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Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance ofHERITAGE ARCHITECTUREXIV

WITPRESSTM

EditorsC.A. Brebbia & S. Hernández

Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of

Heritage Architecture XIV

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Fourteenth InternatIonal ConFerenCe on StruCtural repaIrS and MaIntenanCe oF herItage arChIteCture

Organised byWessex Institute, UK

Sponsored byWIT Transactions on the Built Environment

International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning

InternatIonal ScIentIfIc advISory commIttee

STREMAH XIV

conference chaIrmen

C.A. BrebbiaWessex Institute of Technology, UK

S. HernándezUniversity of A Coruña, Spain

J. BakowskiL. Basset

R. BruecknerR. Cerny

C. CuadraF. FatigusoA. Guida

P. LambertJ. Lluis i Ginovart

G. ManosS. Niederhagemann

J.C. OchoaC. OsasonaA. Pagliuca

F. PalmisanoS. SoraceM. SykoraS.S. Zubir

B Abersek University of Maribor, SloveniaY N Abousleiman University of Oklahoma, USAK S Al Jabri Sultan Qaboos University, OmanH Al-Kayiem Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS,

MalaysiaC Alessandri Universita di Ferrara, ItalyD Almorza Gomar University of Cadiz, SpainB Alzahabi Kettering University, USAJ A C Ambrosio IDMEC, PortugalA M Amer Cairo University, EgyptS A Anagnostopoulos University of Patras,

GreeceM Andretta Montecatini, ItalyE Angelino A.R.P.A. Lombardia, ItalyH Antes Technische Universitat Braunschweig,

GermanyM A Atherton South Bank University, UKA G Atkins University of Reading, UKD Aubry Ecole Centrale de Paris, FranceJ Augutis Vytautas Magnus University,

LithuaniaH Azegami Toyohashi University of Technology,

JapanA F M Azevedo University of Porto, PortugalJ M Baldasano Universitat Politecnica de

Catalunya, SpainJ G Bartzis Institute of Nuclear Technology,

GreeceS Basbas Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,

GreeceA Bejan Duke University, USAM P Bekakos Democritus University of Thrace,

GreeceG Belingardi Politecnico di Torino, ItalyR Belmans Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,

Belgium

C D Bertram The University of New South Wales, Australia

D E Beskos University of Patras, GreeceS K Bhattacharyya Indian Institute of

Technology, IndiaH Bjornlund University of South Australia,

AustraliaE Blums Latvian Academy of Sciences, LatviaJ Boarder Cartref Consulting Systems, UKB Bobee Institut National de la Recherche

Scientifique, CanadaH Boileau ESIGEC, FranceM Bonnet Ecole Polytechnique, FranceC A Borrego University of Aveiro, PortugalA R Bretones University of Granada, SpainJ A Bryant University of Exeter, UKF-G Buchholz Universitat Gesanthochschule

Paderborn, GermanyM B Bush The University of Western Australia,

AustraliaF Butera Politecnico di Milano, ItalyW Cantwell Liverpool University, UKG Carlomagno University of Naples Federico

II, ItalyD J Cartwright Bucknell University, USAP G Carydis National Technical University of

Athens, GreeceJ J Casares Long Universidad de Santiago de

Compostela, SpainM A Celia Princeton University, USAA Chakrabarti Indian Institute of Science,

IndiaJ-T Chen National Taiwan Ocean University,

TaiwanA H-D Cheng University of Mississippi, USAJ Chilton University of Lincoln, UK

WIT Transactions

Transactions Editor

Carlos BrebbiaWessex Institute of Technology

Ashurst Lodge, AshurstSouthampton SO40 7AA, UK

Editorial Board

C-L Chiu University of Pittsburgh, USAH Choi Kangnung National University, KoreaA Cieslak Technical University of Lodz, PolandS Clement Transport System Centre, AustraliaJ J Connor Massachusetts Institute of

Technology, USAM C Constantinou State University of New York

at Buffalo, USAD E Cormack University of Toronto, CanadaD F Cutler Royal Botanic Gardens, UKW Czyczula Krakow University of Technology,

PolandM da Conceicao Cunha University of Coimbra,

PortugalL Dávid Károly Róbert College, HungaryA Davies University of Hertfordshire, UKM Davis Temple University, USAA B de Almeida Instituto Superior Tecnico,

PortugalE R de Arantes e Oliveira Instituto Superior

Tecnico, PortugalL De Biase University of Milan, ItalyR de Borst Delft University of Technology,

NetherlandsG De Mey University of Ghent, BelgiumA De Montis Universita di Cagliari, ItalyA De Naeyer Universiteit Ghent, BelgiumP De Wilde Vrije Universiteit Brussel, BelgiumD De Wrachien State University of Milan, ItalyL Debnath University of Texas-Pan American,

USAG Degrande Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,

BelgiumS del Giudice University of Udine, ItalyG Deplano Universita di Cagliari, ItalyM Domaszewski Universite de Technologie de

Belfort-Montbeliard, FranceK Dorow Pacific Northwest National

Laboratory, USAW Dover University College London, UKC Dowlen South Bank University, UKJ P du Plessis University of Stellenbosch, South

AfricaR Duffell University of Hertfordshire, UKN A Dumont PUC-Rio, BrazilA Ebel University of Cologne, GermanyG K Egan Monash University, AustraliaK M Elawadly Alexandria University, EgyptK-H Elmer Universitat Hannover, GermanyD Elms University of Canterbury, New ZealandM E M El-Sayed Kettering University, USAD M Elsom Oxford Brookes University, UK

F Erdogan Lehigh University, USAD J Evans Nottingham Trent University, UKJ W Everett Rowan University, USAM Faghri University of Rhode Island, USAR A Falconer Cardiff University, UKM N Fardis University of Patras, GreeceA Fayvisovich Admiral Ushakov Maritime State

University, RussiaP Fedelinski Silesian Technical University,

PolandH J S Fernando Arizona State University, USAS Finger Carnegie Mellon University, USAE M M Fonseca Instituto Politécnico de

Bragança, PortugalJ I Frankel University of Tennessee, USAD M Fraser University of Cape Town, South

AfricaM J Fritzler University of Calgary, CanadaU Gabbert Otto-von-Guericke Universitat

Magdeburg, GermanyG Gambolati Universita di Padova, ItalyC J Gantes National Technical University of

Athens, GreeceL Gaul Universitat Stuttgart, GermanyA Genco University of Palermo, ItalyN Georgantzis Universitat Jaume I, SpainP Giudici Universita di Pavia, ItalyL M C Godinho University of Coimbra, PortugalF Gomez Universidad Politecnica de Valencia,

SpainR Gomez Martin University of Granada, SpainD Goulias University of Maryland, USAK G Goulias Pennsylvania State University, USAF Grandori Politecnico di Milano, ItalyW E Grant Texas A & M University, USAS Grilli University of Rhode Island, USAR H J Grimshaw Loughborough University, UKD Gross Technische Hochschule Darmstadt,

GermanyR Grundmann Technische Universitat Dresden,

GermanyA Gualtierotti IDHEAP, SwitzerlandO T Gudmestad University of Stavanger,

NorwayR C Gupta National University of Singapore,

SingaporeJ M Hale University of Newcastle, UKK Hameyer Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,

BelgiumC Hanke Danish Technical University, DenmarkK Hayami University of Tokyo, JapanY Hayashi Nagoya University, Japan

L Haydock Newage International Limited, UKA H Hendrickx Free University of Brussels,

BelgiumC Herman John Hopkins University, USAI Hideaki Nagoya University, JapanD A Hills University of Oxford, UKW F Huebner Southwest Research Institute,

