StratégieEuropéenneetNationale VersleAPPECTownMeeting6-7Avril2016
http://app2016.in2p3.fr/
JournéesduProgrammeNationaldesHautesEnergies 30Mars2016
S.KatsanevasAPCetAPPEC
• 2006-2008ApPscientificvisionthe“SevenMagnificent” • Anattempttodefinethefield,nopriorities • Inputtoglobalcoordinationforums:OECDWG,ESFRI,…
• 2011ThefirstAPPECpriorityroadmap: I. Completetheupgrades:
• Adv.GravitationalWaveantennas• Undergroundlaboratories(DMandνless2β)
II. PrepareconstructionoflargeCRprograms: • CTA,KM3Net/IceCube,AUGERupgrade
III. Globalcoordinationforverylargeprojects: • Largeneutrinodetectors,DarkEnergyandCMB
• 2016Roadmapupdate• “Considerations”preparedbytheAPPECSAC*tobedebatedintheTownmeeting.Canbefoundonthewebsite.RoadmappublishedinAutumn2016
EuropeanAstroparticlePhysicsRoadmaps Thelast10years
*A.Masiero(chair),MichalOstrowski,MauroMezzetto,GiselaAnton,LauraBaudis,JocelynMonroe,PetrTiniakov,JovandenBrand,PatrickSutton,RamonMiquel,ZitoMarco,AndreaGiuliani,FelixAharonian,PierreBinétruy,IgnatiosAntoniadis,YifangWang,FrancisHalzen,HankSobel,A.Haungs,S.Katsanevas(APPEC)
Sixchapters (anarrativeorderandnotapriorityorder)
1. Formationofcosmicstructures:CMB 2. AccelerationoftheexpansionoftheUniverse:DarkEnergy 3. DirectdetectionofDarkMatter 4. ProbingtheultimatenatureoftheNeutrino 5. ProbingtheUniversewithGravitationalWaves 6. HighEnergyUniverse:photons,neutrinosandcosmicrays
CosmologicalMicrowaveBackground
• LargeDarkenergysurveys(eBOSS,DESI,EUCLID,LSS)probethe“recent”Universe(z<2) • SKAandradiosurveys probethereionisationera(z=7-10) • Futureground(egS4)andspace(CORE+,LiteBird,PIXIE)surveyswillprobetherecombination
eraandbeyond (z<1100)
B-polarisationprobesinflation andlargescalestructure
oftheUniverse• Largeanglesl<100➔ inflation• Smallanglesl>200lensing➔mν
PLANCK2015
Primordiallightandgravitationallensing Probematter(incl.darkmatter)inthe
Universe
CosmologicalMicrowaveBackground
PLanck Core+
ProspectiveCMBonground,CMB-S4
r=0.1,δ(Σmν)=0.15
r=0.01,δ(Σmν)=0.05
r=0.001,δ(Σmν)=0.015
Europeanprojectsongroundandballoons
NIKA2 IRAM
Goal:ClusterevolutionusingtSZasproxy
QUBIC
1stmodulegoalr=0.03FromSouthPoleDomeC➔ Argentina?
• QUIJOTE“Low”frequencies(<44GhZ)studyofsynchrotronforegrounds • BalloonsOLIMPO(SZE)andLSPE(largeCMBanglesr=0.03) • BalloonPlanB(testsofKIDS..) • ParticipationinUSPolarbear(GEN2)/SimonsArray(GEN3)
PossiblefutureCMBsites
InviewofCMB-S4WaterVapourRadiometercampaign?(ALMAWVR)
Resolve the CMB ≈ 4'-6' resolution or better
Signal dominated data (S/N >2-3 for Blens) σP = 1.5-2.5 µK.arcmin on ≈ 100% sky
Exquisite control of systematic effets for polarisation measurements
Exquisite control/separation of polarised (and intensity) foregrounds
Think the mission as the (near)-ultimate CMB polarisation mission, with guaranteed science whatever the value of r, and great legacy value and discovery potential.
