Human Systems Student Research Booklet

MARKS

Cell Specialization & Organization _____ /40

The Digestive System _____ /86

The Respiratory System _____ /54

The Circulatory System _____ /47

The Excretory System _____ /48

The Nervous System _____ /32

_________________________________________

Total _____ /307

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Student Name : __________________________

Class Pattern : ___________

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Cell Specialization and Organization For this section, please read following pages out of the two different textbooks… the Science Focus 8 Textbook Pages 138 - 144, The Science in Action 8 Textbook Pages 120 – 123. Use these two sources to help you answer the following questions.

1. In the space provided below, draw a simple 5 step diagram as to how a cell reproduces and multiplies.

2. Although multicellular organisms like you grow from a single cell that divides repeatedly, their cells are not all the same. Like the instruments in an orchestra, different cells have different appearances and perform different jobs. Cells that are different from other cells are said to be?

_____________________________

3. Please use the Science in Action 8 Textbook to fill in the blanks below,

__________________________ means that the ______________ of a multicellular organism

must work _______________________ to support their own lives, as well as the life of the

______________________ individual. For example, the _________________ that make up

the ____________________ of your liver, relay on other _______________ systems to

______________________ them with oxygen and nutrients.

4. Read over the last paragraph on page 138 and the first paragraph on page 139 in the Science Focus 8 Textbook. Do as the textbook asks and try to classify each of the pictures on page 139 as a Blood, Nerve, Muscle, Bone or Skin cell.

A __________________ B ___________________ C __________________

D _____________________ E _____________________

Total out of /40 %

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5. In the Science Focus 8 Textbook on page 140, it lists 5 different advantages that multicellular organisms have over single celled organisms. Please list the five advantages below using complete sentences and descriptions.

1 –

2 –

3 –

4 –

5 –

6. As more and more cells are added to form a living organism like a bear or whale, the level of complexity of cell arrangement is classified into different levels of organization. Please create a simple 5 step flow chart showing the different levels of organization.

7. On page 122 in the Science in Action 8 Textbook and on page 141 in the Science Focus 8 Textbook, it outlines the four main types of tissue that make up you. List the four different types of tissue and give a brief description of each.

1 _________________________

2 _________________________

3 _________________________

4 _________________________

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8. Read up on ORGANS on Page 142 in the Science Focus 8 Textbook and then come up with a definition as to what an “organ” is.

9. a) What is the next level of organization after organs? _______________________________

b) Plants are made up two main “systems”. What are they and what is main role of each in the survival of the plant?

1 -

2 -

10. Below is a diagram that shows how cells build on one and other to form the different levels of organization. What is the last level on this diagram that is missing and given that the “heart” is the organ in the second last level of organization, what would the name of the last be?

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The Digestive System For this section, please read following pages out of the two different textbooks… the Science Focus 8 Textbook Pages 146 - 149, The Science in Action 8 Textbook Pages 127 – 131. Use these two sources to help you answer the following questions.

1. Use the paragraph at the top of page 127 in the Science in Action 8 Textbook to fill in the blanks below.

Living organisms require ____________________ to survive. Like other animals, you obtain

energy from different sources such as _______________________ (sugars & starches),

____________________ (fats and oils) and ______________________. But before your cells can

use any of these energy sources for fuel, they must be _____________________ by your

____________________ system. Your digestive system is in charge of ____________________

down the ________________ you eat into parts __________________ enough to be used by

your ______________________.

2. There are two main types of digestion… what are they and what do they involve?

1 ___________________________

2 ___________________________

3. The digestive system is actually a long tube within the body that allows food and nutrients to pass through it. Starting with the mouth, outline the order/path of organs that food travels through as it passes through your digestive system?

Mouth __________________ ___________________ ________________

_____________________ _____________________

Total out of /86 %

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4. The diagram below shows all of the parts of the mouth which is the first part of the digestive track. Label each of the parts in the diagram and follow up with a short description as to what each one does as well as whether it helps with chemical or mechanical digestion.

