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RATIFICATION PAGE
Complete report of animal structure with title “ Epithelial Tissues “ which
made by.
Name : Syaiful Bakhri
Reg. Numb. : 081404192
Group : II
Class : Biology ICP
Department : Biology Department
After checked by assistant and assistant coordinator, so this report is accepted.
Makassar, April 2009
Coordinator Assistant Assistant
Djumarirmanto Dian Anggreini
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
In animals, tissue of closely packed cells that forms a surface or lines a cavity
or tube. Epithelial cells line the inside surfaces of fluid or air-filled tubes and spaces
within the body. Epithelium may be protective (as in the skin) or secretory (as in the
cells lining the wall of the gut). Epithelial cells join each other side to side to make
epithelial tissue. Epithelial cells are specialized cells. They protect cells below them
and may also carry out special functions. For example, in the human lung epithelial
cells line the alveoli (air spaces). These cells are very thin and form a large surface
area in order to facilitate the absorption of oxygen and the loss of carbon dioxide
during the process of gas exchange. They also make sure the alveoli remain moist at
all times to keep them healthy.
The epithelial cells lining the airways leading to the lung from the mouth and
nose are different. Here there are many are specialized ciliated cells. These cells have
tiny hairs or cilia which beat backwards and forwards. They sweep fluid up and away
from the lungs to the mouth. Any dirt or bacteria that have been inhaled are taken
away from the lungs where they may cause damage. Smoking harms these ciliated
cells.
Epithelial tissue is a layer which formed by cells with dense formation, its
extracell matrixes is just few and commonly bordering the cavities in our body or
covering body surface. That kind of epithelial tissue called covering epithelium in
general. Epithelial can also be found at some glands, that why some of them called
glandular epithelium.
B. Purpose
The purpose of this lab work was to observe various kinds of epithelial tissues
and glands.
C. Benefit
By this lab work, students would learn deeply about epithelial tissues and
would increase students’ interest of epithelial tissues.
CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE
In humans, epithelium is classified as a primary body tissue, the other ones
being connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue is one of
four basis tissues that composing our body. For the time being, epithelial term used
for call pure colored membrane that lies on connective braided protrusion at
reddening lips (epithelia: above; thele: lips). This term now uses for the entire tissue
that covering some structure or channel (Keeton, 2003).
Epithelial tissue covers the whole surface of the body. It is made up of cells
closely packed and ranged in one or more layers. This tissue is specialised to form the
covering or lining of all internal and external body surfaces. Epithelial tissue that
occurs on surfaces on the interior of the body is known as endothelium. Epithelial
cells are packed tightly together, with almost no intercellular spaces and only a small
amount of intercellular substance.The basement membrane provides structural
support for the epithelium and also binds it to neighbouring structures. (Anonym,
2009 )
Epithelial tissue is a layer from the cells which have tight formation, a few of
extra-cellular matrix, and in most cases trace the opening at inner of body or it
surface. That epithelial usually called covering epithelial. Epithelial tissue also can
find at several glands, so called gland epithelial. ( Adnan,Drs.Ms, Halifah ,Ir.MS,
2009 )
Epithelial tissue have function to deliver materials from and to tissue and
cavity which it traced. Columnar epithelial on the digestive track produce the
dissolve enzymes to the lumen of digestive track and adsorb it digest product.
Epithelial also covering water tube and lung. ( Tim Pengajar, 2008 )
According Clevers, 2004, epithelial tissue or cells are classified into three
factors.
1. Based on the shape, epithelial tissue divide into three; squamous,
cubodial epithelial, and columnar epithelial.
2. Based on the stratified, epithelial tissue divide into three; simple
epithelial, stratified epithelial, and pseudo-stratified epithelial.
3. Based on the specializations, epithelial tissue divide into two;
keratinized cells of epithelial, and ciliated cells of epithelial
In epithelial tissue usually discuss about cell junction, secretory epithelia, and
glandular epithelium. A cell junction is a structure within a tissue of a multicellular
organism. Cell junctions are especially abundant in epithelial tissues. They consist of
protein complexes and provide contact between neighbouring cells, between a cell
and the extracellular matrix, or they built up the paracellular barrier of epithelia and
control the paracellular transport. As stated above, secretion is one major function of
epithelial cells. Glands are formed from the invagination / infolding of epithelial cells
and subsequent growth in the underlying connective tissue.
