economic Zone Vehicle Manufacturing Hub bull PetZone Petrochemical special economic Zone Mahshahr bull Kish Kish island special economic zone bull Sarakhs bull Sirjan bull Shahid Rajaee Port[1] bull Amirabad Special Economic Zone[2] bull Bushehr Port

[edit] Kazakhstan bull Astana

Multiple Economic zones created by the mandate of the President Each zone has a different focus South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone is dedicated to the development of the textile industry in Kazakhstan

[edit] North Korea The Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone was established under a UN economic development programme in 1994 Located on the bank of the Tuman River the zone borders on the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (or Yeonbyeon in Korean) of

27

the Peoples Republic of China as well as Russia In 2000 the name of the area was shortened to Rason and became separate from the North Hamgyeong Province

[edit] Pakistan Taking the example of the Chinese success with their SEZs China is helping Pakistan develop the Haier-Ruba economic zone on the outskirts of Lahore

Other economic zones include the China-Pakistan economic zone open only to Chinese investors and also the future crown jewel of Pakistan Gwadar

There are also talks of creating a Japanese city for foreign investors from Japan only

There has also been new SEZ proposed on the currently under construction Sialkot-Lahore motorway Qatar has proposed an investment for $1 billion in a new SEZ along the motorway

There is also a new zone under construction in Faislababd which will be the biggest industrial estate of Pakistan when complete it has sections for each country and the first phrase is already complete with a special Chinese zone in it

[edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan

bull Karachi Export Processing Zone Karachi Sindh bull Risalpur Export Processing Zone Risalpur bull Sialkot Export Processing Zone Sialkot Punjab bull Gujranwala Export Processing Zone Gujranwala Punjab bull Saindak Export Processing Zone Saindak Balochistan bull Reko Diq Export Processing Zone bull Khalifa Coastal Oil Refinery EPZ bull Gwadar Export Processing Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Special Industrial Development Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Faisalabad Export Processing Zone Faisalabad Punjab bull Special Inudstrial Economic Zone Lahore Punjab

[edit] Philippines Philippine economic zones (ecozones) are collections of industries brought together geographically for the purpose of promoting economic development Although designed to operate separately from the political and economic milieu of surrounding communities Philippine economic zones do in fact interact with their neighbors There are 41 private-owned economic zones and 4 government owned economic zones in the Philippines Of the 41 private economic zones the biggest exporter is Gateway Business Park in General Trias Cavite and the second biggest private ecozone is Laguna Technopark Inc The four governmentally owned are Cavite Economic Zone Bataan Economic Zone Mactan Economic Zone and Baguio City Economic Zone Thus it is a useful act for the growth of economic zone of the country

[edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines

28

bull Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority bull Clark Special Economic Zone bull Philippine Economic Zone Authority bull PHIVIDEC Industrial Authority bull Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone Authority bull Cagayan Economic Zone Authority

[edit] Poland There are 14 Special Economic Zones in Poland[1]

bull Kamiennogoacuterska SSE bull Katowice Special Economic Zone bull Kostrzyńsko-Słubicka SSE bull Krakowski Park Technologiczny bull Legnicka SSE bull Łoacutedzka SSE bull SSE EURO-PARK MIELEC bull Słupska SSE bull SSE Starachowice bull Suwalska SSE bull Pomorska SSE (Pomeranian Special Economic Zone) bull Tarnobrzeska SSE bull Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone INVEST-PARK bull Warmińsko-Mazurska SSE

[edit] Russia

[edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones

bull Dubna bull Zelenograd bull Noidorf (Russian Нойдорф) - industrial and business park in special economic

zone in Strelna near Saint Petersburg Russia bull Novo-Orlovskoe (Russian Ново-Орловское) - SEZ territory in Saint

Petersburg Russia bull Tomsk

[edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones

bull ldquoAlabugardquo (special economic zone) bull Lipetsk

[edit] Tourist Zones

bull Krasnodar Krai bull Stavropol Krai bull Kaliningrad Oblast (Yantar Kaliningrad Special Economic Zone) bull Altai Krai

29

bull Altai Republic bull Irkutsk Oblast bull Buryatia

[edit] Ukraine Special Economic Zones existed in Ukraine until March 31 2005 The first created was the Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone Syvash (since 1996) From 1998 to 2000 11 new zones were created

Name Location Area Established Time limit

NCEEZ Syvash Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1996 5 years

Slavutych Slavutych Kiev Oblast 2000 ha 30061998 till 01012020

Azov Mariupol Donetsk Oblast 315 ha 21071998 60 years Donetsk Donetsk Donetsk Oblast 466 ha 21071998 60 years

Zakarpattia Uzhhorodskyi Raion and Mukachivskyi Raion Zakarpattia Oblast

737 ha 09011999 30 years

Yavoriv Yavorivskyi Raion Lviv Oblast

116000 ha 17021999 till

01012020 Interport Kovel Kovel Volyn Oblast 57 ha 01012000 20 years Kurortopolis Truskavets Truskavets Lviv Oblast 774 ha 01012000 20 years

Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Oblast shipyard territory and adjoining area

865 ha 01012000 30 years

Port Krym Kerch Autonomous Republic of Crimea 27 ha 01012000 30 years

Porto-Franco Odessa part of Odessa Trade Sea Ports territory 32 ha 01012000 25 years

Reni Reni Odessa Oblast 94 ha 17052000 30 years Initially planned time of operation given All zones were shut down on March 31 2005

NCEEZ mdash Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone

Sources [3] [4] [5] and Пехник АВ Іноземні інвестиції в економіку України Навчальний посібник Вид laquoЗнанняraquo Київ 2007 pages 49 310ndash319

[edit] References

30

1 ^ httpwwwmggovplSpecjalne+strefy+ekonomiczneWykaz+SSE

bull Chee Kian Leong 2007 A Tale of Two Countries Openness and Growth in China and India [6] Dynamics Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper

[edit] External links bull South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone bull Regularly updated news about SEZs in India bull Indian Special Economic Zones bull Russian Special Economic Zones bull Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan bull Indian SEZ bull PEZA Philippines bull The New Maharajas of India bull India Special Economic zones map bull Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones (Russia)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zone Categories International business | International trade | International economics | Special Economic Zones

List of free ports From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Free economic zones may also be called free ports

Most commonly a free port is a special customs area with favorable customs regulations (or no customs duties and controls for transshipment) Earlier in history some free ports like Hong Kong enjoyed political autonomy Many international airports have free ports though they tend to be called customs areas customs zones or international zones

Contents [hide]

31

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

Finance and banking

Financial system middot Financial services middot Chinese currency middot Chinese yuan middot Renminbi middot China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation middot Banking (History middot Central bank middot Other banks) middot Foreign exchange reserve middot Beijing Financial Street middot Stock Exchange Executive Council middot Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE Composite) middot Shenzhen Stock Exchange middot Dalian Commodity Exchange middot Shanghai Metal Exchange middot Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange middot Hedge fund industry middot Accounting in China

Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 26: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

[edit] China Main article Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

Currently the most prominent SEZs in the country are Shenzhen Xiamen Shantou Zhuhai and Hainan Province

[edit] India Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country and realising the need that a level playing field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally the Government of India had in April 2000 announced the introduction of Special Economic Zones policy in the country deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations duties and tariffs As of 2007 more than 500 SEZs have been proposed 220 of which have been created This has raised the concern of the World Bank which questions the sustainability of such a large number of SEZs The Special Economic Zones in India closely follow the PRC model

India passed special economic zone act in 2005 In India the government has been proactive in the development of the SEZs They have formulated policies reviewed them occasionally and have ensured that ample facilities are provided to the developers of the SEZs as well as to the companies setting up units in the SEZs

[edit] List of SEZs in India

The policy provides for setting up of SEZs in the public private joint sector or by State Governments One of them is Sricity Multi product SEZ part of Sricity which is a developing satellite city in the epicentre of AP amp TN It was also envisaged that some of the existing Export Processing Zones would be converted into Special Economic Zones

bull Sricity (SEZ) (Andhra Pradesh) (httpwwwsricityin) bull Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) bull Polepally (Andhra Pradesh) bull Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) bull Velankani SEZ (Chennai) (httpwwwvelankanisezcom) bull Pharma and Biotech SEZ Aurangabad Maharashtra

