Structures Class Case Study Final Trump Tower

8/3/2019 Structures Class Case Study Final Trump Tower

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CONTENTS

Chapter contents Page

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1. Introduction . 21.1 Introduction to the Trump international tower, Chicago, case study. 21.2 Objectives of the case study . 3

2. The events leading to the implementation of the Trump tower project. 43. The planning .. ...... 5

3.1 Introduction3.2 What was the design brief/what was the clients need?3.3 What structural concept was used for its design and construction?3.4 What were the major structural challenges/issues experienced?3.5 How was the planning and execution handled.3.6 What other design options did they have?3.7 Was the adopted design option the best?3.8 Conclusions and structural engineering lessons learnt in this project.

4. GENERAL CONCLUSIONSANDLESSONSLEARNT FROM THIS PROJECT


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Chapter 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE TRUMP TOWER, CHICAGO, CASE STUDY

The Trump International tower and hotel, Chicago

The Trump International tower and hotel, Chicago is a 92 storey building located inChicago,Illinois. It is the tallest residential and the largest concrete building in the UnitedStates. The main uses of the tower include Residential condos and hotels, other uses includeparking, mercantile, fitness center and restaurants. The tower is made up of an all reinforcedconcrete frame with a stainless steel and glass curtain wall faade.

Some of the trump towers most notable features of structural interest include the following:-

Height to roof: 1,125 feet. (342.9M)

Height to mechanical penthouse roof: 1,170 feet (356.6M)

Height to top of spire: 1,362 feet (415M)

Floor area: 2,600,000 square feet (241,548M2)

Residences: 472, Hotel rooms: 339, Parking spaces: 1,000

Construction cost: $ 850,000,000(74.3 Billion ksh)

Basic facts about the trump tower

1.

The tower is the tallest building in the world with an all-concrete structure2. The project was a launching ground for a series of high performance concrete mixes. For

example the 110 MPa self consolidating concrete pumped and placed to an elevation up

to 200 meters above grade was practically tested for the first time in this project.

3. When this project was originally announced, it was proclaimed as a future world's tallestbuilding with a height of1,500 feet (460 m).After the terrorist acts ofSeptember11,

2001 the plans were scaled down to 1170 feet (356.6M).

4.

The tower is one of the largest buildings to be partially open to the public while underconstruction.

5. The tower is the 2nd highest residential floor in the world, 4th tallest mixed-use building inthe world and 8th tallest building in the world.


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1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE CASE STUDY

This case study presents detailed structural engineering aspects of the Chicago trump tower

in terms of:-

1. The events leading to implementation of the project2. Planning of the project3. Structural design of the project4. Construction of the project

On the global perspective, the case study attempts to establish answers to the following

questions:-

a) What were the design brief/ the clients initial need? Was it modified and why?b) What structural concept was used for the towers design and construction?c) What was the major design challenges/issues experienced?d) How was the planning and execution handled?e) What other design options did they have?

The case study ends with conclusions and structural engineering lessons learnt in this project.


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Chapter 2

2. EVENTS LEADING TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TRUMP PROJECTOriginal plan

When the Trump Organisation announced plans for their dream tower they envisioned a 150-

storey, 460meter tall tower and holder of the worlds tallest building title. It was expected to

contain 290,000 m2 of floor space.

Reasons behind Successive amendments to the original plan

The first revision in the structural size and height were triggered by the terrorist acts of

September11, 2001. The trump organization, architect and engineers decided to reduce the

height of the tower to minimize the risk of massive loss of human life in the event a terrorist

attack occurred on the trump tower.

Also there was a looming economic meltdown in the USA and developers began to re-

evaluate the perceived benefits, public perception, and marketability of super tall buildings.

They found out that to maintain economic viability in the real estate market, the plans for

Trump Tower required substantial amendments. Over the next two years the tower was

scaled down to a shorter office and residential building. However the consumer trends

changed again and it became apparent that the Chicago market had a greater need for

centrally located residential and high-end hotel space.

At the ultimate revision, the project re-emerged as a slender, 92-storey tower that would

combine luxury condominiums with world-class hotel, riverfront retails and a number of

world class recreational amenities.


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Chapter 3

3. THE PLANNINGIntroduction

In this chapter the planning of the trump international tower shall be discussed in relation to

the following aspects:-

1. Urban planning2. Design and construction/project implementation planning

Urban planning

a) The trump tower location within Chicago cityThe Trump tower is located in the heart of Chicago city. The major benefits derived from

such a construction include the following:y A super tall structure centrally located within the city presents an opportunity to

create active open space for the city.

y The building incorporates over1000 parking spaces between the 3rd and the 12thstorey which were planned for vehicular parking. This is an element of urban

planning aimed at decongesting the city streets.

y From the 29th to 85th floor the building was planned to house 486 super-luxurycondominiums (homes) ranging from studios to three bedrooms, and up to fivebedroom penthouses. This in a way serves well as an element of urban planning in an

effort to relieve the city streets from traffic jams. It should be noted that the

condominiums are high class homes targeting the middle to upper class persons who

would alternatively have congested the city streets with personal vehicles.