CHAPTER III
EXPERIMENT METHOD
A. Time and Place
Day/Date : Thursday, March 26th, 2009
Time : At 02.00 – 04.00 pm
Place : In Eastern Biology Laboratory of FMIPA of Universitas Negeri
Makassar (UNM)
B. Tools and Materials
1. Tools
a) 1 set of microscope
2. Materials
a) Preserves slide of mammal kidney
b) Preserves slide of intestine / duodenum
c) Preserves slide of rabbit’s trachea
d) Preserves slide of human skin
e) Preserves slide of circumvallate papillae
f) Preserves slide of pancreas
g) Preserves slide of adrenal gland
C. Work Procedure
In this lab work, we did nine observations which the procedures were:
1. Observation I
a. Prepared a mammal kidney object glass.
b. Observed carefully endothelium from vessel. Watched the nucleus of
epithelial cell that was thin and long, contained with endothelium cells and
basal membrane.
c. Observed carefully parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule. Watched the
nucleus from epithelial that had flat and long shape and then basal
membrane.
2. Observation II
a. Prepared a mammal kidney object glass.
b. Observed carefully tubule contortus proximal of kidney, which consisted
of lumen, cube epithelium cells and basal membrane. This structure was
beginning segment from neuron and crooky and bordered by simple
cuboidal epithelium.
c. Observed carefully tubule contortus distal of kidney, which consisted of
lumen, flat epithelial cells and basal membrane. This structure has thinner
epithelial cells than tubule contortus proximal.
3. Observation III
a. Prepared an intestine object glass.
b. Observed carefully the atwarthy slice of intestine, especially in borderer
epithelial layer at mucous layer.
c. Drew cylindered epithelial with 10 x 40 zoom in.
4. Observation IV
a. Prepared a rabbit trachea object glass.
b. Observed carefully the epithelial tissue that bordering lumen. Watched
basal cell position, ciliated cylinder epithelial, goblet cell and basal
membrane.
c. Drew the observation result.
5. Observation V
a. Prepared a human skin object glass and papilla sirkumvalata at tongue.
b. Observed carefully the epithelial tissue at skin epidermis. Watched
stratum germinativum, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum
hisidum, stratum corneum and basal membrane positions.
c. Observed carefully the epithelial tissue at tongue papilla sirkumvalata
epidermis zone. Watched the stratum germinativum, stratum spinosum,
stratum granulosum, stratum lusidium, stratum corneum and basal
membrane positions.
6. Observation VI
a. Prepared an intestine object glass.
b. Observed carefully goblet cell position between intestine epithelial cells
and argentafin cell.
c. Observed carefully crypt of lieberkuhn position between intestine viles at
mucosa area.
7. Observation VII
a. Prepared a papilla sircumvalata and pancreas object glasses.
b. Observed carefully papilla sircumvalata, watched lamina propria area and
serosa gland position.
c. Observed carefully serosa and nucleus of sentra-asiner. And also observed
one of Langerhans island.
8. Observation VIII
a. Prepared an adrenal gland object glass.
b. Observed carefully cortex area. Watched glomerulose, vasikulata, and
reticule zones. Those zones were obvious separated.
c. Observed carefully medulla area. Watched epithelia cells which were
chromaffin cell that compose and forming dense fish-net.
9. Observation IX
a. Prepared a human skin object glass.
b. Observed carefully sweat gland. Watched sekretory segment from its duct
segment.
c. Observed carefully sebaceous gland around hair folikelle.
CHAPTER IV
OBSERVATION RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Observation Result
Endothelium of blood vessel in kidney.
Notes;
1. Basal membrane
2. Nucleus
3. One layered flat cell
1. lumen
Parietalis layer of Bowman’s capsule.
Notes;
1. basal membrane
2. nucleus
3. lumen
4. one layered cuboid epithelia cell
5. cytoplasm
Cuboidal epithelium in tubule contortus proximal.
Notes;
1. basal membrane
2. nucleus
3. one layered cuboid epithelia
cell
4. lumen
5. cytoplasm
Cuboidal epithelium in tubule contortus distal.
Notes;
1. basal membrane
2. nucleus
3. lumen
4. one layered cuboid epithelia
cell
5. cytoplasms
Artwarthy slice of intestine.
Notes;
1. basal membrane
2. intensine flake
3. lumen
Columnar epithelium.
Notes :
1. nucleus
2. Basal membrane
3. Lumen
4. One layered cylindrical
epithelia
Stratified flat epithelium.
Notes :
1. Cilia
2. Cylindrical epithelia cell
3. Basal cell
4. Basal membrane
5. Goblet cell
Goblet cell.$
Notes ;
1. goblet cell
2. lamina propina
Papilla sircumvalata.
Notes :
1. Epithelia cell
2. Lamina propsin
3. Connective tissue
4. Mucusa gland
5. Serusa gland
Pancreas.
Notes :
1. Blood capillary
2. Cell
3. Cell
Adrenal cortex.
Notes :
1. Glomerulosa zone
2. Fesicullaila zone
3. Keticularis zone
Adrenal medulla.
Notes :
1. Nucleus
2. Basal membrane
Sweat gland.
