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Strategies for Wired Academia:
The Most Wired Campus
Denise A. TrollDistinguished Fellow, Digital Library Federation
Assistant University Librarian, Carnegie Mellon
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 2
Dubious Honor
No demonstrable connection between the availability of networked computers & the quality of learning & research
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 3
Onus, Not Honor
Probably a connection between the penetration of networked computers & increasing demand for desktop delivery
Real connection between satisfying increasing demand for desktop delivery & increasing library expenditures
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 4
Assumptions
Libraries preserve & provide access to our cultural & intellectual heritage in the service of learning & research
Technology has the potential to help
Digital divides must be bridged to unlock the potential of technology
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 5
Inequality of Access
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
White American Native American African American
Mill
ions
ALA CognotesJanuary 2001
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 6
Inequality of Available Content
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Life Sciences
SocialSciences
PhysicalSciences
Technology Arts &Humanities
ARL Report December 2000E-Journals
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 7
Barrier Pie
Society
Politics Economics
Technology
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 8
Thesis
The barrier pie is big enough for no one to go hungry
One key to removing the barriers is a united effort
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 9
Big Picture
Most / least wired is irrelevant
Libraries are more alike than different
None of us can do everything
All of us can do something
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 10
Carnegie Mellon at a Glance
7 colleges or schools
3 + 2 libraries
12,848 campus population– 5,136 undergraduates– 3,174 graduate students– 1,254 faculty– 3,284 staff
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 11
Similar Upward Trends
Cost of materials, equipment & staff Materials budget % spent on e-resources Library instruction Use of e-resources Use of ILL
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 12
Similar Downward Trends
Gate counts In-house use Circulation Photocopying Revenue
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 13
Similar Collection Challenges
Shelves are full, but we need more books
Offsite storage has been approved, but not funded
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 14
Similar Staff Challenges
Positions are being eliminated or combined & upgraded to keep pace with needed competencies & salaries
Staff are struggling to cope with change
Staff space is inadequate
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 15
Similar Development Challenges
Show me the money.
Give me the time.
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 16
Similar Measurement Challenges
Traditional measures are inadequate
Need – Composite measures – Standard usage reports – Data on environmental changes – Outcome & cost-benefit measures– System to manage the data
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 17
Similar User Challenges
Users often don’t know what resources & services the libraries do provide
Faculty want access to e-journals, but are reluctant to cancel print
Compete for user attention
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 18
Similar U-graduate Challenges
Many turn to Web search engines first Want 24/7 service Want more electronic full-text Don’t distinguish library resources Don’t ask for reference assistance Don’t care about copyright Want immediate gratification
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 19
Differences
Carnegie Mellon is a research university without a research library
Students are more satisfied with the University than with the Libraries
At least 75% of e-resource use is remote
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 20
Computer Culture
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 21
Network Connectivity
0
3000
6000
9000
12000
15000
18000
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Campus wireless enabled 2000
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 22
Freshmen Ownership
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Own
Plan
No plan
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 23
Computer Ownership & Access
% of students who purchase computers after their freshman year is unknown
GSIA students are required to own laptops
Public clusters have 410 computers
More computers in departments
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 24
Campus Expectations
Everyone has computer access
Admission, registration, syllabi, course materials, grades, etc. will be on the web
Interaction among students, faculty, & administrators will be online
The University will provide easy-to-use software & high bandwidth networking
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 25
Bandwidth Expectations
Current rate is 100 megabit per second
Campus will be re-wired in 2001 in preparation for gigabit per second
Department pays for desktop delivery
Users will expect gigabit rate in the library
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 26
“Email is My Life”
