Strict & Loose Interpretation of the U.S. Strict & Loose Interpretation of the U.S. ConstitutionConstitution

DifferentDifferent opinions or points of view about what opinions or points of view about what portions of the Constitution really mean [ex. Right portions of the Constitution really mean [ex. Right to bear arms is absolute to bear arms is absolute oror limited]. limited].

yes noyes no

Strict interpretation

Loose interpretation

“the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed”

--2nd Amendment

Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1789

Law passed by Congress that Law passed by Congress that created a federal court system created a federal court system including U.S. District Courts, including U.S. District Courts, Appeals Courts and Supreme Appeals Courts and Supreme Court.Court.

Judges are appointed by the Judges are appointed by the president and approved by the president and approved by the U.S. Senate.U.S. Senate.

Hamilton’s Economic PlanHamilton’s Economic Plan

Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton was the was the Secretary of the TreasurySecretary of the Treasury [person [person in charge of America’s money].in charge of America’s money].

His plan wanted to start a national His plan wanted to start a national bank to: [a] borrow money from bank to: [a] borrow money from foreign countries [b] collect taxes foreign countries [b] collect taxes placed on whiskey and imports [c] placed on whiskey and imports [c] pay off debts from the Revolution.pay off debts from the Revolution.

Laissez faireLaissez faire The French term for The French term for Let it beLet it be or or Leave aloneLeave alone..

Describes the idea that governments should Describes the idea that governments should leave businesses and citizens alone. Not pass leave businesses and citizens alone. Not pass too many laws interfering in peoples’ lives.too many laws interfering in peoples’ lives.

Leaders in the early United States believed a Leaders in the early United States believed a non-interventionist federal government with non-interventionist federal government with limited regulations on commerce would benefit limited regulations on commerce would benefit the economy.the economy.

Bill of RightsBill of Rights

First 10 Amendments to the U.S. First 10 Amendments to the U.S. Constitution.Constitution.

Including the rights and freedoms of all Including the rights and freedoms of all U.S. citizens. Such as freedom of speech, U.S. citizens. Such as freedom of speech, religion and the right to bear arms.religion and the right to bear arms.

These basic civil liberties provided the These basic civil liberties provided the foundation for the democratic republic foundation for the democratic republic established in the United States.established in the United States.

Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion

Makers of whiskey in the U.S. refused Makers of whiskey in the U.S. refused to pay a tax placed on the to pay a tax placed on the manufacture of Whiskey in 1791.manufacture of Whiskey in 1791.

Makers of whiskey terrorized tax Makers of whiskey terrorized tax collectors, stopped court proceedings collectors, stopped court proceedings and robbed U.S. Mail as a way to and robbed U.S. Mail as a way to protest the tax. protest the tax.

Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican PartyParty

Political party created by Thomas Political party created by Thomas Jefferson in order to speak out Jefferson in order to speak out against the Federalists. against the Federalists.

The Democratic-Republicans wanted The Democratic-Republicans wanted to keep strong state governments.to keep strong state governments.

Federalist PartyFederalist Party

Group of American colonists led by Group of American colonists led by Alexander Hamilton who wanted to Alexander Hamilton who wanted to create a strong central government create a strong central government that united all 13 original states that united all 13 original states under one set of laws.under one set of laws.

Alien & Sedition ActsAlien & Sedition Acts

AlienAlien-person who is not a citizen of a -person who is not a citizen of a country.country.

SeditioSedition-the act of betraying your n-the act of betraying your country.country.

Two laws passed by Congress to make Two laws passed by Congress to make it harder for aliens to become citizens it harder for aliens to become citizens or criticize the U.S. government.or criticize the U.S. government.

Virginia & Kentucky Virginia & Kentucky ResolutionsResolutions

Laws passed by the lawmakers of Laws passed by the lawmakers of Virginia and Kentucky giving them power Virginia and Kentucky giving them power to ignore or reverse laws passed by the to ignore or reverse laws passed by the federal government.federal government.

These were passed to try to circumvent These were passed to try to circumvent or “or “get aroundget around”” the Alien and Sedition the Alien and Sedition Acts.Acts.

Neither of these laws were successful.Neither of these laws were successful.

Midnight JudgesMidnight Judges

Judges selected by outgoing president Judges selected by outgoing president John Adams the midnight before he John Adams the midnight before he left his job as U.S. President.left his job as U.S. President.

Many of these judges did not receive Many of these judges did not receive their jobs because the new president their jobs because the new president [Thomas Jefferson] did not want them.[Thomas Jefferson] did not want them.

Election of 1800Election of 1800

Presidential election between 3 candidates: Presidential election between 3 candidates: Jefferson, Burr and John Adams.Jefferson, Burr and John Adams.

None of the candidates received 51% of the None of the candidates received 51% of the citizens’ votes so the House of citizens’ votes so the House of Representatives selected the president.Representatives selected the president.

Thomas Jefferson was chosen as president Thomas Jefferson was chosen as president after the decisive vote in the U.S. House of after the decisive vote in the U.S. House of Representatives.Representatives.

Marbury vs.Madison [1803]Marbury vs.Madison [1803]

Landmark U.S. Supreme Court case Landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that gave the Court the power to that gave the Court the power to reverse lower court decisions or reverse lower court decisions or declare laws unconstitutional.declare laws unconstitutional.

Chief Justice John Marshall issued this Chief Justice John Marshall issued this influential ruling.influential ruling.

