PROBLEM WITH SINGLE TOPICSTRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT/COMPLEMENT (SVO/C)

1. __________ between Alaska and the continental U.S runs more than 1,400 miles along the west coast of North America.(A) The Alaskan Highway is the main

artery(B) The Alaskan Highway is that the

main artery(C) The Alaskan Highway, the main

artery(D) The Alaskan Highway the main

artery is2. __________ one of the oldest art

forms, combining beauty and functionality into one.(A) Because architecture is(B) Having architecture as(C) Architecture being(D) Architecture is

3. A student __________ a dorm counselor if he’d rather not live with his roommate again next year.(A) should tell(B) who should tell(C) who should be told(D) being told

4. After carrying out a large number of experiment, __________(A) Alfred Nobel finding the formula

for dynamite in 1866.(B) the formula for dynamite was

found in the 1866(C) it was in 1866 that the formula

for dynamite was found by Alfred Nobel

(D) Alfred Nobel found the formula for dynamite in 1866.

5. Born in France in 1890, Robert Laurent __________ his education in the United States.(A) received a prodigy(B) a prodigy was received(C) was a prodigy received(D) was a prodigy who received

6. A leave __________ a waxy coat to prevent evaporation of water.(A) having(B) which has(C) that which has(D) has

7. The Great Lakes __________ the largest bodies of fresh water in the world.(A) Which form(B) forming(C) form(D) they form

8. __________ antibiotics, is used to treat infections.(A) The tetracycline, is a family (B) The tetracycline, being a family (C) The tetracycline, a family of(D) The tetracycline, their a family is

9. In the United States, __________ is generally the responsibility of municipal governments.(A) for water treatment(B) water treatment(C) where water treatment(D) in which water treatment

10.__________ the dollar as its monetary unit in 1878(A) Canada adopted(B) Adopted by Canada(C) It was adopted by Canada (D) The Canadian adoption of

11.Compressed air __________ the power to drive pneumatic tools.(A) by providing(B) provides (C) that provides (D) the provision

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2

PASSIVE

1. The blue whale __________ the largest creature on earth.(A) generally classified as is (B) as is generally classified (C) is generally classified as (D) is classified generally as

2. The seminar was cancelled because the invitations were not __________ in time.(A) printer(B) printed(C) printing(D) print

3. Mammals __________ into the placental, marsupials, and monomers.(A) which are generally classified(B) classified are generally(C) are generally classified (D) being generally classified

4. Many issues __________ by the committee, but they were unable to arrive at any conclusions.(A) were seriously discussing(B) being seriously discussed(C) which were seriously discussing(D) were seriously discussed

5. The tropical storms that occur each year in the North Atlantic and have winds reaching speeds of at least 117 kilometers per hour __________ hurricane.(A) which are commonly called(B) commonly called(C) is commonly called(D) are commonly called

6. One of the world’s best-selling author, Louis L’ amour said to have written 101 books mostly

A B C Dwesterns.

7. The friendly open manner of Texans said to reflect its confidence in the American way of life.

A B C D8. For many years, space enthusiasts harbored hope that the atmosphere of Venus

could support A B

life, but now it is know to be extremely dead.C D

9. The result of the failure to plan for the future is that a child from an urban area must be took

A B Cto the country to see nature.

D10.Aspirin is recommend to many people for its ability to thin the blood.

A B C D

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CONDITIONAL

1. If Jane __________ with us, she would have had a good time.(A) would come(B) had come(C) would have come(D) came

2. __________ two waves pass a given point simultaneously, they will have no effect on each other’s subsequent.(A) So that (B) They are(C) That (D) If

3. If the costumer __________ not satisfied, please have call the manager.(A) am (B) is (C) are (D) be

4. If the waiter cannot handle your request, the captain __________ assist you.(A) will (B) has(C) did(D) is

5. If Peter had enough money, __________ on the trip to Las Vegas.(A) he would have gone(B) had he gone(C) he went(D) he would go

6. If Jane called me now, __________ the news directly.(A) he would have known(B) had he known(C) he knew(D) he would know

7. __________ a reservation, it will be impossible to get a hotel room this weekend because of the jazz festival(A) Without you have(B) If you have(C) Unless you have(D) Unless having

8. She will have to go as soon as possible if she wanted to catch the last flight.A B C D

9. If potatoes are cultivated in every state, Idaho produced the largest crop of all.A B C D

10.If the Democratic party would reorganize on a more moderate platform, it could win the next

A B Celection.