(httpwwwinspirainfracom) bull Ahmedabad Baroda Kandla and Surat (Gujarat) bull Cochin (Kerala) bull Pithampur (Madhya Pradesh) bull Nagpur also refer MIHAN Pune and SEEPZ in Mumbai (Maharashtra) bull Chennai Ilandaikulam Madurai Nanguneri and Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu) bull NOIDA Greater NOIDA (Uttar Pradesh) UP bull Falta (West Bengal) bull Bangalore [Karnataka] bull Kensington [Powai Mumbai] bull Mangalore (Karnataka)

26

Currently India has 1022 units in operations in 9 functional SEZs each an average size of 200 acres (081 km2) 8 Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been converted into SEZs These are fully functional All these SEZs are in various parts of the country in the privatejoint sectors or by the State Government But this process of planning and development is under question as the states in which the SEZs have been approved are facing intense protests from the farming community accusing the government of forcibly snatching fertile land from them at heavily discounted prices as against the prevailing prices in the commercial real estate industry Also some reputed companies like Bajaj and others have commented against this policy and have suggested using barren and wasteland for setting up of SEZs

Attempts to set up a Special Economic Zone in Nandigram have led to protests by villagers in the area A Parliamentary Committee to study and give recommendations on SEZs has said that no further SEZs be notified unless the existing law is amended to incorporate the changes related to the land acquisitions

Genpact has announced its plans to expand its presence in Hyderabad by setting up a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) across 50 acres (200000 m2) in the city at Jawahar Nagar

[edit] Indonesia Main article Batam IslandSEZ - Special Economic Zones

[edit] Iran bull Arg - e - Jadid Special Economic Zone Vehicle Manufacturing Hub bull PetZone Petrochemical special economic Zone Mahshahr bull Kish Kish island special economic zone bull Sarakhs bull Sirjan bull Shahid Rajaee Port[1] bull Amirabad Special Economic Zone[2] bull Bushehr Port

[edit] Kazakhstan bull Astana

Multiple Economic zones created by the mandate of the President Each zone has a different focus South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone is dedicated to the development of the textile industry in Kazakhstan

[edit] North Korea The Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone was established under a UN economic development programme in 1994 Located on the bank of the Tuman River the zone borders on the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (or Yeonbyeon in Korean) of

27

the Peoples Republic of China as well as Russia In 2000 the name of the area was shortened to Rason and became separate from the North Hamgyeong Province

[edit] Pakistan Taking the example of the Chinese success with their SEZs China is helping Pakistan develop the Haier-Ruba economic zone on the outskirts of Lahore

Other economic zones include the China-Pakistan economic zone open only to Chinese investors and also the future crown jewel of Pakistan Gwadar

There are also talks of creating a Japanese city for foreign investors from Japan only

There has also been new SEZ proposed on the currently under construction Sialkot-Lahore motorway Qatar has proposed an investment for $1 billion in a new SEZ along the motorway

There is also a new zone under construction in Faislababd which will be the biggest industrial estate of Pakistan when complete it has sections for each country and the first phrase is already complete with a special Chinese zone in it

[edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan

bull Karachi Export Processing Zone Karachi Sindh bull Risalpur Export Processing Zone Risalpur bull Sialkot Export Processing Zone Sialkot Punjab bull Gujranwala Export Processing Zone Gujranwala Punjab bull Saindak Export Processing Zone Saindak Balochistan bull Reko Diq Export Processing Zone bull Khalifa Coastal Oil Refinery EPZ bull Gwadar Export Processing Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Special Industrial Development Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Faisalabad Export Processing Zone Faisalabad Punjab bull Special Inudstrial Economic Zone Lahore Punjab

[edit] Philippines Philippine economic zones (ecozones) are collections of industries brought together geographically for the purpose of promoting economic development Although designed to operate separately from the political and economic milieu of surrounding communities Philippine economic zones do in fact interact with their neighbors There are 41 private-owned economic zones and 4 government owned economic zones in the Philippines Of the 41 private economic zones the biggest exporter is Gateway Business Park in General Trias Cavite and the second biggest private ecozone is Laguna Technopark Inc The four governmentally owned are Cavite Economic Zone Bataan Economic Zone Mactan Economic Zone and Baguio City Economic Zone Thus it is a useful act for the growth of economic zone of the country

[edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines

28

bull Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority bull Clark Special Economic Zone bull Philippine Economic Zone Authority bull PHIVIDEC Industrial Authority bull Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone Authority bull Cagayan Economic Zone Authority

[edit] Poland There are 14 Special Economic Zones in Poland[1]

bull Kamiennogoacuterska SSE bull Katowice Special Economic Zone bull Kostrzyńsko-Słubicka SSE bull Krakowski Park Technologiczny bull Legnicka SSE bull Łoacutedzka SSE bull SSE EURO-PARK MIELEC bull Słupska SSE bull SSE Starachowice bull Suwalska SSE bull Pomorska SSE (Pomeranian Special Economic Zone) bull Tarnobrzeska SSE bull Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone INVEST-PARK bull Warmińsko-Mazurska SSE

[edit] Russia

[edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones

bull Dubna bull Zelenograd bull Noidorf (Russian Нойдорф) - industrial and business park in special economic

zone in Strelna near Saint Petersburg Russia bull Novo-Orlovskoe (Russian Ново-Орловское) - SEZ territory in Saint

Petersburg Russia bull Tomsk

[edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones

bull ldquoAlabugardquo (special economic zone) bull Lipetsk

[edit] Tourist Zones

bull Krasnodar Krai bull Stavropol Krai bull Kaliningrad Oblast (Yantar Kaliningrad Special Economic Zone) bull Altai Krai

29

bull Altai Republic bull Irkutsk Oblast bull Buryatia

[edit] Ukraine Special Economic Zones existed in Ukraine until March 31 2005 The first created was the Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone Syvash (since 1996) From 1998 to 2000 11 new zones were created

Name Location Area Established Time limit

NCEEZ Syvash Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1996 5 years

Slavutych Slavutych Kiev Oblast 2000 ha 30061998 till 01012020

Azov Mariupol Donetsk Oblast 315 ha 21071998 60 years Donetsk Donetsk Donetsk Oblast 466 ha 21071998 60 years

Zakarpattia Uzhhorodskyi Raion and Mukachivskyi Raion Zakarpattia Oblast

737 ha 09011999 30 years

Yavoriv Yavorivskyi Raion Lviv Oblast

116000 ha 17021999 till

01012020 Interport Kovel Kovel Volyn Oblast 57 ha 01012000 20 years Kurortopolis Truskavets Truskavets Lviv Oblast 774 ha 01012000 20 years

Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Oblast shipyard territory and adjoining area

865 ha 01012000 30 years

Port Krym Kerch Autonomous Republic of Crimea 27 ha 01012000 30 years

Porto-Franco Odessa part of Odessa Trade Sea Ports territory 32 ha 01012000 25 years

Reni Reni Odessa Oblast 94 ha 17052000 30 years Initially planned time of operation given All zones were shut down on March 31 2005

NCEEZ mdash Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone

Sources [3] [4] [5] and Пехник АВ Іноземні інвестиції в економіку України Навчальний посібник Вид laquoЗнанняraquo Київ 2007 pages 49 310ndash319

[edit] References

30

1 ^ httpwwwmggovplSpecjalne+strefy+ekonomiczneWykaz+SSE

bull Chee Kian Leong 2007 A Tale of Two Countries Openness and Growth in China and India [6] Dynamics Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper

[edit] External links bull South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone bull Regularly updated news about SEZs in India bull Indian Special Economic Zones bull Russian Special Economic Zones bull Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan bull Indian SEZ bull PEZA Philippines bull The New Maharajas of India bull India Special Economic zones map bull Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones (Russia)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zone Categories International business | International trade | International economics | Special Economic Zones

List of free ports From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Free economic zones may also be called free ports

Most commonly a free port is a special customs area with favorable customs regulations (or no customs duties and controls for transshipment) Earlier in history some free ports like Hong Kong enjoyed political autonomy Many international airports have free ports though they tend to be called customs areas customs zones or international zones

Contents [hide]

31

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

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National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

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International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

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Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 27: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

Currently India has 1022 units in operations in 9 functional SEZs each an average size of 200 acres (081 km2) 8 Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been converted into SEZs These are fully functional All these SEZs are in various parts of the country in the privatejoint sectors or by the State Government But this process of planning and development is under question as the states in which the SEZs have been approved are facing intense protests from the farming community accusing the government of forcibly snatching fertile land from them at heavily discounted prices as against the prevailing prices in the commercial real estate industry Also some reputed companies like Bajaj and others have commented against this policy and have suggested using barren and wasteland for setting up of SEZs

Attempts to set up a Special Economic Zone in Nandigram have led to protests by villagers in the area A Parliamentary Committee to study and give recommendations on SEZs has said that no further SEZs be notified unless the existing law is amended to incorporate the changes related to the land acquisitions

