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Structure of Bacteria related toPATHOGENESITAS
ANATOMI MORFOLOGIPROKARIOT
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Size of Bacteria Average acteria !"# $ %"! u& i' dia&"
• RB( i) *"# u& i' dia&" Surface Area +,% u&-% .olu&e i) +/ u& Surface Area to .olu&e i) 01, T23ical Eu4ar2ote (ell SA5.ol i) !"01, Food e'ter) t6roug6 SA7 8uic4l2
reac6e) all 3art) of acteria Eu4aro2te) 'eed )tructure) 9orga'elle)
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S6a3e) of Bacteria (occu)
• (6ai' : Stre3toccu)• (lu)ter :
Sta362lococcu) Bacillu)
• (6ai' : Stre3to acillu) (occo acillu) .i rio : curved S3irillu& S3iroc6ete S8uare Star
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Bacterial Structure) Flagella Pili (a3)ule Pla)&a Me& ra'e (2to3la)& (ell ;all Li3o3ol2)acc6arid
e)
Teic6oic Acid) I'clu)io') S3ore)
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Flagella Motilit2 $ &ove&e't
Scatio'• Mo'otric6ou)? , @agella• Lo36otric6ou)? tuft at o'e e'd• A&36itric6ou)? ot6 e'd)• Peritric6ou)? all arou'd acteria
O )erve Picture i' Micro La "
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(6a3ter /
Mo'o$ or Lo36otric6oru)
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Pili S6ort 3rotei' a33e'dage)
• )&aller t6a' @agella Ad6ere acteria to )urface)
•E" coli 6a) 'u&erou) t23e)
K 7 K 7 F/,7 etc"• A'ti odie) to
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F$Pilu) for (o'Cugatio'
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(a3)ule or Sli&e La2er Gl2cocal2D $ Pol2)acc6aride o'
eDter'al )urface Ad6ere acteria to )urface
• S" &uta') a'd e'a&el of teet6 Preve't) P6agoc2to)i)
• (o&3le&e't ca' t 3e'etrate )ugar)
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(2to3la)& ! ;ater %! Salt)$Protei')
• O)&otic S6oc4 i&3orta't =NA i) circular7 Ha3loid
• Adva'tage) of ,N =NA over %N =NA• More eJcie't? gro
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(ell ;all Pe3tido$gl2ca' Pol2&er a&i'o acid)
)ugar) 'i8ue to acteria Sugar)? NAG 9 NAM
• N$acet2lgluco)a&i'e• N$acet2&ura&ic acid
= for& of A&i'o acid) u)ed 'ot Lfor&• Hard to rea4 do
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(ell ;all Su&&ar2 =eter&i'e )6a3e of acteria Stre'gt6 3reve't) o)&otic ru3ture %!$/! of acteria 'i8ue to acteria So&e a'ti iotic) e ect directl2
• Pe'icilli'
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.ideo (li3 o' (ell ;all
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Teic6oic Acid) Gra& o'l2 Gl2cerol7 P6o)36ate)7 9 Ri itol Attac6&e't for P6age)
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Li3o3ol2)acc6aride LPS E'dotoDi' or P2roge'
• Fever cau)i'g• ToDi' 'o&e'clature
E'do$ 3art of acteriaEDo$ eDcreted i'to e'viro'&e't Structure
• Li3id A•
Pol2)acc6arideO A'tige' of E" coli7 Sal&o'ella
G$ acteria o'l2• Alco6ol5Aceto'e re&ove)
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LPS co't d Fu'ctio')
• ToDic? 4ill) &ice7 3ig)7 6u&a')G$ )e3tice&ia? deat6 due to LPS
•
P2roge'? cau)e) fever=PT vacci'atio' al
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LPS co't d" A33eara'ce of (olo'ie)
• Mucoid : S&oot6 lot) of LPS or ca3)ule• =r2 : Roug6 little LPS or ca3)ule
O A'tige' of Sal&o'ella a'd E" coli• %7!!! di ere't O Ag) of Sal&o'ella• ,!! ) di ere't O Ag) of E" coli
E" coli O,#* O Ag) di er i' Sugar)7 'ot Li3id A
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E'do)3ore) Re)i)ta't )tructure• Heat7 irradiatio'7 cold• Boili'g , 6r )till via le
Ta4e) ti&e a'd e'erg2 to &a4e )3ore) Locatio' i&3orta't i' cla))i>catio'
• (e'tral7 Su ter&i'al7 Ter&i'al Bacillu) )tearot6er&o36ilu) $)3ore)
• )ed for 8ualit2 co'trol of 6eat )terilizatio'e8ui3&e't
Bacillu) a't6raci) $ )3ore)• )ed i' iological
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Prokaryotic Cells
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BacterialStructure in
Relationship toPathogenicity
))e' a co&3o'e' ) o a ac er a
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))e a co&3o e ) o a ac er acell
(6ro&o)o&e Ri o)o&e) (2to3la)&ic
3rotei') (2to3la)&ic
&e& ra'e (ell
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,u&
Sc6e&atic =ra
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Bacterial Anatomythree architectural regions of a bacterium
appendages (proteins attached to the cellsurface) in the form of flagella and fimbriae
cell envelope consisting of a capsule,
outer membrane (in Gram-negativebacteria), cell wall and plasma membrane
cytoplasmic region contains the cellgenome (DNA) and ribosomes andvarious sorts of inclusions, as well asen ymes and metabolic intermediates
Th I f h B i l S f
