Structure 2 Sentence Type Third Meeting

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SENTENCE

STRUCTURE 2


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Definition

1. Based on meaning: Sentence is a

complete thought

2. Based on function: Sentence consists ofa verb or more and a predicate or more

3. Based on meaning and function:

Sentence is a group of words consistingof a verb or more and a predicate or

more that express a complete thought.


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The difference of Sentences and Clauses

Sentences Clauses

- Consist of a verband a predicate

- Consist of a verb anda predicate

- Have a completethought

- Independent clauseshave a completethought

- Express acomplete thought

- Dependent clauses donot have a completethought


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SENTENCECLASSIFICATION:

A. BY TYPES

B. BY PREDICATION


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A. Sentence types

1. Declarative

2. Interrogative

3. Imperative

4. Exclamatory


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A declarative sentence, also known as a statement,is used to give information or state an opinion. Itusually begins with a subject then a predicate. It is

punctuated by a period/dot (.).Example: The dog in the neighbors yard is barking.

Carol is happy.

Johan is playing with his toys.

An amoeba is a one-celled animal.

Green plants need sun and water

The child ate his dinner.

Declarative Sentence


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An interrogative sentence is used to ask aquestion. The position of subject and

auxiliary/helping verb are exchanged;

auxiliary/helping verb comes first andsubject follows it. Interrogative sentences

end in a question mark (?). It can be a

yes/no question or a WH question.

Interrogative Sentence


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Examples:

Yes/no QuestionsIs it raining? (is= aux verb, it=subject)

Did you lock the door?

Have you been to Italy?

Does he love you?

WH Questions

Where do you work?

Whom did you laugh at?

What is your opinion about it?

When will they come back from vacation?


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An imperative sentence is used to express acommand or request. A command is conveyed lesspolitely than a request because a command uses anexclamation mark while a request uses a word

please. Thus, an imperative sentence can end in aperiod (.) or an exclamation mark (!).

Examples:

Close the door! (command)

Please be quiet. (request) Show your parents some respect!

Pass me the salt, please.

Repeat my words!

Imperative Sentence


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An exclamatory sentence is used to express kinds of emotionsuch as excitement, surprise, and other feelings. It beginswith an exclamatory phrase ofwhator how and ends in anexclamation mark. It can be written as a statement butshowing an emotion.

Example:

What a good dinner that was!

How beautiful she is!

What a pretty dress you are wearing! How rudely that kid talks!

This is the most delicious pizza Ive ever tasted!

*how usually precedes an adjective or adverb

Exclamatory Sentence


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Identify the type for each sentence whether they are:

descriptive, interrogative, imperative or exclamatory1. Have you made a decision yet?

2. The girl in the white jacket is lost.

3. What a brilliant idea it is!

4. Give me a piece of pizza, please.5. I did not finish my homework.

6. Where is my science book?

7. Please come with me to the movies.

8. I made a perfect score on this test!

9. Why is John late for our date?

10.Open your locker immediately!

Practice 1:


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Make your writing more interesting!

By using the four types of sentences in your writing, you can

make your paragraphs more interesting.

Read the sample paragraph below.

My favorite type of fast food is pizza. I could eatpizza morning, noon, or night. Pepperoni is my number

one choice. I also like double cheese on top. I wish I

could order a pizza right now.

Boring, right? Lets see how we can use the four types of

sentences and make it more interesting to the reader.


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What is your favorite type of fast

food? My favorite is pizza. I just lovepepperoni and double cheese.Sometimes I think I could eat pizzamorning, noon and night! All of this talkabout pizza is making me hungry. Letsorder a pizza now.

This is more interesting, right? In this sample we used the four

different types of sentences. They provided emotion, excitement,

pizza to our paragraph.


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B. Sentence by Predications

According to the number of subjectand predicate, sentence is classified

into four kinds:1. Simple

2. Compound

3. Complex

4. Compound-Complex


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1. Simple Sentence

A simple sentence consists ofone independentclause that has simply one subject and onepredicate.

Examples:- Maryplays tennis.- Teddybought a house.- Ronyis a clever student.- Icookfor breakfast.-Weswim every weekends.- The pirates are cruel.


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SIMPLE SENTENCE

Mary

Teddy

Rony

IWe

The pirates

Plays tennis.

Bough a house.

Is a clever student.

Cook for breakfast.Swim every weekends

Are cruel.

SUBJECT PREDICATE

one subject one predicate


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Simple Sentence:Compound Subject

Play tennis.

Bought a house.

Are clever students.Cook for breakfast.

Swim every weekends.

Are both cruel.

Tom and Mary

Teddy and Winnie

Rony and RickMy sister and I

You and I

The pirates and the

robber

Compound Subject Predicate


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Simple Sentence:Compound Subject and Compound Predicate

play tennis and swim.Tom and Mary

Compound Subject Compound Predicate

&&


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2. Compound Sentence

Compound sentence (kalimat majemuk setara) consists oftwoindependent clauses and they are joined by:- Coordinating conjunctions; FANBOYS = For, And, Nor, But,Or, Yet, So.

- Transition: also, besides, moreover, still, therefore,consequently, otherwise, accordingly, however, nevertheless,thus, then, furthermore, on the other hand.- Use only semi colon (;)

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

Coordinating Conjunction / Transition / Semi colon


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COMPOUND SENTENCE JOINED BY:

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

- For (karena): Tom is rich, forhe works hard.- And (dan): Tom is rich, and Mary is smart.