Class 1.5m telescope or better ≈ 6' at 135 GHz; ≈ 4' at 200 GHz
from ≈ 2500 (base) to 5000 (extension) detectors at ≈ 100 mK
L2 orbit; Redundancy and polarisation modulation by scanning strategy
15-20 frequency bands (or more) covering ≈ 60-600 GHz (or more)
Performance / requirement Solution
European CMB space plans J. Delabrouille
COrE+conceptandstrategy
TheCMBprospectiveinspace
NASA PIXIELiteBIRD
JAXA
Absolute spectrophotometer
ESA COrE+
Primordial B-modes mission Cosmic origins explorer
"LiteCOrE" A joint ESA-JAXA CMB polarization imager ?
DISCUSSIONS ONGOING
Removing99%oftheforegroundcontamination requiresfrequencychannelsaccessibleonlyfromspace
ESAM5callApril2016 SelectionApril2017 Launch2029-2030 ForESAonly(<550ME)
ΣmνandNefffromCMB
TensionwithLargeScaleStructure(PlanckSZ,X-ray),intheσ8-Ωmplane.Ingeneral«recent»variables(H0,σ8)belowvaluesmeasuredatrecombination.Clustermeasurementuncertaintiesornewphysics(sterileneutrinos,DMetc)?
mν∑ < 0.21 Neff = 3.15 ± 0.23 Planck TT +lowP+BAO
mν∑ < 0.17 Neff = 3.04 ± 0.118 Planck TT,TE,EE +lowP+BAO
• Planck together and CMB measurements on ground opened the possibility of newbreakthroughsintheCMBdomain:
• MapB-polarisationgivingaccesstotheparametersofinflation• Determinethesumofneutrinomasses • CorrelationofCMBwithlargescalestructures • Distortionsoftheblackbodyspectrum
• Nextspacemissionwillhappenattheearliestmidtolate20’s• ShouldbeplannedwiththesameambitionasPlanck➔ givedefinitivemeasurements.
EuropeanandGlobalCoordinationforCMB ongroundandinspace
• APPECandASTRONETorganized “1stmeeting:TowardstheEuropeanCoordinationof theCMBprogram” inAugust31-1September2015 inVilla Finally Florence, gatheringPI’s andagency representatives to chart the first steps towardsEuropeancoordination.
• Worldwide agencies agree is that roadmapping needs toconvergetoaglobalprogramongroundandinspace.
• 2ndmeeting:TowardstheEuropeanCoordinationoftheCMBprogram”inSeptember8-92016inVillaFinallyFlorence,
1. Thenext generationof experiments should aimatpermil sensitivities for thetensortoscalarratiorandalsoatthelargestcoverageoftheangularspectrum.Ground-andspacebasedexperimentsplayacomplementaryroleinthisstudysinceground-basedexperimentspermitthedeploymentofverylargearraysandtherefore high angular resolution, while space-born experiments can probe asufficientnumberof frequenciespermitting anunsurpassed parametrisationandsubtractionoftheforegounds.
2. Europe should participate in a G4 ground programme in synergy/complementaritywith the CMB-S4 CMB-currently in development in the USA,aimingataprecisiononthetensortoscalarratiooforderonepermil,ca2025,aswell as unprecedentedprecision on themass of light neutrinos, in synergywiththeneutrinoprogramme.
3. EuropeshouldleadaCMBspaceprogramme(e.g.CORE+asaM5ESAmission),inclosediscussionwithspaceprogramsinJapan(LiteBird)andtheUSA(Pixie).
4. Technology wise, Europe should support R&D and TRL upgrade of newdetection technologies using cryogenic Transition Edge Sensors (TES) andKineticInductanceDetectors(KIDs).