John MarshallJohn Marshall

First Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme First Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court who wrote many important Court who wrote many important decisions that influenced American decisions that influenced American Jurisprudence [legal decisions].Jurisprudence [legal decisions].

Marshall was most well known for his Marshall was most well known for his rulings in the Marbury vs. Madison, rulings in the Marbury vs. Madison, Gibbons vs. Ogden and McCulloch vs. Gibbons vs. Ogden and McCulloch vs. Maryland cases.Maryland cases.

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase

Land deal completed by President Jefferson Land deal completed by President Jefferson that more than doubled the size of the that more than doubled the size of the United States.United States.

The Louisiana territory was bought from The Louisiana territory was bought from France.France.

This land acquisition was the beginning of This land acquisition was the beginning of the United States’ Manifest Destiny policy the United States’ Manifest Destiny policy of Westward Expansion.of Westward Expansion.

Hartford ConventionHartford Convention

Meeting held in Connecticut to create Meeting held in Connecticut to create amendments to the U.S. Constitution amendments to the U.S. Constitution to increase the power of New to increase the power of New England states because they were England states because they were not in favor of the War of 1812.not in favor of the War of 1812.

Suffrage RequirementsSuffrage Requirements SuffrageSuffrage is the term used to describe is the term used to describe

votingvoting..

Suffrage=voting!Suffrage=voting!

In the early United States only wealthy In the early United States only wealthy landowners were permitted to vote.landowners were permitted to vote.

Citizens had to own large tracts of Citizens had to own large tracts of land to be able to vote in important land to be able to vote in important elections.elections.

People such as George Washington People such as George Washington and Thomas Jefferson were such and Thomas Jefferson were such people.people.

Abigail Adams and Women’s Abigail Adams and Women’s RightsRights

Mrs. Adams was the wife of Mrs. Adams was the wife of president John Adams.president John Adams.

She was an influential and She was an influential and vocal advocate vocal advocate [defender/supporter] of [defender/supporter] of women’s rights.women’s rights.

She believed women She believed women should have full suffrage should have full suffrage rights and should not rights and should not follow the strict rules of follow the strict rules of their husbands.their husbands.

Westward ExpansionWestward Expansion

After Jefferson became president he After Jefferson became president he wanted to expand the United States.wanted to expand the United States.

He was able to negotiate the He was able to negotiate the Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase from France from France for several million dollars.for several million dollars.

In the way [as an obstruction] of In the way [as an obstruction] of settling the area were large settling the area were large numbers of Native tribes [at that numbers of Native tribes [at that time called Indians].time called Indians].

The tribes were all separate but The tribes were all separate but decided to eventually unite to fight decided to eventually unite to fight the Americans.the Americans.

TecumsehTecumseh

A Shawnee chief named A Shawnee chief named TecumsehTecumseh was clever enough to convince the was clever enough to convince the different tribes to unite.different tribes to unite.

The tribes united into a strong enough The tribes united into a strong enough force that they were able to win many force that they were able to win many battles and gain American respect.battles and gain American respect.

The United States did not want to The United States did not want to continuously face such large forces so continuously face such large forces so it signed the it signed the Treaty of GreenvilleTreaty of Greenville which gave the tribes a yearly payment which gave the tribes a yearly payment of $10,000 in exchange for land in Ohio of $10,000 in exchange for land in Ohio and Indiana. and Indiana.

The War of 1812The War of 1812 This war was AKA the This war was AKA the Anglo-Anglo-

American WarAmerican War of 1812-1815of 1812-1815..

This was a 3-year war This was a 3-year war between the between the U.S.U.S. and and EnglandEngland

James MadisonJames Madison was was president during the War of president during the War of 1812.1812.

The U.S. was able to defeat The U.S. was able to defeat England for several reasons: England for several reasons: [a] England was far from [a] England was far from home [b] England was home [b] England was fighting France too [c] fighting France too [c] America was more America was more determined.determined.

Causes of the WarCauses of the War[1][1] England was capturing England was capturing

and impressing American and impressing American sailors.sailors.

[2] England was mad that the [2] England was mad that the U.S. stopped U.S. stopped trading/embargoed with trading/embargoed with them them Non-Intercourse Non-Intercourse ActAct..

[3] The U.S. War Hawks [3] The U.S. War Hawks provoked the U.S. into provoked the U.S. into wanting to go to war.wanting to go to war.

[4] Americans believed [4] Americans believed Native-Americans were Native-Americans were attacking them because attacking them because England was bribing them.England was bribing them.

Washington’s Proclamation of Washington’s Proclamation of NeutralityNeutrality

In 1793 the United States was a very In 1793 the United States was a very new country.new country.

France had previously been a loyal ally France had previously been a loyal ally for the U.S. as they defeated the British.for the U.S. as they defeated the British.

In 1793 France needed America’s help In 1793 France needed America’s help but Washington warned the U.S. against but Washington warned the U.S. against getting involved in other country’s getting involved in other country’s affairs. affairs.

Washington believed the United States Washington believed the United States should remain should remain neutralneutral. Anther word . Anther word for neutral is impartial. for neutral is impartial.

Jay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty Even though the United States had Even though the United States had

defeated the British to gain its defeated the British to gain its independence the British kept secret independence the British kept secret forts on U.S. soil.forts on U.S. soil.

President Washington sent John Jay President Washington sent John Jay [the Secretary of State] to England to [the Secretary of State] to England to negotiate and avoid a war.negotiate and avoid a war.

The agreement settled on was not very The agreement settled on was not very favorable for America because England favorable for America because England still had power to control the sea near still had power to control the sea near the U.S. [Jay was accused of being pro-the U.S. [Jay was accused of being pro-British]. British].