D11.The proposal would be submitted last week, if the resignation of the director

had not made A B

necessary to revise the entire set of options.C D

12.If the new Congress involved itself in the issue of the environment, some plants and

A Banimal species might have had a chance of surviving a few more years.

C D13.If the company appreciated Jane’s success in increasing the market share, he

would not have

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A B Cthought of leaving the company.

D

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ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

1. The notebook __________ on the bus was reported to the chief division of the security.(A) whom he had lost(B) which he had lost(C) had lost(D) who had lost

2. The Saiga, which __________ as the Russian antelope, is famous for the medical properties attributed to its horns. (A) is also known(B) also it is known(C) twice is the largest known(D) more the largest is known

3. Artifacts are ancient objects __________ archeological site during excavation.(A) which are found in(B) which find

(C) which found in(D) in the find of

4. About 75 percent of the nation’s two-and four-year universities offer online courses __________ to continue their education at home.(A) give people opportunities (B) who give people opportunities(C) that give people opportunities(D) have given people opportunities

5. Ecologist are trying to preserve our environment for future generations by protecting the ozone layer, purifying the air, and planting __________ (A) the trees that have been cut

down(B) the trees have been cut down(C) the trees to cut down(D) to cut down the trees

6. The geographic position of North America, laying between the Atlantic and the pacific oceans,

A Bisolated it in the early days of European settlement.

C D7. Food as tonic refers to using food to treat individual who have a general

weakness, but no A B C D

specific disease diagnosis.8. To maintain the flow of energy and nutrients through the system, Ecosystems

have a A B

structure which consisting of producers, consumers, and decomposers.C D

9. An isotope is one of two or more specimens of the same chemical who have different anatomic

A B Cweight.

D10.The small Pennsylvania town of Jim Thorpe was named for the famous Indian

football player A B C

whom is buried there.A

11.It is not surprised that the Arabs, which possessed a remarkable gift of astronomy,

A B Cmathematics, and geometry, were also skillful mapmakers.

D

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12.In the mid-nineteenth century , land was expensive in large cities who architects began to

A B Cconserve space by designing skyscrapers.

D13.Unlike many other West African countries, Cameroon is a country of ten million

people A B

who has been very successful in growing food for its people.C D

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COMPARATIVE + THAN

1. No problem is more serious __________ (A) than environmental pollution (B) than environmental pollution

does(C) as environmental pollution(D) as than environmental pollution

does2. Henry Aaron hit more home runs

during his career __________ any other players in baseball History.(A) as (B) from(C) than(D) despite

3. The Disney amusement park in Japan is __________ Florida or California.(A) the largest than the one in(B) larger than the one in (C) larger the one in(D) the largest of the one

4. The total production of bushels of corn in the United States is __________ all other cereal crops combined.(A) more as(B) more than that of(C) more of(D) more that

5. Springs with __________ temperatures than their surroundings are called thermal springs.(A) the high(B) higher (C) high (D) highly

6. Studies show that students with high self-esteem have __________ ratings from both themselves and their teachers in their speech than students with low self-esteem(A) high (B) higher (C) highest (D) the highest

7. Automobiles, airplanes, and buses use more energy per passenger __________ (A) as do trains(B) than trains do(C) trains do(D) like trains

8. Now smaller as several other buildings in North America, the Empire State Building remains

A Bthe United States’ top of all tourist attraction.

C D9. Within China, calligraphy is considered a greatest art form than the painting.

A B C D10.It may be argued that modern presidents had far great responsibilities than their

predecessors do.A B C D

11.Coal, though the much more abundant energy source than either oil or gas, is still a finite

A B Cresource.

D

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PARALLEL STRUCTURE

1. Industrial growth and demand for raw materials from a burgeoning population have caused soil degradation, water shortages, and __________ (A) deforested widespread(B) to deforest widespread(C) which widespread deforested (D) widespread deforestation

2. Locally and regionally, deforestation is associated with declines in rainfall, __________ and the alteration of local hydrology.(A) to increase surface temperatures(B) increased surface temperatures(C) and increase surface

temperatures(D) increase surface temperatures

3. Log cabins originated in New England but were used by pioneers because of their

A B Cinexpensiveness, durability and were warm.

