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- It refers to the consequence of the
failure of an organism human or animal,to respond appropriately to emotional orphysical threats, whether actual or imagined.
STRESSORS -- The events that provoke stress
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1. RESPONSE-BASED (Selye)- a non-specific response of the body.
* General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
parasympathetic -- decrease responsesympathetic -- increase response
*Local Adaptation Syndrome (LAS)- inflammatory response- physiological response
( katawan mismo ang magrereact)
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2. STIMULUS-BASED
- a life-change, a disturbing or disruptivecharacteristics w/in the environment.
3. TRANSACTION-BASED
- different events have different meaningsto other people.
- Views the stressor as an individual perceptualresponse rooted in psychological and cognitive
process.
- events have different meanings toINDIVIDUALS.
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4. ADAPTATION MODEL
- an anxiety provoking stimuli- elicits EMOTIONAL response- people experience anxiety and
INCREASED STRESS when they areunprepared to cope w/ stressful
situations.
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1. EXTRINSIC or EXTERNAL STRESSORS
- originate from OUTSIDE of the person
Example: hot room temp., quarrel,death in the family
2. INTRINSIC or INTERNAL STRESSORS
- originate WITHIN a personExample: cancer, feelings of depression,
guilt
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3. DEVELOPMENTAL STRESSORS
- occur at predictable times throughout apersons life.
Example: achieving independence,
choosing a career,getting married
4. SITUATIONAL STRESSORS
- are unpredictable and may occur atANY TIME.
Example: death of a family member,
marriage or divorce
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Fabric of DAILY LIFE
Is NOT a nervous energy
Man tends to adapt to STRESSstress = elicits diff. EMOTIONS
NOT ALWAYS something to be avoided
(eustress + stress, protects HEALTH)
does not always leads to DISTRESSor damaging stress.
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A single stress DOES NOT cause a disease
Stress may lead to ANOTHER stress
A stress, whenever prolonged or intensemay lead to exhaustion (sobrang
pagkapagod)
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Nature and intensity of a stressor
Perception of the stressor
Duration of exposure to stressor
Number of stressors experienced at a time
Previous experience w/ a stressor
AGE
Support people
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- tendency of the body to MAINTAINa STATE of BALANCE or equilibriumwhile constantly changing
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1. PHYSIOLOGIC (body)
- internal environment of the body is
stable and constant.
2. PSYCHOLOGIC (mind)
- refers to emotional, psychological,mental balance or state of well-being.
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1. SELF-REGULATORY (comes automatically)
2. COMPENSATORY (counterbalancing)
- A force or influence equally counteractinganother.
- A weight that acts to balance another; acounterpoise or counterweight.
3. Regulated by FEEDBACK mechanism
4. Require several feedback mechanisms to
connect the physiological imbalance
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1. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM- sympathetic and parasympathetic
2. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM- pituitary gland, thyroid gland,pancreas, and adrenal gland
3. Plus organ systems such as respiratory,cardiovascular, GI, and renal.
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- the adjustments that people makein different situations.
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a. PHYSIOLOGIC
- General Adaptation Syndrome
and Local Adaptation Syndrome- compensatory physical changes
b. PSYCHOLOGIC
- a change in attitudes or behavior
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c.SOCIOCULTURAL
- involves changes in the persons behaviorin accordance with the norms, conventions and
belief groups.
d. TECHNOLOGICAL
- involves the use of modern technology.
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1. Are attempts to MAINTAIN homeostasis
2. Is a WHOLE body or TOTAL organism response
3. Has LIMITS
4. Requires TIME
5. Vary from person to person
6. May be inadequate or excessive
7. It can be egocentric (self-centered) and tiring
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STAGES:- ALARM- RESISTANCE- EXHAUSTION
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1. ALARM- awareness of the stressor
- increase VITAL SIGNS
- mobilization ofdefenses
- decrease BODY RESISTANCE
- increase HORMONE LEVEL
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2. RESISTANCE- repel stressor
- because the body begins to adapt
- normalization of hormone levels
- normalization of VITAL SIGNS
- increase in BODY resistance
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3. EXHAUSTION
- decrease ENERGY LEVEL
- breakdown in feedback mechanisms
- organ or tissue damaged
- decrease physiological function
- exaggerated manifestations of illness
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1. SAMR(Sympathoadreno-medullary response)
(FIGHT or FLIGHT)
Sympathetic Adrenal MedullaNervous System (epinephrine/norepinephrine)
INCREASE in Physiological Activities
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Increase mental alertness
Dilated pupils (wide)
Dryness of the mouth; thirst
Tachycardia; increase cardiac output
Bronchodilation; hyperventilation Peripheral vasoconstriction; increase BP
Pallor (pamumutla), cold clammy skin,
diaphoresis (excessive sweating)
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Hyperglycemia (increase blood sugar), due toglycogenolysis (proteins), and glyconeogenesis(fats)
Decrease peristalsis (distinctive pattern ofsmooth muscle contractions that propelsfoodstuffs distally through the esophagus andintestines; constipation or flatus (fart)
Decrease secretion and insulinand pancreatic enzymes
Urinary output decreases
Muscle tension increase ready for defenses
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- INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
STAGES:
1. VASCULAR STAGE
vasoconstriction - kipotvasodilation - luwagwarmth - calorredness - ruborcapillary permeability swelling tumorpain - dolor
* temporary loss of function
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2. CELLULAR STAGE
- margination- diapedesis
- emigration- chemostaxis
3. EXUDATIVE STAGE
- serous (plasma)- sanguinous (blood)- purulent (pus)
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4. REPARATIVE STAGE
- Regeneration - Scar Formation
* Primary Healing- after 3 days maghihilom- no complications after surgery
* Secondary Healing- gagaling pero matagal pa
* Tertiary Intervention
Dehiscence - tinahian, biglang umubo,
bumuka ang tahiEvisceration - tinahian, biglang umubo,
bumuka ang tahi, lumabas paang laman-loob
- intentional DELAY
- road closure
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increase WBC - bacterial infection (bacteria)decrease WBC viral infection (virus)
Leukocytes - increase number of WBC FEVER Lymphadenopathy
- accumulation of fluids in thelymphatic vessel
Body Malaise- pananakit ng kasu-kasuhan
Anorexia
- loss of appetite
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1. NECROSIS - death of tissue2. HYPERTROPHY - increase in cell size3. HYPERPLASIA - increase in cell number4. METAPLASIA - replacement of 1 mature
cell w/ another mature cell,
the new cell is not onenormally seen in the area.
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1. Promote REST
2. Reduce swelling
- elevate affected part to promote
venous return
- heat and cold application (15 mins.)
- COLD = during its 24 hours- Heat appl. = after 24 hours
* Rebound Phenomenon- beyond 15 mins. of HOT and COLD appl.
warm constrictioncold dilation (nagiging baliktad)
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3. Relieve PAIN
4. Adequate HYDRATION
- increase excretion of microorganisms
5. Adequate NUTRITION- hi-caloric, hi-CHON,w/ Vit. A and C rich foods
6. DRUGS- analgesics/antipyretic- anti-inflammatory- antimicrobials
7. SURGERY- incision and drainage
* to remove inflammatory exudateand promote healing
- debridement* to remove necrotic tissue (scrape)
EXAMPLE: PIGSA
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