Genpact has announced its plans to expand its presence in Hyderabad by setting up a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) across 50 acres (200000 m2) in the city at Jawahar Nagar

[edit] Indonesia Main article Batam IslandSEZ - Special Economic Zones

[edit] Iran bull Arg - e - Jadid Special Economic Zone Vehicle Manufacturing Hub bull PetZone Petrochemical special economic Zone Mahshahr bull Kish Kish island special economic zone bull Sarakhs bull Sirjan bull Shahid Rajaee Port[1] bull Amirabad Special Economic Zone[2] bull Bushehr Port

[edit] Kazakhstan bull Astana

Multiple Economic zones created by the mandate of the President Each zone has a different focus South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone is dedicated to the development of the textile industry in Kazakhstan

[edit] North Korea The Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone was established under a UN economic development programme in 1994 Located on the bank of the Tuman River the zone borders on the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (or Yeonbyeon in Korean) of

27

the Peoples Republic of China as well as Russia In 2000 the name of the area was shortened to Rason and became separate from the North Hamgyeong Province

[edit] Pakistan Taking the example of the Chinese success with their SEZs China is helping Pakistan develop the Haier-Ruba economic zone on the outskirts of Lahore

Other economic zones include the China-Pakistan economic zone open only to Chinese investors and also the future crown jewel of Pakistan Gwadar

There are also talks of creating a Japanese city for foreign investors from Japan only

There has also been new SEZ proposed on the currently under construction Sialkot-Lahore motorway Qatar has proposed an investment for $1 billion in a new SEZ along the motorway

There is also a new zone under construction in Faislababd which will be the biggest industrial estate of Pakistan when complete it has sections for each country and the first phrase is already complete with a special Chinese zone in it

[edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan

bull Karachi Export Processing Zone Karachi Sindh bull Risalpur Export Processing Zone Risalpur bull Sialkot Export Processing Zone Sialkot Punjab bull Gujranwala Export Processing Zone Gujranwala Punjab bull Saindak Export Processing Zone Saindak Balochistan bull Reko Diq Export Processing Zone bull Khalifa Coastal Oil Refinery EPZ bull Gwadar Export Processing Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Special Industrial Development Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Faisalabad Export Processing Zone Faisalabad Punjab bull Special Inudstrial Economic Zone Lahore Punjab

[edit] Philippines Philippine economic zones (ecozones) are collections of industries brought together geographically for the purpose of promoting economic development Although designed to operate separately from the political and economic milieu of surrounding communities Philippine economic zones do in fact interact with their neighbors There are 41 private-owned economic zones and 4 government owned economic zones in the Philippines Of the 41 private economic zones the biggest exporter is Gateway Business Park in General Trias Cavite and the second biggest private ecozone is Laguna Technopark Inc The four governmentally owned are Cavite Economic Zone Bataan Economic Zone Mactan Economic Zone and Baguio City Economic Zone Thus it is a useful act for the growth of economic zone of the country

[edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines

28

bull Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority bull Clark Special Economic Zone bull Philippine Economic Zone Authority bull PHIVIDEC Industrial Authority bull Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone Authority bull Cagayan Economic Zone Authority

[edit] Poland There are 14 Special Economic Zones in Poland[1]

bull Kamiennogoacuterska SSE bull Katowice Special Economic Zone bull Kostrzyńsko-Słubicka SSE bull Krakowski Park Technologiczny bull Legnicka SSE bull Łoacutedzka SSE bull SSE EURO-PARK MIELEC bull Słupska SSE bull SSE Starachowice bull Suwalska SSE bull Pomorska SSE (Pomeranian Special Economic Zone) bull Tarnobrzeska SSE bull Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone INVEST-PARK bull Warmińsko-Mazurska SSE

[edit] Russia

[edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones

bull Dubna bull Zelenograd bull Noidorf (Russian Нойдорф) - industrial and business park in special economic

zone in Strelna near Saint Petersburg Russia bull Novo-Orlovskoe (Russian Ново-Орловское) - SEZ territory in Saint

Petersburg Russia bull Tomsk

[edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones

bull ldquoAlabugardquo (special economic zone) bull Lipetsk

[edit] Tourist Zones

bull Krasnodar Krai bull Stavropol Krai bull Kaliningrad Oblast (Yantar Kaliningrad Special Economic Zone) bull Altai Krai

29

bull Altai Republic bull Irkutsk Oblast bull Buryatia

[edit] Ukraine Special Economic Zones existed in Ukraine until March 31 2005 The first created was the Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone Syvash (since 1996) From 1998 to 2000 11 new zones were created

Name Location Area Established Time limit

NCEEZ Syvash Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1996 5 years

Slavutych Slavutych Kiev Oblast 2000 ha 30061998 till 01012020

Azov Mariupol Donetsk Oblast 315 ha 21071998 60 years Donetsk Donetsk Donetsk Oblast 466 ha 21071998 60 years

Zakarpattia Uzhhorodskyi Raion and Mukachivskyi Raion Zakarpattia Oblast

737 ha 09011999 30 years

Yavoriv Yavorivskyi Raion Lviv Oblast

116000 ha 17021999 till

01012020 Interport Kovel Kovel Volyn Oblast 57 ha 01012000 20 years Kurortopolis Truskavets Truskavets Lviv Oblast 774 ha 01012000 20 years

Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Oblast shipyard territory and adjoining area

865 ha 01012000 30 years

Port Krym Kerch Autonomous Republic of Crimea 27 ha 01012000 30 years

Porto-Franco Odessa part of Odessa Trade Sea Ports territory 32 ha 01012000 25 years

Reni Reni Odessa Oblast 94 ha 17052000 30 years Initially planned time of operation given All zones were shut down on March 31 2005

NCEEZ mdash Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone

Sources [3] [4] [5] and Пехник АВ Іноземні інвестиції в економіку України Навчальний посібник Вид laquoЗнанняraquo Київ 2007 pages 49 310ndash319

[edit] References

30

1 ^ httpwwwmggovplSpecjalne+strefy+ekonomiczneWykaz+SSE

bull Chee Kian Leong 2007 A Tale of Two Countries Openness and Growth in China and India [6] Dynamics Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper

[edit] External links bull South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone bull Regularly updated news about SEZs in India bull Indian Special Economic Zones bull Russian Special Economic Zones bull Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan bull Indian SEZ bull PEZA Philippines bull The New Maharajas of India bull India Special Economic zones map bull Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones (Russia)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zone Categories International business | International trade | International economics | Special Economic Zones

List of free ports From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Free economic zones may also be called free ports

Most commonly a free port is a special customs area with favorable customs regulations (or no customs duties and controls for transshipment) Earlier in history some free ports like Hong Kong enjoyed political autonomy Many international airports have free ports though they tend to be called customs areas customs zones or international zones

Contents [hide]

31

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

Finance and banking

Financial system middot Financial services middot Chinese currency middot Chinese yuan middot Renminbi middot China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation middot Banking (History middot Central bank middot Other banks) middot Foreign exchange reserve middot Beijing Financial Street middot Stock Exchange Executive Council middot Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE Composite) middot Shenzhen Stock Exchange middot Dalian Commodity Exchange middot Shanghai Metal Exchange middot Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange middot Hedge fund industry middot Accounting in China

Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 28: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

the Peoples Republic of China as well as Russia In 2000 the name of the area was shortened to Rason and became separate from the North Hamgyeong Province

[edit] Pakistan Taking the example of the Chinese success with their SEZs China is helping Pakistan develop the Haier-Ruba economic zone on the outskirts of Lahore

Other economic zones include the China-Pakistan economic zone open only to Chinese investors and also the future crown jewel of Pakistan Gwadar

There are also talks of creating a Japanese city for foreign investors from Japan only

There has also been new SEZ proposed on the currently under construction Sialkot-Lahore motorway Qatar has proposed an investment for $1 billion in a new SEZ along the motorway

There is also a new zone under construction in Faislababd which will be the biggest industrial estate of Pakistan when complete it has sections for each country and the first phrase is already complete with a special Chinese zone in it

[edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan

bull Karachi Export Processing Zone Karachi Sindh bull Risalpur Export Processing Zone Risalpur bull Sialkot Export Processing Zone Sialkot Punjab bull Gujranwala Export Processing Zone Gujranwala Punjab bull Saindak Export Processing Zone Saindak Balochistan bull Reko Diq Export Processing Zone bull Khalifa Coastal Oil Refinery EPZ bull Gwadar Export Processing Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Special Industrial Development Zone Gwadar Balochistan bull Faisalabad Export Processing Zone Faisalabad Punjab bull Special Inudstrial Economic Zone Lahore Punjab