USAJ A C Humphrey Bucknell University, USAM Y Hussaini Florida State University, USAW Hutchinson Edith Cowan University,

AustraliaT H Hyde University of Nottingham, UKM Iguchi Science University of Tokyo, JapanL Int Panis VITO Expertisecentrum IMS, BelgiumN Ishikawa National Defence Academy, JapanH Itoh Fukuhara-cho, JapanJ Jaafar UiTm, MalaysiaW Jager Technical University of Dresden,

GermanyY Jaluria Rutgers University, USAP R Johnston Griffith University, AustraliaD R H Jones University of Cambridge, UK N Jones University of Liverpool, UKN Jovanovic CSIR, South AfricaD Kaliampakos National Technical University

of Athens, GreeceD L Karabalis University of Patras, GreeceA Karageorghis University of CyprusM Karlsson Linkoping University, SwedenT Katayama Doshisha University, JapanK L Katsifarakis Aristotle University of

Thessaloniki, GreeceJ T Katsikadelis National Technical University

of Athens, GreeceE Kausel Massachusetts Institute of

Technology, USAH Kawashima The University of Tokyo, JapanB A Kazimee Washington State University, USAF Khoshnaw Koya University, IraqS Kim University of Wisconsin-Madison, USAD Kirkland Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners Ltd,

UKE Kita Nagoya University, JapanA S Kobayashi University of Washington, USAT Kobayashi University of Tokyo, JapanD Koga Saga University, JapanS Kotake University of Tokyo, JapanA N Kounadis National Technical University of

Athens, GreeceW B Kratzig Ruhr Universitat Bochum,

Germany

T Krauthammer Penn State University, USAC-H Lai University of Greenwich, UKM Langseth Norwegian University of Science

and Technology, NorwayB S Larsen Technical University of Denmark,

DenmarkF Lattarulo Politecnico di Bari, ItalyA Lebedev Moscow State University, RussiaL J Leon University of Montreal, CanadaD Lesnic University of Leeds, UKD Lewis Mississippi State University, USAS lghobashi University of California Irvine, USAK-C Lin University of New Brunswick, CanadaA A Liolios Democritus University of Thrace,

GreeceS Lomov Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,

BelgiumJ W S Longhurst University of the West of

England, UKG Loo The University of Auckland, New ZealandJ Lourenco Universidade do Minho, PortugalJ E Luco University of California at San Diego,

USAH Lui State Seismological Bureau Harbin, ChinaC J Lumsden University of Toronto, CanadaL Lundqvist Division of Transport and Location

Analysis, SwedenT Lyons Murdoch University, AustraliaE Magaril Ural Federal University, RussiaL Mahdjoubi University of the West of England,

UKY-W Mai University of Sydney, AustraliaM Majowiecki University of Bologna, ItalyD Malerba Università degli Studi di Bari, ItalyG Manara University of Pisa, ItalyS Mambretti Politecnico di Milano, ItalyB N Mandal Indian Statistical Institute, IndiaÜ Mander University of Tartu, EstoniaH A Mang Technische Universitat Wien, AustriaG D Manolis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,

GreeceW J Mansur COPPE/UFRJ, BrazilN Marchettini University of Siena, ItalyJ D M Marsh Griffith University, AustraliaJ F Martin-Duque Universidad Complutense,

SpainT Matsui Nagoya University, JapanG Mattrisch DaimlerChrysler AG, GermanyF M Mazzolani University of Naples “Federico

II”, ItalyK McManis University of New Orleans, USA

A C Mendes Universidade de Beira Interior, Portugal

J Mera CITEF-UPM, SpainR A Meric Research Institute for Basic Sciences,

TurkeyJ Mikielewicz Polish Academy of Sciences,

PolandR A W Mines University of Liverpool, UKJ L Miralles i Garcia Universitat Politecnica de

Valencia, SpainC A Mitchell University of Sydney, AustraliaK Miura Kajima Corporation, JapanA Miyamoto Yamaguchi University, JapanT Miyoshi Kobe University, JapanG Molinari University of Genoa, ItalyT B Moodie University of Alberta, CanadaD B Murray Trinity College Dublin, IrelandG Nakhaeizadeh DaimlerChrysler AG, GermanyM B Neace Mercer University, USAD Necsulescu University of Ottawa, CanadaF Neumann University of Vienna, AustriaS-I Nishida Saga University, JapanH Nisitani Kyushu Sangyo University, JapanB Notaros University of Massachusetts, USAP O’Donoghue University College Dublin,

IrelandR O O’Neill Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USAM Ohkusu Kyushu University, JapanG Oliveto Universitá di Catania, ItalyR Olsen Camp Dresser & McKee Inc., USAE Oñate Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya,

SpainK Onishi Ibaraki University, JapanP H Oosthuizen Queens University, CanadaE L Ortiz Imperial College London, UKE Outa Waseda University, JapanO Ozcevik Istanbul Technical University, TurkeyA S Papageorgiou Rensselaer Polytechnic

Institute, USAJ Park Seoul National University, KoreaG Passerini Universita delle Marche, ItalyF Patania University of Catania, ItalyB C Patten University of Georgia, USAG Pelosi University of Florence, ItalyG G Penelis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,

GreeceW Perrie Bedford Institute of Oceanography,

CanadaR Pietrabissa Politecnico di Milano, ItalyH Pina Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal

M F Platzer Naval Postgraduate School, USAD Poljak University of Split, CroatiaH Power University of Nottingham, UKD Prandle Proudman Oceanographic

Laboratory, UKM Predeleanu University Paris VI, FranceD Proverbs University of the West of England,

UKR Pulselli University of Siena, ItalyI S Putra Institute of Technology Bandung,

IndonesiaY A Pykh Russian Academy of Sciences, RussiaF Rachidi EMC Group, SwitzerlandM Rahman Dalhousie University, CanadaK R Rajagopal Texas A & M University, USAT Rang Tallinn Technical University, EstoniaJ Rao Case Western Reserve University, USAJ Ravnik University of Maribor, SloveniaA M Reinhorn State University of New York at

Buffalo, USAG Reniers Universiteit Antwerpen, BelgiumA D Rey McGill University, CanadaD N Riahi University of Illinois at Urbana-

Champaign, USAB Ribas Spanish National Centre for

Environmental Health, SpainK Richter Graz University of Technology, AustriaS Rinaldi Politecnico di Milano, ItalyF Robuste Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya,

SpainJ Roddick Flinders University, AustraliaA C Rodrigues Universidade Nova de Lisboa,

PortugalF Rodrigues Poly Institute of Porto, PortugalG R Rodríguez Universidad de Las Palmas de

Gran Canaria, SpainC W Roeder University of Washington, USAJ M Roesset Texas A & M University, USAW Roetzel Universitaet der Bundeswehr

Hamburg, GermanyV Roje University of Split, CroatiaR Rosset Laboratoire d’Aerologie, FranceJ L Rubio Centro de Investigaciones sobre

Desertificacion, SpainT J Rudolphi Iowa State University, USAS Russenchuck Magnet Group, SwitzerlandH Ryssel Fraunhofer Institut Integrierte

Schaltungen, GermanyG Rzevski The Open University, UKS G Saad American University in Cairo, Egypt

M Saiidi University of Nevada-Reno, USAR San Jose Technical University of Madrid,

SpainF J Sanchez-Sesma Instituto Mexicano del

Petroleo, MexicoB Sarler Nova Gorica Polytechnic, SloveniaS A Savidis Technische Universitat Berlin,

GermanyA Savini Universita de Pavia, ItalyG Schleyer University of Liverpool, UKG Schmid Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, GermanyR Schmidt RWTH Aachen, GermanyB Scholtes Universitaet of Kassel, GermanyW Schreiber University of Alabama, USAA P S Selvadurai McGill University, CanadaJ J Sendra University of Seville, SpainJ J Sharp Memorial University of