A _____________________

B _____________________

C ______________________

D ______________________

E ______________________

5. To the right is a diagram that shows how food is pushed through the digestive track. What is the scientific name of this process?

____________________________________

6. Using the Science in Action 8 Textbook, please label all of the following organs on the diagram below.

A

C

E

B

D

7. Using the Science in Action 8 Textbook and reading pages 128 -130 in detail, write a detailed description as to what each of the organs within the digestive system does. Include whether the part helps with “Chemical” or “Mechanical” digestion, if it produces any enzymes, and if/what type of nutrient is broken down at that stage (i.e. proteins, fats/lipids, or sugar/starches) or if it just helps in transporting the food. Finally, explain where nutrient absorption takes place and how. (3 marks for each description)

Mouth -

Salivary Glands -

Epiglottis –

Esophagus –

Stomach –

Liver –

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Gallbladder –

Pancreas –

Small Intestine –

Large Intestine –

8. What are Microvilli and how do they work?

9. On page 149 of the Science Focus 8 Textbook you will find 2.31 of a villus. Draw out that diagram and explain where villi are found and how they connect the digestive system to the circulatory system.

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10. Imagine you have just eaten a cheese burger. In point form (at least 10 points), describe the path of the cheese burger through your digestive system and the mechanical and chemical digestion that occurs to the food as it is broken down.

11. For each of the terms below, explain the relationship that exists.

a) Digestion & Enzymes

b) Nutrients & Villi

c) Digestion & Peristalsis

12. Explain how the small intestine, which fits into a fairly small space in the body, manages to have such a large surface area to help it absorb food nutrients.

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The Respiratory System For this section, please read following pages out of the two different textbooks… the Science Focus 8 Textbook Pages 146 - 149, The Science in Action 8 Textbook Pages 132 – 134. Use these two sources to help you answer the following questions.

1. Use the paragraph at the top of page 133 in the Science in Action 8 Textbook to fill in the blanks below.

______________________ is the process your ____________________ system uses to move

_________________ in and out of your _____________________. Breathing occurs because of

your _________________ and __________________ muscles. When you __________________,

these muscles ____________________, pulling your ribs _____________, and your diaphragm

_____________________. This increases the size of your _________________ and

_____________________. When you __________________, these muscles _________________:

your ribs go ____________________ and your diaphragm goes __________________. This

_____________________ the size of your chest and lungs, ____________________ air out.

2. Please fill out the diagram below related to breathing.

Total out of /54 %

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3. Use figure 2.27 in the Science Focus 8 Textbook to complete the diagram below. You will be responsible for knowing all of these parts on a quiz.

4. Please use the following list of parts to show the order in which oxygen comes from the atmosphere and diffuses into our blood: Mouth, Alveolus, Trachea, Larynx, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Capillaries, Blood.

Mouth _____________ _______________ ________________

Blood ______________ _______________ ________________

5. Read page 134 in the Science in Action 8 Textbook. The special epithelial tissue in the alveoli and the blood capillaries that surround them is only cell layer thick. Why is this case and what natural process does this speed up?

6. Please use your Science in Action 8 Textbook to help you fill in the blanks below.

The ___________ in the alveoli has a ____________ concentration of _____________ and a

____________ concentration of ____________________ The blood in the __________________

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surrounding the alveoli has a _________________ concentration of ______________________

and a high concentration of _______________________. So ________________ naturally

__________________ from the alveoli into the capillaries, and __________________________

naturally ______________________ in the other ___________________.

7. Use figure 3.13 in the Science in Action 8 Textbook to fill out the diagram below regarding gas exchange between the alveoli in the lungs and the blood that flows through the capillaries.

8. Use figures 2.30a and 2.30b in the Science Focus 8 Textbook to help you fill out the diagrams below. These diagrams show in a little more detail, how CO2 and O2 both flow into and out of the lungs and blood stream. You will need to know how this occurs in detail for the quiz.

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The Circulatory System For this section, please read following pages out of the two different textbooks… the Science Focus 8 Textbook Pages 146 - 149, The Science in Action 8 Textbook Pages 135 – 137. Use these two sources to help you answer the following questions.

