Construction Method Seismic Considerations Earthquake Design Solution Techniques Seismic Design Factors Factors that affect the design of the building. Torsion Damping (Vibration Absorption) Ductility Strength Stiffness Building Configuration Additional Design Strategies Diaphragms: Floors and roofs can be used as rigid horizontal planes, or diaphragms, to transfer lateral forces to vertical resisting elements Shear Walls: Strategically located stiffened walls are shear walls and are capable of transferring lateral forces from floors and roofs to the foundation. Braced Frames: Vertical frames that transfer lateral loads from floors and roofs to foundations. Moment-Resistant Frames: Column/beam joints in moment-resistant frames are designed to take both shear and bending thereby eliminating the space limitations of solid shear walls or braced frames. Energy-Dissipating Devices: Energy-Dissipating Devices are used to minimize shaking of the building. Base Isolation: Separate the building from the foundation to absorb shock. Sources: WBDG, FEMA, MCEER Seismic Activity Map Isolation Bearings Attachment Plates Sliding Bearings Calculations Internal forces within buildings called Inertial Force (FInertial) cause most damage FInertial = Mass (M) x Acceleration (A) The greater the mass (weight of the building), the greater the internal inertial forces generated. Light weight construction is more beneficial for earthquake prone buildings
Transcript
Construction Method Seismic Considerations
Earthquake Design Solution Techniques
Seismic Design FactorsFactors that affect the design of the building.
TorsionDamping (Vibration Absorption)
DuctilityStrengthStiffness
Building Configuration
Additional Design StrategiesDiaphragms: Floors and roofs can be used as rigid horizontal planes, or diaphragms, to transfer lateral
forces to vertical resisting elements
Shear Walls: Strategically located stiffened walls are shear walls and are capable of transferring lateral forces from floors and roofs to the foundation.
Braced Frames: Vertical frames that transfer lateral loads from floors and roofs to foundations.
Moment-Resistant Frames: Column/beam joints in moment-resistant frames are designed to take both shear and bending thereby eliminating the space limitations of solid shear walls or braced frames.
Energy-Dissipating Devices: Energy-Dissipating Devices are used to minimize shaking of the building.
Base Isolation: Separate the building from the foundation to absorb shock.
Sources: WBDG, FEMA, MCEER
Seismic Activity Map
Isolation Bearings
Attachment Plates
Sliding Bearings
CalculationsInternal forces within buildings called Inertial Force (FInertial)
cause most damage
FInertial = Mass (M) x Acceleration (A)
The greater the mass (weight of the building), the greater the internal inertial forces generated.
Light weight construction is more beneficial for earthquake prone buildings
Construction StrategiesPrefabrication Shannon Ferguson
FEATURES90% prefabricated structure
constructed on 4-foot modules
net-zero
material waste was less than 10 percent
materials that have at least 25% recycled content
timber-frame structural insulated panel construction
framing and other wood products from local sources within 250 miles of the site
building envelope uses R-40 insulation in combination with high effi ciency windows creating a building tight enough to remove the requirement of a furnace in the cold winters of Maine
construction process increased material effi ciency by allowing for precise computer-assisted fabrication of components accurately cutting each piece and in return reducing waste
tightly integrated BIM modeling (within 1/32-inch tolerances) resulted in a fabrication process with a signifi cantly lower environmental footprint due to the production taking place under controlled conditions
components were shipped on trailers to the site and erected in three days
sited to minimize damage to the existing landscape while maximizing solar exposure
pre-construction planning limited the construction area footprint (since the building envelope was pre-fabricated off-site there was minimal material storage and smaller construction crews, reducing the dimensions of the construction footprint)
movable wall partitions can be moved for easy reconfi guration and renovation
prefabrication methods allowed a level of flexibility and sustainability beyond the reach of typical residential construction
one month’s energy surplus of 727 kilowatt hours (monthly average of 550 kilowatt hours) contributed to achieving Net Zero energy consumption while in-turn providing a fast turnaround time to offsetting its own carbon footprint from its’ construction
BrightBuilt Barn by Kaplan Thompson Architects Rockwood, Maine
Prefabricated Construction
BENEFITStechnological advances over the last decade have produced an increase in the use of prefabricated buildings
the use of prefabricated building methods has increased by the push for sustainable building practices due to prefabrication’s typical resource effi ciency and green construction practices
promotes the specifi cation and installation of more sustainable and better quality building materials
prefabrication makes up for the decrease in skilled tradespeople in the construction industry, reducing the required manpower by 20%
project schedules are decreased on average by four weeks with the use of prefabricated construction
construction site waste is decreased on average by 5% or more
less on-site construction results in less disturbance of natural environments
BIM promotes the increased use of prefabrication and modularization and supports the use of prefabrication on larger, more complex projects
project budgets are decreased on average by 6% or more which creates a greater return on investment for the client by providing predictable results for costs and scheduling
increased construction site safety results in lower insurance costs for contractors
healthcare, warehouses, and hotels are the fastest growing industries utilizing prefabricated building methods
85% of the construction industry is estimated to use at least some component of prefabrication in building, with exterior walls being the most common prefab element used in construction
manufacturers store large amounts of materials during prefabrication of components in the factory, creating the opportunity to continue fabrication of components, rain or shine, speeding up the construction process
prefabricated buildings are easily disassembly at end of use for recycling or reclamation
LIMITATIONScoordination of multiple trades at off-site assembly and manufacturing sites can be challenging
availability of skilled trades experienced in the creation of prefabricated components is a concern
contractors, engineers, and architects who are not familiar with the design process for prefabricated buildings require additional training
prefabrication design decisions must be made early in the design process
less fl exibility of building layout and fl oor-planning as well as possible limitations on building height restrictions
increased transportation and delivery logistics
“The practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting complete assemblies or sub-assemblies to the construction site where the structure is to be located.”