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The Importance of the Bacterial Surface
!urface properties of a bacterium are determined by the e"act molecularcomposition of its membrane and cell wall, including #$! (outer membrane),various uni%ue and shared cell wall proteins, and the other surface structures suchas flagella, fimbriae and capsules&
A dividing pair of streptococci
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Bacterial Surface A33e'dage)
Flagella $orga'elle) for)
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Salmonella enterica, li+e mostenteric bacteria, is capable ofswimming movement bymeans of flagella&
Flagella
Flagella are lo'gla&e't)co&3o)ed of 3rotei't6at origi'ate i' t6e cell&e& ra'e"
Flagella rotate a'di&3art )
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Proteus mirabilis )
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=etecti'g Motilit2 i' Bacteria
B2 direct &icro)co3ico )ervatio' uic4Ti&e a'd a
Gra36ic) deco&3re))orare 'eeded to )ee t6i) 3icture"
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=etecti'g Motilit2 i' Bacteria
B2 u)i'g @agellar )tai') to detect t6e3re)e'ce a'd di)tri utio' of @agella
Bacillus cereusVibrio choleraeBacillus brevis
$olar flagellum$eritrichous flagella
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=etecti'g Motilit2 i' Bacteria
B2 i'oculatio' of t6e acteria i'to&otilit2 te)t &ediu&
Staphylococcusepidermidis
Non motile
E. coli
motile
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Ho< Flagella ;or4
Fila&e't i) rotated2 a 3rotei'Q&otor i' t6e cell&e& ra'e
Motor i) 3o
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Ecological Adva'tage) to S
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0he !tructure of the Bacterial !urface1 2lagella !ummary
2lagella filamentous protein structures attached to the cell surface that provide swimming movementfor most motile bacterial cells&
0he flagellar filament is rotated by a motor apparatus in the plasma membrane allowing the cell toswim in fluid environments&
tactic behavior or motility is the ability to move (swim) in response to environmental stimuli&
/hemota"is1 a bacterium can sense the %uality and %uantity of certain chemicals in its environmentand swim towards them (if they are useful nutrients) or away from them (if they are harmfulsubstances)&
Aerota"is1 bacteria swim toward or away from 3motility as a determinant of virulence1 e&g& Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Helicobacter,Pseudomonas
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Pili or Fi& riae
Pili al)o called>& riae are )6ort6air$li4e )tructure)co&3o)ed of3rotei' o' t6e cell)urface"
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Fu'ctio') of Pili a'd Fi& riae
Attac6&e't to a)urface or)u )trate
Shigella dysenteriae uses itsfimbriae to attach to the intestineand then produces a to"in thatcauses diarrhea&
Neissera gonorrhoeae, the cause of the gonorrhea,uses pili to attach to the urogenital and cervicalepithelium when it causes disease
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Fu'ctio') of Pili a'd Fi& riae Re)i)ta'ce to P6agoc2tic e'gulf&e't
$hagocytosis of streptococci by a macrophage
/hain of streptococci protected from engulfment by fimbrial (4) protein
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Fu'ctio') of Pili a'd Fi& riae
A )3ecial t23e of 3ilu) called t6e )eD3ilu) i) u)ed i' &ati'g et
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0he !tructure of the Bacterial !urface1 $ili and 2imbriae !ummary
2imbriae and $ili are interchangeable terms used to designate short, hair-li+e structures onthe surfaces of bacterial cells&
A speciali ed type of pilus (always called a pilus), the 2 or se" pilus, mediates the transfer ofDNA between mating bacteria&
/ommon pili (almost always called fimbriae) are usually involved in adherence (attachment)of bacterial cells to surfaces in nature& 6n medical situations, they are ma5or determinants ofbacterial virulence&
B i l ( ll E' l 3
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Bacterial (ell E'velo3e
(a3)ule) $ forad6ere'ce7re)i)ta'ce toe'gulf&e't7)torage
(ell
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(a3)ule) (a3)ule) are co&3o)ed of 3ol2)acc6aride)
occa)io'all2 3ol23e3tide) de3o)itedout)ide t6e cell
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T23e) of (a3)ule) True ca3)ule) are di)crete la2er) e'clo)i'g a cell or
grou3 of cell) t6at ca' e readil2 vi)ualized&icro)co3icall2"
Negative stain of Streptococcus pneumoniae outlining itsnotorious polysaccharide capsule
7sually, if a bacterium forms a capsule, it willgrow on certain media with a gummy or mucoidtype of colony, such as these colonies ofBacillus anthracis &