Newfoundland, CanadaQ Shen Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

USAX Shixiong Fudan University, ChinaG C Sih Lehigh University, USAL C Simoes University of Coimbra, PortugalA C Singhal Arizona State University, USAP Skerget University of Maribor, SloveniaJ Sladek Slovak Academy of Sciences, SlovakiaV Sladek Slovak Academy of Sciences, SlovakiaA C M Sousa University of New Brunswick,

CanadaH Sozer Illinois Institute of Technology, USAD B Spalding CHAM, UKP D Spanos Rice University, USAT Speck Albert-Ludwigs-Universitaet Freiburg,

GermanyC C Spyrakos National Technical University of

Athens, GreeceI V Stangeeva St Petersburg University, RussiaJ Stasiek Technical University of Gdansk,

PolandB Sundén Lund University, SwedenG E Swaters University of Alberta, CanadaS Syngellakis Wessex Institute of Technology,

UKJ Szmyd University of Mining and Metallurgy,

PolandS T Tadano Hokkaido University, JapanH Takemiya Okayama University, JapanI Takewaki Kyoto University, JapanC-L Tan Carleton University, CanadaE Taniguchi Kyoto University, Japan

S Tanimura Aichi University of Technology, Japan

J L Tassoulas University of Texas at Austin, USAM A P Taylor University of South Australia,

AustraliaA Terranova Politecnico di Milano, ItalyA G Tijhuis Technische Universiteit Eindhoven,

NetherlandsT Tirabassi Institute FISBAT-CNR, ItalyS Tkachenko Otto-von-Guericke-University,

GermanyN Tomii Chiba Institute of Technology, JapanN Tosaka Nihon University, JapanT Tran-Cong University of Southern

Queensland, AustraliaR Tremblay Ecole Polytechnique, CanadaI Tsukrov University of New Hampshire, USAR Turra CINECA Interuniversity Computing

Centre, ItalyS G Tushinski Moscow State University, RussiaP Tzieropoulos Ecole Polytechnique Federale

de Lausanne, SwitzerlandJ-L Uso Universitat Jaume I, SpainE Van den Bulck Katholieke Universiteit

Leuven, BelgiumD Van den Poel Ghent University, BelgiumR van der Heijden Radboud University,

NetherlandsR van Duin Delft University of Technology,

NetherlandsP Vas University of Aberdeen, UKR Verhoeven Ghent University, BelgiumA Viguri Universitat Jaume I, SpainY Villacampa Esteve Universidad de Alicante,

SpainF F V Vincent University of Bath, UKS Walker Imperial College, UKG Walters University of Exeter, UKB Weiss University of Vienna, AustriaH Westphal University of Magdeburg,

GermanyJ R Whiteman Brunel University, UKT W Wu University of Kentucky, USAZ-Y Yan Peking University, ChinaS Yanniotis Agricultural University of Athens,

GreeceA Yeh University of Hong Kong, ChinaB W Yeigh SUNY Institute of Technology, USAJ Yoon Old Dominion University, USAK Yoshizato Hiroshima University, Japan

T X Yu Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong

M Zador Technical University of Budapest, Hungary

K Zakrzewski Politechnika Lodzka, PolandM Zamir University of Western Ontario, CanadaG Zappalà CNR-IAMC, ItalyR Zarnic University of Ljubljana, Slovenia

G Zharkova Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Russia

N Zhong Maebashi Institute of Technology, Japan

H G Zimmermann Siemens AG, GermanyR Zainal Abidin Infrastructure University Kuala

Lumpur(IUKL), Malaysia

Structural Studies, Repairsand Maintenance of

Heritage Architecture XIV

Editors

C.A. BrebbiaWessex Institute, UK


Published by

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ISBN: 978-1-84564-968-5eISBN: 978-1-84564-969-2ISSN: 1746-4498 (print)ISSN: 1743-3509 (on-line)

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Editors:C.A. BrebbiaWessex Institute, UK


Preface

This book contains most of the papers presented at the 14th International Conference on Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Heritage Architecture (STREMAH 2015), which was held at A Coruña, Spain, organised by the Wessex Institute, UK. The meeting was sponsored by the International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning.

The conference has taken place on a regular basis since the first meeting was held in Florence (1989), followed by others in Seville(1991); Bath (1993); Crete (1995); San Sebastian (1997); Dresden(1999); Bologna (2001); Halkidiki (2003); Malta (2005); Prague (2007); Tallinn (2009); Tuscany (2011); and the New Forest, UK (2013), home of the Wessex Institute.

The conference brought together contributions from scientists, architects, engineers, restoration experts, social scientists, planners and economists dealing with different aspects of heritage buildings.

The importance of retaining the world’s cultural heritage cannot be overstated. Rapid development and inappropriate conservation techniques are threatening many unique buildings and sites. STREMAH contributions aim to provide the necessary scientific knowledge to facilitate regulating policies. They also address topics related to historical aspects and the reuse of heritage sites. Technical issues on the structural integrity of different types of buildings, such as those constructed with materials as varied as iron and steel, concrete, masonry, wood or earth are discussed. Restoration processes require the appropriate characterisation of those materials, the modes of construction and the structural behaviour of the building.

STREMAH also considers modern computer simulation studies, which provide accurate results demonstrating the stress state of the building and possible failure mechanisms affecting its stability. Of particular importance are studies related to their dynamic and earthquake behaviour aiming to provide an assessment of the seismic vulnerability of heritage buildings.

The papers presented in this volume, as well as to all other STREMAH conferences since 1993, have been archived in the Wessex Institute eLibrary, where they are easily available to the international community (http://library.witpress.com/).

The Editors are grateful to the members of the International Scientific Advisory Committee and other colleagues for their help in reviewing the papers, as well as to all authors for their valuable contributions.

The Editors A Coruña, Spain2015

Contents

Section 1: Heritage architecture and historical aspects

Methodology for the cataloguing and recovery of archaeological

remains of architectural heritage

M. Galiana, A. Mas, C. Lerma & J. Roldán ........................................................ 3

Morphological and typological assessment of architectural

heritage in historical Mediterranean ports

A. Martino, F. Fatiguso & G. De Tommasi ....................................................... 15

The application of a schema to Late Gothic heritage: creating

a digital model for a spatio-temporal study in Andalusia

P. Ferreira Lopes & F. Pinto Puerto ................................................................. 29

The impossibility of linear reading the evolution of reinforced

concrete: the case of Spain (1896–1973)

M. Sagarna, L. Etxepare Igiñiz, I. Lizundia & E. Uranga ................................. 41

Baroque balconies and masks in eastern Sicily (Italy)

C. Gullo & L. Battaglia ..................................................................................... 51

Re-use of historical buildings in the holy city of Makkah:

case study selection guidelines

M. I. Elbelkasy, J. M. AlSalafi & M. F. Mahmoud ............................................ 63

The iron-glass roof of the Milan Gallery Vittorio Emanuele II:

knowing the past, understanding the present and preservation

for the future

I. Stoyanova ....................................................................................................... 75

Imam Ali Shrine, institution and cultural monument:

the implications of cultural significance and its impact

on local conservation management

S. K. Abid ........................................................................................................... 87