D 4. In almost all developing countries, the lock of adequate supplies of cheap,

convenience, and A B C

reliable fuel is a major problem. D

5. The value of television is not only in providing inexpensive entertainment but also in

A B Ceducation of its viewer.

D6. Astronomers gather data by accurately and careful observing the heavens.

A B C D7. Many living creatures may follow the Dodo, the blue whale, and to eliminate the

carrier A B C

pigeon into extinction.D

8. Geologists classify by patient and painstakingly noting their physical features and chemical

A B Ccomposition.

D9. The difference between a non-profit and a profit-making organization is that the

latter may A B

distribute property or profitable to its stockholders.C D

10.Any community depends on its department’s ability to respond quickly to fires, manage

A Beffective fire-fighting tactics, and its organization.

C D11.Perennially , soldier complain about the poor food, the boring work, and the pay

is low.A B C D

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12.The main reasons that tourist flock to Hawaii are because it has warm weather not beautiful

A B Cscenery and cultural.

D13.The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak is causing unease in

Hong Kong, A

emptying restaurants and shopping malls, and force most residents to wear face masks in public.

B C D

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REDUDANCY

1. Because of its cost and expensiveness, above all, the medical program has come under fire

A B C Drecently.

2. Nutritionists urge that food be chewed and masticated thoroughly before being swallowed.

A B C D3. The Renaissance it was a period of rebirth of the classical culture of Italy during

the 1400s.A B C D

4. Insulin it is used to treat diabetes and is secured chiefly from the pancreas of cattle and hogs.

A B C D5. The factory it was built on Dock Street near the river in 1969.

A B C D6. Ms. Wang, who is transferring to this branch, she is an experienced teller.

A B C D

7. Inevitably, as the hands of the clock move towards and approach zero hour, the contents

A B CBecome increasingly nervous.

D8. The first permanent settlement in North America, Jamestown, it was named in

honor of King A B C

James I of England. D

9. The two friends, who had not seen each other for many years, they met by chance on

A B C DEuropean tour.

10.On of the first result of the police investigation it was a redesigning of the whole security system.

A B C D

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IT CLAUSE

1. __________ Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations that David Ricardo became fascinated by economic theory.(A) After reading(B) It was after reading(C) By reading(D) When he read

2. __________ that the English settled in Jamestown.(A) In 1607 that it was(B) That in 1607(C) Because in 1607(D) It was in 1607

3. __________ after the Second World War that the best pilots first attempted to break the “sound barrier”.(A) It was shortly(B) Was shortly (C) There was shortly(D) Shortly

4. It was established in the nineteenth century __________ is made up of cells.(A) which animal and vegetable

tissue(B) animal and vegetable tissue(C) it is animal and vegetable tissue(D) that all animal and vegetable

tissue

5. __________ sometimes appear that children are crying when they are actually laughing.(A) They may(B) It may(C) He may(D) There may

6. __________ important that all applications and transcripts be filed no later than August 1.(A) There is(B) Although it is(C) It is(D) They are

7. __________ that most of the earthquakes in the world occur near the youngest mountain ranges.(A) That it is widely believed(B) It is widely believed(C) Widely believed(D) It believed

8. There is possible that factories will one day rely almost entirely on robots for routine work.

A B C D9. There can be inferred that she makes instant color prints to see the image looks

like.A B C D

10.There is important to realize that the same technology that helps us may also harm us.

A B C D11.That is assumed that the great flood damaging the rural areas was virtually

caused by the A B C

widespread deforestation.D

12.There is predicted that the telecommunication system may threaten human relations.