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 27
Different Library Mission
Build a digital library– Lead development of tools & techniques– Provide multimedia collections– Conduct research to reduce costs– Transform scholarly publishing– Transfer knowledge & technology
Solve our space problems with a triage of digitization & off-site storage
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 28
Digital Library Initiatives
Distributed electronic library – 1989-1992– Mercury Electronic Library
Full-text journal images – 1991-1997– The University Licensing Program (TULIP)
Digital archives – 1993-1999– Heinz Electronic Library Information Online
System (HELIOS)
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 29
Digital Library Initiatives
Visual Content – 1998-1999– Art Museum Image Consortium (AMICO)
Multi-media delivery system – 1999-present– Digital Information Versatile Archives (DIVA)
Metadata capture system – 1999-present– MetaScan
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 30
Digitization Projects
Visual materials– Swiss Posters – 1999-present – Slide Collection – 1999-present– Andrew Carnegie Collection – 2000-present
E-reserves– Text – 2000-present – Audio – 2001
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 31
Digitization Projects
Smart Web Exhibits (IMLS) – 1999-2001
Copyright renewal records for books – 2000
Books– 1000 Book – 2000-present– Posner Collection – 2001-2002– Million Book – 2000-present
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 32
Copyright Permissions Project
Random sample of books in library catalog
94% copyright protected
Codes: in/out of print, publication & publisher type & origin
Letters– 83% of copyright protected– 60% of these received follow-up letters
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 33
Results
35% no response
13% provided address, returned unknown
29% permission denied– Average time 115 days
22% permission granted– Average time 91 days
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 34
22% Granted Permission
39% (7% sample) full permission– Digitize, OCR, provide full-text searching– Free to read web access for all Internet users
61% (11% sample) restricted permission – 39% access to Carnegie Mellon users only – 22% fee for use (average $100)– 6% permission for a limited time
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 35
Digital Library Services
Instruction– Evaluating Information on the Web – 1999– Information Ethics – 2001
Reference– Automated Reference Assistant – 1999-2001– Chat Reference – 2000-present– Library of Congress CDRS – 2001
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 36
Automated Reference Assistant
User Interface
ResourceDatabase
Electronic & PrintResources
Inference Engine
Reference Interview Algorithm
Query Classification Algorithm
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 37
Usage & Usability Research
Part of library culture since 1990
1995-2000 – Sirsi Unicorn / WebCat
2000-2001 – DLF Distinguished Fellowship– Usage & usability data survey– Study the information-seeking & usage
behaviors of students & faculty
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 38
Transforming Publishing
Educating faculty & provosts– Cost, quality & rights– Accept e-journal articles for promotion
Providing or supporting alternatives– Portal: Libraries & the Academy – Journal of Social Structure – Philosophy journal – Find trusted partners
to archive
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 39
Lessons Learned
Plan strategically
Act opportunistically
Change course as needed
Lessons Learned
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 40
Have an R&D Policy
Develop software ONLY– When user needs & expectations
cannot be met with existing software– Using supported components – Following standards
Conduct usage & usability studies
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 41
Collaborate
Seek partners with diverse expertise
Cultivate investors
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 42
Develop Skills & Virtues
Leadership Management Communication Conflict resolution Organizational Patience Flexibility Humility
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 43
Cultivate Culture of Assessment
Make decisions based on data
Collect data that serve strategic purposes
Train staff to gather, analyze, present data
Know when to settle for “good enough” data & “quick & dirty” research
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 44
Be Involved
Participate in creating or revising standards, guidelines & best practices
Lobby vendors to provide comparable usage statistics in manageable formats
Negotiate licenses that suit your needs – when your strategies work, share them
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 45
Be Proactive
If necessary, design new measures for your purposes – if they work, share them
Help transform scholarly publishing– Educate faculty & administrators– Accept e-journals for promotion– Host publications “born digital”– Support cheaper alternatives – Encourage archiving & migration
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 46
Digital Library Facts of Life
Development is risk
Everything takes longer than expected
The only constant in life is change
The only thing you can change is yourself
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 47
Conclusion: Have Some Pie
Society
Politics Economics
Technology
March 14, 2001 Denise A. Troll 48
We Must Interlock to Unlock