5. APPECshouldpromotetheglobalcoordinationofthefield.
1.CosmologicalMicrowaveBackground
LargeDarkEnergysurveys• Largedarkenergysurveys
• “kinematic”(SnaeBAO)or • “dynamic”(WL,clusters,…) willstudythelargescalestructureandassociateitwithknowledgeobtainedatrecombinationwillgivecrucialinformationforneutrinomass(seeabove)andalsodarkenergyequationofstate.
• CurrentprogrameBOSS/DES • Inthenearfuture
• DESI(BAOandGalaxyclustering)
• EUCLIDESAM2mission(NASAparticipation)a1.2mtelescopeatL2withvisibleandNIRimaging,NIRslitlessspectroscopy.Launch2020
• LSSTComplementaryinsystematicstoEuclidsuperiorspectroscopy(LSST)vsabsenceofatmosphericdistortion(EUCLID).Firstlight2021
• LSSTpartofFrenchNationalRodamapofIR
LSST/EUCLID
W(a)=W0+wa(1-a)
FutureΣmνmeasurements(2025-2030)
Forecast sensitivities δ (Σmν ) meV δ (Neff )Planck +BOSS BAO → 100 0.18Planck+eBOSS (BAO+GC) → 40-100 0.13-0.18Planck+DESI (BAO+GC) → 17/24 0.08-0.12> 2025CMB-S4+BOSS BAO → 25 0.02CMB-S4+DESI BAO → 16 0.02
PLANCK+LSST → 23 0.07PLANCK+EUCLID → 25 0.06
Notacompetitionwithνexperimentsbutcomparisonportaltonewphysics forbothStandardModels.
1. Europeshouldsupport theconstructionanddataanalysisofEuclidwhichwilldominatedarkenergysciencefromspaceinthenextdecade,providingclearEuropeanleadershipinthatarea.
2. Europe should support the key contributions of European groups to theground program, in particular LSST thatwill be deeper,wider and fasterthananygroundbasedopticalsurveytodate.
3. Europe should encouragedata exchangebetweenEuclid andLSST as thiswillenhancethescientificoutputofbothmissions.
2.DarkEnergy
DarkMatter:WIMPSandbeyond
• WIMPswillbeputinasevere,ifnotconclusive,testduringthenext10years. Incaseofdiscoveryboth accelerator and non-accelerator experiments will be needed to determine the physicalpropertiesofWIMPS.
B.ShuveMoriond2016
Darkmatter Experimentalprogram
✓XENON1tinaugurated ✓LUXNewresults ✓DarkSide-50demonstratedextremebackgroundrejectionwithUAr.Industrialplans.
✓APPECSAC➔ Decideca2018G3multi-tonexperiment. ✓Costsandscalesmakeglobalcoordinationimperative
• G2willreach10-47cm2at100GeVin2020-2025
• LargeEuropeanG3willapproachneutrinofloorca2030
• Extremepuritiesneeded: • 1event/ton/year
• NobleLiquidprojects: • Xenon1T➔ XenonnT• DarkSide➔ Darkside20t
• Sardenia,Ardepletionindustrialplan+CERN
• ComplementaritywithBolometersandCCD
• Beyondtheneutrinofloor➔ directionalityandannualmodulation
Futuresensitivities darkmatter
Complementaritybetween DirectDetection(DD),IndirectDetection(ID),LHC
LHC
DD
ID
ComplementaritywithLHC,alsoincaseofhighWIMPmassesrationalefornextcollider(2018animportantmilestone)
All
LHC
DD/ID
DD
1. EuropeshouldsupportandcloselyfollowthedevelopmentandresultsoftheG2experimentsdirectlysearchingforWIMPsDMinthevastrangeofWIMPmassesfrom1GeVuptotenofTeVs.
2. APPEC should appoint a scientific and technical committee to work with theEuropeanDMcommunitytorecommendthetechnologyforonenoble-liquidG3directdetectionexperimentinsynergy/complementaritywithsimilardetectorsinotherregionsoftheworld.