T23 ) f ( 3) l )
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T23e) of (a3)ule) Microca3)ule)7 or gl2cocal2D7 are a
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T23e) of (a3)ule) A )li&e la2er or io>l& i) a di u)e &atriD of
3ol2)acc6aride
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Fu'ctio') of (a3)ule)
Protectio' agai')t 36agotro36ice'gulf&e't Mediate ad6ere'ce to )urface) Protectio' agai')t dr2i'g Re)erve of 'utrie't) Bio>l&) for 3rotectio' a'd
&eta olic co&&u'icatio' a&o'g&icro e)
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F ' ti ') f ( 3) l )
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Fu'ctio') of (a3)ule)
Mediate ad6ere'ce to )urface)
3ral streptococci use their capsular slime to adhere to the the surfaces of the teeth and gums&
F ' ti ') f ( 3) l )
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Fu'ctio') of (a3)ule)
Re)erve of 'utrie't)
/olonies of oral streptococci growing on mitis-salivarius agar& 0he mediumcontains ; sucrose& Streptococcus salivarius (left) stores e"cess sugaras
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Fu'ctio') of (a3)ule) Bio>l&) for 3rotectio' a'd
&eta olic co&&u'icatio' a&o'g&icro e)
Biofilm development by Pseudomonas aeruginosa & 2igure from1 >olter, 9& and 9&#osic+& '??@& 3ne for all and all for one& !cience @ 1 - & After the bacteria formthe biofilm, they are protected from antibiotics, detergents, disinfectants, etc&, whichcannot penetrate the slime&
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(ell ;all)
(ell
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(ell ;all)
;62 )tud2 acterial cell le of t6e acterial cell
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Pro>le of t6e acterial celle'velo3e
Gra&$3o)itive cell
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(6e&ical 'ature of acterial cell
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(6e&ical 'ature of acterial cell
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(ell c2to3la)&ic &e& ra'e (o&3letel2
e'clo)e) t6eacterial cell
3roto3la)t
(o&3o)ed of !3rotei' a'd /!36o)36oli3id
Arra'ged a) aila2er
!ection of a cytoplasmic membrane
Me& ra'e )tructure a'd a))e& l
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Me& ra e )tructure a d a))e& l
T6e 3rotei') a))ociate
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T6e c2to3la)&ic &e& ra e of E. co
2unctionsC permeability barrier C transportC electron transport and
energy generationC coordination of nuclear replication and cell divisionC speciali ed en ymatic
processes
Fu'ctio') of t6e &e& ra'e duri'gD3 ))i ' f i l '
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eD3re))io' of virule'ce
2unctionsC permeability barrier (to antibiotics or host defensins)C transport of nutrientsC e"port of to"ic substances
C sensing the environmentC speciali ed en ymatic processes
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ndospores are produced as intracellular structures within the cytoplasmof certain bacteria, most notably Bacillus and Clostridium species&
ndospore forming bacteria left to right1 Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus brevis,
Bacillus thuringiensis
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Pro3ertie) of E'do)3ore) Re)ti'g dor&a't
cell) $Qcr23to iotic i"e"7)6o< 'o )ig') oflifeU""3ri&aril2due to lac4 of
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Pro3ertie) of E'do)3ore) Several u'i8ue
)urface la2er) 'otfou'd i'vegetative cell)1eDo)3oriu&7 )3orecoat7 corteD7 a'd
core
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Pro3ertie) of E'do)3ore) Hig6l2 re)i)ta't to
6eat oili'g 7acid)7 a)e)7 d2e)
do' t )tai'irradiatio'7di)i'fecta't)7
a'ti iotic)7 etc"
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7nder favorable nutritional and environmental conditions, and ll
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endospore germinates into a vegetative cell&
A germinating spore
E'do)3ore$for&i'g
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) gBacteria
Bacillus anthracis cau)e) a't6raD Bacillus cereus cau)e) food 3oi)o'i'g Clostridium tetani cau)e) teta'u)
Clostridium botulinum cau)e) otuli)& Clostridium perfringens cau)e) food3oi)o'i'g a'd ga) ga'gre'e
Clostridium di cile cau)e) a'ti iotic$
i'duced diarr6ea a'd 3)eudo&e& ra'ou)coliti)
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G v)" G$ G
• T6ic4er cell
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Pro4ar2ote) v)" Eu4ar2ote) (ell ;all Teic6oic Acid) LPS E'do)3ore) (ircular =NA Pla)&id)
(6a3ter /
Eu4ar2ote (ell
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Structure