PreFab:Ready to AssembleStrengths: Simple to put together, No field cuts/waste, Cost control, Minimal site intrusion
Weaknesses: Loose tolerances, Favors design-to-parts rather than parts-for-design
Paper Domehttp://www.shigerubanarchitects.com/works/1998_paper-dome/index.html
Sydney Opera Househttp://www.arup.com/Projects/Sydney_Opera_House.aspx
W A L L A W O M B A G U E S T H O U S E Bruny Island, Tasmania, Australia | 1+2 Architecture | 2150 sq ft
All parts of the home that could be prefabricated and brought to site were done so to prevent extra construction
equipment, material, and labor on site. The house lightly touches the ground with steel feet on concrete pilings,
dispensing the need for continuous concrete footings, as with typical concrete foundations. This strategy greatly reduces
disturbance of a site and the requirement to remove massive amounts of earth for a concrete-foundation-wall system.
D E F I N I T I O N S Prefabrication | many parts of the building are pre-made in factories and transported to site in order to cut down on construction time and lower the overall cost of a project
S T R A T E G Y + E Q U I P M E N T In prefabricated construction, only the foundations are transported and constructed on site, while sections of walls, floors and roof are assembled in a factory (possibly with window and door frames included), transported to the site, lifted into place by a crane and bolted together.
A D V A N T A G E S Faster construction for parts largely assembled in separate factories and transported to the construction site Site sensitive with less equipment, construction, and labor on the site Often less wasteful than other methods in material costs and transportation Can be more easily deconstructed at the end of the building life
D I S A D V A N T A G E S Less flexibility in construction timeline and unexpected obstacles Leaks can form at joints of separate components Transportation costs may be higher for voluminous sections than efficiently packed materials Heavy-duty cranes and precision measurement required
Most helpful site: http://www.umlawcampaign.com/2012/10/prefabricated-construction-is-it-for-you-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-prefabricated-construction-components/
Prefabricated Design Site Impact If properly coordinated, a structure can be manufactured off-site and assembled on-site. This greatly reduces the building’s construction footprint. Time Because components can be manufactured off-site, there can be an overlap of construction activities. For example, components can be manufactured while the site is still undergoing construction or while the foundation is being poured. Once on-site, prefabricated components can be assembled rapidly. Cost Time and labor are large cost drivers. By reducing the number of hours that skilled laborers are on-site, costs can be reduced. Modular Design A key component of prefabrication is modularity. Modularity greatly reduces manufacturing costs. Eames House Architects: Charles and Ray Eames Build date: 1949 The design used prefabricated materials ordered from catalogues, a continuation of the post-war trend of mass production. It took just 1.5 days for eight workers to erect the structural frame. The goal of the home was to 1) minimize the impact to the site and 2) maximize volume from minimal materials. Final cost (excluding design labor): $1 per square foot.