[edit] Philippines Philippine economic zones (ecozones) are collections of industries brought together geographically for the purpose of promoting economic development Although designed to operate separately from the political and economic milieu of surrounding communities Philippine economic zones do in fact interact with their neighbors There are 41 private-owned economic zones and 4 government owned economic zones in the Philippines Of the 41 private economic zones the biggest exporter is Gateway Business Park in General Trias Cavite and the second biggest private ecozone is Laguna Technopark Inc The four governmentally owned are Cavite Economic Zone Bataan Economic Zone Mactan Economic Zone and Baguio City Economic Zone Thus it is a useful act for the growth of economic zone of the country

[edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines

28

bull Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority bull Clark Special Economic Zone bull Philippine Economic Zone Authority bull PHIVIDEC Industrial Authority bull Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone Authority bull Cagayan Economic Zone Authority

[edit] Poland There are 14 Special Economic Zones in Poland[1]

bull Kamiennogoacuterska SSE bull Katowice Special Economic Zone bull Kostrzyńsko-Słubicka SSE bull Krakowski Park Technologiczny bull Legnicka SSE bull Łoacutedzka SSE bull SSE EURO-PARK MIELEC bull Słupska SSE bull SSE Starachowice bull Suwalska SSE bull Pomorska SSE (Pomeranian Special Economic Zone) bull Tarnobrzeska SSE bull Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone INVEST-PARK bull Warmińsko-Mazurska SSE

[edit] Russia

[edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones

bull Dubna bull Zelenograd bull Noidorf (Russian Нойдорф) - industrial and business park in special economic

zone in Strelna near Saint Petersburg Russia bull Novo-Orlovskoe (Russian Ново-Орловское) - SEZ territory in Saint

Petersburg Russia bull Tomsk

[edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones

bull ldquoAlabugardquo (special economic zone) bull Lipetsk

[edit] Tourist Zones

bull Krasnodar Krai bull Stavropol Krai bull Kaliningrad Oblast (Yantar Kaliningrad Special Economic Zone) bull Altai Krai

29

bull Altai Republic bull Irkutsk Oblast bull Buryatia

[edit] Ukraine Special Economic Zones existed in Ukraine until March 31 2005 The first created was the Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone Syvash (since 1996) From 1998 to 2000 11 new zones were created

Name Location Area Established Time limit

NCEEZ Syvash Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1996 5 years

Slavutych Slavutych Kiev Oblast 2000 ha 30061998 till 01012020

Azov Mariupol Donetsk Oblast 315 ha 21071998 60 years Donetsk Donetsk Donetsk Oblast 466 ha 21071998 60 years

Zakarpattia Uzhhorodskyi Raion and Mukachivskyi Raion Zakarpattia Oblast

737 ha 09011999 30 years

Yavoriv Yavorivskyi Raion Lviv Oblast

116000 ha 17021999 till

01012020 Interport Kovel Kovel Volyn Oblast 57 ha 01012000 20 years Kurortopolis Truskavets Truskavets Lviv Oblast 774 ha 01012000 20 years

Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Oblast shipyard territory and adjoining area

865 ha 01012000 30 years

Port Krym Kerch Autonomous Republic of Crimea 27 ha 01012000 30 years

Porto-Franco Odessa part of Odessa Trade Sea Ports territory 32 ha 01012000 25 years

Reni Reni Odessa Oblast 94 ha 17052000 30 years Initially planned time of operation given All zones were shut down on March 31 2005

NCEEZ mdash Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone

Sources [3] [4] [5] and Пехник АВ Іноземні інвестиції в економіку України Навчальний посібник Вид laquoЗнанняraquo Київ 2007 pages 49 310ndash319

[edit] References

30

1 ^ httpwwwmggovplSpecjalne+strefy+ekonomiczneWykaz+SSE

bull Chee Kian Leong 2007 A Tale of Two Countries Openness and Growth in China and India [6] Dynamics Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper

[edit] External links bull South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone bull Regularly updated news about SEZs in India bull Indian Special Economic Zones bull Russian Special Economic Zones bull Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan bull Indian SEZ bull PEZA Philippines bull The New Maharajas of India bull India Special Economic zones map bull Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones (Russia)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zone Categories International business | International trade | International economics | Special Economic Zones

List of free ports From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Free economic zones may also be called free ports

Most commonly a free port is a special customs area with favorable customs regulations (or no customs duties and controls for transshipment) Earlier in history some free ports like Hong Kong enjoyed political autonomy Many international airports have free ports though they tend to be called customs areas customs zones or international zones

Contents [hide]

31

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

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Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 29: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

bull Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority bull Clark Special Economic Zone bull Philippine Economic Zone Authority bull PHIVIDEC Industrial Authority bull Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone Authority bull Cagayan Economic Zone Authority

[edit] Poland There are 14 Special Economic Zones in Poland[1]

bull Kamiennogoacuterska SSE bull Katowice Special Economic Zone bull Kostrzyńsko-Słubicka SSE bull Krakowski Park Technologiczny bull Legnicka SSE bull Łoacutedzka SSE bull SSE EURO-PARK MIELEC bull Słupska SSE bull SSE Starachowice bull Suwalska SSE bull Pomorska SSE (Pomeranian Special Economic Zone) bull Tarnobrzeska SSE bull Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone INVEST-PARK bull Warmińsko-Mazurska SSE

[edit] Russia

[edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones

bull Dubna bull Zelenograd bull Noidorf (Russian Нойдорф) - industrial and business park in special economic

zone in Strelna near Saint Petersburg Russia bull Novo-Orlovskoe (Russian Ново-Орловское) - SEZ territory in Saint

Petersburg Russia bull Tomsk

[edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones

bull ldquoAlabugardquo (special economic zone) bull Lipetsk

[edit] Tourist Zones

bull Krasnodar Krai bull Stavropol Krai bull Kaliningrad Oblast (Yantar Kaliningrad Special Economic Zone) bull Altai Krai

29

bull Altai Republic bull Irkutsk Oblast bull Buryatia

[edit] Ukraine Special Economic Zones existed in Ukraine until March 31 2005 The first created was the Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone Syvash (since 1996) From 1998 to 2000 11 new zones were created

Name Location Area Established Time limit

NCEEZ Syvash Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1996 5 years

Slavutych Slavutych Kiev Oblast 2000 ha 30061998 till 01012020

Azov Mariupol Donetsk Oblast 315 ha 21071998 60 years Donetsk Donetsk Donetsk Oblast 466 ha 21071998 60 years

Zakarpattia Uzhhorodskyi Raion and Mukachivskyi Raion Zakarpattia Oblast

737 ha 09011999 30 years

Yavoriv Yavorivskyi Raion Lviv Oblast

116000 ha 17021999 till

01012020 Interport Kovel Kovel Volyn Oblast 57 ha 01012000 20 years Kurortopolis Truskavets Truskavets Lviv Oblast 774 ha 01012000 20 years

Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Oblast shipyard territory and adjoining area

865 ha 01012000 30 years

Port Krym Kerch Autonomous Republic of Crimea 27 ha 01012000 30 years

Porto-Franco Odessa part of Odessa Trade Sea Ports territory 32 ha 01012000 25 years

Reni Reni Odessa Oblast 94 ha 17052000 30 years Initially planned time of operation given All zones were shut down on March 31 2005

NCEEZ mdash Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone

Sources [3] [4] [5] and Пехник АВ Іноземні інвестиції в економіку України Навчальний посібник Вид laquoЗнанняraquo Київ 2007 pages 49 310ndash319

[edit] References

30

1 ^ httpwwwmggovplSpecjalne+strefy+ekonomiczneWykaz+SSE

bull Chee Kian Leong 2007 A Tale of Two Countries Openness and Growth in China and India [6] Dynamics Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper

[edit] External links bull South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone bull Regularly updated news about SEZs in India bull Indian Special Economic Zones bull Russian Special Economic Zones bull Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan bull Indian SEZ bull PEZA Philippines bull The New Maharajas of India bull India Special Economic zones map bull Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones (Russia)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zone Categories International business | International trade | International economics | Special Economic Zones

List of free ports From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Free economic zones may also be called free ports

Most commonly a free port is a special customs area with favorable customs regulations (or no customs duties and controls for transshipment) Earlier in history some free ports like Hong Kong enjoyed political autonomy Many international airports have free ports though they tend to be called customs areas customs zones or international zones