A B C D

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VERB + TO INVINITIVEVERB + GERUND

VERB + VERB WORD

1. They __________ having lunch at the campus cafeteria before having a math class.(A) differs only in degree.(B) it only differs in degree.(C) only in degree it differs.(D) differing only in degree

2. She __________ her seat a week before the departure if she wants to go to Jakarta.(A) had better to reserve(B) had to better reserve(C) had better reserve(D) had to reserve better

3. Unlike most Europeans, many Americans __________ a bowl of cereal for breakfast every day.(A) used to eating(B) are used to eat(C) are used to eating(D) use to eat

4. In Indonesia as early as ten years old, young boys enjoyed __________ football.(A) to play(B) playing(C) played(D) the play

5. The hotel manager looked forward __________ from you as soon as possible before winter season.(A) to hear(B) to hearing(C) hearing(D) to be heard

6. The architect is considering __________ an apartment in the coastal areas of the tropical countries.(A) building(B) to build(C) built(D) to be built

7. Some foreign postgraduate students at Wisconsin University failed __________ the entrance exam because they had net been admitted yet.(A) to take(B) take(C) taking(D) taken

8. In cleaning, heat can be used __________ bacteria and halt enzymes activity in food.(A) to destroy(B) destroy(C) destroying(D) destroyed

9. Mr. Guzman wanted spending more money on advertising after consulting a marketing expert.

A B C D10.Mr. Gilden’s friends thoroughly enjoyed to plan his retirement party two weeks

ago.A B C D

11.Guests who may be possibly delayed are asked registering for late arrival. A B C D

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NUMERAL ORDER, HYPHENATEDADJECTIVE, ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH

1. As a safety precaution, all city cabdrivers carry only enough money to make change for a __________ bill.(A) ten-dollar(B) ten-dollars(C) tens-dollar(D) tens-dollars

2. __________ has been reduced not only to one of ten hours, but also, in some lines of work, to one of eight or even six.(A) The fourteenth hours day(B) The fourteen-hours day(C) The fourteen-hour day(D) The fourteen-hourly day

3. The weather in West European countries is ________ to have a tour season in summer.(A) comfortable enough (B) enough comfortable (C) comfortably enough(D) very comfortably enough

4. Automobile insurance is enough cheap for students who maintain a beverage or work as a part

A B C Dtime.

5. The last train to New York is ready on track the sixth. A B C D

6. There has been much rain in the last twenty-four-hours period especially in the rural areas.

A B C D7. A thirty-years-old man suffering from amnesia was taken to the hospital in the

early hours ofA B C

yesterday morning.D

8. During the course of 1981, Pete Rose became the four hitter to achieve as many as 3,600 hits.

A B C D9. During the twenty one century, computers in various occupational sectors

become immediate A B C

needs.D

10.A forty-five-years old woman suffering from cancer disease was taken to the hospital last night.

A B C D

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USE TO / BE USED TO

1. Your sister used to __________ you quite often.(A) visit (B) to visit(C) visiting(D) visited

2. Mary and John __________ to the parties at the student Union every Friday.(A) used to going(B) used to go(C) are use to go(D) were used to go

3. They __________ having lunch at the campus cafeteria. (A) are used to(B) used to(C) use to(D) were used

4. Unlike most Europeans, many Americans __________ a bowl of cereal for breakfast every day.(A) used to eating(B) are used to eat(C) are used to eat(D) used to eating

5. Ancient civilizations such as those of the Phoenicians and the Mesopotamians __________ goods rather than use money.(A) use to trade(B) is used to trade(C) used to trading(D) were used to trading

6. As a young child, the author was used to sit for hours on the river bank fishing in the river andA B Cthinking about life.

D7. In Asian countries, such as China, India and Malaysia restrictive policies on

foreign exchange A B

are used to limit what the bank can actually do.C D

8. Adidas was used to split its operations in the region: the distribution and marketing and the

A Bsourcing which is a global sourcing business based in Hong Kong.

C D9. Chinese second largest mobile phone and consumer electronics manufacturer,

TCL Corp, is A B

used to engineer a novel restructuring.C D

10.The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is used to support power plant projects in Thailand to

A Bhelp meet the country’s long-term need for reliable energy.

C D

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NOT ONLY…, BUT ALSONOT ONLY…, BUT… AS WELL

1. Not only __________ useful in producing dairy products, but also it is used for rapid reproduction of bacteria in scientific research.(A) fermentation has been(B) is fermentation(C) does fermentation(D) fermentation is

2. __________ was Albert Schweitzer a famous humanitarian, but he was a gifted politician as well.(A) If only(B) Only (C) Not only(D) Not only who

3. Not only is North Carolina well known for the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, __________ it is also famous for the Cherokee Indian Settlement.(A) but (B) and (C) but also (D) because of

4. Of all factors affecting University graduates, not only teaching strategies are the ones that

A Binfluence them, but learning facilities support them most as well.

