Student Research Session 4

LOGO

SESSION 4AN INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY

Nguyen Thanh HaNguyen Thanh Ha

REVIEW

Explain the following words to the audience

Use either Vietnamese or EnglishDON’T translate and DON’T spell the

wordThe audience should RAISE THEIR

HAND to answer


Research – basic concepts

Research Research question(s) Hypothesis Data Primary vs. Secondary Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research design Research method Research instrument Literature review Population Sample Sampling strategy Data analysis Research proposal vs. research report/research

paper


REVIEW OF SESSION 1

What is research? systematic investigation into reality to gain

knowledge What are the elements of research?

(1) a question, problem, or hypothesis, (2) data, and (3) analysis and interpretation of data

What are the characteristics of a good RQ? Worth Asking Answerable


REVIEW OF SESSION 2

What is a literature review? An account of what has been published on a

topic by researchers, scholars and practitioners

A systematic method for identifying, evaluating and interpreting the work produced by researchers, scholars and practitioners


REVIEW OF SESSION 2

Why review the literature? Without it you will not acquire an

understanding of your topic, of what has already been done on it, how it has been researched, and what the key issues are.


REVIEW OF SESSION 3

Research design?Research method?Research instrument?

Sampling?Population?Participants?


Research design vs. Research methods

Research design: a detailed plan outlining how a research project will be conducted

Research methods: procedures used to collect and analyze data

1. SAMPLING

2. DATA COLLECTION

3. DATA ANALYSIS

Research DesignResearch Design

Research methodsResearch methods

Sampling strategiesSampling strategies


Quantitative vs. qualitative research

a formal, objective, systematic process in which numerical data are utilized to obtain information about the world

any kind of research that produces findings not arrived at by means of statistical procedures or other means of quantification


Method/Design vs. Instrument

Method or Instrument? Survey Questionnaire Interview Observation Test Observation scheme


Contents

Consultancy on students’ study

Writing up the research

Processing interview data

Processing questionnaire data

Data analysis


What does it mean by doing data analysis?


Basic research process

8. Evaluate results and draw conclusions

1. Identify problem areas2. Survey literature3. Formulate research questions4. Construct research design5. Specify sources of data6. Specify data collection & data analysis

procedures

7. Execute research plan


Basic elements of a research report

Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1. Statement of the problem and rationale for the study 1.2. Aims and objectives 1.3. Significance of the study 1.4. Scope of the study 1.5. Organisation

Chapter 2. Literature review Chapter 3. Methodology

3.1. Selection of subjects 3.2. Research instruments 3.3. Procedures of data collection 3.4. Procedures of data analysis

Chapter 4. Results and discussion Chapter 5. Conclusion

5.1. Summary of findings 5.2. Limitations 5.3. Suggestions for further research


What does it mean by doing data analysis?

To present the findings of your research to the reader in an orderly manner, using headings planned in your methodology or headings arising from patterns found in the research, and

To make the results meaningful to the reader To compare your findings with what the literature says

and with what you may have predicted. To highlight anything unexpected which came up To indicate where further research is needed


Contents

Consultation on students’ study




Data analysis


Contents

Types of responses & quantification

Descriptive univariate statistics

Distribution

Measures of central tendency

Dispersion- Measures of variablity



Responses from closed questions can readily be quantified and analyzed

Free-form responses from open questions are much more difficult to quantify

Quantifying qualitative data: Key word analysis, generating categories from the statements made by respondents


Contents



Distribution




Variable

A variable reflects or expresses some concept or construct.

A variable takes on different values.We contrast variables with constants,

which take on fixed values.


Descriptive statistics

to describe or indicate several characteristics common to the entire sample.

Descriptive univariate statistics summarizes data on a single variable


Contents



Distribution




Frequency distribution

How many subjects were similar when measured on the variable Simple or ungrouped: no apparent grouping

found in the presentation of data Grouped: data are grouped by ranges Cumulative: the cumulative effects of data are

shown as percentages


Simple distribution (bar chart)


Grouped distribution (bar chart)


Cumulative distribution (pie chart)


Contents



Distribution





Mean: the arithmetic average, usually designated by an X with a bar over it or the capital letter M

Median: the midpoint in a distribution of scores- the point at which the same number of scores lay on one side of that point as the other

Mode: the most frequently occurring score in the distribution



Which is the median? Which is the mode? Calculate the mean.

100, 100, 99, 98, 92, 91, 91, 90, 88, 87, 87, 85, 85, 85, 80, 79, 76, 72, 67, 66, 45


It is not always possible to calculate the mean and the median


Dispersion (variability)

Dispersion refers to the spread of the values around the central tendency.

Two common measures of dispersion: the range and the standard deviation.