Contents [hide]

31

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

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Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

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Government and politics

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[show]

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45

Society

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[show] v bull d bull e

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History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

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46

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International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

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47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 30: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

bull Altai Republic bull Irkutsk Oblast bull Buryatia

[edit] Ukraine Special Economic Zones existed in Ukraine until March 31 2005 The first created was the Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone Syvash (since 1996) From 1998 to 2000 11 new zones were created

Name Location Area Established Time limit

NCEEZ Syvash Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1996 5 years

Slavutych Slavutych Kiev Oblast 2000 ha 30061998 till 01012020

Azov Mariupol Donetsk Oblast 315 ha 21071998 60 years Donetsk Donetsk Donetsk Oblast 466 ha 21071998 60 years

Zakarpattia Uzhhorodskyi Raion and Mukachivskyi Raion Zakarpattia Oblast

737 ha 09011999 30 years

Yavoriv Yavorivskyi Raion Lviv Oblast

116000 ha 17021999 till

01012020 Interport Kovel Kovel Volyn Oblast 57 ha 01012000 20 years Kurortopolis Truskavets Truskavets Lviv Oblast 774 ha 01012000 20 years

Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Oblast shipyard territory and adjoining area

865 ha 01012000 30 years

Port Krym Kerch Autonomous Republic of Crimea 27 ha 01012000 30 years

Porto-Franco Odessa part of Odessa Trade Sea Ports territory 32 ha 01012000 25 years

Reni Reni Odessa Oblast 94 ha 17052000 30 years Initially planned time of operation given All zones were shut down on March 31 2005

NCEEZ mdash Nouth-Crimean Experimental Economic Zone

Sources [3] [4] [5] and Пехник АВ Іноземні інвестиції в економіку України Навчальний посібник Вид laquoЗнанняraquo Київ 2007 pages 49 310ndash319

[edit] References

30

1 ^ httpwwwmggovplSpecjalne+strefy+ekonomiczneWykaz+SSE

bull Chee Kian Leong 2007 A Tale of Two Countries Openness and Growth in China and India [6] Dynamics Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper

[edit] External links bull South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone bull Regularly updated news about SEZs in India bull Indian Special Economic Zones bull Russian Special Economic Zones bull Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan bull Indian SEZ bull PEZA Philippines bull The New Maharajas of India bull India Special Economic zones map bull Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones (Russia)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zone Categories International business | International trade | International economics | Special Economic Zones

List of free ports From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Free economic zones may also be called free ports

Most commonly a free port is a special customs area with favorable customs regulations (or no customs duties and controls for transshipment) Earlier in history some free ports like Hong Kong enjoyed political autonomy Many international airports have free ports though they tend to be called customs areas customs zones or international zones

Contents [hide]

31

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

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Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

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45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

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National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

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International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 31: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

1 ^ httpwwwmggovplSpecjalne+strefy+ekonomiczneWykaz+SSE

bull Chee Kian Leong 2007 A Tale of Two Countries Openness and Growth in China and India [6] Dynamics Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper

[edit] External links bull South Kazakhstan Ontustyk special economic zone bull Regularly updated news about SEZs in India bull Indian Special Economic Zones bull Russian Special Economic Zones bull Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan bull Indian SEZ bull PEZA Philippines bull The New Maharajas of India bull India Special Economic zones map bull Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones (Russia)

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zone Categories International business | International trade | International economics | Special Economic Zones

List of free ports From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search

A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Free economic zones may also be called free ports

Most commonly a free port is a special customs area with favorable customs regulations (or no customs duties and controls for transshipment) Earlier in history some free ports like Hong Kong enjoyed political autonomy Many international airports have free ports though they tend to be called customs areas customs zones or international zones

Contents [hide]

31

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

Finance and banking

Financial system middot Financial services middot Chinese currency middot Chinese yuan middot Renminbi middot China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation middot Banking (History middot Central bank middot Other banks) middot Foreign exchange reserve middot Beijing Financial Street middot Stock Exchange Executive Council middot Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE Composite) middot Shenzhen Stock Exchange middot Dalian Commodity Exchange middot Shanghai Metal Exchange middot Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange middot Hedge fund industry middot Accounting in China

Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 32: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

bull 1 Free ports and Free Zones by country o 11 Africa

111 Egypt 112 Morocco 113 Mauritius

o 12 Asia 121 Bahrain 122 Hong Kong China 123 India 124 Indonesia 125 Iran 126 Israel 127 Japan 128 Lebanon 129 Macao China 1210 Malaysia 1211 Pakistan 1212 Philippines 1213 Singapore 1214 South Korea 1215 Taiwan 1216 Turkey 1217 United Arab Emirates

o 13 Europe 131 Austria 132 Belarus 133 Croatia 134 Denmark 135 Finland 136 France 137 Germany 138 Georgia 139 Greece 1310 Ireland 1311 Isle of Man 1312 Italy 1313 Malta 1314 Latvia 1315 Lithuania 1316 Portugal 1317 Romania 1318 Russia 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden 1321 Switzerland 1322 Turkey 1323 Ukraine 1324 United Kingdom

32

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

Finance and banking

Financial system middot Financial services middot Chinese currency middot Chinese yuan middot Renminbi middot China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation middot Banking (History middot Central bank middot Other banks) middot Foreign exchange reserve middot Beijing Financial Street middot Stock Exchange Executive Council middot Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE Composite) middot Shenzhen Stock Exchange middot Dalian Commodity Exchange middot Shanghai Metal Exchange middot Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange middot Hedge fund industry middot Accounting in China

Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 33: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

o 14 The Americas 141 Argentina 142 Bermuda 143 Brazil 144 Chile 145 Dominican Republic 146 Nicaragua 147 Panama 148 Uruguay 149 US 1410 Venezuela

bull 2 See also bull 3 References bull 4 External links

[edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country

[edit] Africa

[edit] Egypt

bull Port Said bull Suez Canal Container Terminal

[edit] Morocco

bull Tangier Exportation Free Zone

[edit] Mauritius

bull Port Louis Free Port

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bahrain

bull Manama

[edit] Hong Kong China

bull Hong Kong

[edit] India

33

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

Finance and banking

Financial system middot Financial services middot Chinese currency middot Chinese yuan middot Renminbi middot China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation middot Banking (History middot Central bank middot Other banks) middot Foreign exchange reserve middot Beijing Financial Street middot Stock Exchange Executive Council middot Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE Composite) middot Shenzhen Stock Exchange middot Dalian Commodity Exchange middot Shanghai Metal Exchange middot Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange middot Hedge fund industry middot Accounting in China

Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 34: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

bull Banglore bull Mumbai bull Kolkata bull Kerala

[edit] Indonesia

bull Batam Island

[edit] Iran

bull Qeshm bull Chabahar bull Kish bull PSEEZ bull Arvand

[edit] Israel

bull Eilat

[edit] Japan

bull Nagasaki bull Niigata

[edit] Lebanon

bull Port Beirut

[edit] Macao China

bull Macao (Ka-Ho)

[edit] Malaysia

bull Penang Until 1969

[edit] Pakistan

bull Gwadar

[edit] Philippines

bull The former United States Navy base of Subic Bay bull Zamboanga Economic Zone and Freeport bull Clark Air Base and Freeport

[edit] Singapore

34

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

Finance and banking

Financial system middot Financial services middot Chinese currency middot Chinese yuan middot Renminbi middot China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation middot Banking (History middot Central bank middot Other banks) middot Foreign exchange reserve middot Beijing Financial Street middot Stock Exchange Executive Council middot Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE Composite) middot Shenzhen Stock Exchange middot Dalian Commodity Exchange middot Shanghai Metal Exchange middot Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange middot Hedge fund industry middot Accounting in China

Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 35: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

bull Singapore

[edit] South Korea

bull Incheon bull Busan bull Gwangyang Bay

[edit] Taiwan

bull Port of Keelung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taipei Free Trade Zone bull Port of Taichung Free Trade Zone bull Port of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone bull Taoyuan Air Cargo Park Free Trade Zone

Taiwan FTZs

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] United Arab Emirates

bull Fujairah Creative City bull Dubai Internet City bull Dubai Media City bull Dubai Studio City bull International Media and Production Zone bull Dubai Knowledge Village bull Dubai Healthcare City bull Dubai International Financial Center bull DuBiotech bull Dubai Outsource Zone bull Jebel Ali Free Zone bull RAK Media City bull RAK IT Park bull Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

[edit] Europe

[edit] Austria

(part of the European Union)

bull Linz (port on river Danube) bull Vienna (port on river Danube)