England gave up its American forts England gave up its American forts and granted the U.S. and granted the U.S. most favored most favored nation statusnation status meaning it would meaning it would receive the best prices on goodsreceive the best prices on goods..

The XYZ AffairThe XYZ Affair After Jay’s Treaty the Americans were worried about a war with After Jay’s Treaty the Americans were worried about a war with

France so Washington sent three of his advisers to France.France so Washington sent three of his advisers to France.

While the Americans were in France they were approached by 3 While the Americans were in France they were approached by 3 “shady” characters who asked them for a bribe of $250,000 plus “shady” characters who asked them for a bribe of $250,000 plus a loan for $12 million. In exchange, the French agents would a loan for $12 million. In exchange, the French agents would allow them to speak to their government.allow them to speak to their government.

The bribe was refused and the U.S. Navy began to seize French The bribe was refused and the U.S. Navy began to seize French ships that were in U.S. waters. ships that were in U.S. waters.

Pinckney’s TreatyPinckney’s Treaty After Jay’s treaty with After Jay’s treaty with

England, Spain and France England, Spain and France were nervous America were nervous America would try to take their would try to take their territories in North America.territories in North America.

President Washington sent President Washington sent Thomas PinckneyThomas Pinckney to to Spain to negotiate and Spain to negotiate and avoid a war.avoid a war.

Pinckney negotiated the Pinckney negotiated the right of the U.S. to use right of the U.S. to use rivers through Spanish rivers through Spanish and French territoryand French territory. .

George Washington’s Farewell AddressGeorge Washington’s Farewell Address

AddressAddress is a fancy word for is a fancy word for speechspeech. Address=speech.. Address=speech. Before George left the White House as president he Before George left the White House as president he

warned the nation to avoid: [a] warned the nation to avoid: [a] sectionalismsectionalism [North vs. [North vs. South, East vs. West [b] South, East vs. West [b] political partiespolitical parties [federalists [federalists vs. anti-federalists] [c] vs. anti-federalists] [c] relations with foreign nationsrelations with foreign nations [trusting foreign countries].[trusting foreign countries].

Convention of 1800Convention of 1800 During the 1790s lots of turmoil was occurring in the U.S. [During the 1790s lots of turmoil was occurring in the U.S. [Whiskey Whiskey

RebellionRebellion, , XYZ AffairXYZ Affair, , Alien and Sedition ActsAlien and Sedition Acts]]

Three well known candidates were running for president: Three well known candidates were running for president: AdamsAdams, , JeffersonJefferson and and BurrBurr..

None of them were very liked. No candidate received 51% of the None of them were very liked. No candidate received 51% of the popular vote [citizens’ vote]. popular vote [citizens’ vote]. The election was decided by the U.S. The election was decided by the U.S. House of Representatives. Thomas Jefferson was selected as House of Representatives. Thomas Jefferson was selected as president.president.

Embargo Act of 1807Embargo Act of 1807 Lots of tension between the United States and European countries Lots of tension between the United States and European countries

[England and France] especially in trading goods using ships.[England and France] especially in trading goods using ships.

To avoid retaliating against England and France using military To avoid retaliating against England and France using military force the United States decided to halt commerce [stop buying force the United States decided to halt commerce [stop buying and selling goods] with European countries.and selling goods] with European countries.

This got Europe’s attention but it hurt This got Europe’s attention but it hurt American businessesAmerican businesses such such as farmers because they as farmers because they had fewer customers to sell tohad fewer customers to sell to. .

The War HawksThe War Hawks During the early 1800s England was During the early 1800s England was

very aggressive with its ships and very aggressive with its ships and was was seizingseizing U.S. ships. U.S. ships.

The The Embargo ActEmbargo Act was making was making European countries upset. Jefferson European countries upset. Jefferson had Congress pass an even stricter had Congress pass an even stricter law called the law called the Non-Intercourse ActNon-Intercourse Act that forbade American trade with that forbade American trade with Europe.Europe.

The War Hawks wanted the U.S. to The War Hawks wanted the U.S. to declare war on England to make it declare war on England to make it clear we were capable of protecting clear we were capable of protecting ourselves.ourselves.

The Battle of New OrleansThe Battle of New Orleans This was the last major battle of the War of 1812.This was the last major battle of the War of 1812.

General Jackson was the leader of U.S. Forces.General Jackson was the leader of U.S. Forces.

The U.S. was able to prevent the British from The U.S. was able to prevent the British from taking over the land obtained by the Louisiana taking over the land obtained by the Louisiana Purchase.Purchase.

Treaty of GhentTreaty of Ghent At the end of the War of 1812 England and the At the end of the War of 1812 England and the

United States signed the United States signed the Treaty of Ghent.Treaty of Ghent.

America was considered a world power after 1812 America was considered a world power after 1812 because they had defeated another great world because they had defeated another great world power.power.

Adams-Onis TreatyAdams-Onis Treaty Seminole tribes were raiding towns in Georgia and Alabama Seminole tribes were raiding towns in Georgia and Alabama

and threatening the lives of Americans.and threatening the lives of Americans. General Andrew Jackson’s army was able to destroy several General Andrew Jackson’s army was able to destroy several

Seminole villages in Spanish Florida.Seminole villages in Spanish Florida. Spain signed an agreement ceding [giving] control of all of Spain signed an agreement ceding [giving] control of all of

Florida and parts of Southern Georgia, Alabama and Florida and parts of Southern Georgia, Alabama and Louisiana to the U.S.Louisiana to the U.S.