C D5. Not only Dairying is concerned with the production of milk, but it relates to the

manufacture A B C

of milk products such as butter and cheese as well.D

6. Not only the inflation rate was rising but unemployment, always a problem since the

A Blast twenty years, was on the increase as well.

C D7. Not only the mound builders were the earliest inhabitants of the United States,

but their A B C D

8. Not only Medical tribune journal is packed with in-depth reports from medical investigations,

A B Cbut it also contains medical developments.

D9. Particularly in congested urban areas, not only is the noise produced as the

product of our A

advancing technology causes physical and psychological harm, but also it detracts from the

B Cquality of life for those who are exposed to it.

D10.Not only are designing the new system Toyota engineers simplifies the

operation, but it also

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A Bincreases flexibility as many as eight different models can move through the same body shop.

C D

17

BOTH… AND…

1. Must crustaceans live in the sea, __________ some live in fresh water and a few have ventured onto land.(A) both(B) also(C) but(D) and

2. The cabinet consists of secretaries of departments who both report to the president or help him

A B Cmake decision.

D3. Amphibians, which live both on land or water, have developed specialized

apparatus such as A B C D

webbed feet for movement in water.4. Unlike other forms of energy, natural gas may be used both homes or

automobiles.A B C D

5. Success at college or university takes both the necessary degree of intelligence or the added

A B C Dingredient of perseverance.

6. A rapid increase in the population of a country often results in both a lowered living standard

A B Cor political unrest.D

7. In the Arctic Regions, the Yak provides both clothing or meat, which are crucial to survival.

A B C D8. Vaslav Nijinsky achieved world recognition as both a dancer as well as a

choreographer. A B C D

9. In today’s global market, you need both news or information from everywhere.A B C D

10.The project is the first independent power producer Thailand to be financed by both local

A Bcurrency or foreign exchange loans of this magnitude to invocate exchange rate fluctuations.

C D11.An attempt has been made to access the importance of various risk factor for

both mortality A B C

besides burden of disease throughout the world. D

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SIMPLE PAST TENSE

1. The head of sales __________ to San Diego for the annual sales convention last summer.(A) went (B) gone(C) go(D) going

2. The monk spent so many years copying out manuscripts by candlelight that eventually he

A B Cirreparably damages their eyes

D3. When all of the employees had assembled in the office and were drinking their

coffee, the A B

manager announces the salary increase that was to begin the first of the year.C D

4. In 1859, Charles Darwin publishes the famous work in which he indicated that the man was

A B C Dthe descendant of lower animals.

5. Before his death in 1943, in an effort to encourage less dependence on one crop by the south,

A BGeorge Washington Carver is responsible for developing hundreds of industrial uses for

C Dpeanuts and sweet potatoes.

6. Two years ago the health workers in the Netherlands have tried to assess the relative effects on

A B Ccognition of radiotherapy and the tumor it self.

D7. Non surgical management of ruptured intracranial aneurysms by the

impalement of an A B

endovascular coil has increased in popularity in the 1990s.C D

8. Long term exposure to traffic-related air pollutants investigated from 1986 to 1994 in the

A Netherlands showed that living near a main road increases cardiopulmonary mortality by 95%

B C Dand overall mortality by 41%.

9. The free-trade agreement signed in last year by Australia and the United States has phased in

A Btariff reductions over a long period and left soul agricultural products out altogether last

C D

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February.

20

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

1. Fuji has Industrial Estate facilities and has recently __________ an Export Processing Zone.(A) establish (B) established (C) establishing (D) establishment

2. For the last ten years solar power, a renewable, non polluting source of energy, have A Bincreasingly became important in satisfying the state’s energy needs.

C D3. Throughout history, the search for gold has attract a great number of

immigrants from A B C

various parts of the world.D

4. The secretary-general of the United Nations, Kofi Annan, has convening a panel of eminent persons

A B Cto explore the challenges of sustainable development for several years.