y As for the case of the Trump tower, by its location, the tower provides, well as aconnectivity link between the Chicago Loop, North Michigan Avenue, and the

riverfront.b) The basic Shape of the Trump towery Since building the tower very close to the river would change the way people

experienced the river landscape, the designers shaped the tower to remain parallel to

the river all the way to the top making the tower to reflect the rivers orientation.And

in an attempt to break the boredom created by the sky high r.c walls and glasses they


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incorporated a walkway enlivened with restaurants and retail shops on the water front

side of the tower for the first three levels. This acts as a public attractant which makes

the waterfront side of the building very lively all the time. The walkways extend to an

expansive promenade and river walk park system that were planned as part of the

human social needs fulfillment.

y The design of the building incorporates three set back features designed to providevisual continuity with the surrounding skyline. each setback is aimed at reflecting the

height of a nearby building. The first setback, on the east side of the building, aligns

with the cornice line of the 130meters high Wrigley Building; the second, on the west

side, aligns with River Plaza to the north and with the 179 meters high Marina City

Towers to the west. The third setback, on the east side, relates to the 212 meters high

IBM Plaza.As will be seen later the setbacks are not only an architectural plan and

beauty but act together with the rounded edges of the building in combating vortex

wind formation which may be created by the tower negatively affecting the tower and

its neighbouring structures.

Fig 1. The water front face of the tower matches the rivers orientation while the setbacks

relate to the Wrigley Building, Marina tower and the IBM plaza respectively


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Design and construction/project implementation planning

The main target use of the tower was Residential and hotels, other uses were to include

parking, mercantile, fitness center and restaurants.

After the terrorist acts ofSeptember11, 2001, Trump reduced the planned height to reduce

the risk of similar attacks.After several negotiations and revisions between the client, the

architect and structural engineers the final decision was made put up a tower of the following

parameters:-

Height to roof: 1,125 feet.(342.9M)

Height to mechanical penthouse roof: 1,170 feet (356.6M)

Height to top of spire: 1,362 feet (415M)

Floor area: 2,600,000 square feet (241,548M2)

Residences: 472 ,Hotel rooms: 339, Parking spaces: 1,000

Construction cost: $ 850,000,000(74.3 Billion ksh)


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The clients desired structural usage of the trump tower as per the design brief


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THEARCHITECTURAL VIEW OF THE CLIENTS DESIREDSTRUCTURE


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4. A REVIEW OF THE STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF THETRUMP INTERNATIONAL TOWERS PLANNING, DESIGN AND

CONSTRUCTION

4.1. The structural concepts used in the towers design and constructiona. Basic structural system used for the superstructure


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OUTRIGGERWALLS


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Reinforced column were used as the main superstructure support system.


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b. The foundation structural system used involved a mat with rock socketed caissonfoundation


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Large crane attachment drill Rock socket drilling with air-operated

augering 8ft(2.4meters) diameter downhole hammer toolcaisson shaft to rock

Rock is reduced to sand and gravel by Three truckloads and 30 cubic yards ofconcretedownhole hammer tool . discharged in 60 seconds into 10ft diameter

Tower caisson


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Installation of10ft (3meters) diameter permanent casing for Tower rock caisson

Preparation to pour tower core mat


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The curtain wall system during construction


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A structural engineers perspective of how wind loads will interact with the tower

In tall buildings like this tower wind loads play a very major role in the structures

general stability


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Load tracing


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The structural engineers idealisation and estimation of the towers behaviour during the worst

wind case condition


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An attempt will also be made with regard to establishing the structural nature of the

reinforced concrete systems chosen for the project, design for occupant perception of motion

due to wind and the creative use of high strength concrete in the design of the building.

Transfer walls occur at the setback levels to distribute discontinuouscolumn forces to other structural elements. A central reinforced concrete

core wall system, with wall webs generally spaced 30 feet on center,extends from the foundation level to the top of the tower. The core wallelements are connected by reinforced concrete link beams. The core wall

dimensions in the north-south direction remain constant. Individual corewall elements terminate at select setback levels such that theconfiguration of the core wall system is similar to that of the buildingmassing.

The major columns are reinforced concrete. Columns along the north andsouth faces are spaced at 30 feet on center while the distance between

columns on the east and west faces varies. Interior columns below level

16 are generally spaced at 30 feet in the east-west direction and 45 feetin the north-south direction. Interior columns above level 16 are

generally spaced at 30 feet in the east-west direction and 20 feet in thenorth-south direction.

Floor structures are generally flat plates or flat

slabs. Special thick, heavily reinforced slabs arerequired at and above the mechanical levels.Floor slab thicknesses are increased at many

levels to limit acoustic and vibration

transmission. Typical residential floors are 9thick flat plates spanning up to a maximum of

30 without perimeter spandrel elements. Thisconstruction minimizes the structural depth ofthe floor, allowing higher ceiling heights. Towercolumns are typically 2 by 4 rectangular

sections at the top of the building and 6diameter circular sections at the base.