ImpressmentImpressmentBoth before and during the War of 1812 British warships were in serious need of personnel to man their ships.

Whenever British warships captured foreign sea vessels the captives [especially Americans] were impressed.

The purpose of impressment was to embarrass the captives and staff the British warships so they were able to carry out their missions.

Lewis and ClarkLewis and Clark Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were two U.S. Army officers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were two U.S. Army officers

commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson to explore the land commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson to explore the land acquired by the Louisiana Purchase and beyond [West of Mississippi acquired by the Louisiana Purchase and beyond [West of Mississippi River].River].

Their expedition took 3 years and took them from Illinois to present Their expedition took 3 years and took them from Illinois to present day Oregon.day Oregon.

The explorers collected scientific data, discovered water routes and The explorers collected scientific data, discovered water routes and mapped the entire territory.mapped the entire territory.

Missouri CompromiseMissouri Compromise This was a controversial This was a controversial

agreement in the U.S. Congress agreement in the U.S. Congress allowing the new state of allowing the new state of Missouri admittance into the Missouri admittance into the United States as a United States as a slave stateslave state..

Southern states wanted this to Southern states wanted this to happen because they believed happen because they believed it would allow slavery to remain it would allow slavery to remain legal.legal.

Northern states, who were anti-Northern states, who were anti-slavery, such as New York slavery, such as New York fought against Missouri’s fought against Missouri’s admittance.admittance.

The Missouri compromise was The Missouri compromise was struck to allow Missouri citizens struck to allow Missouri citizens to own slaves if Maine was to own slaves if Maine was admitted admitted withoutwithout slaves. slaves.

Indian Removal Act of 1830Indian Removal Act of 1830 Law passed by Congress and Law passed by Congress and

supported by President Andrew supported by President Andrew Jackson to relocate Native Tribes Jackson to relocate Native Tribes from Southern territories to the from Southern territories to the Great Plains.Great Plains.

Areas vacatedAreas vacated: were Florida, North : were Florida, North and South Carolina, Georgia and and South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama.Alabama.

Areas relocated toAreas relocated to: Oklahoma, : Oklahoma, Nebraska, Iowa, North/South Nebraska, Iowa, North/South Dakota.Dakota.

The relocations were involuntary The relocations were involuntary and the “Indians” were placed on and the “Indians” were placed on reservations instead of their reservations instead of their homelands.homelands.

The Cherokee nation sued for its land rights in the Worcester vs. Georgia court case but Jackson refused to honor the decision giving land rights back.

Trail of TearsTrail of Tears After the forced relocation of the Cherokee nation and After the forced relocation of the Cherokee nation and

other tribes due to the other tribes due to the Indian Removal ActIndian Removal Act many Native many Native Tribes tried to resist the relocation but they were Tribes tried to resist the relocation but they were outnumbered and outgunned by the U.S. Military.outnumbered and outgunned by the U.S. Military.

The route that the natives traveled were filled with The route that the natives traveled were filled with sadness, misery, tears and uncertainty.sadness, misery, tears and uncertainty.

SequoyahSequoyah An important Cherokee nation An important Cherokee nation

member who admired the writing member who admired the writing system of whites.system of whites.

He became a silversmith and He became a silversmith and businessman.businessman.

His most important contribution to His most important contribution to the Cherokee nation was his the Cherokee nation was his creation of a written language. creation of a written language.

The Cherokee language was very The Cherokee language was very linguistically complicated so he linguistically complicated so he decided to create symbols for each decided to create symbols for each syllable instead of each letter.syllable instead of each letter.

His writing system was responsible His writing system was responsible for increasing the literacy rates of for increasing the literacy rates of the entire Cherokee Nation.the entire Cherokee Nation.

The Alamo and Texan conflicts in The Alamo and Texan conflicts in MexicoMexico In the early to mid 1800s Mexico wanted In the early to mid 1800s Mexico wanted

Americans to migrate to Mexico to develop Americans to migrate to Mexico to develop the land and bring residents to the area.the land and bring residents to the area.

The Americans came and were led by The Americans came and were led by Stephen F. AustinStephen F. Austin who later became who later became upset at the high level of taxes charged by upset at the high level of taxes charged by Mexico.Mexico.

Americans rebelled and were crushed at an Americans rebelled and were crushed at an old Spanish Fort named old Spanish Fort named the Alamothe Alamo where where every American was killed by the Mexican every American was killed by the Mexican army.army.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842 During the 1700s and 1800s there were border disputes between During the 1700s and 1800s there were border disputes between

the British and French. Later on the disputes were between the the British and French. Later on the disputes were between the Americans and France.Americans and France.

Thousands of Native Americans also lived in these territories which Thousands of Native Americans also lived in these territories which made the conflicts trickier because more people meant more made the conflicts trickier because more people meant more potential bloodshed.potential bloodshed.

In 1842 the In 1842 the Webster-Ashburton TreatyWebster-Ashburton Treaty created a permanent bordercreated a permanent border between Lake Superior and Maine, U.S./New Brunswick, Canada. between Lake Superior and Maine, U.S./New Brunswick, Canada.

Oregon TrailOregon Trail The Oregon Trail was an over 2,000 mile land route [traveled road] The Oregon Trail was an over 2,000 mile land route [traveled road]

starting in Missouri and ending in present day Oregon.starting in Missouri and ending in present day Oregon.

