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Stress, Frustration, & Defense Mechanisms. What is stress? Event that produces worry or tension...

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Stress, Frustration, & Stress, Frustration, & Defense Mechanisms Defense Mechanisms
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Stress, Frustration, & Stress, Frustration, & Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms

What is stress?What is stress?

• Event that produces worry or tensionEvent that produces worry or tension

• Person’s physical or psychological Person’s physical or psychological response to such an eventresponse to such an event

• Person’s perception of eventPerson’s perception of event

• Person’s perception of his or her Person’s perception of his or her inability to cope with a certain tense inability to cope with a certain tense event or situationevent or situation

• Stressor= the stess producing event Stressor= the stess producing event or situationor situation

• Stress reaction=body’s and mind Stress reaction=body’s and mind response to a stressorresponse to a stressor

Types of StressTypes of Stress

• DistressDistress– Negative stressNegative stress

• EustressEustress– Positive stressPositive stress

Conflict SituationsConflict Situations

• Making a decision between 2 or more Making a decision between 2 or more optionsoptions

• 4 categories4 categories– Approach-approach conflictApproach-approach conflict

•Choose between 2 attractive alternativesChoose between 2 attractive alternatives

– Avoidance- avoidance conflictAvoidance- avoidance conflict•Choose between 2 unattractive alternativesChoose between 2 unattractive alternatives

– Approach-avoidance conflictApproach-avoidance conflict• Individual wants to do something but fears it Individual wants to do something but fears it

at the same timeat the same time

– Double approach-avoidance conflictDouble approach-avoidance conflict•Choose between 2 or more alternatives, each Choose between 2 or more alternatives, each

of which has attractive and unattractive of which has attractive and unattractive aspectsaspects

•What are some life changes that you can What are some life changes that you can categorize into these conflicts?categorize into these conflicts?

Things that cause stressThings that cause stress

• Life Changes (chart p. 320)Life Changes (chart p. 320)

• WorkWork

• EnvironmentEnvironment

• FrustrationFrustration– Feeling of bafflement or disappointment Feeling of bafflement or disappointment

that results when a person’s progress that results when a person’s progress toward a goal is blocked. toward a goal is blocked.

Reactions to StressReactions to Stress

• Physiological ReactionsPhysiological Reactions– AnxietyAnxiety

•Feeling of imminent but unclear threatFeeling of imminent but unclear threat

– AngerAnger•Usually a result from frustrationUsually a result from frustration

– FearFear•Danger, fight or flight, panicDanger, fight or flight, panic

– Affects on mental healthAffects on mental health•PTSDPTSD

• Behavioral ReactionsBehavioral Reactions– Short termShort term

•Nervous habitsNervous habits– Smoking, overeating, tapping pencilsSmoking, overeating, tapping pencils

– Long termLong term•Alcoholism, unemployment,,suicide, Alcoholism, unemployment,,suicide,

personality disorderspersonality disorders

• Physical ReactionPhysical Reaction– Short termShort term

•Fight or flight; faster heart beat, blood Fight or flight; faster heart beat, blood pressurepressure

– Long termLong term•Disease, migraines, Disease, migraines,

Factors Influencing Reactions Factors Influencing Reactions to Stressto Stress

• Personality typesPersonality types

• Type AType A– Very orderly, time orientated, drivenVery orderly, time orientated, driven– Body is always under stress, constant Body is always under stress, constant

flow of adrenalinflow of adrenalin– Society favors those who are aggressive Society favors those who are aggressive

and achieve success, we in a sense and achieve success, we in a sense encourage Type Aencourage Type A

• Type BType B– Laid back, driven but on their own termsLaid back, driven but on their own terms– Body more relaxedBody more relaxed– Society sees them as lazySociety sees them as lazy

Perceived Control over Perceived Control over StressorsStressors

• As humans we like stressAs humans we like stress

• Physical disorders are more likely Physical disorders are more likely when we do not have control over when we do not have control over stressorsstressors

• Feedback helps us deal with stress, Feedback helps us deal with stress, without we don’t know how we are without we don’t know how we are progressing or digressing = progressing or digressing = frustration = stressfrustration = stress

Coping with StressCoping with Stress

• Bring it under control before it spirals Bring it under control before it spirals out of controlout of control

• Stress can cause diseaseStress can cause disease

• Six steps of stress causing disease:Six steps of stress causing disease:– Perception of the situation-something is Perception of the situation-something is

not rightnot right– Psychological response-person will deny Psychological response-person will deny

problemproblem

• Six steps continued:Six steps continued:– Physiological response-fight or flightPhysiological response-fight or flight– Protective behavior-person tried to deal Protective behavior-person tried to deal

with the situationwith the situation– Signs of illness-person acts sick-stays Signs of illness-person acts sick-stays

home from work or schoolhome from work or school– Frank disease-doctor confirms illness Frank disease-doctor confirms illness

and person is officially sickand person is officially sick

Psychological Coping Psychological Coping StrategiesStrategies

• We first appraise the situation of how We first appraise the situation of how bad they are. (Cognitive appraisal)bad they are. (Cognitive appraisal)

• Common coping mechanisms:Common coping mechanisms:– DenialDenial– IntellectualizationIntellectualization

•Person views situation from an emotionally Person views situation from an emotionally detached standpointdetached standpoint

• Cognitive preparation-mentally Cognitive preparation-mentally preparing yourself for stresspreparing yourself for stress

• Most effective way of dealing with stressMost effective way of dealing with stress

• Other ways: Other ways: – Progressive relaxation or exerciseProgressive relaxation or exercise– Meditation, support groups, trainingMeditation, support groups, training– Depressants (obviously not a good choice)Depressants (obviously not a good choice)– biofeedbackbiofeedback

Defense MechanismDefense Mechanism

• Defense Mechanism are ways the Defense Mechanism are ways the brain deals with stress.brain deals with stress.

• We don’t want to feel as if we wont We don’t want to feel as if we wont succeed or not in control.succeed or not in control.

• RepressionRepression– Pushing painful memories or Pushing painful memories or

unacceptable thoughts and motives that unacceptable thoughts and motives that causes the ego too much anxietycauses the ego too much anxiety

• ProjectionProjection– Inner feelings are thrown outsideInner feelings are thrown outside– Saying that people don’t like you, when in Saying that people don’t like you, when in

reality you may not like yourself.reality you may not like yourself.

• Reaction formationReaction formation– Involves replacing an unacceptable feeling Involves replacing an unacceptable feeling

or urge with its oppositeor urge with its opposite– Women who are very strong but lessen Women who are very strong but lessen

their power to please the men in her lifetheir power to please the men in her life

• RegressionRegression– Going back to an earlier and less mature Going back to an earlier and less mature

pattern of behavior, usually when under pattern of behavior, usually when under a lot of pressure, act in ways that a lot of pressure, act in ways that worked for them beforeworked for them before

– Throwing temper tantrumsThrowing temper tantrums

• DisplacementDisplacement– Occurs when the object of an Occurs when the object of an

unconscious wish provokes anxietyunconscious wish provokes anxiety– Wanting to hit your father out of anger Wanting to hit your father out of anger

but hit your brother insteadbut hit your brother instead


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