Construction of upperresidential floors


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The tower lateral load resisting system is made up of the core wallsystem, outrigger system, and north/south face exterior columns. The

outrigger system is composed of (a) outrigger walls that connect the coreand exterior columns and (b) perimeter walls connected to the outriggerwalls that engage exterior columns. The transfer walls referenced above

are generally integrated with the outrigger system.

The tower foundation system consists of reinforced concrete caissons. Atotal of 57 rock caissons support the tower. The tower columns are

supported by 33 of these rock caissons up to 8 in diameter and stabilizedby a series of caisson caps and grade beams. A 10 thick concrete matunder the core walls transfers their enormous loads into a grid of the 24 -

10 diameter drilled shaft rock caissons that extend about 80 down wherethey are socketed 6 into solid Chicago limestone bedrock. The designteam specified an Osterberg load cell test be performed on one of the

first production rock caissons to verify an increase in allowable bearingpressure above the Chicago Building Code allowable 200 TSF. Theresulting successful Osterberg load cell test and the subsequent codevariance, allowed the design team to utilize allowable bearing pressures

up to 270 TSF. The increase in allowable bearing pressures, coupled withthe utilization of high strength (10,000 psi) concrete in the caissonshafts, resulted in significant reduction in rock caisson quantities for the

project.

Because of the magnitude of the applied loads and

the scale of the outrigger elements, the structuralengineering design for these elements was uniqueand extremely challenging. Large tie forces areresisted by top and bottom longitudinal reinforcing

and vertical ties. The heavy longitudinal reinforcingsteel must pass from the thicker outrigger throughthe thinner core wall web to transfer forces between

the columns and core. To reduce congestion, allprimary reinforcing bars in the outrigger levels are U.S. Grade 75 (520N/mm2 yield strength). Further, in three especially-tight locations, high

strength structural steel plates with welded shear studs are used in lieu ofreinforcing bars to transfer the necessary forces through the core wallweb.

Utililization ofrebar terminators


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A series of high performance concrete mixtures,specified by SOM and designed by Prairie

Material Sales, Inc., are advancing the state-of-the-art. Concrete strengths of 12,000 psi at 90days have been specified for all vertical column

and wall elements up to Level 51. Local areas inthe outrigger zones, however, require 16,000 psiconcrete at 90 days. Because the 16,000 psiconcrete is located in areas with high

reinforcement congestion, self-consolidating concrete (SCC) with aminimum flow table spread of 24 has been specified. Further, to reducethe heat gain in the massive elements, the high performance SCC

incorporates slag cement, fly ash, and silica fume as well as portlandcement.

Project completion is scheduled for spring of 2009; however, based uponthe phased-occupancy plan, the 339 room Hotel opened January 30,2008, and the 16th floor restaurant opened February 2008; well beforethe topping out of the structure.

Original Sun-Times Building

Construction photo - September 21,2006

View inside core wall formwork

Concrete delivery


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Slab shoring Column and slab rebar placement

Photos by Lawrence Novak, SE


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According

In March 2005, the construction process began with the sinking of the first caisson for the

tower into the bedrock.[76] In April, construction began on thefoundation below the Chicago

River.[1] In July 2005, water from the river began seeping into the building site, through

crevices in a corner where the foundation wall meets the Wabash Avenue Bridge.[1]Divers

discovered that the leak could not be sealed from the water side.After several other failed

attempts to correct the problem, they drove a steel plate next to the gap and filled the space

between with concrete after digging it out.[1]

Within a single 24-hour period in October 2005, a fleet of 30 concrete trucks made 600 trips

to pour 5,000 cubic yards (3,800 m3) of concrete, and thus create a 200-by-66-by-10-foot

(61.0 m 20.1 m 3.0 m) concrete "mat".[77] The mat serves as the base of the building,

from which its spine rises. Those involved with the construction referred to the day as the

"Big Pour".[77] James McHugh Construction Co is contracted for the concrete work on this

job. They obtained the concrete from the Chicago Avenue and Halsted Street distribution site

of Prairie Material Sales Inc of Bridgeview, Illinois, the former largest privately owned

ready-mix concrete company in the United States.[77] Prairie used a formula of concrete that

had never been used in the construction business to meet a 10,000 psi (69 MPa)

specification, which exceeded the standard 7,000 psi (48 MPa) for conventional

concrete.[77]

the extensive lobbying and diplomacy by Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau paid off

with Montreal being awarded the 1976 Olympic Games, the visionary Montreal


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Mayor needed a one of a kind stadium, magnificent and a lasting monument for the

district of Montreal. The following were to be the distinct features:-

1. Sitting capacity 80,0002. Retractable roof that could be opened and closed when needed3. Magnificently aesthetic and a living monument to put the district of Montreal on

the world map.