It was started in certain sections/parts by men trading animal furs and It was started in certain sections/parts by men trading animal furs and was later completed/used by Mormon religious pilgrims.was later completed/used by Mormon religious pilgrims.

The terrain [land surface] was rough, hilly, mountainous and occupied The terrain [land surface] was rough, hilly, mountainous and occupied by hostile native tribes. Thousands of people died along the route for by hostile native tribes. Thousands of people died along the route for reasons such as disease, starvation and “Indian attacks.”reasons such as disease, starvation and “Indian attacks.”

54º40’ or Fight!54º40’ or Fight! The dispute [argument] over The dispute [argument] over

the border between Oregon the border between Oregon and Canada caused a lot of and Canada caused a lot of concern in the U.S. concern in the U.S. Government.Government.

Because the U.S. wanted to Because the U.S. wanted to expand it was willing to fight expand it was willing to fight to gain property rights to the to gain property rights to the Pacific Northwest.Pacific Northwest.

At first England and the U.S. At first England and the U.S. agreed to share the territory agreed to share the territory but the term but the term 54º40’ or Fight! 54º40’ or Fight! rrefers to Americans willing to efers to Americans willing to fight for the land at a specific fight for the land at a specific geographic point.geographic point.

A treaty signed later settled A treaty signed later settled the dispute and an official the dispute and an official border was accepted by both border was accepted by both nations [England and U.S.].nations [England and U.S.].

Election of 1844Election of 1844 The presidential election of 1844 was one the closest in The presidential election of 1844 was one the closest in

U.S. History [decided by less than 10,000 votes].U.S. History [decided by less than 10,000 votes].

The election was so close because disputes over borders The election was so close because disputes over borders with Canada and Mexico. with Canada and Mexico.

James Polk was in favor of peaceful settlements. War James Polk was in favor of peaceful settlements. War hawk Henry Clay was in favor ofhawk Henry Clay was in favor of fighting to end the fighting to end the disputes if necessary. Polk won the election. disputes if necessary. Polk won the election.

James K. Polk Henry Clay

Texas AnnexationTexas Annexation Stephen F. Austin and the Stephen F. Austin and the

Texans had defeated the Texans had defeated the Mexican Army led by Mexican Army led by Mexican General Santa Anna Mexican General Santa Anna in several battles in and near in several battles in and near Mexico.Mexico.

For 6 years (1836-1842) For 6 years (1836-1842) Austin served as the leader Austin served as the leader of the of the Republic of TexasRepublic of Texas. . This territory was not This territory was not recognized by Mexico.recognized by Mexico.

In 1845 the In 1845 the United StatesUnited States annexedannexed [took in] [took in] TexasTexas as as the 28the 28thth state. Mexico was state. Mexico was furious about this and this furious about this and this led to a war between the led to a war between the U.S. and Mexico from 1846-U.S. and Mexico from 1846-1848.1848.

Wilmot ProvisoWilmot Proviso Congressman David Wilmot Congressman David Wilmot

from Pennsylvania from Pennsylvania proposed proposed an amendment to a federal an amendment to a federal law banning slaverylaw banning slavery in any in any territory the United States territory the United States captured from Mexico.captured from Mexico.

This was similar to the This was similar to the situation dealing with the situation dealing with the Missouri Compromise.Missouri Compromise.

Southern states were Southern states were concerned banning slavery concerned banning slavery anywhere would lead to anywhere would lead to banning slavery everywhere.banning slavery everywhere.

The Wilmot proviso was not The Wilmot proviso was not ultimately passed.ultimately passed.

Mexican WarMexican War,, the the Treaty of Guadalupe-HidalgoTreaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo andand Mexican Mexican

cessioncession After the United States annexed Texas Mexico was furious and After the United States annexed Texas Mexico was furious and

declared war in 1846 to regain the territory.declared war in 1846 to regain the territory. Because the U.S. had a more powerful army with more effective Because the U.S. had a more powerful army with more effective

weapons it was able to defeat Mexico within 3 years by 1849.weapons it was able to defeat Mexico within 3 years by 1849. The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo was eventually signed ending the The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo was eventually signed ending the

war. Mexico war. Mexico cededceded [gave up, transferred] California, Arizona, [gave up, transferred] California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah and New Mexico to the U.S. for $18 million.Nevada, Utah and New Mexico to the U.S. for $18 million.

49ers49ers The Mexican The Mexican cessioncession of California gave citizens an opportunity of California gave citizens an opportunity

to start new communities. Thousands of people headed to to start new communities. Thousands of people headed to Western territories in the United States.Western territories in the United States.

Prospectors discovered gold in Northern California in Prospectors discovered gold in Northern California in 18491849. . News spread to other parts of the U.S. American men from all News spread to other parts of the U.S. American men from all over the U.S. over the U.S. rushed to Californiarushed to California; they were called ; they were called 49ers49ers [because of the year].[because of the year].

The mad scramble was called the Gold Rush of 1849. The mad scramble was called the Gold Rush of 1849. Boomtowns sprang up all over where people discovered gold.Boomtowns sprang up all over where people discovered gold.

Gadsden PurchaseGadsden Purchase The Transcontinental Railroad had been spreading across the The Transcontinental Railroad had been spreading across the

United States. United States.

Because of bad geography [poor soil conditions] the Because of bad geography [poor soil conditions] the U.S. U.S. decided to buy landdecided to buy land South of New Mexico and Arizona. South of New Mexico and Arizona.

The sale of the land in this area by the U.S. for $10 million The sale of the land in this area by the U.S. for $10 million from Mexico was called the from Mexico was called the Gadsden PurchaseGadsden Purchase. .