1. Use the paragraph at the top of page 135 in the Science in Action 8 Textbook to fill in the blanks below.

One of the _______________________ system’s jobs is to ___________________ the

_____________________ absorbed by your _________________________ systems to each

______________ in your body. The circulatory system, then, is your body’s

_________________________ network. Besides ___________________, your circulatory system

must also _____________________ oxygen to your cells and _____________________

________________ products.

2. What is the most important organ within your circulatory system? _______________________

Label the diagram below out of the Science in Action 8 Textbook and use it to help you answer question 3

3. There are three types of connective tissue involved in the transportation of blood throughout our circulatory system. What are the three structures called and what is the blood “doing” in terms of the gasses and nutrients/wastes carried in the blood in each of the three structures?

Tissue 1 _________________________

Tissue 2 _________________________

Total out of /47 %

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Tissue 3 _________________________

4. Please look to page 137 in the Science in Action 8 Textbook to help you fill in the blanks below.

The ______________________ that carry blood _______________ from your _______________

to all the parts of the your __________________ are called __________________. Blood is

_________________ from your _________________ to the heart in _____________________.

5. In the diagram below, the heart is shown as “two pumps within one”. Please fill in that diagram and use it to answer the following questions.

a) Where does the right ventricle, send the blood too & where does the left ventricle send the blood too?

Right –

Left -

b) Briefly explain the cycle the blood goes through in terms of what it is picking up and dropping off (i.e. O2, CO2, nutrients and wastes) and which half of the heart the blood is passing through in between each step (start at the right half of the heart in your explanation)

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/16. The connective tissue that links the arteries to the veins and is where most nutrient, waste and

gas exchange takes place are called the… ___________________________

7. Using the diagram below, for any solid arrow with a letter attached, please fill out the table with the structure and function for each part of the heart. For any dashed arrow, please fill out the table by briefly describing where the blood is the coming from /going too.

Structure of the Heart Function of that Structure

A

B

C

D

E

Where is the blood coming from/going too?

a

b

c

d

a

D

A

B

C

d

c

b

E

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The Excretory System For this section, please read following pages out of the two different textbooks… the Science Focus 8 Textbook Pages 146 - 149, The Science in Action 8 Textbook Pages 141 – 145 . Use these two sources to help you answer the following questions.

1. Use the paragraph at the top of page 141 in the Science in Action 8 Textbook to fill in the blanks below.

The body _____________________ a number of different types of _________________. These

___________________ are ___________________, and , if not _______________________ from

the body, can cause you serious _________________. The job of waste removal, (also known as)

_______________________, is done by the ________________________ system. The interesting

thing about the ________________________ system is that it involves _____________________

from other systems. So different ____________________ systems interact to get rid of

_________________.

2. On page 151 of the Science Focus 8 Textbook, it mentions that getting food and oxygen is only half of the equation for good health. What is the other half? Also, what are the key organs in “the other half”?

3. a) If you have read through the pages in the Science in Action 8 Textbook, it talked about waste products produced by your cells. When your cells break down proteins, they form a very toxic compound called?

________________________________

b) Which organ (that also plays a role in the digestive system) helps in dealing with the toxic by product mentioned in the previous question?

________________________________

c) What is the name of the less harmful substance that it is converted into?

________________________________

d) Where is the less harmful substance released into?

________________________________

Total out of /48 %

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4. Use the paragraph on page142 if the Science in Action 8 Textbook to help you fill in the blanks below.

The _______________________ are about 10 cm long. They are the main __________________

of ________________________; they act as ________________________ to the blood, straining

out unwanted __________________, _________________, and other ____________________,

and they produce _______________________. Every drop of your blood is __________________

about ___________ times per day by the ___________________. Even though about _________

of blood pass through the _________________ each day, you produce only about ___________

of _________________. The amount of __________________ you produce also depends on how

much water you drink. The ____________________ keep the proper amount of _____________

in your blood. If there is too ___________ water, they ______________ lots of water and so they

produce a lot of ____________________.

5. Below is a diagram of the kidney, as well as the specialized filtering device contained within the kidney. Please label the diagram below.