Representing Nevis: an approach to reconfiguring the

Caribbean heritage sites as cultural space

M. K. Uslick ....................................................................................................... 99

The e-Heritage project of Valencian catalogues

M. T. Broseta ................................................................................................... 113

Historic preservation in Aguascalientes, Mexico:

urban regeneration, new corporate centralities and sustainability

A. Acosta Collazo ............................................................................................ 125

Section 2: Assessment and re-use of heritage buildings

A meaningful case of structural assessment following the

collapse of a historical masonry building

F. Palmisano & A. Vitone ................................................................................ 137

Modernization and adaptation of historical interiors

J. Bąkowski & J. Poplatek ............................................................................... 149

Energy models towards the retrofitting of the historic

built heritage

F. Fatiguso, M. De Fino, E. Cantatore, A. Scioti

& G. De Tommasi ............................................................................................ 159

Sustainable and energy-efficient rehabilitation of the former

hospital of San Salvatore in L’Aquila

P. De Berardinis, L. Capannolo & C. Marchionni .......................................... 171

A framework to analyse historic buildings and interiors

N. Sağlar Onay ................................................................................................ 183

Structural refurbishment of pavilions 15 and 16 of the

Madrid slaughterhouse

J. Rey-Rey ........................................................................................................ 195

New life cycles for modern ruins

P. Miano & G. Aquilar .................................................................................... 207

Bayesian strategies for the reliability assessment of

heritage structures

P. Croce & F. Marsili ...................................................................................... 221

Section 3: Industrial heritage

The story and conservation problems of an industrial heritage

building in Istanbul: the Sütlüce Slaughterhouse

S. G. Kucuk ...................................................................................................... 235

Assessment of the New Faliron steam-electric station in Greece

C. Maraveas, K. Tasiouli & Z. Fasoulakis ...................................................... 247

A geodatabase of ancient spinning mills in Villa S. Giovanni

and Cannitello (Calabria, Italy)

L. Battaglia & G. Rudi ..................................................................................... 261

Section 4: Learning from the past

Towards a specific modernity of architecture: the trade-off

between text and context in defining a poetic approach of

individual housing in Tunis

E. Bchir ............................................................................................................ 275

Passive energy saving strategies in vernacular architecture:

parameterization of resources applied to a case study

V. Cristini, J. R. Ruiz Checa, J. L. Higón Calvet

& J. L. Palmero Iglesias .................................................................................. 287

Towards the revival of stone craftsmanship in Egypt:

a rediscovery of forgotten literature

A. El-Habashi & S. Gaafar .............................................................................. 299

Quality management of interventions on historic buildings

N. Van Roy, E. Verstrynge & K. Van Balen ..................................................... 313

Section 5: Material characterisation

Experimental analysis of material properties of historical

ceramic bricks and their potential current replacements

Z. Pavlík, T. Kulovaná, J. Žumár, M. Pavlíková & R. Černý .......................... 327

An innovative cathodic protection system for steel framed

heritage structures

R. Brueckner, R. Merola & P. Lambert ........................................................... 337

A material database for the computational assessment of the

degradation of historical masonry

L. Fiala, J. Maděra, E. Vejmelková & R. Černý .............................................. 347

Assessment by non-destructive testing of new coating mortars

for retrofitting the Architectural Heritage

I. Palomar, G. Barluenga & J. Puentes ........................................................... 357

Section 6: Heritage masonry buildings

Evaluation of structural safety and seismic vulnerability of

historical masonry buildings: studies and applications in the

Tuscany Region

S. Caprili, F. Mangini & W. Salvatore ............................................................ 369

Evaluating constructive and typological retrofits in solid

masonry historic buildings

S. Alves & J. J. Sendra ..................................................................................... 381

The influence of soil–foundation–structure interaction on the

overall behaviour and diseases of a medieval building in Pisa

S. Caprili, F. Mangini, W. Salvatore, G. Scarpelli & N. Squeglia .................. 393

The evolution of Late Medieval Seigniorial Residences in the

Basque Country: analysis of a Pre-Renaissance Palace:

the Guevara Palace in Segura (Gipuzkoa, Spain)

D. Luengas-Carreño, M. Crespo de Antonio & S. Sánchez-Beitia .................. 407

Section 7: Stone masonry walls

When stones are no longer stones

E. Zapatero ...................................................................................................... 421

Experimental investigation on the torsion-shear interaction

between stone blocks in frictional contact

C. Casapulla & F. Portioli .............................................................................. 429

Section 8: The masonry construction of Vall d’Aràn

(Special session organised by J. Lluis i Ginovart)

Masonry strain in the Vall d’Aràn churches

J. Lluis i Ginovart, S. Coll-Pla & M. Lopez-Piquer ........................................ 443

FEM assessments on roofing constructive solutions applied to

a twelfth century Romanesque church at Vall d’Aran (Spain)

A. Costa, G. Fortuny, J. Fabregat & A. Royo .................................................. 457

The movable and immovable heritage of the Aran Valley and

its management

E. Ros Barbosa ................................................................................................ 469

Section 9: Modern (19th/20th century) heritage

A pioneering model of modernization during the Republican era:

Eskişehir Sugar Factory (1933) industrial heritage

B. Üstün, F. Kolsal & A. D. Bulut ................................................................... 483

Structural assessment and rehabilitation of historic buildings

in Galveston, Texas

S. Toker-Beeson ............................................................................................... 495

The design of the modern urban environment of Rovereto, Italy:

the valorisation of modern architecture

G. Cacciaguerra & M. P. Gatti ....................................................................... 507

Valuing workers’ housing as heritage of post-liberation China:

measuring public perception of Caoyang New Village, Shanghai

Y.-W. Wang, X. Zhang & L. Sun ...................................................................... 517

The sacredness of reinforced concrete between structural

and formal links

S. Bertorotta & F. Scibilia ............................................................................... 531

Section 10: Cultural heritage: characterisation, recovery

and conservation (Special session organised by A. Pagliuca)

Knowledge and recovery of military architecture: the urban

castle of Pomarico (Italy)

A. Guida, A. Pagliuca & G. Damone ............................................................... 545

Sustainable reuse of Modern Movement heritage buildings:

problems and solutions in Scotland and Italy

A. Guida, A. Pagliuca & B. Dimitrijevic ......................................................... 555

Knowledge and qualification of three ancient masonry

churches in Pomarico, Italy

A. Guida, M. Laterza, M. D’Amato & A. Pagliuca .......................................... 567

Performance adjustment: a key to the survival of

existing buildings

R. Lione & F. Minutoli .................................................................................... 579

Advancements in shotcrete technology

G. Bernardo, A. Guida & I. Mecca .................................................................. 591

Section 11: Surveying and monitoring

Preliminary evaluation of piezoelectric sensors for the prediction

of compression failure of brick masonry components

C. Cuadra, N. Shimoi, T. Sasaki & T. Taguchi ................................................ 605

Digital photogrammetry as a tool for virtual reconstruction of

lost architectures: elevations and three-dimensional models

of masonry and brick constructions

M. Cabeza Gonzalez & A. Soler Estrela .......................................................... 613

Vision-based monitoring of heritage monuments:

Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) for detailed inspection

and high-accuracy survey of structures

N. Hallermann, G. Morgenthal & V. Rodehorst .............................................. 621

Conservation of a historic building through sympathetic

thermal enhancement

J. Stinson, J. Bros Williamson, A. Reid & J. Currie ........................................ 633

A survey on the efficiency and safety of the temporary cover

systems in architectural conservation and restoration works

C. Ş. Binan & E. T. Sipahioğlu ........................................................................ 643

Section 12: Simulation and modelling

Service life assessment of different types of plasters applied

for the renovation of architectural heritage

V. Kočí, J. Maděra, & R. Černý ....................................................................... 657

Historical iron tie-rods in vaulted structures: parametrical study

through a scaled model

J. Mora-Gómez ................................................................................................ 669

Effect of different climatic conditions on the degradation of

historical masonry in the Czech Republic

J. Maděra, J. Kočí & R. Černý ........................................................................ 681

A parametric-assisted method for 3D generation of as-built

BIM models for the built heritage

M. Zheliazkova, R. Naboni & I. Paoletti .......................................................... 693

Section 13: Seismic vulnerability

Earthquake damage to Christian basilica churches:

the application of an expert system for the preliminary in-plane

design of stone masonry piers

G. C. Manos, L. Kotoulas, O. Felekidou, S. Vaccaro

& E. Kozikopoulos ........................................................................................... 707