35

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

Finance and banking

Financial system middot Financial services middot Chinese currency middot Chinese yuan middot Renminbi middot China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation middot Banking (History middot Central bank middot Other banks) middot Foreign exchange reserve middot Beijing Financial Street middot Stock Exchange Executive Council middot Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE Composite) middot Shenzhen Stock Exchange middot Dalian Commodity Exchange middot Shanghai Metal Exchange middot Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange middot Hedge fund industry middot Accounting in China

Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 36: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

[edit] Belarus

bull Brest FEZ bull Grodno FEZ

[edit] Croatia

bull Rijeka 1723

[edit] Denmark

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Copenhagen (Koslashbenhavns Frihavn)

[edit] Finland

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Lappeenranta (Lappeenrannan Vapaa-alue) bull Freeport of Hanko (Hangon Vapaasatama)

[edit] France

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Verdon - Port de Bordeaux (Zone franche du Verdon mdash Port de Bordeaux)

[edit] Germany

(part of the European Union)

bull Freeport of Hamburg (Freihafen Hamburg) bull Freeport of Bremen (Freihafen Bremen) bull Freeport of Bremerhaven (Freihafen Bremerhaven) bull Freeport of Emden (Freihafen Emden) bull Freeport of Kiel (Freihafen Kiel) bull Freeport of Cuxhaven (Freihafen Cuxhaven) bull Freeport of Deggendorf (Freihafen Deggendorf) bull Freeport of Duisburg (Freihafen Duisburg)

[edit] Georgia

bull Ajaria autonomous republic o Batumi 1878-1886 (then Russia)

[edit] Greece

(part of the European Union)

36

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

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Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

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[show] v bull d bull e

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History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

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Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

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Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

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Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 37: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

bull Free zone of Piraeus bull Free zone of Thessaloniki bull Free zone of Heraclion

[edit] Ireland

(part of the European Union)

bull Ringaskiddy Free Port bull Shannon Free Zone

[edit] Isle of Man

bull Ronaldsway Airport (Ballasala)

[edit] Italy

(part of the European Union)

bull Livorno 1675-1860 bull Free Zone of Trieste (Porto franco di Trieste) bull Free Zone of Venice (Porto franco di Venezia)

[edit] Malta

(part of the European Union)

bull Malta Freeport [1]

[edit] Latvia

(part of the European Union)

bull Free port of Riga bull Free port of Ventspils

[edit] Lithuania

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Port of Klaipėda

[edit] Portugal

(part of the European Union)

bull Free Zone of Madeira - Caniccedilal (Zona franca da Madeira - Caniccedilal)

[edit] Romania

37

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

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Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

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Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

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Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

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People

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45

Society

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[show]

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National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

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Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

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International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

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47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 38: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

(part of the European Union)

bull Port of Constanţa January 2007

[edit] Russia

bull Nakhodka bull Vladivostok 1861-1909

[edit] Spain

(part of the European Union)

bull Free zone of Barcelona (Zona franca de Barcelona) bull Free zone of Caacutediz (Zona franca de Caacutediz) bull Free zone of Vigo (Zona franca de Vigo) bull Free zone of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Zona franca de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria) bull (Ceuta and Melilla are not Free Ports or Free zones because they are parts of

Spain but not part of the European union for customs and excises)

[edit] Sweden

(part of the European Union)

bull Marstrand 17th century bull Saint-Bartheacutelemy 1785-1878

[edit] Switzerland

(part of the European Economic Area)

bull La Praille free port Geneva[1] bull Geneva airport free port Geneva[2]

[edit] Turkey

bull Mersin

[edit] Ukraine

bull free port and free economic zone Odessa o 1819-1858 o Trade sea port of Odessa January 1 2000 for 25 years

[edit] United Kingdom

(part of the European Union)

bull Liverpool Free Zone

38

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

Finance and banking

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Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 39: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

bull Prestwick Airport Free Zone bull Southampton Free Zone bull Tilbury Free Zone bull Port of Sheerness Free Zone bull Humberside Free Zone bull London Docklands

[edit] The Americas

[edit] Argentina

bull Zona Franca La Plata

[edit] Bermuda

bull Free port of Hamilton Harbour Hamilton Bermuda

[edit] Brazil

bull Zona Franca de Manaus

[edit] Chile

bull Iquique

[edit] Dominican Republic

bull Mega Port of Punta Caucedo

httpstrategisicgccaepicinternetinimr-rinsfengr115831ehtml httpwwwport-technologycomprojectscaucedo

[edit] Nicaragua

bull Managua Zona Franca (Free Port)

[edit] Panama

bull Coloacuten

[edit] Uruguay

bull Carrasco International Airport (Free Port) bull Zona Franca de Montevideo bull Zona Franca Colonia bull Zona Franca Rivera

[edit] US

39

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

Finance and banking

Financial system middot Financial services middot Chinese currency middot Chinese yuan middot Renminbi middot China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation middot Banking (History middot Central bank middot Other banks) middot Foreign exchange reserve middot Beijing Financial Street middot Stock Exchange Executive Council middot Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE Composite) middot Shenzhen Stock Exchange middot Dalian Commodity Exchange middot Shanghai Metal Exchange middot Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange middot Hedge fund industry middot Accounting in China

Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 40: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) List of US Foreign-Trade Zones

[edit] Venezuela

bull Free port of Isla Margarita (Puerto Libre de Margarita) bull Free zone of the Paraguanaacute Peninsula (Zona Franca de la Peniacutensula de

Paraguanaacute)

[edit] See also bull Duty free bull Entrepocirct

[edit] References 1 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch 2 ^ httpwwwgeneva-freeportsch

[edit] External links bull a list of free ports in the European union (pdf-file English) bull The German customs administration about freeports and free zones in Germany

(German) bull US Customs About Foreign-Trade Zones amp Contact Info bull US Commerce Department (International Trade Administration) US Foreign-

Trade Zones Board

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_free_ports Categories Commercial item transport and distribution | International taxation

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search Special Economic Zones

40

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

Finance and banking

Financial system middot Financial services middot Chinese currency middot Chinese yuan middot Renminbi middot China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation middot Banking (History middot Central bank middot Other banks) middot Foreign exchange reserve middot Beijing Financial Street middot Stock Exchange Executive Council middot Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE Composite) middot Shenzhen Stock Exchange middot Dalian Commodity Exchange middot Shanghai Metal Exchange middot Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange middot Hedge fund industry middot Accounting in China

Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 41: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

A map showing the locations o the Special Economic Zones f

Traditional Chinese 經濟特區

Simplified Chinese 经济特区

[show]Transliterations Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin jīngjigrave tegraveqǖ Cantonese

- Jyutping ging1 zai3 dak6 keoi1

Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China The government of the Peoples Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China

Contents [hide]

bull 1 History bull 2 Economic policies of SEZsbull 3 List of SEZs bull 4 See also bull 5 External links

[edit] History Since the late 1970s and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 the PRC government has decided to reform the national economic setup The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world

During the 1980s the PRC passed several stages ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones

41

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

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Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

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Government and politics

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Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

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45

Society

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Culture

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[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

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National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

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International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 42: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

Since 1980 the PRC has established special economic zones in Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone

In August 1980 the National Peoples Congress (NPC) passed Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of Guangdong Province and officially designated a portion of Shenzhen as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ)

In 1984 the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Since 1988 mainland Chinas opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas First the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones

Shortly afterwards the State Council expanded the open coastal areas extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian Shandong Peninsula Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) Hebei and Guangxi

In June 1990 the PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and in addition opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As these open areas adopt different preferential policies they play the dual roles of windows in developing the foreign-oriented economy generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development

Primarily geared to exporting processed goods the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems In 1999 Shenzhens new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 8198 billion yuan making up 405 of the citys total industrial output value

Since its founding in 1992 the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones For instance in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries In addition the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business

In 1999 the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan and the total industrial output value 145 billion yuan

[edit] Economic policies of SEZs 1 Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs 2 Greater independence on international trade activities 3 Economic characteristics are represented as 4 principles

1 Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital

42

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

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Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

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Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

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National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

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International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
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                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
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                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 43: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

2 Primary economic forms are sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises

3 Products are primarily export-oriented 4 Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces

SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority

[edit] List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world between 1980 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou Shenzhen and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone

In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south) Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang and Beihai

Then beginning in 1985 the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin) Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Delta Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province Pearl River Delta and Guangxi

In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley

Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions

In addition 15 free-trade zones 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities As a result a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river border and inland areas has been formed in China

[edit] See also bull Metropolitan Regions of China bull Economy of the Peoples Republic of China bull Special administrative region