- Nor (atau [dengan makna negatif]): Tom neither

washes clothes himself, norhe does the dishes.- But (tapi): Tom has a car,but he cannot drive it.

- Or (atau): Tom goes to work either by car, orhe

rides his bike.- Yet (tapi): Tom has a car, yet he cannot drive it.

- So (maka/jadi): Tom is handsome, so every girl

likes him.


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COMPOUND SENTENCE WITH

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS: Analysis

Tom is rich, and Mary is smart.clause 1 coordinator clause 2

Independent Independent

Comma is used before

coordinating conjunction

in compound

sentences!


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COMPOUND SENTENCE:

TRANSITION

- Mr. Hartanto is the richest man in this town;moreover, he is helpful.

- The city provides many cultural opportunities;

besides, it has an excellent central of art and culture.- The players tried their best to win; nevertheless,

they lost.

- He has been late for class lately; therefore, theteacher punished him.

- Rina is angry at his boy friend; on the other hand,

she keeps smiling at him.


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COMPOUND SENTENCE WITH

TRANSITION: Analysis

Note: Semicolon

before transitionsand comma after transition!

Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich.clause 1 transition clause 2

independent independent


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Transition Positions:

AT THE BEGINNING, IN THE MIDDLE, AT THE END

Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich.

Bob is handsome; he is, moreover, rich.

Bob is handsome; he is rich, moreover.


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COMPOUND SENTENCE:

SEMICOLON (;)

- Matt has benefited from his exercise program; he isslim and energetic.

-Mr. Hartanto is the richest man in this town; he is

helpful.- The city provides many cultural opportunities; it

has an excellent central of art and culture.

- The players tried their best to win; they lost.

- He has been late for class lately; the teacher

punished him.


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Make one complex sentence!

You may use coordinatingconjunction, transition, orsemi colon.


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3. Complex Sentence

A complex sentence consists ofone independentclause and one or more dependent clausejoined bysubordinating conjunctions. If the independent

clause comes first, it does not use a comma (,). But ifthe dependent clause comes first, it uses a comma (,).

Dependent clause,Independent clause

Dependent clause

Subordinating conjunction Subordinating conjunction

Independent clause


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Subordinating conjunctions

After Although As Becau

Before Even if Even though If

In order that Once Provided that Rather than

Since So that Than That

Though Unless Until When Whenever Where Whereas Whereve

Whether While Why Ho


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Analysis

-You should lock the doorbefore you leave.

You should lock the door= independent clause

Before you leave = dependent clause

Before = subordinating conjunction

- Provided that his homework is finished in time, he will be allowed

to go to the zoo.Provided that his homework is finished in time= dependent clause

Provided that= subordinating conjunction

He will be allowed to go to the zoo = independent clause

- When the conductor appeared on the stage, the audience applaudedloudly.

When the conductor appeared on the stage = dependent clause

When = subordinating conjunction

The audience applauded loudly = independent clause


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Make one compound sentence!

Remember to use a subordinatingconjunction.


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4. Compound-Complex Sentence

A compound-complex sentence consists oftwo or more independent clauses and one ormore dependent clauses.

Independent clause

Dependent clause

Independent clause

Coordinating conjunction

Subordinating conjunction


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Remember that in compound-

complex sentence:

Coordinating conjunctions

(FANBOYS, transitions, or semi

colon) are used to join independentclauses.

Subordinating conjunctions areusedto join an independent clause

with a dependent clause.


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Examples of compound-complex sentences

1. Naoki passed the testbecause he studied hard and heunderstood the material.

Naoki passed the test= independent clause

Because he studied hard= dependent clauseAnd he understood the material= independent clause

2. The package arrived in the morning, but the courier

leftbefore I could check the contents.

The package arrived in the morning = independent clause

But the courier left= independent clause

Before I could check the contents = dependent clause


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3. There are many problems to solvebefore this

program can be used, but engineers believe that

theywill be able to solve them soon.

There are many problems to solve = independent

clauseBefore this program can be used= dependent

clause

But engineers believe= independent clause

That they will be able to solve them soon =

dependent clause.


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Make one compound-complex sentence!Remember to use a coordinating conjunction to join

independent clauses and a subordinatingconjunction to join an independent clause with a

dependent clause.


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Practice 2: Analyze these sentences1. Ottawa is the capital of Canada,

but Toronto is the capital of

Ontario.2. Democracy is a noble goal; it is

important, however, to protectthe minority from the tyranny ofthe majority.


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3. Unless my girlfriendpostpones her visit from

Calgary, I will not have timeto study for my exam.

4. Susanne wanted to be here,but she cannot come until

she finished her homework


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5. The football game was cancelledbecause it was raining.

6. The president likes travelling; heis very adventurous.

7. The Island was filled with many

trails winding through the thickunderbrush, a small lake, anddangerous wild pigs.


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SUMMARY

A. Sentence types: descriptive, interrogative, imperative and

exclamatoryB. Sentence by predication:

- Simple sentence = one independent clause

- Compound sentence = two independent clausesjoined by

coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS, transitions, or semi

colon)

- Complex sentence = one independent clause and one or

more dependent clausesjoined by subordinatingconjunctions.

- Compound-complex sentence = two or more independent

clauses and one or more dependent clausesjoined by

coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions.


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References

Writing Academic English, Second Edition, by Alice

Oshima and Ann Hogue. White Plains: Addison, Wesley,

Longman, 1999.

The Little, Brown Handbook, by H. Ramsey Fowler and

Jane E. Aaron, Pearson, 2004.


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Thank you

Titih [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]

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Structure 2 Sentence Type Third Meeting

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