4. Columnless in the inside.5. Entirely made of concrete (unique unlike the so common steel frames).6. Cheap since the winning of the bid to host the Olympics was pegged on ability

to have the games with minimum negative financial impact on the host districts

economy.

The French architect Roger Taillibert was selected by Mayor Jean Drapeau to produce

the architectural drawings for the stadium.Like no other stadium in the whole world,

Roger Taillibert proposed a very elaborate facility featuring an elliptical shaped

stadium with a retractable roof, whose support comprised a 175-metre high tower

the tallest inclined structure in the world. The tower had also to be one of a kind as

never before it before it would be a 20 storey leaning tower and would boast of an

Olympic swimming pool was located at its ground floor amongst other deep diving

competition pools.Next to the tower was to be a velodrome, an indoor arena for track

cycling, built in a building similar in design to the swimming pool. Beyond the

sporting events the stadium would act as Montreals prime recreational facility, a

venue for trade shows, public exhibitions, rock concerts among other similar events.


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4.2. THE STADIUMS DESIGN SPECIFICATIONSThe design engineers had to design and construct a building to satisfy the

following needs:

The Olympic stadium specifications continued

4.3. THE FUNDAMENTAL STRUCTURAL CONCEPT USED INTHE DESIGN OF THE MONTREAL OLYMPIC STADIUM

The stadiums fundamental shape was made elliptical in shape giving it it an

effect reminiscent of an enormous sea shell.


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3. CONSOLES: The stadiums building blocksThe stadium architect and designers opted for concrete consoles Console in this

case are brackets (cantilevers) with scroll (s) shaped profile. This helped them

eliminate columns within the interior of the stadium. The building blocks of the

consoles were pre stressed concrete members. The tension in cables found inside

the stadiums consoles is between 200 to 300 metric tonnes. This tension was

designed to enable the stadiums consoles to achieve their curved shape as

cantilevers. The pre stress method used in this case was the post tensioning of the

cables after the concrete hardens.

The consoles give stadium a very distinctive structure calling to mind giant hands

with giant fingers or even a rib cage. In total 34 cantilevered consoles and four

truncated consoles comprising the base of the tower cast the mould for the entire

building.Each of the consoles is made up of at least 40 juxtaposed elements.

Since the size and shape of every element is different, each of the 38 consoles is

completely unique, and their extremities are each connected to one part of the

technical ring. The technical ring has two floors most of the lighting and

ventilation is housed in this first floor.

See the simplified cross section of a console on the next page.

The series of photos on from photo 27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37

Give an elaborate image of how the consoles were assembled into a stadium.

4. The stadiums retractable roof:The roof of the stadium was to be made of concrete supported by cables

emanating from the 175meter high Montreal tower. However project engineers

later realised that if the roof was to be of concrete it will be too heavy and the

towers would not be able to support it.


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The engineers redesigned the roof in steel and retained its retractable character. In 1987, an

orange-coloured Kevlar retractable roof was installed, finally completing the stadium a

decade late; however, soon after it was put into use it ripped on several occasions due to a

design flaw. In the months that followed, it was plagued by further rips and leaks during rain

storms, bringing water down into the stadium. On September81981, support beams snapped

and caused a 55-long-ton concrete slab to fall on to an exterior walkway. For the 1992

season, it was decided to keep the roof closed at all times. The Kevlar roof was removed in

May 1998, making the stadium open-air for the 1998 season.Later in 1998, a $26 million

opaque blue roof was installed which does not open.Repaired once again, the roof has been

modified to better react to the winter conditions.A network of pipes has been installed to

circulate heated water under the roof to allow for snow melting.

4.4. THE MAJOR STRUCTURAL CHALLENGES/ISSUESEXPERIENCED IN THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF

THE STADIUM


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1. The stadiums main elements the consoles were made of precast concrete elements.Although there is a usually accost and time advantage in use of pre-cast concrete

whereby you build one form out of which you can cast many identical pieces. That

economic principle was not applicable in this project due to the fact that the stadium

had been was made into an ellipse which slopes down towards one end to boot, every

single one of the enormous concrete blocks that make up its structure was therefore

different from the next.

2. The structural architect also went for highly curved elements that were difficult tocraft easily yet they required uttermost precision to fit as accurately as the design

demanded.

3. The project was extremely audacious and employed a construction technique neverbefore seen in North America. This led to the construction team taking more time than

normal and charging more than was expected.

4. There were extensive strikes by the workers due to construction management relatedissues leading to a loss of time and hence delay in the completion of the project.As a

result the project was not completed on schedule

5. The complicated designs which also demanded new construction techniques that werenot familiar to the construction team on this project coupled with the frequent strikes

by the construction workers led to construction costs also going up

6. Initially scientists discovered that if the stadiums roof was to be done in concrete itwould be too heavy. They were forced to halt the construction and go back to redesign

the roof in steel. However the new steel roof never got to work very well. It was

found out that it could not be opened and closed safely without ripping off whenever

the wind speeds exceeded 25miles per hour.