Notes :
1. Epiderm
2. Dermis
3. Sweat gland
Sebaceus gland.
Notes :
1. Sebaceus gland
B. Discussion
1. Observation I
At the observation I, we observed simple squamous ephitelium mammal
kidney, that was endothelium blood vessel and parietal capsule Bowman’s.
ephitelium tissues composed of endothelium blood vessels which consist of
basal membrane, simple squamous epithelium, nucleus, and lumen or cavity.
Basal membrane or basal lamina was the connective tissues that was lay under
epithelium tissue. The other as place of attached epithelium cells, basal
membrane functioned as block to prevent microorganism enter the parts of the
body, to prevent water and cell liquid loss from body, works as selective filter,
and preventing the form of upper epithelium tissue. This membrane contained
many kinds of macromolecule like lamina, fibronektin, and entaktin. Simple
squamous epithelium cell, when we looked from inside, this looked like string
that separated by nucleus place I the center. In this observation of epithelium
type, we would observed simple squamous epithelium origin from endoderm.
Simple squamous epithelium consists of flat and thin cell in the ferifer not
regulation, each other to close up formed a layer which complete. At the
horizontal of cells cytoplasm like thin, widened in the nucleus place. Nucleus
from the each cells is sircular and concentric place. Parietal capsule Bowman
layer generally has structure of tissue at similar, but has oval shaped or formed
like capsule. The cytoplasm nearly saw but we could saw in the nucleus area,
where the cytoplasm seems to blow up.
2. Observation II
At the observation II, we observated simple cuboidal epithelium at the tubules
contorts proximal and tubules contorts distal. Between both haven’t to
different structure tissue of contrax, that only the tubules contorts distal
cuboidal epithelium cels smaller than tubulescontorts proximal. We called
simple cuboidal epithelium because the cut trans section with is surface, each
cells like box or cube. If the surface shaped polygonal. In the vertical notched,
the cell like cornered with circular nucleus in each cell central. Cornered
shaped change is trapezium if the cell be group in the lumen around small
layer. These cells cytoplasm is clear particle, and in the last limited cells
commonly not clear in the notched material.
3. Observation III
At the observation III, we observated simple columnar epithelium place the
duodenum. At the enlargement 10 x 10, seem diagonal from intestine. At the
lumen seem intestine lining and we found vili, this endothelium modification
to enlargement absorption area. Found connective tissue, these tissues has
functioned as to support of epithelium tissues. Another , connective tissues
enter in the cells area. After that enlargement 10 x 10 and the part of the vili
seem simple columnar epithelium with it par. At the surface like cuboids
epiyhelium, and inside like columns to close up vertical section with nucleus
oval shaped, proximal place toward basal membrane. Membrane basal lower
found based lamina.
4. Observation IV
At the observation IV, we observated pseudostratified epithelium trachea of
rabbit. This epithelium called pseudostratified because have diagonal trans
section, like pseudostratified. This caused the pkace nucleus raised not
strength. This epithelium is build by three types of cells, that is basal cells,
cylincrical cells, and goblet cell basal shaped cuboidalwith found nucleus and
higher is lower Cilyndrical cilia at the help to prevent the lungs is cleaned it
way to snare the dust and other particle and sweat them back above trachea.
Goblet cells or mucus cells secretion the solution which called mucus, to
smooth or to smear the surface of duct and kept it damp like generally the
epithelium so support in basal membrane.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
Based on the experiment and observation result, we could make some
conclusion such as.
1. Simple squamous epithelium consists of one layer flat shaped cells. Disk
shaped nucleus, if we look from upper side, the shape is unregulated and cell’s
compound stand of basal membrane.
2. Epithelium is a tissue composed of cells that line the cavities and surfaces of
structures throughout the body.
3. Functions of epithelial cells include secretion, absorption, protection,
transcellular transport, sensation detection, and selective permeability.
1. Suggestion
Better if the object glasses prepared well before lab work starts so when the
lab work in process, the students wouldn’t find any defect object glass that
made the students couldn’t find any vision when they observed from
microscope.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adnan,Drs, M.S and Pagarra, Halifah,Ir, M.Si. 2009. Penuntun Praktikum Struktur Hewan. Makassar. Biology Department of Makassar State University.
Anonym, 2009. Epithelium . http://publications.royalcanin.com. Acessed at March, 30th 2009.
Alberts,2002. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th edition, U.S.A: Addison-Weasley Published.
Clevers, 2002. Biology Molecular, Jakarta: Erlangga.
Keeton. W. T. 2003. Biological Science, fifth edition. USA: Norton & Company Inc.
Tim Penyusun, 2008. Biology Umum. Makassar: Biology Department of Makassar
State University Keeton. W. T. 2003. Biological Science, fifth edition. USA:
Norton & Company Inc.