3. EuropeshouldsupporttheparticipationofEuropeangroupsinaG3bolometricdetectorintheUSA(Super-CDMS).
4. EuropeshouldsupportR&Dandtechnologytobuildadirectionaldetector.
5. Europe should continue to support non-WIMP searches (e.g. axions ADMX,IAXO).
3.Darkmatterdirectdetection
The point of view of the neutrino
⎟⎟⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜⎜⎜
⎝
⎛
ν
ν
ν
⎟⎟⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜⎜⎜
⎝
⎛
−⎟⎟⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜⎜⎜
⎝
⎛
⎟⎟⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜⎜⎜
⎝
⎛
−
=⎟⎟⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜⎜⎜
⎝
⎛
ν
ν
ν
τ
µ
3
2
1
1212
1212
1313
1313
2323
2323
e
1CSSC
CS1
SC
CSSC
1 δ−ie
δ− ie
.,etccosC 1212 θ= + 2 Μαϕορανα phases
Solar 75±3
Atmospheric 2400±100
22 meVmΔReactor/Accelerator Solar/ReactorAtmosph/Accelarator
0.4 < sin2θ23 < 0.6 sin2θ13 = 0.023± 0.02 sin2θ12 = 0.30 ± 0.01
µe τ
µe τ
µ τ
1Sun
Normal
2
3
Atmosphere
µe τ
µe τ
µ τ
1Sun
Inverted2
3
Atmosphere
Tasks
• Precision for θ12 and θ23
• Mass ordering? • CP-violating phase δ? • Dirac or Majorana ? • Absolute masses? • Steriles ? Open Questions •Relation to formation and evolution of cosmic stuctures •Relation to dark matter? •Relation to dark energy?
First version of slide due to G. Raffelt
• Spring2014releaseofP5reportandCERNMediumtermplan
• June2014:1stInternationalMeetingonLargeNeutrinoInfrastructures,Paris,APPECbringingtogetherPI’sandagencies.AlsoICFAνpanel,APIF,OECD.
• Agencycommonpressreleaseurgingforaglobalcoordination • GlobalcollaborationaroundFermilabLBNF • R&DandprototypingatCERN • SupportforHyperKamioka
• Aprl20152ndInternationalMeetingonLargeNeutrinoInfrastructures,Fermilab/APPEC
• InparallelwithformationofDUNEgovernanceandoversight • Fromthepressrelease:”…agencyrepresentativesimpressedby
therapidity,qualityofconvergenceandmomentumofthecommunityefforts”
• May20163rdInternationalMeetingonLargeNeutrinoInfrastructures,KEK/Fermilab/APPEC
• Goals:Hyperkamioka,GlobalcoordinationonNLDBD?
Neverbeforesomanyconvergedsofast….
Globalcoordinationintheneutrinosector Thelast2years
Atmospheric,ReactorandAcceleratorprogram
Howsoon? Howmanysigmaswillbeconvincingproof?
ORCA
PINGU
Futuredetectors
DUNE
Masshierarchy Atmospheric,Reactor,Accelerator
ORCA/PINGU3σin3years,
3σ 2023-25 5σ 20300
I
DowehaveahintforCP-violation(DYB)ornot(DC)?