Sensitivity analysis applied to the evaluation of earthquake

damage in historic towers

S. Ientile & S. Russo ........................................................................................ 721

Tools for a large-scale seismic assessment method of masonry

cultural heritage

C. Limoge Schraen, C. Giry, C. Desprez & F. Ragueneau .............................. 733

Section 14: Wooden structures

Inspection of Palladio’s Bridge in Bassano del Grappa, Italy,

using positioning techniques by ropes

D. Foppoli ........................................................................................................ 749

Re-use of historic wooden verandas in Sopot, Poland

J. Poplatek & J. Bąkowski ............................................................................... 761

Advances for the on-site determination of the stresses state in

timber structures in service

M. Crespo de Antonio, D. Luengas-Carreño & S. Sánchez-Beitia .................. 771

The importance of buildings with base-to-ridge posts in Mexico

in the global history of architecture

E. Koshi & T. Tsuchimoto ................................................................................ 783

Section 15: Transportation heritage

Restoration conservation works carried out at the historical

Malabadi Bridge, Turkey

H. Sert, S. Yılmaz, M. Elbir, E. M. Partal, H. Demirci, A. Avşin,

M. Nas & G. S. Turan ...................................................................................... 799

An approach to a methodology for the analysis and

characterization of disused railway lines as a complex system

A. Eizaguirre-Iribar, L. Etxepare Igiñiz

& R. J. Hernández-Minguillón ........................................................................ 811

Section 16: Social and economic aspects in heritage

Portuguese castles: the territory and the community

J. Faria ............................................................................................................ 827

Socialization, learning and perception of urban landscape:

the case of Estella-Lizarra

U. Domblás ...................................................................................................... 841

Author index .................................................................................................. 853

Section 8 The masonry

construction of Vall d’Aràn (Special section organised by

J. Lluis i Ginovart)

The movable and immovable heritage of the Aran Valley and its management

E. Ros Barbosa Airau de Patrimoni Cultural, Conselh Generau d’Aran, Spain

Abstract

Aran Valley, on the north-west side of Catalonia, is located on the septentrional gradient of the central Pyrenees, constituting the source of the Garona River. It borders with France in the north and Aragon in the west. This particular locality, and its singular history, have made this valley a strategic area since medieval times. A consequence of this is the conservation of rich, mainly ecclesiastic, movable and immovable heritage, managed by the “Comission d’Auviatge (heritage) dera Val d’Aran”, an assessing organism of the Conselh Generau d’Aran. This organism has an integral composition and functionality that differs from the Heritage Commissions that we can find in other places. This paper lays out the rich and unknown heritage of Aran Valley that comprehends the immaterial, natural, movable and immovable heritage, concentrating the attention on the latter two and in their management through the control of the state administrations. The particularities and challenges that assume the conservation of such a rich and large heritage are exposed. Keywords: Aran Valley, Aran Valley, Val d’Aran, immovable heritage, movable heritage, heritage management, Romanesque architecture, wooden Romanesque sculpture, wooden Gothic sculpture, mural painting.

1 Geographical, historical and cultural framework

Aran Valley – Valle de Arán in Spanish or Val d’Aran in Aranese, the native language – is located on the northern gradient of the Pyrenees (Province of Lleida, Spain). It borders in the north with France (Department of Haute-Garonne), in the southwest with the region of the Ribagorza (Province of Huesca) and in the south and east with the Catalan regions of Alta Ribagorza and

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Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Heritage Architecture XIV 469

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the Pallars Sobirà (Province of Lleida). With an extension of 634Km2 and 30% of its surface being over 200m of altitude, it is in major part an Atlantic basin. From ancient times, human relations, commercially and culturally with the north (following the natural course of the River Garona), have been very intense, especially with the French regions of Comminges (Department of Haute-Garonne) and Couserans (Department of Ariège). Proof of it is the archeological remains of prehistory and Roman times. It was not until the Middle Ages when its political link began with the states located on the southern gradient of the Pyrenees. Between the 11th and the 15th centuries, a large historical process took place in which, in a progressive way, it became part of Aragon’s kingdom and in it, later on part of the principality of Catalonia, and after the vanishing of the Aragonese Crown, of Spain. This process had the opposition of the French monarchy who, on numerous occasions, occupied the Aran Valley. The longest and most transcendent of these occupations was after the invasion of November 1283. Without going into detail, Aran belonged to the French for more than fifteen years, claiming that the King of France had rights over the territory. For this reason, a long dispute persisted and while it remained unresolved, Aran was left in the hands of the King of Majorca. The Poissy Treaty, of 26th April 1313, ended the conflict and Philip IV of France restored Aran to the Crown of Aragon. During these struggles, the Aranese knew how to negotiate and enforce their rights and privileges. So, not long after their return to the Aragonese Crown, on 22nd August 1313, they achieved from the King James II of Aragon the privilege of “Era Querimònia”, a written recompilation of their usages, rights and customs. However, the church level continued to be integrated into the French Bishopric of Comminges until its disappearance and in 1804 was definitely annexed to the Diocese of Urgell (Catalonia), to whom it now belongs. The consequence of all of this has been the preservation of a rich and varied natural and cultural heritage, extremely concentrated in the no more than 40km of length that the valley has. It is in this natural environment with a high landscape value the small 30 villages are located, arranged in 9 municipalities. It has an interesting ethnological heritage – the traditional stock economy concentrated in the house as the economic, social and political unit; hydraulic flour mills, washing places – and industrial heritage – lime ovens, wool factories, iron and zinc mines and, most recently, big hydroelectric plants. Not least important is its immaterial heritage, highlighted by Aranese, a variant of the Occitan language, spoken in the Aran Valley, and numerous festivities and traditions. However, I will center my paper on the architectonic and artistic heritage that acquired major volume and singularity.

2 Architectonic and artistic heritage

2.1 Medieval artistic heritage

The Aran Valley has retained a large and concentrated group of parochial churches and chapels of Romanesque and Gothic style. Also, there are ruins of


470 Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Heritage Architecture XIV

various castles – some of them emerged to protect the parochial churches – and lookout and defensive towers. Unfortunately, we have a lack of historical documentation to date these buildings. Up to now, the chronologies we are talking about are based in the study of the materials and constructive techniques and in the style characteristics, comparing them with other monuments. I also point that a revision of these chronologies must be taken on as these are based on old or superficial papers. The oldest ones, from the beginning of the 20th century were a result of two expeditions with a scientific character: the first one, in the year 1904, from the architecture school of Barcelona led by Lluís Domènech i Muntaner, whose materials were published by Granell and Ramón [1], and the second one, in 1907, the “Missió arqueològica”, of Josep Puig i Cadafalch, Gudiol and company, whose materials were published by Alcolea Blanch [2]. The result from this trip is the synthesis and interpretation of Puig i Cadafalch et al. [3] on the characteristics of Romanesque Aranese architecture. After that, differing from Boí, the Aran Valley, having much worse accessibility, fell into oblivion. It would not be until the works of Sarrate Forga [4] and the encyclopedic publication “Catalunya Romànica” [5] that a more complete and comprehensive addressing and contents would be achieved. Despite these shortcomings, it must be recognized that in the last two decades, knowledge has been significantly increased with specific studies, largely as a result of interventions carried out both in some movable and immovable goods, which have contributed new information on many topics.