7. During winter the roof was also covered with snow making it too heavy anddangerous for normal operations of opening and closing. Consequently the roof has

been replaced by a permanent roof structure


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i) Foundation to the towerThe design brief according to architectural demands required a 175 meter high

tower intentionally leaning at a 45degrees angle.At the to of the tower cables


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would radiate whicThe Main Road Viaduct also had a relatively high construction

cost due to its design.Although the main road was straight, the Viaduct had a

complex design, with curved faces and outstretched legs. The curved surfaces

resulted in the inability to use standard, reusable formwork. The formwork cost

for some parts of the Viaduct was as much as $400 per square foot ($ 4,300 per

square meter), about 15 times the cost of conventional formwork. Hence, the final

cost of the Viaduct was approximately $14 million, versus a projected cost of only

$5 million if a more conventional design would have been used. The project was

so complex that no contractor would bid on a fixed price contract. The contractor

who built it demanded a cost-plus-fixed-fee contract, under conditions that he

would not be responsible for the final structure (pp.1 8, Neal, 1979).

The 600 foot (180 m) long viaduct used complicated inverted triangular pillar system

for support.An engineering firm proposed changes, but Drapeau turned them down

because they would interfere with Tailliberts vision. The contractor could not find

scaffolding in Montreal, so he bought new scaffolding elsewhere for $ 1.5 million (p.

117, Auf der Maar, 1976).


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Photo 1: The Montreal stadium in use with the retractable roof in closed position

Photo 2: The Montreal stadium in use with the retractable roof in closed position


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Photo 10: The Montreal stadium before the construction of the Tower and the retractable roof


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Photo 12: The Completed Montreal stadium aerial view


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Photo 11: The Completed Montreal stadium aerial view from different perspectives


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Photo 13: The Completed inclined Montreal Tower supporting the stadiums roof

(nigt photo)


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Photo 16: The Completed Montreal stadium internal view with retractable roof open


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Photo 17: The Completed Montreal stadium in use internal view with roof closed


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Photo 18: The Completed diving pool located inside the sports centre

Photo 19: The Completed diving pool located inside the sports centre


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Photo 20: The Completed diving pool (located inside the Montreal tower) in use

in

Photo 21: The Completed diving pool (located inside the Montreal tower) in use


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Photo 22: The Glass funicular- the bus that moves users from floor to floor of the Montreal

tower


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Photo 23: The Glass funicular- the bus that moves users from floor to floor of the Montreal

tower

Going up the tower


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Photo 24: The Montreal tower the worlds highest inclined tower and symbol of Montreal


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Photo 25: A hotel in The Montreal towers uppermost floor close to the observatory


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Photo 26: The Montreal towers uppermost floor known as the Observatory due to its location

it offers a breathtaking view of montreal spanning as far as 80km away

Photo 27: The Montreal Olympic stadiums retractable roof opening


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Photo 28: The Inclined Montreal Towers construction in process


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Photo 28: The Montreal Tower construction in process aerial view

Photo 30: The Montreal Olympic stadium and tower construction in process aerial view


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Photo 31: The Montreal Olympic stadium construction in process

Notice the impressive rib cage of cantilevered consules


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Photo 34: THE CONSOLE : THESTADIUMS BUILDING BLOCKS

A TOTAL OF 34 CONSULESSUPPORTS THESTADIUM


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Photo 35: THESTADIUMS CONSULESUNDERCONSTRUCTION

Photo 36: THESTADIUMS IMPRESSIVERIB CAGE


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A TOTAL OF 34 CONSULESSUPPORTS THESTADIUM

Photo 37 : THE MONTREALSTADIUM CONSTRUCTIONUNDERWAY


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Photo 38 : THE MONTREALSTADIUM 21ST OLYMPIC (1976) OPENING CEREMONY

Photo 39 : THE MONTREALSTADIUM 21ST OLYMPIC (1976) OPENING CEREMONY


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THESTADIUM ROOF HADNOT YET BEEN FULLY COMPLETED

Photo 40 : INSIDE THE VELODROME

Photo 41 : MOTORSPORT SHOW INSIDE THE VELODROME


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THE MONTREAL OLYMPIC STADIUM: A segment of the technical ring at

ground level.


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It currently serves as a 56,040-seat multipurpose facility for special events (e.g. concerts,

trade shows), and continues to serve as a 66,308-seat venue for playoff and Grey Cup games.

The Montreal Impact also uses the stadium on occasion when a larger capacity venue is

needed or when the weather restricts outdoor play in the spring months.

The stadium was designed by French architect Roger Taillibert to be a very elaborate facility

featuring a retractable roof, which was to be opened and closed by a huge 175-metre (574 ft)

tower the tallest inclined structure in the world, and the sixth tallest building in Montreal.