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6. Using the Science in Action 8 Textbook as a guide. Briefly describe how urine is formed starting with the blood and where it travels to. Be sure to include the name of the key “units” involved in filtering the blood in your answer.

7. Using the Science in Action 8 textbook as a guide. Please fill in the blanks below regarding the rest of your excretory system.

__________________ are long _________________ that connect the ________________ to the

__________________. The _________________ is a sac covered in _________________ tissue.

As the _________________ enters the ____________________, the ________________ expands.

The bladder can store about _______ of _________________. When it is full, the bladder

muscles ________________ and push the _______________ out through the _______________.

8. Please label the diagram below out lining the organs and tissue involved in the removal of urine from the body.

9. a) One last tissue that aids in the removal of salt from your blood stream is?

_____________________________

b) You skin contains thousands of these just below the surface?

_____________________________

c) In addition to keeping you cool when you are overheating, what else do the “items” in the previous question help you do?

_______________________________________________________________________

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The Nervous System For this section, please read following pages out of the two different textbooks… the Science Focus 8 Textbook Pages 151 - 153, The Science in Action 8 Textbook Pages 146 – 151. Use these two sources to help you answer the following questions.

1. To the left is a diagram representing the nerves that travel thorough our body. What two parts of the human body make up the Central Nervous System?

1 ____________________________________

2 ____________________________________

2. In the space below, draw a nerve cell and label the 4 main parts of the cell. On the diagram, please indicate which way the nerve impulse moves through the cell by adding a clearly labeled arrow below your drawing. Also, where do you think the “terminal branch” would be located?

3. While drawing your nerve cell above, you should have noticed something unique about the shape of the cell (in that the cell is not the basic round shape). Please describe the shape of the cell in one word, and then explain why nerve cells have this specific shape.

One word description of the shape - _________________________________

Why does it have that shape

Total out of /32 %

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4. To the right is a diagram of a “reflex arc”. Please explain in three simple steps, what is happening in the diagram. Be sure to use the proper terminology in your explanation. Also, please label the 4 different structures within the diagram

STEP 1

STEP 2

STEP 3

STEP 4

STEP 5

5. What is the point of having a “reflex arch”… why isn’t the brain involved in a reflex movement?

6. Fill in the blanks below using the following terms AUTONOMIC, SOMATIC, MOTOR, SENSORY, VOLUNTARY, UNCONSCIOUSLY, and PERIPHERAL x 2

The nerves within the ____________________________ nervous system can be divided into

two different categories. The ______________________________ nerves receive stimuli for

the environment and carry that message to the brain. The __________________________

nerves carry signals from the brain to the different tissues within the body. The

_________________________ nervous systems can be broken up into two systems again. The

___________________________ nervous system controls body functions that are

_____________________________ manipulated by the brain such as heart beat or pupil size.

The _______________________ nervous system gives you ________________________ control

over your movements and muscle groups.

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7. Based on what you have read and learned… match the following parts of the Nervous System on the left to the correct description on the right.

Axon ________

Dendrites ________

Cell Body ________

Autonomic Nervous System _______

Somatic Nervous System ________

Motor Nerves ________

Sensory Nerves ________

Central Nervous System ________

Peripheral Nervous System ________

A This is the set of nerves that deliver nerve impulses to parts of the body sub-consciously (without you actually thinking about it). They control things like breathing and your heart beating.

B The Brain and Spinal Cord make up this part of the nervous system.

C The neurons that carry messages from the spinal cord to the muscles to invoke a movement or response are called…

D This is the part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and is where all of the metabolic processes for the cell occur.

E This is the long part of the neuron that carries the message over a distance… it makes up ground when transmitting a never impulse.

F These are the neurons that pick up a stimulus and transport that message to the spinal cord.

G This includes all of the neurons and nerves that you control with your mind. When you “think” it, these nerves cause that action to occur.

H All of the neurons outside of the Brain and the Spinal Cord make up this part of the nervous system.

I This is the part of the neuron that picks up a nerve impulse or stimulus. It receives the message and then passes it on to the Axon.