2.1.1 Romanesque and Gothic architecture During the 11th and 13th centuries, an original and attractive Romanesque art flourished in this valley, which far from its origins, conveyed the archaic elements with other proper examples from the full Romanesque or even from the late. We can see signs that the origin of this flourishing is somehow related to the renewal that the Diocese of Comminges experienced during the episcopate of Bertrand de l’Isle (1083–1123) who, canonized in 1308, would give its name to the episcopal see of Comminges. Thirty-five churches which are standing or have significant enough remains are preserved whose construction can be attributed to this period. The most antique group is inscribed in the first Romanesque style, although in many cases they are retarded constructions, fully built in the 12th century, which also can be seen in the neighboring valley of Boí. They are characterized by the use of small ashlars roughed down by hammer; a total absence of sculpt decoration with the exception of toothed frieze, blind arches and pilaster strips, cut tufa stone that articulate and give life to the exterior surfaces of the walls, especially in the apses; the absence in some of these constructions of vaults; the use of calcarea tufa in arches and vaults, and the simplicity and narrowness of the overtures, both doors and windows. From a first prototype church, Santa Maria de Cap d’Aran, which must have started its construction in the 11th century, all the great Romanesque churches in the valley during the 12th and 13th centuries, adopted the basilica floor plan with



three naves extending in four sections. The Church of Cap d’Aran is also the only one with a small crypt. In these basilica buildings, the nave is usually covered with a barrel vault and both sides with individual quarter circle vaults. In a late building, in transition to Gothic, St. Andrèu of Salardú, the coverage of the nave is effected by cross vaults. In these buildings of basilica floor plan, the pilasters that sustain the vaults and divide the naves, are usually circular, which is a common characteristic when comparing with the Romanesque architecture of the neighboring valley of Boí. From the time the small chapels and basilica floor plan were built, we found that many churches also have a basilica floor plan and we have come across small chapels which have a nave and a bell tower. During the 12th century, even during the first third of the 13th, Romanesque buildings were still being built but with a better finish on exterior surfaces, through a greater and more regular rig, set out in horizontal courses, cut regularly and with a smoother surface. Externally, a single slate roof with a double slope covering the three naves. The simultaneous presence of two types of bell is characteristic: a belfry wall in the eastern gable and a robust bell tower, usually attached. However, few cases exist where the tower is Romanesque. Many of the bell towers were completed at a later time, in Gothic style, or even later. The slender pyramidal slate spire that covers them gives great uniqueness to these towers. They possess one or two entrances that almost always open to the lateral facades and, from the 12th century they received a generous sculpt decoration on the tympanums, archivolts and capitals, usually the work of a local artist. Despite the power of the Romanesque tradition, at the end of the 13th century and even more in the 14th century, new ideas of Gothic artistic and architectural trends arrived at the valley. We cannot forget that the beginnings of the new style coincided with the French occupation period (1283–1295) and Majorca’s (1295–1313). The French style is obvious in the bell tower windows of Vilac or in the decoration of the exterior archivolt of the main entrance of the Church of St. Miquèu de Vielha, as has come to be appreciated by Español [6]. Besides in this one, a new type of monumental doorway is experienced, in which the longitudinal direction of the pointed arches are superimposed; a timid tendency to the disappearance of the tympanum, and the use of not only the space of the tympanum but also of the archivolts as a support for an abundant sculpture. Subsequently, a more simple and devoid of sculptural decoration typology is adopted. With architectonic solutions from the so called meridional Gothic, some of the Romanesque buildings are finished or restored. In Salardú the central nave of the church is covered with crossed vaults and the western wall is finished with a magnificent ogival window. In other many Romanesque churches, the importance of light in this period forced wider windows to open, especially in the western façade. In other cases, larger restorations and extensions were taken on or new buildings constructed. These new constructions acquired the formula of a unique nave although, in the first moment, maintaining a tripartite sanctuary, a consequence of the deep roots of the basilica floor in native builders.



Figure 1: Church of Cap d’Aran. Figure 2: Mijaran Christ.

The Aran churches, according to the sharp conflicts of the period, became in this time true fortified enclosures defended by a wall flanked with towers. Besides the church, this enclosure protected inside some annexed buildings and the cemetery. The bell towers were provided with loopholes and battlements. Between the 15th and early 16th centuries this evolution of the Aranese bell towers towards a fully military appearance culminated in the Gothic towers of octagonal section of Salardú and Vielha.

2.1.2 Romanesque and Gothic painting The mural painting of Romanesque style is found in the sets of the churches of Cap d’Aran in Tredòs and of Santa Eulària in Unha, both in the municipality of Naut Aran. From the set of Cap d’Aran, a magnificent scene of the Epiphany occupying the apse basin, chaired by a Virgin and Child in Majesty, inscribed in a mandorla. Today it is exposed in The Cloisters section of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Also in the New York Museum fragments of geometric borders of the same set are preserved. The rest of representations that integrate the group, whose composition and organization we know from Garland [7], apostolate, saints, mystical dove and Pantocrator, were dispersed after being pulled out in the Spanish postwar period. Recent investigations have been able to locate some fragments in museums and private collections. Others however, we do not know of their location. The high quality of these paintings is evident, with a clear byzantine influence, attributed to the circle of Pedret master and dated from the 11th to the 12th century. In 2004, under layers of plaster, a Romanesque painting of a Madonna standing with the Child was discovered in a pillar of the church, which Pagès i Paretas [8] attributed to the same set. In the apse of the Church of Unha fragments of Romanesque painting were located in 1995. In the apse basin the image of Christ in Majesty surrounded by



the Tetramorph can be observed. In an intermediate register, two busts of the apostolate are preserved, and the lower register is occupied with a decoration with curtains. The paintings present as observed by Pagès [9] close parallels with those attributed to the master of the Last Judgment that after the year 1123 he painted in the churches of Taüll. But the Church of Unha has provided also two mural sets of Gothic style. It is a series dedicated to the cycle of the Passion and Resurrection of Christ that occupies the major space of the northern wall of the church. An inscription on the painting informs of its realization in the year 1493. In 2007, on the first part of the same wall another Gothic pictorial was discovered, although painted by other hands, identified by Sierra Reguera [10], as the Life and Miracles of Saint German of Auxerre. Like the others, an inscription provides us with the date of realization: the year 1484. The relations and parallelisms of these paintings are found in the north, on French territory and, especially, within the limits of the old Diocese of Comminges.



On the contrary, the Gothic paintings on wood, represented by the altarpieces of Arties, Vielha and Vilac, all three of the 15th century, are products of various Catalan or Aragonese artists to whom recent studies of Velasco Gonzàlez [11] and Favà Monllau [12] have managed to name, thanks to the documentary research.