Location: Unfortunately, this park was built in a very French section of Montreal, although

there are some nice parks nearby. Most fans came on the subway to the game, and there was

a subway stop under the stadium, which meant most fans never got to see the area around the

stadium. With such small crowds, the subway wasn't usually even crowded.

Completion Date: 1976

Cost: $1 billion

Diameter: 340 feet by 575 feet (elliptical)

Type: Cable-supported roof

Purpose: Recreational

Materials: Plastic, concrete, steel

Engineer(s): Les Consultants du Stade de Montral

Olympic Stadium was built for the 1976 Olympics. It was to be a retractable roof stadium

with a capacity of80,000, which would be made smaller for the Expos, which began here in

1977. The retractable roof never worked right, though, and the tower that was to support it

was not finished until several years after the parks' opening, and it went way over budget. By

1999, the Expos had installed a permanant blue roof.goal of this case study is to research

paper is to analyze the primary reasons why the 1976 Olympic Games were so economically

disastrous for the city of Montreal. In analyzing such a question, I intend to prove that the


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ambitions and political interests of Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau were the driving force

behind the financial extravagancy of the 1976 Olympic Games.

The stadium was designed by French architect Roger Taillibert to be a very elaborate facility

featuring a retractable roof, which was to be opened and closed by a huge 175-metre (574 ft)tower the tallest inclined structure in the world, and the sixth tallest building in Montreal.

The Olympic swimming pool is located under this tower.An Olympic velodrome (since

converted to the Montreal Biodome, an indoor nature museum) was situated at the base of

the tower in a building similar in design to the swimming pool. The building was built as

the main stadium for the 1976Summer Olympic Games. The stadium was host to various

events including the opening and closing ceremonies, athletics, football finals, and the team

jumping equestrian events.[3]

The building's design is cited as a masterpiece of Organic Modern architecture.[4] Taillibert

based the building on plant and animal forms, aiming to include vertebral structures with

sinewy or tentacles, while still following the basic plans of The Olympic

Stadium[1] (French: Stade olympique) is a multi-purpose stadium in the Hochelaga-

Maisonneuve district ofMontreal, Quebec, Canada built as the main venue for the 1976

Summer Olympics. The stadium is nicknamed "The Big O", a reference to both its name and

to the doughnut-shape of the permanent component of the stadium's roof; "The Big Owe" has

been used to reference the astronomical cost of the stadium and the 1976 Olympics as a

whole.[2]

The stadium is the largest by seating capacity in Canada.After the Olympics, it became the

home of Montreal's professional baseball and Canadian football teams.Since 2004, when

the Montreal Expos relocated to Washington, D.C., the stadium has no main tenant, and with

a history of financial and structural problems, is largely seen as a white elephant. It currently

serves as a 56,040-seat multipurpose facility for special events (e.g. concerts, trade shows),

and continues to serve as a 66,308-seat venue for playoff and Grey Cup games hosted by

the Montreal Alouettes. TheMontreal Impact also use the stadium on occasion when a larger

capacity venue is needed or when the weather restricts outdoor play in the spring months.


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The Tower of Montreal (French: La tour de Montral), the tower incorporated into the base

of the stadium, is the tallest inclined towerin the world at 175 metres (574 ft).


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Olympic Stadium

Choose another wonder

Vital Statistics:

Location: Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Completion Date: 1976

Cost: $1 billion

Diameter: 340 feet by 575 feet (elliptical)

Type: Cable-supported roof

Purpose: Recreational

Materials: Plastic, concrete, steel

Engineer(s): Les Consultants du Stade de Montral


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Built for the 1976 Olympic Games, Montreal's Olympic Stadium was one of the

first sports stadiums to be capped with a plastic dome roof. But it wasn't an

immediate success. In fact, the stadium was only partially completed before

Montreal hosted the Olympic SummerGames.After the Olympics, the Quebec

government attempted to finish the structure, but cost overruns and unsolved

engineering problems stopped the project in its tracks.

Most of the problems stemmed from the retractable roof

system and its mast, a 556-foot leaning tower adjacent to

the structure. In 1986, engineers were forced to change its

structural system from concrete to steel after a studyshowed that the tower would be too heavy if completed in

concrete. In 1987, engineers finally capped the stadium

with 60,696 square feet of orange and silver Kevlar fabric, a synthetic fiber used

in some bulletproof vests. Hoisted by 26 steel cables, the enormous fabric roof

was supposed to fold into the adjacent leaning tower, much like a giant umbrella

-- but it didn't. From mechanical failure to rips and tears, the Kevlar membrane

roof cost $700,000 in annual upkeep.

The roof of Montreal's Olympic Stadium remained permanently closed for

several seasons. Finally, by the spring of1998, the problematic orange Kevlar

roof was replaced with a $26 million nonretractable, opaque blue Teflon-coated

Fiberglas fabric.All told, Montreal's Olympic Stadium cost more than a

whopping $1 billion to build.