Noah WebsterNoah Webster

Many people consider Many people consider Webster the father of the Webster the father of the modern American English modern American English language.language.

He developed alphabetical He developed alphabetical word lists, in book form, word lists, in book form, showing showing picturespictures, , spellingspelling, , definitionsdefinitions and and pronunciationspronunciations..

Webster’s dictionary Webster’s dictionary expanded the scope of expanded the scope of literacy across the U.S.literacy across the U.S.

School children used these School children used these resources to guide reading resources to guide reading and learning.and learning.

Neoclassical ArchitectureNeoclassical Architecture The type of building architecture that was widely used throughout The type of building architecture that was widely used throughout

the United States and Europe is called Neoclassical Architecture.the United States and Europe is called Neoclassical Architecture.

It was based on ancientIt was based on ancient Rome Rome and and GreeceGreece to demonstrate to demonstrate powerpower and and progressprogress. . Large columnsLarge columns, , straight linesstraight lines and and domed roofsdomed roofs were common characteristics.were common characteristics.

The point of this ornate style to was show how advanced the The point of this ornate style to was show how advanced the United States was during the late 1800s and early 1900s.United States was during the late 1800s and early 1900s.

The Knickerbocker SchoolThe Knickerbocker School During the early 1800s a group of writers in New York authored During the early 1800s a group of writers in New York authored

several famous novels [several famous novels [Legend of Sleepy HollowLegend of Sleepy Hollow] and poem ] and poem collections.collections.

These men also wrote well respected historical novels [These men also wrote well respected historical novels [Last of the Last of the MohicansMohicans] about important, significant events in U.S. History.] about important, significant events in U.S. History.

Washington Irving’s pen name was Dietrich “Knickerbocker” Washington Irving’s pen name was Dietrich “Knickerbocker” which is partially why the group got its name. which is partially why the group got its name.

Washington Irving

James Fennimore Cooper

These American authors were well respected and their books were read all over Europe because of engaging, exciting and interesting nature of the story lines in their novels.

Hudson River SchoolHudson River School The Hudson River School was a style of painting that focused on The Hudson River School was a style of painting that focused on

natural landscapesnatural landscapes..

Natural scenes such as valleys, rivers, farms, hills and forests Natural scenes such as valleys, rivers, farms, hills and forests were painted by Hudson River School artists.were painted by Hudson River School artists.

The point of the style was to emphasize the importance, beauty, The point of the style was to emphasize the importance, beauty, value and wonder of the natural environment in its natural state.value and wonder of the natural environment in its natural state.

The amazing images served to provide an awareness of the The amazing images served to provide an awareness of the United States’ United States’ natural resourcesnatural resources..

TranscendentalismTranscendentalism [Transcend=Change] [Transcend=Change] American writers such as Emerson and Thoreau wrote about how American writers such as Emerson and Thoreau wrote about how

important it was to important it was to develop your own opinions based on life experiencedevelop your own opinions based on life experience..

These writers did not believe people should just blindly believe the These writers did not believe people should just blindly believe the teachings of Christian churches. They should decide what was right and teachings of Christian churches. They should decide what was right and wrong on their own. wrong on their own. The point was to change one’s thought processThe point was to change one’s thought process..

Through experiencing life you could decide for yourself. Both men Through experiencing life you could decide for yourself. Both men traveled across the United States to experience life’s diversitytraveled across the United States to experience life’s diversity..

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Henry David Thoreau

Famous American AuthorsFamous American AuthorsA writing style that was popular in the mid 1800s was A writing style that was popular in the mid 1800s was romanticismromanticism. .

The style focused on The style focused on human emotionhuman emotion. The goal of the authors was . The goal of the authors was to make a reader to make a reader feelfeel [ex: happy, sad, fear, anger, awe]. [ex: happy, sad, fear, anger, awe].

Edgar Allan Poe’Edgar Allan Poe’s stories were considered s stories were considered darkdark because they because they focused on focused on drug usedrug use, , horrorhorror, , murdermurder, , crime, deathcrime, death and and diseasedisease. . [Poe’s writings included The Raven, The Tell Tale Heart, The Black [Poe’s writings included The Raven, The Tell Tale Heart, The Black Cat]Cat]

Nathaniel HawthorneNathaniel Hawthorne’s stories mostly focused on ’s stories mostly focused on sinsin, , lustlust, , seductionseduction and and guiltguilt. [Hawthorne’s writings included The Scarlet . [Hawthorne’s writings included The Scarlet Letter, The House of the Seven Gables, Rappacini’s Daughter]Letter, The House of the Seven Gables, Rappacini’s Daughter]

Nathaniel Hawthorne Edgar Allan Poe

Alexis de TocquevilleAlexis de Tocqueville Frenchman who visited the Frenchman who visited the

United States to learn about United States to learn about its prison system.its prison system.

He lovedHe loved the fact that the fact that many citizens had many citizens had property property rightsrights and and vast freedomsvast freedoms..

He hated slaveryHe hated slavery and and correctly predicted it would correctly predicted it would cause problems between the cause problems between the North and South.North and South.

He wrote a book called He wrote a book called Democracy in AmericaDemocracy in America describing what he learned in describing what he learned in the U.S.the U.S.

de Tocqueville’s critiques de Tocqueville’s critiques were closely analyzed by were closely analyzed by American government American government officials. officials.