DUNE HKT2K+NOVA
CPviolationReactor,Accelerator
2σ
Sterileneutrinoscanaffectthevalue determination
OtherphysicsoflargeNeutrinodetectors:B-polarisationspectraandprotondecay
• Smallanglesl>200lensing➔neutrinomass • Largeanglesl<100➔ primordialinflation
r=ratioofscalartotensormodes
τ (p→π 0 + e+ ) ≈ 6 ×1034 ×rCMB0,01
⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟
years
(Planck/BICEP2r<0.09)Inthesimplestmodelsrisrelatedtothe
GUTscaleandprotondecay
r=.0016➔ τ=1034years r=.016➔ τ=1035years
S3andS4CMBandnextgenerationneutrinoswillexplorethesameparameterspace withinthesemodels
JUNO
Otherphysicsofthelargeneutrinodetectors: thenextgalacticsupernova+DSNB
DUNE
DUNE(40kt) JUNO(20kt) HK(500kt)SN coolof (10kpc) 15400 (all flavours) 8000 (all flavours) 194000 (mostly e)
SN burst (10kpc) 150 νe CC 12 250
SN in Andromeda 3 2 40
DSN 20 10-15 250
HK
JUNO
AlsolowenergyimplementationsofICECUBE/KM3NEt
TopredicttheyearofexplosionofaSupernovaisnotharderthantopredicttheyearoffundingabigacceleratororabigdetector.ThereweresixSupernovaerecordedinthismillenium.AllhistoricalSupernovaewerenotinthecenterofourGalaxybutintheneighborhoodoftheSun.Ourcenterishiddenfromusbydust:thatexplainswhyourancestorshavenotseenSupernovaethere.Dustistransparenttoneutrinos.Accordingtothemostrecentestimatesofexperts.thereoccurinourGalaxy2-3SNae/century... Beingoptimistic,IexpectthatthedateofthenextSupernovais2003±15years. LevOkunNeutrino-88
Sterileneutrinos,toohardtodie
LSND MINIBOONE
Sterileneutrinosatallscales: • <eVν-oscillationanomalies
• Experimentalprogramindevelopment • keVtoTeVtheoreticalneeds
• e.g.HiggsastheinflatonwithN1(KeV)DMandN2,N2(GeV))• Indirect«hints»3,5KeVline • Newexperimentsandindirecteffectse.g.double-betadecay
• >>TeVGood-oldunificationandleptogenesis• Tensionswithcosmology,unlessnewmechanisms… • Needtocontinuethesearchprogram
νe,νe disappearance νµ →νe appearance
M.Drewes
mβ:KATRIṆandPROJECT8
Katrinfirstrun2016+200meV(2018+)
Project8cyclotronradiation fromtriumbetadecaySuccessfulR&D, 40mEVin202?
PROJECT 8
AlsolowTμ-calorimeters:sourceembeddedinsidethedetector(ECHo,HOLMES)
mββ(2β0ν)detectiontechnologies
LiqandGazXe nΕΧΟ,ΝΕΧΤ
XeandTeloadedLS Kamlamd-Zen,SNO+
Te,Se,MoBolometersCuore,
LUMINEU,LUCIFER,AMOREGeBolometersGERDA,MAJORANA
MoUfor1tManyelements SuperNemo(egNd)
4ways:3calorimetric+1trackingcalorimeter
XeGeBolometerTracking-calo
• 2ndgenerationfortheinversehierarchyregion• Europe➔ APPECRoadmap2016• US➔ NSACroadmap • Towardsadecisionin2018.Globalcollaborations?
GERDA-2 (75 - 129 meV, 1026y) CUORE(51–133meV) NEXT,SuperNEMO(100Kg) In5-6years,by2020
GERDA-1/KAMLAND/EXO-200 (140-300 meV, 1025y) today
Scintillatingbolometers (350kg,5y)(13–36meV) InitialnEXO(5tons,10y)(10–30meV) SimilarsensitivitesfromGERDA-3/MajoranaandupgradeofKamLAND-ZenLowerlimitofIHby2025?
0νββapproaching/exploringtheinvertedhierarchy thenextdecade
20mEV0.5-5evts/y/ton
ShowstoppergAquenching?Renormalisedfrom1.269 to0.8-0.5➔ neutrinomasslimitsincreasedby2.5-6
FromFogli,Lisi,Marrone,Montanino,Palazzo,Rotunno2013
Neutrinomassinterconnectedsearches
1. EuropeshouldsupportthetimelyrealisationofLBNF/DUNEandJUNO. 2. EuropeshouldsupportthedefinitionoftheprojectHyperKamiokandewhich
isintheplanningphase. 3. Europeshouldsupportamedium-scaleprogramof short-baselineoscillation
experimentsatFermilabaimingtotestthesterileneutrinohypothesis foreVscaleneutrinos.