Here's how this dome stacks up against some of the biggest domes in the world.

(diameter, in feet)

Click photo

for larger image.


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Olympic

Stadium

340' by 575'

(elliptical)

Fast Facts:

y The Canadian and American national anthems are sung before each gameplayed in the Olympic Stadium.

y The tower is one foot taller than the Washington Monument and is angledat 45 degrees. It is the world's tallest inclined structure.

y In the summer of1991, Montreal's Olympic Stadium was closed after a55-ton concrete beam fell and crashed onto a walkway, forcing the Expos

to play their last 13 regular-season home games on the road

y Construction Case Study of they Montreal Olympics Complex


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y City of Montreal, Canada wanted to build ay stadium for the 1976 Olympicsy Planning started six years earlier in 1970y Initial cost estimate for the main stadiumy was $40 Milliony Eventual cost was $838 Million and they final product was lesser than what wasy envisagedy What happened?

Data and statistics

Find all of the data on the size of our installations, as well as information on our activities.

y The Olympic Stadiumy The Montral Tower and Tourist Hally The funiculary

The Sports Centrey The outside fieldsy The parking lotsy The construction costsy The largest attendance at the Olympic Stadium

The Olympic Stadium

Metric Imperial

Total area of

the esplanade

(excluding

338,733 m2 3,646,087 sq. ft.


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the Pierre-

Charbonneau

Centre and

the Maurice-Richard

Arena, the

StarCit

Theatre and

the Biodome)

Area

occupied by

buildings

72,046 m2 775,500 sq. ft.

Full length of

the Stadium

and Tower

484 m 1,589 ft.

Area of the

Stadium onthe esplanade

59,309 m2 638,400 sq. ft.

Outside

length of the

Stadium

(without the

Tower)

284 m 931 ft.

Outside

width of the

Stadium

245 m 804 ft.

Outside 885 m 2,905 ft.


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perimeter of

the Stadium

Total surface

area of the

roof

23,270 m2 250,476 sq. ft.

Perimeter of

the floor

551 m 1,808 ft.

Length of the

floor

181.6 m 596 ft.

Width of the

floor

141.7 m 465 ft.

Height at the

centre of the

covered

Stadium

61 m 200 ft.

Perimeter ofthe technical

ring

(elliptical

shape)

468 m 1,536 ft.

Large

diameter of

the technical

ring ellipse

175 m 575 ft.

Small

diameter of

104 m 340 ft.


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the technical

ring ellipse

Gross area of

the five

floors behind

the stands,

levels 100

200 200A

300 400

85,393 m2 919,166 sq. ft.

Volume of

the Stadium

enclosure,

including the

stands

1,869,158 m3 66,000,000 cu. ft.

Volume of

the Stadium

behind thestands only

678,051 m3 23,942,000 cu. ft.

Structural

elements

(prefabricated

concrete)

12,000 elements

Structural

elements

(steel cable)

1,000 km 620 mi

Concrete

mass

400,000 m3 14,126,000 cu. ft.


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Colour video

screen

11.6 m X 15.1 m 38 X 49.6 ft.

Matrix video

screen

11.6 m X 21.2 m 38 X 69.6 ft.

Stand

capacity

56,040 seats

Gross area of

the East Hall

7,284 m2 78,407 sq. ft.

Main Room 18,933 m2 203,792 sq. ft.

Number of

ticket booths

41 17 in 2 islands in the Rotunda and 24 in 8 islands at

level 200 of the Stadium

Cloakroom

capacity

4,000 spaces in the Rotunda

Up

The Montral Tower and Tourist Hall

Metric Imperial

Mass of the Towerr 166,000 t 183,000 t

Elevation of the Tower above sea level 190 m 623-9

Height of the Tower above the ground 165 m 539-11

Top steel portion of the Tower 78 m 254-4

Above the ground bottom concrete portion

of the Tower

87 m 285-7


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Underground concrete portion of the Tower 10 m 34-2

Angle of the front of the Tower (South side) 0 to 45 0 to 45

Angle of the back of the Tower (North side) 81 to 22.5 81 to 22.5

Length of the rails on the back of the Tower 266 m 872 ft.

Length of the funiculars 34-mm (6 strands)

cable

650 m 2,133 ft.

Gross area of the 3 floors of the

Observatory

1,526 m2 16,430 sq. ft.

Area of the Salon Montral 395 m2

4,255 sq. ft.

Visibility in clear weather 80 km 50 milles

Height of the outside niche 35 m 114 ft.

Width of the outside niche 9.1 to 17.9 m 30 to 59 ft.

Depth of the outside niche 6.2 to 8.2 m 20-6 to 27 ft.

Weekly capacity of guided tours 1,722 visitors

Gross area of the 181-seat Auditorium and

projection room

272 m2 2,928 sq. ft.

Gross area of the 140-seat restaurant space 381 m2 4,100 sq. ft.

Gross area of the 2 souvenir shops 91 m2 980 sq. ft.