D 5. Fast food chains have recently reaping great profits by offering a limited menu to

a mass market. A B C D

6. America, since World War II, has underwent tremendous social changes that caused a drastic

A B Cchange in the fabric of its cultures.

D7. Recently researchers concluded that noise may be a serious threat to physical

and psychologist A B

health and well being, causing damage may not only to the can and brain but also to the heart

C Dand stomach.

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EITHER NEITHER

1. Most foreign students don’t like American coffee, and __________.(A) I don’t too(B) either don’t I (C) neither don’t I (D) neither do I

2. As fuel prices rose, bus companies didn’t raise their fares and __________.(A) so did the airlines (B) neither did the airlines(C) so the airlines have done(D) neither the airlines done

3. The electric company didn’t reduce its deposit rate this month, and __________.(A) neither the telephone company

did(B) either the telephone company

done(C) neither did the telephone

company(D) neither the telephone company

does4. Pioneer men and women didn’t

endure terrible hardships, and __________.(A) so do their children(B) neither did the children(C) twice as many as(D) twice as more as

5. Either the speaker nor the listener can successfully communicate without other’s active participation.

A B C D6. Distance learning is perfectly viable and in fact just as good as neither residential or

semi residential A B C D

corners.7. Flexibility in worldwide learning is important because it can tailor the course either

to your job A B

demand nor to the study time available.C D

8. In a recent survey of the world’s leading business schools conducted by the highly respected

A BLondon Financial Times, The Australian Graduate School of Management was voted no.1 in either

CAustralian nor the Asia Pacific.

D9. Either the assistant director nor the secretary of the electronics company pursues

to reconstruct the A B C

corporate service worldwide.D

10.Neither James or his counterparts is going to expand their partnerships with foreign companies.

A B C D

22

CAUSATIVE

1. The really looks good tonight because the coach had them __________ every night this week.(A) practice (B) to practice(C) practiced (D) the practice

2. Tommy had his big brother __________ his shoes for him.(A) to tie(B) tie(C) tied(D) tying

3. When friends insist on __________ expensive gifts, it makes most Americans uncomfortable.(A) them to accept (B) their to accept(C) their accepting(D) they accept

4. A child in the first grade tends to be __________ all of the other children in his class.(A) the same old to(B) the same age than(C) as old like(D) the same age as

5. General Grant had General Lee __________ him at Appomattox to sign the official surrender of the Confederate forces.(A) to meet (B) met (C) meet (D) meeting

6. Mark got his academic transcripts send to the director of Graduate Program Yale University.

A B C D7. The finance manager of the computer company made the customers attended

the teleconference A B

held at the five-star hotel in the city.C D

8. In order to receive full reimbursement for jewelry that might be stolen, the owner must get all

A B Cpieces appraise.

D9. Most presidential candidates have their names print on the ballot in the new

Hampshire primary A B C

election. D

10.Psychologists believe that incentives make us to want to increase our productivity.

A B C D

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WORD FORMATION

1. Our goal is to turn__________ into success.(A) failing (B) failed (C) fail (D) failure

2. We depend on Mr. Wong for his knowledge and __________.(A) leading (B) lead (C) leadership (D) leader

3. __________ is the key to efficiency.(A) Organized (B) Organizing (C) Organizer (D) Organization

4. Contrary to the ancient believing that they live in fire, salamanders actually delight in Cool,

A B C Dmoisture of a place.

5. It was on his election to the Georgia Senate in 1962 that James Carter first became a full time A B Cpolitic.

D6. Representatives from more than 180 countries gathered in Born, Germany, for a

U.N. conference A B C

on global warm.D

7. U.S. census figures indicate that people with only an elementary education can earn just half as

A B Cmuch as college graduations.

D8. The native people in the Americans were referred to as Indians because,

according to the believe A B C

at the time, Christopher Columbus had reached the East Indies. D

9. Chemical bond between atoms of oxygen and those of gold, silver, and platinum is week.

A B C D10.There was once a widespread believe that all lizards were poisonous.

A B C D11.Black bears can move rapidly when necessary and are skillful tree-climbers for

their size and weigh.A B C D

12.Peach trees grow good in a variety of soil types, but do best in sandy loam.A B C D

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