4. Europe should support a strongR&D and prototyping program in the CERNNorthArea,relatedtotheaboveprogram(considerations1to3).
5. Europe should continue to support the experiments and the R&D activitiesrelatingtosingleanddoublebetadecayneutrinomasssearches.
6. Europe should support at least one of the efforts to determine the neutrinomasshierarchythroughatmosphericneutrinos(ORCA,PINGU).
7. APPEC should appoint a committee to recommend a strategy to adopt for acomplete investigation of the inverted mass hierarchy region usingneutrinoless double-beta decay processes. Establishing connections andpossibly coordinationwith the analogous process going on in the US in theframeworkoftheNuclearScienceAdvisoryCommittee.
4.Neutrino
Gravitationalwaves Aworldwideantennanetwork
KAGRA, 3km Cryogenic
TheGWICcommunitypioneeredanetworkbetweenthegravitationalwaveantennasinEuropeandintheUnitedStates(advVIRGO,advLIGO,advGEO,since2007),withsharingofinformationandtechniques,scienceruncoordinationandjointpublicationofresults. KAGRAinJapaninoperation2018,INDIGOinIndiaapprovedFebruary2018. Theywilljointhenetwork.
Benefits: ❑ Confidenceindetection
❑ Skycoverage ❑ Dutycycle ❑ Skypositionlocalization
Gravitationalwaves AfterGW140915
• AdvancedVirgounderintegration. • Firstlockexpectedmid-2016• FrenchNationalRoadmap:TGIR
Enhancementtoexistinginfrastructures: superLIGO/VIRGO:sqeezing,biggermirrorsandlaser,eventratex5,2018-2025O(100M) LIGOVoyagLer:Cryogenic ,eventratex40,2025-2035,O(200M)
VIRGO+LIGO Localisation %
GravitationalwavesEinsteinTelescope(ET)andeLISA
✓ETaDSandIA-EUproposal(ca2020). ✓ASPERA/ApPECfundingforR&D
eLISA(ESAL3:2034➔ 2030?) • 0.1-100mHz⟹1-1000TeV(LHC) •Phasetransitions, •Topologicaldefects… •Higgsself-couplingsandpotential •Supersymmetry•Extradimensions •Strings
Resultsexpected15April2016
1. Europe, incollaborationwiththeotherregionsintheworld,shouldaimto prepare a new roadmap in the next crucial years after the firstdetection of gravitationalwaves; decide on the timelines of support forthefurtherupgradesofG2antennas,thatmightpromiseanincreasethesensitivity by factors of 2 to 3 corresponding to increases of reach byfactorsof8to27,whilepreparingincreasesinsensitivitybyfactorsof10ontheground(Einsteintelescope).
2. Europe should encourage the advancement of the launch date of theeLISA mission in discussion with the relevant authorities (ESA andeventuallyNASA).