The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution may be best described as the The Industrial Revolution may be best described as the

change in the way businesses manufactured products.change in the way businesses manufactured products. Instead of making things one item at a time by skilled Instead of making things one item at a time by skilled

craftsman craftsman factoriesfactories and and machinerymachinery made products. made products. NorthernNorthern states became states became industrial.industrial. SouthernSouthern states remained states remained agricultural.agricultural.

IndustrializationIndustrialization:: Some Examples Some Examples Eli WhitneyEli Whitney-Invented and -Invented and

patented a machine that patented a machine that separated cotton seeds from separated cotton seeds from cotton plants. Made it easier cotton plants. Made it easier and faster to turn cotton into and faster to turn cotton into textiles. Removed the need textiles. Removed the need for human labor [slaves].for human labor [slaves].

John DeereJohn Deere-Invented a steel -Invented a steel plow and other devices to plow and other devices to mechanize farming further mechanize farming further decreasing reliance on human decreasing reliance on human labor [slaves].labor [slaves].

Cyrus McCormickCyrus McCormick-Invented -Invented a mechanical reaper to a mechanical reaper to harvest crops without the harvest crops without the need of human labor need of human labor [slaves].[slaves].

All of these inventions All of these inventions completely changed the completely changed the Cotton KingdomCotton Kingdom of the of the SouthSouth

The slave system was The slave system was forever changed because forever changed because machines did the jobs once machines did the jobs once performed by human beings.performed by human beings.

Samuel Morse invented a signaling code [language] that became uniform [fit for everyone].

The code was used for the telegraph which was a machine used to transmit messages through the airwaves.

Businesses in the North used this to communicate [used later on in the Civil War].

The Northern Advantages Robert Fulton-invented and successfully sold a steam powered boat. Trade and travel was transformed from wind power [depending on

weather] to coal power [controlled by people]. People could be transported more easily and faster [this was

beneficial to the economy]. The Erie Canal was a manmade water way created to transport goods

between Canada and the U.S. [steamboats were the primary method of travel].

The Era of Good Feelings The time period immediately following the War of 1812 was called

the Era of Good Feelings by a Boston newspaper. James Monroe, the new president, was uniting the nation under one

political party [the Republicans] and trying to expand the country’s borders.

Because there was little partisan fighting [arguing between political parties] the country was able to move forward and succeed politically.

Unfortunately the good feelings did not last very long.

Monroe Doctrine Monroe’s Secretary of State [advisor in charge of contact with foreign

countries] created a plan to bring greater security to the United States. The Monroe Doctrine did not allow foreign countries such as England,

France and Spain to control any land near the United States as colonies. The United States would control the Western Hemisphere.

Panic of 1819 All good things usually come to an end. So did the Era of Good Feelings The National Bank set up by Hamilton

under his plan had expired and no longer existed.

Individual states had set up banks that were lending money to people who were not repaying.

The amount of money the federal government had in circulation was limited.

Prices on goods started to rise uncontrollably and financial panic set in.

The U.S. Government settled the economy down by issuing large amounts of specie [silver and gold coins] to bring real value and strength to the economy.

McCulloch vs. Maryland The U.S. government created another national bank so

it could collect taxes, issue currency, borrow money and lend money.

States were angry they had to compete with the federal government so they decided to tax the national bank.

Can states tax the federal government?

This conflict ended up in court. The U.S. Supreme Court decided that: [A] Congress indeed had the power to create banks [B] States had no power to tax the federal government.

Gibbons vs. Ogden This U.S. Supreme Court case was similar to the McCulloch case

because it dealt with interstate commerce and conflict between the states and federal government

The decision ruled that whenever conflicts between a state and national government arose the national government was superior.

Election of 1824 Corrupt bargain of 1824 was the deal to

allow John Quincy Adams to become president of the United States.

During this election no one received 51% of the popular vote. When that happens who selects the president?

The House of Representatives! Henry Clay, the House Speaker, steered votes Adams’ way in exchange for being made Secretary of State.

Henry Clay believed the job would get him closer to becoming the next president.

Jacksonian Democracy Style of government that included more of the common types of people instead of mostly wealthy and highly educated people.

BELIEVED IN UNIVERSAL WHITE MANHOOD SUFFRAGE

Manifest Destiny-expanding the territory of the United States West toward the Pacific Ocean.

SPOILS SYSTEM-winners of elections should select government officials.

STRICT CONSTRUCTIONIST-same thing as strict interpretation of the U.S. Constitution. Founding Fathers’ wishes and original plan should be honored.

Henry Clay’s American System Economic plan that protected

American industries [farming, manufacturing] from foreign competition.

Create tariffs [taxes on imported/foreign goods] to protect American businesses [farms].

Create a national bank to stop the risky state banks and make America stronger.

Congressman Henry Clay

Tariff of abomination Tax against British goods to protect

Northern manufactured goods. Senator Calhoun from South Carolina

was against tariffs.

Tariffs made it harder for England to buy Southern cotton and damaged the economy.

South Carolina Exposition and Protest-Letter Calhoun wrote denouncing, speaking against the tariff.

South Carolina Nullification Crisis-South Carolina tried to cancel out the federal law but couldn’t.

Senator John C. Calhoun

Nat Turner’s slave rebellion Nat Turner was a slave from Virginia who rebelled against his owners. Turner escaped his plantation and other slaves joined him in revolt. The rebel slaves attacked whites, caused disturbances and violence. More than 100 blacks were killed by white mobs and many new anti-

slave laws were passed to restrict the movement and rights of slaves. Nat Turner was captured, put on trial and hanged. Very restrictive laws called Black codes were passed as a reaction to

Turner’s rebellion.