2.1.3 Romanesque and Gothic sculpture The hardiness and ingenuity that, with few exceptions, stone sculpture shows undoubtedly the work of local workshops, contrasts with the exceptional quality of a good crowd of Romanesque and Gothic statues in wood, which has largely preserved the original color. Diverse Romanesque wooden carvings of Christ crucified are emphasized. We highlight the Mijaran Christ, a striking bust of great proportions, the only surviving piece of what would have been a monumental representation of Dead Christ at the time of being removed from the cross. The typology of the Descending appears in Hispanic imagery between the 12th and 14th centuries, interpreted by Bracons Clapés [13] as a reaction against the ideas of the heresy Cathar, much extended all over Occitania, who denied the human nature of Christ and, thus his death. In the second place, the Christ on the Cross is preserved and venerated in the Church of Salardú. It is a Christus patiens, with open eyes and nailed with four nails in a contemporary cross, which, like the carving, retains the original Romanesque polychrome. Both are two masterpieces of Romanesque statues, being attributed to the named Erill’s workshop, an anonymous workshop of sculptors who would have worked during the second half of the 12th century in Aran and Boí. Chronologically more advanced are two Majesties as they are coroneted representations; nowadays exposed in the Musèu dera Val d’Aran. The first of them, the Casarilh Christ (MdVA 515), dated around the year 1200, shows as indicated by Lorés et al. [14], a unique typology, halfway between a Christus patiens and a Majesty, with eyes closed, dead, but crowned, and stylistically still within the area of influence of Erill’s workshop. The Escunhau Christ (MdVA 508/509), from the 13th century, is a work of transition, although it is still loyal

to the typology of the Romanesque Majesties representing an alive and triumphal Christ, applied schemes announcing Gothic in the clothing and especially in the position of the feet, nailed to the cross on only one nail. Fully Gothic is an important group of images carved in wood, dated from the late 13th century and the first half of the 14th century, denoting an obvious French influence [15]. This statuary group debuts in the Aran Valley and also in the neighboring French Comminges, the new Gothic art came from the north and more specifically, from the Paris region. Within the group and with a very distinctive language seated and crowned Virgin and Child seated on her lap are represented, and a repertoire of saints iconographically specific. This group although poorly known, was identified by Batlle [16] as the “workshop of Comminges” thanks to an inscription on the base of one of the five images that the Museu Nacional d’Art de Catalunya (MNAC) owns that makes reference to the Bishopric of Comminges. Recently, in a joint project between specialists from MNAC, France and the Conselh Generau, we have initiated a thorough study that will hopefully provide greater information on the artistic group.

2.2 Renaissance and Baroque artistic heritage

The last third of the 15th and the 16th centuries were very turbulent in the Aran Valley. Within this conflict and anarchy flourished banditry that at times took effective control of the valley. Later in the 16th century, during the wars with France and religion between Lutherans and Catholics, the Aran Valley suffered numerous raids. For this reason it continued fortifying, creating a defensive network throughout the territory, capable of facing the enemy and giving shelter to the population. In addition to some castles, this network was also based on the use of the bell towers as defensive towers. The most powerful families also built fortified residences. Despite this warlike atmosphere from France came new ideas and aesthetic conceptions of the Renaissance. By contrast, from the second third of the 18th century Aran would start living a period of peace and prosperity that resulted in a strong increase of the population in 1860 that would reach its record high figure of 11,272 registered inhabitants.

2.2.1 Architecture The Gothic tradition is still heavy on the architecture of the 16th century. In churches, constructive activity was limited to some expansion reforms or consolidation works and more frequently, opening wider windows to illuminate the originally dark Romanesque churches. The effort focused on building solid and sober bell towers, of military appearance, with few concessions to decoration. The best examples of this phenomenon are the towers of rectangular section of Gessa (1592), Casau (1613) and Garòs (1619), this latter raised in a place of high strategic value, protecting the passage to the upper part of the valley, externally measuring 8.75m side and a height of 19.5m for the wall construction, to which must be added the 12 meters of spectacular spire built with huge wooden beams and slate coating, as testified by Vilarrubias i Cuadras [17].



However, it is in the civil constructions where the Renaissance is most clearly manifested. These buildings, besides being fitted with defense elements such as towers, watchtowers, loopholes and battlements, have embellished facades with Renaissance windows and portals. The new aesthetic trends of Baroque arrived especially in the 18th century. Architecturally, to accommodate an increasing population, new churches were built like in Montgarri, Arròs or Les and others were enlarged, adding chapels or modifying the header, as in Vielha, Vilac or Vilamòs. Also a number of bell towers were raised with a remarkable typological change in the mid 18th century. These were octagonal, high, devoid of defensive elements and more graceful towers than the previous, topped with a pointy slate roof that increased its slenderness . The bell tower of Unha, built in 1775, is crowned with a unique rococo spire of bulbous base.

2.2.2 Painting If architectonically the Renaissance had a discreet presence in Aran, however pictorially it reached a strong development, leaving an extraordinary set of wall paintings, sometimes of great quality. Numerous art commissions would enrich and try to transform some churches, basically of Romanesque architecture, into Renaissance style spaces. Its painters were itinerant artists that worked in the area of the central Pyrenees, some of southern origin, but more frequently from the north. It is these latter who introduced the new Renaissance models that had been imposed in the diocese of Comminges and, in general, by the cities of southern France. In less than a century these paintings evolved from the clear roots of the Gothic tradition to a naturist and inspired by classical antiquity, to eventually, through a more organized and dogmatic representation, faithful to the Tridentine doctrine, serve as a tool to the Church to impose the Catholic Counter-Reformation. The paintings on the walls of the churches of Arties, Unha and Salardú exemplify this evolution very well.

Figure 3: Renaissance mural painting of Arties.



Also in the 17th and 18th centuries, the walls of the Aran churches were still being decorated with paintings, although of a minor quality.

2.2.3 Sculpture Virtually no imagery and Renaissance altarpieces have reached us. However, from the 17th and especially during the 18th century great development of woodcarving altarpieces and polychrome or golden images were acquired, that with great profusion, decorate the interior of the churches. Although most of these altarpieces were destroyed in 1936, the Baroque legacy remains remarkable. These altarpieces, placed behind the respective altars, tried to create an appearance of monumentality and grandeur, despite their material poverty. They sought to increase the fervor of the faithful by means of harrowing images or celestial apparitions, sometimes naively represented, that emerged from niches between twisted columns, foliage and flowers. The creators are local artists, of highly variable quality, roaming which often can be followed on the valleys from one side and the other of the border.

3 Managing the movable and immovable Aranese heritage

The special characteristics of the Aran Valley, geographical, historical, linguistic and cultural as well as the insistent demands of the Aranese people throughout the 20th century, led on July 13, 1990 for the approval of Law 16/1990, of Special Regime of the Aran Valley by the Parliament of Catalonia and the restoration of their own administrative organization, the Conselh Generau d’Aran which was re-established in June 17, 1991 and from that date exercises in the valley a series of competencies. Referring to the management of cultural heritage expressed under the Law 16/1990, the Generalitat of Catalonia transferred to Conselh the restoration and maintenance of buildings of historical interest and the “Musèu dera Val d’Aran”. Subsequently, the Law 9/1993, of 30 September, the Catalan Cultural Heritage, in its second additional provision, item 1, paragraphs a) to e), specifies the extent of the competencies, attributing to Conselh Generau d’Aran, in its territory, the competencies listed below:

The initiation and instruction of files for the declaration of cultural property of national interest and to rescind a declaration.

The adoption of conservation action programs in immovable goods of national interest

The authorization of interventions in immovable monuments of national interest and in which they have initiated a file to declare, and corresponding compensation, if needed.

The binding report on urban planning instruments that are required by the local government where historic buildings, archaeological spaces, paleontological or ethnological interest, and protected areas and environments of any cultural interest.

The authorization of changes of use of a monument.



The competence in archeology was limited to the valuation report possible involvement in archaeological remains of those construction projects, facilities or activities that require evaluation of environmental and landscape impact.