Michael Reilly 10/14/2013
construction: end of building lifeCradle to Cradle® designmankind as a positive, restorative, beneficial impact on the environment
• what is it?background:trademarked “idea” began 1991 before the USGBC formed in 1993 by partners William McDonough and Dr. Michael Braungart
importance of a closed loop, that only materials and processes that can be reused endlessly should be included in product design
qualifying criteria (as of 2005):1. Their use of environmentally safe and healthy materials 2. Materials are designed for recycling or composting at end of life 3. Manufacturing must make use of renewable energy and carbon management 4. Water stewardship 5. Social fairness
• precedent: Adam Joseph Lewis Center for Environmental Studies, Oberlin CollegeOberlin, Ohio
Team: William McDonough + Partners, Design architectAndropogon Associates, Landscape architectLev Zetlin Associates, MEP / Structural engineersLoisos + Ubbelohde, Daylighting and energy consultantsLiving Technologies, Wastewater consultantSteven Winters Associates, Building systems consultantsCT Consultants, Civil engineerMosser Construction, Contractor
Project Completion Date: January 2001
Client: Oberlin College
the building program: Classrooms, offices, atrium, & auditoriumthe southern campus’s town hall, or public squaredesire to blur the distinction between indoors and out
construction strategies: Regional sustainably harvested wood from northern PennsylvaniaInterface carpet panelsRecycled steel I-beamsEnergy efficient lighting fixturesAcoustical panels constructed of agricultural straw wastes
In 2006, the site became a net energy exporter, producing 30 percent more energy than it needs to operate and sharing this excess energy with the community
ecologically engineered system that combines elements of conventional wastewater technology with the purification processes of wetland ecosystems to treat the buildings wastewater and then recycle it within the building
• what ways can this be implemented?material reuse/recycle for construction:reclaiming non-structural components (appliances, doors, windows, finish materials)harvesting “waste” material and reclaiming it to build newexamples include breaking down old concrete for aggregate in new concrete, structural material reclamation, glass recyling (melting it to make new)
giving back to the environment:harvesting more energy than is usedself water purification (on site)food productionproduce oxygenclean the aircollect rainwatersupport the biodiversityexamples include living walls and green roofs for harvesting oxygen and food
CONSTRUCTION: CRADLE TO CRADLE
Project_20/20 Park New Amsterdam
Design based on the key principles of Cradle to Cradle: 1. Use waste as food2. Celebrate diversity (rather than rely on one-sizefits- all solutions) 3. Use only renewable energy
It contributes more to the site than it uses. This is achieved by circulating water, ecologically managing storm water, generating renewable energy, protecting the existing water supply, cutting down CO2 in the adjacent community, reintroducing native plants, restoring bio diversity to the area, re-using waste
Cradle to cradle focuses on a material’s ability to be continuously upcycled into a form with equal or high strength than it had originally. Downcycling process is one such as concrete, which is typically ground up at demolition and used as a lesser strength aggregate.
Idea of doing better than net zero energy approach- giving a positive return to the site
Desert Rain HouseLocation: Bend, ORArchitect: Al Tozer, Jr.Patrons: Tom Elliott and Barbara ScottBuilt: 2011-2014The Desert Rain House is a Living Building Challenge projectthat focuses on sustainability in all aspects of its design,construction, and use. It has net zero water, energy, and was built with a Zero Waste focus. It used recycled woodsoffits, tile, wood beams, and other materials in its construction.Typically for a 2000 SF home, 8000 lbs of waste is sent to alandfill. To date, only 600 lbs of material has had to go to a landfill from Desert Rain. Waste material is recycled, and insome cases brought back to the site for reuse.
Zero Waste is a concept wherein materials that usually get scrapped or put in a landfillare instead recycled and reused. In addition, Zero Waste is also about restructuringproduction and distribution systems to prevent waste from being manufactured in thefirst place. Zero Waste favors the design of buildings as assemblages of high levelcomponents, not their creation from rough materials such as lumber, cement or plaster,to the extent that entire rooms, entire walls, roofs or floors or entire utility systems canbe pre-built and installed as completed components. Unfortunately this ideal is not inpractice yet. Until buildings are built as components capable of later dismantling,deconstruction is a stop-gap process that the United States can use to minimize thewaste of building materials.
Construction Strategy: Zero Waste
Benefits of Zero Waste:-Reduced waste created.-Landfills last longer due to less construction waste.-Reduced environmental impact.-Increased material recycling and reuse.
Deconstruction can be described as construction in reverse. Itinvolves carefully taking apart a building to maximize the reuseof materials, thereby reducing waste and conserving resources,which plays into the end of life considerations for a building.