5.Gravitationalwaves
CherenkovTelescopeArray(CTA)
large7km2arrayof smalltelescopes,
~km2arrayof medium-sized telescopes
fewlargetelescopes forlowestenergies
~70SSTs~25MSTsplus ~24SCTsextension
4LSTs
StartofConstruction2018 Constructiontime5years
Futurehighenergyγsensitivities
InTeVdomaintheCherenkovTelescopeArray(CTA)isaworldwidepriority Candidate(project)fortheFrenchNationalRoadmofTGIRComplementedbyPeVscalewidefieldobservatories: HAWC(constructed)andLHASSOunderconstruction(2020)+TAIGA(Siberia)n
Pevatrons
Dark matter reach
HighEnergyNeutrinoTelescopes
4yearsICECUBEdata: • 6,5σexcess, • flux0,810-18cm2/s-1/sr-1 • noclearclustering, • hintsofamixofdifferentenergyspectra, • compositioncompatiblewith1:1:1but
alsootherpossibilities
Proposedextensions
PINGUandGEN-2(>2020)
ARCA/ORCA
GVD LakeBaikal 1O-12clusters0,5Km2
KM3Net (ORCAandARCA)
• Phase1(35ME,fundedinconstruction) • 24linesKM3Net-Italy(➔ ARCA) • 6linesKM3Net-France(➔ ORCA) • FirstlinedeployedDecember2015 • Completion2016
• Phase2(120ME,decision2017?) • LoI• ESFRIProject(March2016) • ARCA2x115lines • ORCA1x115lines(20mspacing) • WindowofopportunityforORCA? • IntheFrenchNationalRoadmapofIR
Vela, RXJ1713
Telescope Array
AUGER
LHAASO
Highenergycosmicrays
AMS TUNKA
IceTop
1)EnhancedmuoncountingASCII
2)Fasterelectronics 3)ExtendedoperationofFD-telescopes 4)Highprecisioncomplementaryarray(burriedscintillators)
Auger-Prime(2016-2018,12ME)
• Newagreementtill2023 • SCIENCEGOALSOFAUGER-Prime
• Studycompositioneventbyevent.
• Measurethemuoniccomponentoftheshowers
• porFe? • Originofthefluxsuppression • Astronomybyusingthe
individuallytaggedprotons • Particlephysicsat70TeVTAarrayupgradex4totesthotspots
UltraHighEnergycosmicrays orderofmagntitudeimpovements
JEM-EUSO20X?
Inbetween: Longdurationballoon(NASA)2017 Minii-EusoISS2017
Groundambitiousprojections
Didwereachfinallythesensitivitiesnecessary formultimessengerstudies?
ICECUBE/Fermi
HESS Pevatron
UHECR vs HEN
GW INTEGRALGW140915
1. Europe should continue to support theCTAdeployment as a highpriorityproject.
2. CTAbeingthefirstgeneralpurposelargeobservatorythatwillbedeployedbytheastroparticlecommunity,requires itsoperationcoststobeproperlyscrutinisedandoptimised to reduce the risksof these costshaving severeimpactsontherestoftheprogram.Fulldeploymentshouldbecontingentonacompletestudyoftheoperationcosts.
3. Europe should examine a funding plan for phase 2 of KM3NeT (ARCA)during2016.Theoperationcostsshouldbeequallyscrutinised.
4. TheEuropeanagenciesshouldsupporttheapprovalofIceCube-Gen2byNSFandmakeavailablethecorrespondingEuropeancontributions.
5. TheEuropeanagenciesshouldoversee the timelycompletionof theAugerupgrade.
6. R&D for the next generation of ultra-high energy cosmic rays should besupported.
6.HighEnergyUniverse
AstroparticlePhysicsandCosmologythenext20years
2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034
CMB CMB-S4 CORE/LiteBrd
DESI/LSST/EUCLIDDE
1 Multiton detectors Liq Xe/ArDM
ν 1 Ton 2β0ν/JUNO DUNE/HK
GW AdvVIRGO/LIGO+ ET? LISA
HE CTA/KM3NEt/AUGER+ LISA
DecisionsaheadinaEuropeanandglobalcontextinviewoftheAPPECRoadmap
Wewillneedtotakedecisionsinthenext2-3yearson:
1. Theconstructionofthephase2ofofKM3NetandtheextensionofICECUBEincludingPINGU/ORCA
2. AmajorcontributiontoalongbaselineprograminUS,andJapanifitgoesahdeadwithHK(activesupporttoSBLalso)
3. AEuropean-leddarkmattermulti-tonexperimentandaton-scaleneutrinomassdetector(doublebetadecaytechnique)inaglobalcontext
4. Amajorcontributionongroundand/orspacetothecosmologyprogramprobingtheparametersofinflation.
5. Thegravitationalwaveantennaupgraderoadmap
InparallelcontinuethesupporttheneutrinoplatformatCERN,theconstructionofCTAandlargedarkenergysurveysongroundandspace.Canweaffordtheabovegiventheca¾BilionEuro/10yinvestmentonAstroparticleinEurope?Bewareofoperatingfunds.