[edit] External links bull Chung-Tong Wu Chinas special economic zones five years later - Asian Journal of Public

Administration bull Special Economic Zones Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami bull Coordination of tax legislation of special zones in Mainland China bull Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China

[show] v bull d bull e

Economic Development Zones of the Peoples Republic of China

The original four Special Economic

Shenzhen middot Zhuhai middot Shantou middot Xiamen

43

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

Finance and banking

Financial system middot Financial services middot Chinese currency middot Chinese yuan middot Renminbi middot China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation middot Banking (History middot Central bank middot Other banks) middot Foreign exchange reserve middot Beijing Financial Street middot Stock Exchange Executive Council middot Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE Composite) middot Shenzhen Stock Exchange middot Dalian Commodity Exchange middot Shanghai Metal Exchange middot Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange middot Hedge fund industry middot Accounting in China

Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 44: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

Zones

New open development ones z

Hainan Province middot Dalian middot Qingdao middot Qinhuangdao middot Lianyungang middot Pudong middot Yantai middot Zhanjiang middot Ningbo middot Wenzhou middot Nantong middot Fuzhou middot Guangzhou middot Beihai

[show] v bull d bull e

Peoples Republic of China (Chinese civilization) topics

[show]

History

China (timeline) middot Republic of China middot Peoples Republic of China middot 1949-1976 middot 1976-1989 middot 1989-2002 middot since 2002

[show]

Geography middot Natural environment

Overviews Geography and climate middot Geology middot Environment

Regions East middot Northeast middot North middot Western (Northwest middot Southwest) middot South Central

Terrain

Bays middot Canyons middot Caves middot Deserts middot Grasslands middot Hills middot Islands middot Mountains (ranges middot passes) middot Peninsulas middot Northeast North Central Plains middot Valleys middot Volcanoes

Water Canals middot Lakes middot Rivers middot Waterfalls middot Wetlands middot Water resources

Seas Yellow Sea middot East China Sea middot South China Sea

Reserves Nature reserves middot Protected areas middot Biosphere reserves middot National parks

44

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

Finance and banking

Financial system middot Financial services middot Chinese currency middot Chinese yuan middot Renminbi middot China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation middot Banking (History middot Central bank middot Other banks) middot Foreign exchange reserve middot Beijing Financial Street middot Stock Exchange Executive Council middot Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE Composite) middot Shenzhen Stock Exchange middot Dalian Commodity Exchange middot Shanghai Metal Exchange middot Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange middot Hedge fund industry middot Accounting in China

Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 45: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

Wildlife Fauna middot Flora

[show]

Government middot Politics middot Economy

Government and politics

Constitution middot President middot Vice President middot State Council (Premier) middot Civil service middot National Peoples Congress middot Military (Peoples Liberation Army) middot Political parties (Communist Party) middot Elections middot Education (universities) middot National security middot Foreign relations middot Public health middot Water supply and sanitation middot Welfare

Administrative divisions

Provinces middot Territorial names in Chinese middot Cities middot Baseline islands middot Border crossings

Law Law enforcement middot Courts middot Penal system middotNationality Law

Economy

History middot Reform middot Finance middot Banking (Central bank) middot Currency middot Agriculture middot Energy middot Technological and industrial history middot Science and technology middot Transportation middot Ports and harbors middot Communications middot Special Economic Zones (SEZs) middot Foreign aid middot Standard of living middot Poverty

[show]

People middot Society middot Culture

People

Demographics middot Ethnic groups middot Languages middot Religion middot Internal migration middot Urbanization middot Emigration middot Human rights middot Statistics

45

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

Finance and banking

Financial system middot Financial services middot Chinese currency middot Chinese yuan middot Renminbi middot China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation middot Banking (History middot Central bank middot Other banks) middot Foreign exchange reserve middot Beijing Financial Street middot Stock Exchange Executive Council middot Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE Composite) middot Shenzhen Stock Exchange middot Dalian Commodity Exchange middot Shanghai Metal Exchange middot Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange middot Hedge fund industry middot Accounting in China

Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 46: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

Society

Urban life middot Rural life middot Women middot Sexuality middot Social issues middot Social relations middot Social structure middot Generation Y middot Intellectualism

Culture

Art middot Cinema middot Cuisine middot Literature middot Media middot Newspapers middot Music middot Philosophy middot Tourism middot Sports middot Martial arts middot Variety arts middot Tea culture middot Television middot Public holidays middot World Heritage Sites middot Archaeology middot Parks middot Gardens middot Libraries middot Archives

[show]

Other topics

National flag emblem anthem middot Extreme points middot Natural disasters middot Terrorism middot Time zones middot International rankings

List of China-related topics middot Current events middot Portal middot Categories middot WikiProject

[show] v bull d bull e

Economy of the Peoples Republic of China Companies of China

History

History middot Reform middot Five-Year Plans middot Industrial Revolution middot Iron rice bowl middot Three-antifive-anti campaigns middot Great Leap Forward middot Four Modernizations middot Socialist market economy middot Socialism with Chinese characteristics middot Scientific Development Concept

Industry and business

Industry (history) middot Beer middot Biotechnology middot Advanced materials middot Automotive middot Aviation middot Aircraft middot Aerospace middot Cell phone middot Cement middot Container transpo middot Cotton middot Electric motor middot Electric power middot Electronics middot Film industry middot Fishing middot Internet middot Online gaming middot Video gaming middot Made in China middot Media middot Mining (Gold mining) middot Pharmaceuticals amp Pharmacy middotPublishing amp Academic publishing middot Silk middot Software middot Telecommunications middot Television (Digital) amp Radio middot Railway (Equipment) middot Wine middot Companies (Largest middot The Hongs middot National Innovative Enterprises) middot Youth Business China

46

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

Finance and banking

Financial system middot Financial services middot Chinese currency middot Chinese yuan middot Renminbi middot China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation middot Banking (History middot Central bank middot Other banks) middot Foreign exchange reserve middot Beijing Financial Street middot Stock Exchange Executive Council middot Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE Composite) middot Shenzhen Stock Exchange middot Dalian Commodity Exchange middot Shanghai Metal Exchange middot Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange middot Hedge fund industry middot Accounting in China

Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 47: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

Development Zones Suzhou Industrial Park middot Dalian Software Park middot

Energy Energy policy middot Coal middot Oil in China (Oil shale middot Oil refineries) middot Nuclear middot Renewable (Wind middot Solar middot Geothermal)

Trade and infrastructure

Trade history middot World Trade Center middot Transportation middot Communications middot Postal history middot Tourism middot Shipping middot Illegal drug trade middot Hong Kong Trade Development Council middot Ports middot Water supply and sanitation

Taxation and labor Tax system middot State Administration of Taxation middot Labor contract law

Finance and banking

Financial system middot Financial services middot Chinese currency middot Chinese yuan middot Renminbi middot China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation middot Banking (History middot Central bank middot Other banks) middot Foreign exchange reserve middot Beijing Financial Street middot Stock Exchange Executive Council middot Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE Composite) middot Shenzhen Stock Exchange middot Dalian Commodity Exchange middot Shanghai Metal Exchange middot Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange middot Hedge fund industry middot Accounting in China

Institutions

National Development and Reform Commission middot Ministry of Finance middot Ministry of Commerce middot Ministry of Industry and Information Technology middot SASAC middot State Administration for Industry and Commerce middotAll-China Federation of Trade Unions middot China Council for the Promotion of International Trade middot General Administration of Customs middot China Banking Regulatory Commission middot China Securities Regulatory Commission middot China Insurance Regulatory Commission middot State Administration of Foreign Exchange middot All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce middot CITIC Group middot China Investment Corporation

Development

International rankings middot Special Economic Zones middot Welfare middot Poverty middot Corruption middot Standard of living middot Foreign aid middot Urbanization middot Internal migration middot Emigration middot Science and technology middot Food safety middot Intellectual property

Regional economic strategies

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone middot Bohai Economic Rim middot China Western Development middot Rise of Central China Plan middot Northeast China Revitalization middot Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone middot Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone

47

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 48: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

Events 2007 Correction middot 2007 export pet food recalls middot Protein export contamination middot 2007 Slave scandal middot 2008 economic stimulus plan

Related topics

Agriculture middot Demographics middot Statistics middot National Standards middot China Compulsory Certificate middot Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements (Hong Kong middot Macau) middot Chinese people by net worth middot Chinese economists

Category middot List of China-related topics middot Economy of East Asia Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiSpecial_Economic_Zones_of_the_People27s_Republic_of_China Categories International trade | International economics | Economic development in China | Trade of China | Industry of China | Special Economic Zones Hidden categories Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text