Pet banks These were banks allowed to operate and receive money from the federal

government. They were called “pet” banks because they were favored by President

Jackson in order for states to receive payments from the federal government.

Election of 1832 FIRST TIME A NATIONAL CONVENTION WAS

USED TO NOMINATE A PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE.

Electors from the Democratic Party across the U.S. came together to nominate Andrew Jackson for president.

Jackson was re-elected by a huge margin [more than 2-to-1.

Whig Party POLITICAL PARTY CREATED TO OPPOSE PRESIDENT JACKSON

[TO DEFEAT HIM IN ELECTIONS]. GOALS WERE ECONOMIC PROTECTIONISM BY CREATING

TARIFFS ON FOREIGN GOODS. PASS LAWS AND AMENDMENTS TO END SLAVERY.

Election of 1840 Van Buren had been Jackson’s vice-president and did not have a good

reputation [citizens were ready for a change]. The national economy was trying to recover from the Panic of

1837[recession]. Former U.S. General Harrison was very popular for his victories during

the War of 1812. Harrison won the election as president versus Van Buren.

W.H. Harrison Martin Van Buren

Dorothea Dix Dorothea Dix taught Sunday School at a prison in Massachusetts

during the late 1800s. While there she witnessed appalling conditions for the prisoners. She saw terrible treatment of mentally ill inmates. After her experience she wrote letters to lawmakers and crusaded

to improve the conditions of prisoners and mentally ill persons across the United States.

As a result conditions and facilities for these people improved.

Horace Mann

Horace Mann was a lawmaker from Massachusetts who led the fight for expanded public education.

His legislative leadership led to the expansion of school construction, teacher training and higher teacher pay.

Massachusetts passed a mandatory school attendance law.

Because of Mann’s reforms other states expanded public education as well.

Temperance Movement Many American women were tired of witnessing the devastation

that alcohol wrought on families. Rural men were especially prone to alcoholism because of isolation

and depression. Domestic violence was also a problem. Christian religious women were the most active in trying to have

alcohol banned. Eventually states began to prohibit alcohol culminating in the 18th

Amendment in 1919.

Women’s Rights In the 1800s several women fought

for property and voting rights for women. The Seneca Falls Convention was the first well known national meeting to discuss and plan women’s rights.

Lucretia Mott-religious Quaker wife of a minister who believed slavery was evil. Favored women’s voting/property rights.

Susan B. Anthony-an “angry” feminist who demanded and fought for voting rights which led to passage of the 19th Amendment.

Sojourner Truth-former slave who spoke out against slavery in speeches and letters. Supported women’s voting and property rights.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton-abolitionist and women’s voting rights supporter emphasized religious conviction.

Utopian Communities Groups of communities gathered together to separate themselves from the rest

of society [Brook Farm, Oneida and New Harmony]. The whole point was to make perfect worlds, perfect societies based on unique

religious beliefs. They believed the outside world was evil and impure. Shared child raring, shared spouses, shared homes and shared property

were strategies they employed. Many Americans thought these citizens were weird, freakish and unusual

because of their beliefs.

The Mormons Joseph Smith-The founder of the Mormon religious movement. He was

presented golden tablets in the woods in New York by an angel according to his accounts. He published these tablets into the Book of Mormon that was added to the Mormons’ Bible. He traveled with his followers to different states and was eventually murdered by an angry mob.

Brigham Young-Lead the pilgrimage of Mormons Westward to their permanent home in Utah.

Controversial beliefs included plural marriages and separatism.

The time when Christian religious involvement and church membership soared in the United States!

Different types of denominations increased by large numbers [Methodist, Lutheran, Presbyterian and others].

Ministers and pastors lead spiritual revivals and preached that people should live more devout lives in order to avoid the fires of hell.

Necessary Evil Most slave owners realized that slavery and oppression of other humans

was wrong.

Many slave owners formed relationships based on trust with their slaves.

When confronted by abolitionists, slave owners and supporters claimed slavery was a necessary evil to maintain their financial survival on farms.

Abolitionists People who believe in ending slavery

were called abolitionists.

Abolitionists were mostly whites despite the fact that most slave owners were also white.

William Lloyd Garrison risked his life to speak out against slavery. He demanded immediate emancipation for slavery.

The Grimké sisters came from a slave owning family in South Carolina and spoke out against slavery and its evils.

David Walker Walker was born in North Carolina in 1785 to a free mother and an

enslaved father.

He moved around frequently to different free slave enclaves [towns] and ended up joining the Massachusetts abolitionist movement.

He gave anti-slavery speeches and wrote an important booklet called the Appeal. His whole point of view was to convince his fellow blacks that they should “wake up,” join together and oppose slavery by non-violent means if possible.

Frederick Douglass Born a slave in Maryland he learned valuable trades such as carpentry and machinery

operations.

He witnessed horrifying treatment of slaves by masters including murder.

He was able to escape to the North where he had previously been hired out.

He was taught the fundamentals of reading by a master’s wife and then later on by white children to whom he paid money.

As a freeman he became a wealthy public speaker and advisor to presidents such as Abraham Lincoln regarding slavery.

Charles G. Finney

Finney was a Presbyterian preacher who was an important part of the Second Great Awakening.

His sermons [verbal religious speeches] were intentionally emotional in order to inspire his congregation.

His goal was to inspire social change especially the abolishment of slavery.

He also supported and participated in educational integration [the schooling of blacks and women together].