ManycomplementaryaspectstothespaceprogramindevelopmentbyESA(EUCLID,ATHENA,eLISA,aspacecosmologymission?)
Conclusions
• Inthelast30years,wehaveseen • thedetectionofSupernova1987AandtheCrabinHEγ1989
and4majorparadigm-changingdiscoveriesinthe90’s 1. CMBfluctuations 2. Confirmationofneutrinooscillationandmass 3. Darkenergy 4. Gravitationalwaves
• ThelongestseriesofNobelprizesforanemergingdomain
• Whatcanwereasonablyexpectinthecoming10-15years? 1. Darkmattersensitivitiesclosetotheparameterlimits
ofourcurrenttheories,andultimateprecisionsmeasurementsininflationanddarkenergy,
2. ThedevelopmentofneutrinoandUltraHighEnergyCRastronomyinamulti-messengercontext
3. Adeterminationoftheneutrinomasses,numberandCPviolationandtheirinterplaywithcosmology
4. Anothersupernova?
2002
2006
2011
2015
Spare
Outreach➔ STFC
Frank Linde
AstroparticlePhysicsEuropeanConsortium:APPEC
Coordinationsince2001,ASPERA2006-2012,Consortiumsince2012
European detectors for CMB polarization measurements (P. DeBernardis)
! TES Developed in Europe in Paris, Cambridge, Genova … ✓ European MUX tecnology demonstrated in the lab (128:1, QUBIC) ✓ Single-mode TES successfully operated at telescopes (SPT, ACT, BICEP, ….) and flown on balloons
(EBEX, SPIDER) by US teams ✓ European multimode TES to be flown on a balloon with LSPE (ASI+INFN)
! KID Developed in Europe in Grenoble, Groningen, Cambridge, Rome, …. – Operation down to 60-80 GHz demonstrated (A&A 580, A15 (2015), Astro-ph/1601.01466) – Large European matrix already operated at a telescope (NIKA & NIKA2) – For a filled array, 10 aW/sqrt(Hz) sensitivity demonstrated in a laboratory setup simulating the
radiative background in L2 and 30% bands @100 and 150 GHz - Astro-ph/1511.02652; The sensitivity target for use in COrE+ is around 3 aW/sqrt(Hz) for a 35% band.
– Study of cosmic ray effects on-going (space-KIDs, see e.g. Astro-ph/1511.02652). Glitches are very short; cross section slightly larger than for TESs.
– To be flown on balloons (Adv. Blastpol in the USA, OLIMPO and Plan-B / B-SIDE in Europe) ! MID MEMS metal insulator detectors developed at CEA-Leti for Herschel-PACS have been improved to reach aW/
sqrt(Hz) sensitivity operating at <100 mK, and in-pixel polarization measurements. European program CESAR developed suitable readout electronics. Still to be operated at telescopes
! CEB Developed in Chalmers. Instrinsically insensitive to Cosmic Rays Still to be operated at telescopes.
TESdetectors
TES multimode detectors for LSPE
TES detectors for QUBIC (Paris)
(Genova / Rome)
KID detectors in Europe
LEKID for 150 GHz (Rome)
NIKA2 array 200-300 GHz (Grenoble) -> IRAM30m
AMKID array - submm (Groningen) -> APEX ALMA
THz camera for safety scanner (Cardiff)
Horn-coupled KIDs for CMB (Cardiff + ASU)