Based on these transfers from the Department of Culture and Heritage of Conselh Generau d’Aran depend on them the Musèu dera Val d’Aran and Airau de Patrimòni (Heritage Area). Currently, the museum in addition to the permanent exhibition of its headquarters in Vielha, manages other equipment, owned or leased: an eco-museum in Vilamòs, a mill in Salardú, a wool factory in Vielha, a temporary exhibitions hall, set up in an old Gothic church located in Arties and an old zinc mine. In addition, an agreement with the Bishopric of Urgell, makes it possible to organize guided tours in the most artistically relevant churches, integrated at a tourist level as the “Romanesque Route of Aran” visits. This route started in 2002 and is now fully consolidated. The heritage area is responsible for ensuring the preservation, conservation and maintenance of movable heritage (except the museum collection). This heritage is mainly ecclesiastical. Usually, it is the Conselh Generau d’Aran who promotes most of the interventions although on some occasions, in those most technically complex and/or high cost interventions, it has received financial and technical support from the Generalitat of Catalonia. On other occasions, it has opted for grants, sponsorships, or collaboration agreements. One of the most interesting and rewarding works carried out in recent years has been the recovery, study and appreciation of different and varied pictorial sets murals that were hidden under layers of plaster. This enormous task of preservation, conservation, study, enhancement and dissemination of Aranese ecclesiastical heritage, would not have been possible without having reached close synergy with the Bishopric of Urgell. Finally, we would like to announce that recently, the new Law 1/2015, of February 5, of the Special Regime of the Aran Valley, has come to extend the competencies applied until now. In terms of heritage, article 51.2 goes one step further by adding competencies in archeology and archives and documentary collections. Item 3 of the same article states that the Conselh Generau d’Aran, among others should ensure conservation and promote the enrichment of the historical, cultural, archaeological, documentary, legal, natural, artistic, scientific, ethnological, geological and industrial heritage of the Aran and goods within it, whatever the legal status is and its ownership.

3.1 Composition and operation of the “Comission d’Auviatge (heritage) dera Val d’Aran”

In order to acquire a competent advisory body in decision making in the field of expressed competencies, Conselh Generau d’ Aran created in June 1996 (BOP of June 27, 1996) the “Comission d’Auviatge dera Val d’Aran”, with similar functions to those in Catalonia that have the territorial commissions of cultural



heritage. Since then, this committee has been working at first with some ups and downs and in recent years, more regularly. However, there are some differences in its composition and performance from the Catalan commissions. These differences are due to different factors. First, the small size of the territory on which it acts and therefore, a more limited number of interventions. Also the desire to ensure the representativeness of institutions with strong territorial identity and more especially, a more comprehensive conception of cultural heritage, in which there is also a very important movable heritage, as well as landscape and overall nature that surrounds our monuments. For these reasons the composition of the Aran commission is broader. Thus, besides the regular members in the Catalan regional commissions, presidency, speakers – architect, archaeologist and historian of art – secretary and many advisors – technical representatives of department responsible for territorial policy and public works, of the county council (usually an archaeologist), of the two municipal associations of Catalonia and of the Catalonia College of Architects, it integrates a competent technician on natural environment; a representative of the Bishopric of Urgell, as owner of most of the monuments; the director of the museum; the director of the historical archive of Aran; a representative of the longest established cultural institution, the “Fondacion deth Musèu Etnologic dera Val” and a couple of chairs of free choice appointed by the president from among people of recognized merit in the scope of cultural heritage – architect, archaeologist or historian. The committee chair is held by the president of the Conselh Generau with two vice-presidencies. One rests with the principal of Culture and Heritage Department of Conselh Generau and the other, on the managing director of the corresponding department of the Government of Catalonia. Another difference is that the “Comission d’Auviatge dera Val d’Aran” normally informs or advises not only on those cases where it is mandatory by law (interventions of maintenance and conservation in cataloged monuments or in protection environments of these; approvals of urban planning in historic centers or activities or in those actions that require environmental impact report), but also on many others, such as proceedings under movables properties, immovables cataloged as local interest and even, in uncatalogued immovables though not devoid of cultural interest. They are mainly projects promoted by the Conselh own Generau d’Aran that, when subject to the approval of the commission, ensures greater consensus. Between 4 and 6 sessions per year are usually held, depending on the volume of records. However, it must be said, that the fact that competition has so far been shared with the Generalitat has caused confusion and even some duplications, through ignorance of its existence and competence in matters of heritage Conselh Generau d’Aran, not only by private developers, but also by many public administrations. The new Law 1/2015, of the Special Regime of the Aran Valley, recently approved, will not only expand the competencies but will correct these issues.



References

[1] Granell, E. & Ramón, A., (eds). Lluís Domènech i Muntaner. Viatges per l´arquitectura Romànica, COAC: Barcelona, pp. 276-282, 2006.

[2] Alcolea Blanch, S., (ed). La missió arqueológica del 1907 als Pirineus. Exhibition catalog, Barcelona, pp. 33-111, 2008.

[3] Puig i Cadafalch, J., Falguera, A., Goday, J., L’arquitectura romànica a Catalunya. Institut Estudis Catalans, Barcelona, vol. III, pp. 79-86, 1909.

[4] Sarrate Forga, J., El arte románico en el Mig Aran, Lleida, 1975. El arte románico en el Cap d’Aran, Lleida, 1975. El arte románico en el Baix Aran, Lleida, 1976.

[5] A.A.V.V. Catalunya Romànica. Enciclopèdia Catalana: Barcelona, Vol. XIII Val d’Aran 1987. Vol. XXVI, pp. 320-444, 1997.

[6] Español F., El gòtic català, Barcelona, p. 37, 2002 [7] Garland, E., Les peintures murales romanes de l’ancien diocèse de

Comminges, Revue du Comminges, t. CXVI, 3au trim, St. Gaudens, pp. 573-611, 2000.

[8] Pagès i Paretas, M., Es pintures romaniques de Santa Maria de Cap d’Aran, Miscellanèa en aumenatge Melquiades Calzado de Castro “Damb eth còr aranés”. Institut d’Estudis Aranesi. Vielha, pp. 319-335. 2010.

[9] Pagès i Paretas, M., La pintura mural romànica de Catalunya, avui, Catalan Historical Review, 6, Institut d’Estudis Catalans, Barcelona, pp. 157-167, 2013.

[10] Sierra Reguera, A., Abans e dempús de Trento. Era pintura murau ena Val d’Aran en temps dera Renaishença: Unha, Arties e Salardú. Miscellanèa en aumenatge Melquiades Calzado de Castro “Damb eth còr aranés”, Institut d’Estudis Aranesi. Vielha, pp. 379-408. 2010.

[11] Velasco Gonzàlez, A., El Mestre de Vielha: un pintor del tardogòtic entre Catalunya i Aragó. Universitat de Lleida. Lleida, 2006.

[12] Favà Monllau, C., L’Ascensió de Crist, taula atribuïda al Mestre d’All (Ramon Gonsalbo?), La peça del mes. February 2013, Museu Maricel. Sitges, 2013.

[13] Bracons Clapés, J., Els davallaments romànics a Catalunya i l’heretgia albigesa, Miscel·lànea en homenatge a Joan Ainaud de Lasarte. I MNAC-IEC. Barcelona, pp. 197-205, 1998.

[14] Lorès, et al. La sculpture romane catalane sur bois: étude et restauration du Christ de Casarilh et de la Majesté de Beget, Les Cahiers de Saint-Michel de Cuxa, XLIII pp. 99-109, 2012.

[15] Ros Barbosa, E., Tres hites, tres arts, Era Batalha de Murèth, Era Querimònia, Era grana patzeria. Vielha, pp. 124-140, 2014.

[16] Batlle, C., Un grupo de esculturas del Pirineo francés en el Museo de Arte de Cataluña (Barcelona), Anuario de Estudios Medievales, 2, Barcelona, pp. 509-510, 1965.

[17] Vilarrubias i Cuadras, D., Campanaus e campanes dera Val d’Aran, Vielha, 2013.



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