Number of booths for funicular tickets 4 in the same island

Up

The funicular


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Metric Imperial

Size of the cabin

Height and width 4.5 m 15 ft.

Depth 6.0 m 20 ft.

Weight when empty 13.5 t 29,700 lb

Laden weight 20.5 t 45,100 lb

Cabin features

2 levels capable of accommodating up to 76 people or 5,500 kg.Levelling

by lever-controlled hydraulic cylinder.

Funicular speed: 2.8 m/sec. (ascension in 2 min.) on the main system, 1.4

m/sec. (ascension in 3.5 min.) on the secondary system.

Engine power

315 kW or 423 CV for the main engine, 215 kW or 288 CV for the

secondary engine.

Emergency features

Parachute brakes in case of a breakdown or excessive speed. Independent

generators in case of a power outage.

Number of daily trips

49 during low season, 79 during high season.

Hourly capacity

Up to 456 passengers.

Observatory capacity


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500 visitors at the same time, with an average of 45 min. per visit.

Up

The Sports Centre

Metric Imperial

Gross area at deck level 16,536 m2 177,996 sq.

ft.

Area at synchronized swimming

deck level 100

1,130 m2 12,164 sq.

ft.

Overall inside length 179 m 587 ft.

Overall outside width 100 m 328-3 ft.

Maximum height 26 m 85 ft.

Gross area of the weight room 581 m2 6,258 sq. ft.

Gross area of the multisport

room

1,510 m2 16,252 sq.

ft.

Dryland training area 1,118 m2 12,036 sq.

ft.

Size and volume of the 7 pools Length /

Width /

Depth

Competition 50m x 25m

x 2m

2,500,000 l 550,000

imp. gal.

Diving (Diving boards of 20.7m x 2,070,000 l 455,000


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varying heights, including 11

springboards, 2 diving boards

and 4 platforms)

20m x (4.8

to 5.2m)

imp. gal.

Underwater diving (3 levels at

5-10-15 meters)

14m x 10m

x 15m

1,400,000 l 308,000

imp. gal.

Training 50m x

12.5m x 2m

1,250,000 l 275,000

imp. gal.

Synchronized swimming and

water polo

20m x 30m

x 3m

1,800,000 l 396,000

imp. gal.

Warm-up 5m x 5m x

2m

50,000 l 11,000 imp.

gal.

Wading 15m x 10m

x (45 to

51cm)

72,000 l 16,000 imp.

gal.

Total 9,142,000 l 2,011,000

imp. gal.

Water temperature based on

requirements and activities

Between

27C and

33C

Between

81F and

91F

Type of water filtration 17 sand filters

Stand capacity 2,777 seats

Up

The outside fields


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Metric Imperial

Area of the football field 16,781 m2 180,628 sq. ft.

Up

The parking lots

Metric Imperial

Inside parking lots (3,933 spots)

Parking lot A4 552 spots 21,552 m2

231,981 sq. ft.

Parking lot A3 762 spots 28,095 m2 302,412 sq. ft.



Parking lot B2 438 spots 17,708 m2 190,602 sq. ft.

Parking lot B1 400 spots 22,582 m

2

243,068 sq. ft.

Area of the 6 inside parking lots 153,045 m2 1,647,368 sq. ft.

Outside parking lots (270 spots)

Parking lot P30100 spots 4,987 m2 53,678 sq. ft.

Parking lot PC 170 spots 5,010 m2 53,930 sq. ft.

Area of the 2 outside parking lots 9,997 m2 107,608 sq. ft.

Up

The construction costs


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SITE

Costs (in millions

of $) Percentage

Stadium 839 $ 56.9%

Montral Tower 175 $ 11.9%

Total for the Stadium-Tower

complex

1,014 $ 68.8%

Parking lots 107 $ 7.3%

S ports Centre 54 $ 3.7%

Velodrome 83 $ 5.6%

Biodome (cost of transforming the

Velodrome)

50 $ 3.4%

Outside tracks and fields 40 $ 2.7%

Thermal power plant 4 $ 0.3%

Total for the Olympic Park 1,352 $ 91.7%

Olympic Village 122 $ 8.3%

Grand total 1,474 $ 100.0%

Final reimbursement Year 2006

Up

The largest attendance at the Olympic Stadium

Olympic Games Opening and Closing Ceremonies 76,433 each

Pink Floyd concert (July 6, 1977) 78,322


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Emerson Lake & Palmer concert (August 26, 1977) 73,898

Olympic Soccer Tournament Final (July 31, 1976) 71,617

Alouettes versus Argonauts (September6, 1977) 69,083

Grey Cup (November 27, 1977) 68,318



Rolling Stones concert (December14, 1989) 64,664

U2 concert (October1, 1987) 63,504

Pink Floyd concert (May 22, 23 and 24, 1994) 62,689 every night

Motocross (June 19, 1985) 61,290

Verdis opera Ada (June 16 and 18, 1988) 60,000 every night

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