Free trade area From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation search This is article is on free international trade For information on special economic zones within countries see Free trade zone

International Trade Series v bull d bull e

International trade History of international trade

Political views Fair trade Trade justice Free trade Protectionism

Economic integration Preferential trading area Free trade area Customs union Single market Economic and monetary union

Other Trade pact Trade bloc Trade creation

48

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 49: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

Trade diversion

Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them It can be considered the second stage of economic integration Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary If they are competitive they will choose customs union

[edit] Description Unlike a customs union members of a free trade area do not have the same policies with respect to non-members meaning different quotas and customs To avoid evasion (through re-exportation) the countries use the system of certification of origin most commonly called rules of origin where there is a requirement for the minimum extent of local material inputs and local transformations adding value to the goods Goods that dont cover these minimum requirements are not entitled for the special treatment envisioned in the free trade area provisions

Cumulation is the relationship between different FTAs regarding the rules of origin mdash sometimes different FTAs supplement each other in other cases there is no cross-cumulation between the FTAs A free trade area is a result of a free trade agreement (a form of trade pact) between two or more countries Free trade areas and agreements (FTAs) are cascadable to some degree mdash if some countries sign agreement to form free trade area and choose to negotiate together (either as a trade bloc or as a forum of individual members of their FTA) another free trade agreement with some external country (or countries) mdash then the new FTA will consist of the old FTA plus the new country (or countries)

Within an industrialized country there are usually few if any significant barriers to the easy exchange of goods and services between parts of that country For example there are usually no trade tariffs or import quotas there are usually no delays as goods pass from one part of the country to another (other than those that distance imposes) there are usually no differences of taxation and regulation Between countries on the other hand many of these barriers to the easy exchange of goods often do occur It is commonplace for there to be import duties of one kind or another (as goods enter a country) and the levels of sales tax and regulation often vary by country

The aim of a free trade area is to so reduce barriers to easy exchange that trade can grow as a result of specialisation division of labour and most importantly via (the theory and practice of) comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace (in equilibrium) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative (rather than absolute) advantage The theory argues that the net result will be an increase in income and ultimately wealth and well-being for everyone in the free trade area However the theory refers only to aggregate wealth and says nothing about the distribution of wealth In fact there may be significant losers in particular among the recently protected industries with a

49

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 50: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

comparative disadvantage The proponent of free trade can however retort that the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers

[edit] List of free trade areas See also List of free trade agreements and List of bilateral free trade agreements

Current FTAs

This is list of free trade areas between three or more countries mainly notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWorld Trade Organization and in Force Every customs union trade common market and economic and monetary union has also a free trade area Smaller agreements that are part of larger one are not listed

Agreement Date (in force) Recent reference

AANZFTA mdash ASEAN+3 signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

African Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) signed but yet to be ratified by all countries

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 061776 WTCOMTDN22 Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 050107 WTREG233N1Rev1

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA) 123094 WTREG82N1

Dominican Republic ndash Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) 030106 WTREG211N1

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) 062499 WTCOMTDN13

European Economic Area (EEA) 010158 WTREG1382 -EC mdash Andorra 070191 WTREG53M3 -EC mdash CARICOM 110108 WTREG255N1Rev1 -EC mdash OCTs 010171 WTREG106RB3 -EC mdash Switzerland and Liechtenstein 010173 WTREG94RB1 -EC mdash Turkey 010196 WTREG22M4 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 072493 WTCOMTDN21

EFTA mdash SACU 050108 WTREG256N1

50

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document
Page 51: Strategic Guidelines & Development Plan’s New Colon & Panama’s Free Economic Zone. Decade 2010-2020

51

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 010198 WTREG223N1 Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) 031881 LI5342

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 010194 WTREG4W1

South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) 120795 WTCOMTDN26 South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) 010181 WTCOMTDN29

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) 052806 WTREG229M1Rev1

[edit] External links bull bilateralsorg - Everything thats not happening at the WTO bull fightingftasorg bull FTAs submitted to the WTO bull Americas FTAs bull Singapore official FTA site bull EFTA official site bull Australias FTAs bull Aboutcoms Pros amp Cons of US Free Trade Agreements bull Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the WTO developed by

WorldTradeLawnet and Bryan Mercurio bull ptasmcgillca

Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFree_trade_area Categories Trade blocs | Lists of organizations | International trade | Free trade agreements

  • Free economic zone
    • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
    • Contents
    • [edit] Free economic zones by country
      • [edit] Armenia
      • [edit] Belarus
      • [edit] Brazil
      • [edit] Bulgaria
      • [edit] Chile
      • [edit] China
      • [edit] Egypt
      • [edit] Georgia
      • [edit] India
      • [edit] Iran
      • [edit] Italy
      • [edit] Lithuania
      • [edit] Malaysia
      • [edit] Russia
      • [edit] South Korea
      • [edit] Spain
      • [edit] Ukraine
      • [edit] United Arab Emirates
      • [edit] Uzbekistan
      • [edit] United Kingdom
        • [edit] References
          • Special Economic Zone
            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
            • Contents
            • [edit] China
            • [edit] India
              • [edit] List of SEZs in India
                • [edit] Indonesia
                • [edit] Iran
                • [edit] Kazakhstan
                • [edit] North Korea
                • [edit] Pakistan
                  • [edit] List of SEZs in the Pakistan
                    • [edit] Philippines
                      • [edit] List of SEZs in the Philippines
                        • [edit] Poland
                        • [edit] Russia
                          • [edit] TechnicalInnovational Zones
                          • [edit] Industrialdevelopmental Zones
                          • [edit] Tourist Zones
                            • [edit] Ukraine
                            • [edit] References
                            • [edit] External links
                              • List of free ports
                                • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                • Contents
                                • [edit] Free ports and Free Zones by country
                                  • [edit] Africa
                                    • [edit] Egypt
                                    • [edit] Morocco
                                    • [edit] Mauritius
                                      • [edit] Asia
                                        • [edit] Bahrain
                                        • [edit] Hong Kong China
                                        • [edit] India
                                        • [edit] Indonesia
                                        • [edit] Iran
                                        • [edit] Israel
                                        • [edit] Japan
                                        • [edit] Lebanon
                                        • [edit] Macao China
                                        • [edit] Malaysia
                                        • [edit] Pakistan
                                        • [edit] Philippines
                                        • [edit] Singapore
                                        • [edit] South Korea
                                        • [edit] Taiwan
                                        • [edit] Turkey
                                        • [edit] United Arab Emirates
                                          • [edit] Europe
                                            • [edit] Austria
                                            • [edit] Belarus
                                            • [edit] Croatia
                                            • [edit] Denmark
                                            • [edit] Finland
                                            • [edit] France
                                            • [edit] Germany
                                            • [edit] Georgia
                                            • [edit] Greece
                                            • [edit] Ireland
                                            • [edit] Isle of Man
                                            • [edit] Italy
                                            • [edit] Malta
                                            • [edit] Latvia
                                            • [edit] Lithuania
                                            • [edit] Portugal
                                            • [edit] Romania
                                            • [edit] Russia
                                            • [edit] Spain
                                            • [edit] Sweden
                                            • [edit] Switzerland
                                            • [edit] Turkey
                                            • [edit] Ukraine
                                            • [edit] United Kingdom
                                              • [edit] The Americas
                                                • [edit] Argentina
                                                • [edit] Bermuda
                                                • [edit] Brazil
                                                • [edit] Chile
                                                • [edit] Dominican Republic
                                                • [edit] Nicaragua
                                                • [edit] Panama
                                                • [edit] Uruguay
                                                • [edit] US
                                                • [edit] Venezuela
                                                    • [edit] See also
                                                    • [edit] References
                                                    • [edit] External links
                                                      • Special Economic Zones of the Peoples Republic of China
                                                        • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                        • Contents
                                                        • [edit] History
                                                        • [edit] Economic policies of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] List of SEZs
                                                        • [edit] See also
                                                        • [edit] External links
                                                          • Free trade area
                                                            • From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
                                                            • [edit] Description
                                                            • [edit] List of free trade areas
                                                            • [edit] External links
                                                                  1. identityidentitycomes
                                                                  2. 2009-09-01T010249+0200
                                                                  3. Murcia - Spain
                                                                  4. ENTIDAD IDENTITY AND CONSULTING SL - CIF B73415119 - NOMBRE CERON GARCIA FRANCISCO ANTONIO - NIF 27478316D
                                                                  5. I am the author of this document

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