One method of moving towards a Zero Waste idealis through the use of SIP’s. While they are notcomplete floors, roofs, or walls, they are easily puttogether and deconstructed, allowing for re-use.
zero waste c+D ordinanceconstruction strategy san francisco,ca
what is it requires all construction and demolition debris materials be recycled or reused
“Zero Waste is a goal that is ethical, economical, e�cient and visionary, to guide people in changing their lifestyles and practices to emulate sustainable natural cycles, where all discarded materials are designed to become resources for others to use. Zero Waste means designing and managing products and processes to systematically avoid and eliminate the volume and toxicity of waste and materials, conserve and recover all resources, and not burn or bury them. Implementing Zero Waste will eliminate all discharges to land, water or air that are a threat to planetary, human, animal or plant health.” - Zero Waste International Alliance
Strives for:- Zero waste of resources- Zero solid waste- Zero hazardous waste- Zero emmisions- Zero waste in production activities- Zero waste in administrative activites- Zero waste in product life style- Zero toxics
BUILDING TIGHTNESS
E+ GREEN HOMEUNSANGDONG ARCHITECTS
THE BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION HAS BEEN MINIMIZED WITH THE HELP OF HIGH PERFORMANCE INSULATION AND HIGH DENSITY TRIPLE PANE WINDOWS FROM THE ENERGY+ TECHNICAL ELEMENTS. THE PERFORMANCE OF AIR TIGHTNESS HAS BEEN IMPROVED BY MINIMIZING AIR LEAKAGE FROM THE WINDOWS.
A TIGHT BUILDING ENVELOPE PROVIDES A CONTINUOUS THERMAL BARRIER AND AIR AND WATER VAPOR BARRIER, RESTRICTING THE MOVEMENT OF AIR AND PASSAGE OF HEAT.
IT ALSO ELIMINATES MOLD ISSUES BY RESTRICTING THE PASSAGE OF WATER VAPOR.
A GOOD WAY TO A TIGHT BUILDING ENVELOPE IS THE CONTINUITY OF TRANSI-TIONS & PARTS - FOUNDATION TO WALL, WALL TO WINDOW, WALL TO WALL
NEEDS COMPATABILITY OF MATERIALS AND SHEET MEMBRANES, SILICONE SHEETS, SEALANTS, SPRAY FOAMS
Construction Strategies
Cut and Fill
This method is intended to use displaced soil on the same site so that it does not need to be carted away. In some cases, there is too much that is cut out of the land that there is no room for it on the site. In these situations, the soil is taken to another site that needs soil remediation. Although this is the last resourse to use the soil, it still allows for no wasted material.
Vall d’en Joan by Battle i Roig Architectes
The use of cut and �ll allows a site to be reinvented to have a new purpose. Cut and �ll in this situation was moved around the site to turn an extraction site into a usable facility.
Construction Strategy: Cut and Fill
Description:The process of using excavated soil material, for con-struction elements such as foundations and site design, in other ways on the site, such as landscape design, rammed earth wall construction, ect.
Advantages:- Reuse of product on site reduces the need to bring material to and/or from the site - Reduces carbon footprint of project- Reduces need for staging space for excess materials being brought to site- Reduces environmental impact from trucks shipping materials
Disadvantages:-Local soils may not meet the engineering specifica-tions of the design - Structural, capillary, ect.- More equipment needed when compared to slab on grade construction
Diagramming:
Plant ProducedBecause precast components are cast in a plant and delivered
to a job site,disruption to the surrounding community is
greatly reduced. Noises associated with the construction of
forms and placement of concrete is contained within the plant
environment. This results in substantially quieter construction sites
.
Faster Construction & Smaller FootpringPrecast installation is so quick that other trades can begin work
sooner often saving weeks on the construction schedule. Precast
also requires less storage space on site, no long setups for
scaffolding, and smaller crews to install. Precast needs no additional
curing on site and does not require protection from weather.
Less Vulnerable to WeatherBecause nearly all precast production takes place within
the controlled climate of a plant, precast is significantly less
vulnerable to disruption caused by wet, cold or very hot weather,
enabling installation to take place year-round in most cases.
SustainableThe materials that comprise precast concrete products
come from natural and recycled sources, making it a very
sustainable construction material, perfect for green
building under LEED guidelines. Aggregates and water are
all widely available and in plentiful supply.
Widely AvailablePrecast concrete uses materials that are widely available in all locations.
With an estimated 3,000 precast plants in North America, many
products can be manufactured locally, saving on delivery time and cost.
Prefabrication: Pre-Cast ConcreteHighly CustomizableCasting precast concrete in carefully constructed molds means that very highly articulated panels are
possible. being able to produce a variety of different profiles can be very important. This is an area
in which precast concrete excels because of the flexibility and accuracy in the production process.