Contents



Distribution




There is a joke that goes, "If a statistician had her hair on fire and her feet in a block of ice, she would say that 'on the average' she felt good." Of course, this is a silly example, but to what is this unfortunate statistician referring? What is she ignoring?


Range

the distance between the highest and lowest data points in a set

The range provides important information about the data set, but it really only takes into account two data points.


Standard Deviation

The measure of dispersion (variability) that is the sum of the deviations from the mean squared.

Standard deviation and mean are often reported together in research tables because the standard deviation is an indication of how adequate the mean is a summary statistic for a set of data



Test scores

Điểm trung bình mà sinh viên đạt được là: 7,7114

Điểm có số lượng sinh viên đạt được lớn nhất là điểm 8.

Điểm số dao động từ 0 đến 10.Độ lệch chuẩn là 0,623486


Contents





Data analysis


Analyzing and using interview data

Integrating the interview data into the topics and themes of your paper

Citing the interviewee and using quotes

Finding emerging themes (grounded theory)


Work out the common themes that emerge

What makes students want to learn? “The school is good. The teachers are nice” “If I’m taught well and enjoy the lesson” “If teachers are fun and humorous” “I’m able to sit next to my friends” “I feel secure with the teachers” “If the teacher isn’t too strict” “If the subject is interesting” “I have a cooperative class” “You don’t have to work in complete silence” “I have humorous teachers who don’t lose control” “Knowing your friends are there” “Sitting where you want” “If I’m allowed to talk with my friends” “Having conversations with teachers” “If I have a lot of fun work to do in the class”


Work out the common themes that emerge

What puts students off learning? “If the teacher is not nice” “When teachers can’t control the lesson” “A strict teacher who shouts when you get the answer wrong” “If I’m treated like babies” “The teacher talking for the whole lesson” “If I can’t sit with my friends” “When the teacher is grumpy” “Boring lessons, boring subject” “Teachers continuously talking” “If I have to sit next to people I don’t like” “When teachers don’t help everybody equally” “If I’m under strict control” “When I don’t like the teachers” “If I have a bad class atmosphere” “Working in complete silence”


Contents

Consultation on students’ study




Data analysis


Structure and elements

I. Preliminary pages 1. Cover page 2. Title page 3. Acceptance page 4. Acknowledgements 5. Abstract 6. Table of contents 7. List of tables, figures, and abbreviations, etc.

II. Main text III. Supplementary pages

1. References 2. Appendices (optional) 3. Glossary (optional) 4. Index (optional)


Main text

Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1. Statement of the problem and rationale for the study 1.2. Aims and objectives 1.3. Significance of the study 1.4. Scope of the study 1.5. Organisation

Chapter 2. Literature review Chapter 3. Methodology

3.1. Selection of subjects 3.2. Research instruments 3.3. Procedures of data collection 3.4. Procedures of data analysis

Chapter 4. Results and discussion Chapter 5. Conclusion

5.1. Summary of findings 5.2. Limitations 5.3. Suggestions for further research


General style and format

(Handout)


English academic writing style

ComplexityFormalityObjectivityExplicitnessHedgingResponsibilityVerb tense


Complexity

Written language is relatively more complex than spoken language

Ways to improve your writing: The following features are common in

academic written texts:Subordinate clauses/embeddingSequences of prepositional phrasesParticiplesPassive verbsLexical density and complexityNominalisationNoun-based phrasesModification of noun-phrases


Formality

AVOID

Colloquial words

& expressionsAbbreviated forms

2-word verbs

Bullet points

Asking

questions


Objectivity

The main emphasis should be on the information and the arguments, rather than you

Avoid using personal pronouns


Objectivity

Useful phrases: Clearly this was far less true of France than ... This is where the disagreements and controversies begin ... The data indicates that ... This is not a view shared by everyone; Jones, for example,

claims that ... . . .very few people would claim ... It is worthwhile at this stage to consider ... Of course, more concrete evidence is needed before ... Several possibilities emerge ... A common solution is ...


Explicitness

Signposting of the organisation of the ideas in the text

Acknowledgment of the sources of the ideas in the text


Hedging - useful language

1. Introductory verbs:

e.g. seem, tend, look like, appear to be, think, believe, doubt, be sure, indicate, suggest

2. Certain lexical verbs

e.g. believe, assume, suggest

3. Certain modal verbs:

e.g. will, must, would, may, might, could

4. Adverbs of frequency

e.g. often, sometimes, usually

4. Modal adverbs e.g. certainly, definitely, clearly, probably, possibly, perhaps, conceivably,

5. Modal adjectives e.g. certain, definite, clear, probable, possible

6. Modal nouns e.g. assumption, possibility, probability

7. That clauses e.g. It could be the case that . e.g. It might be suggested that . e.g. There is every hope that .

8. To-clause + adjective

e.g. It may be possible to obtain . e.g. It is important to develop . e.g. It is useful to study .


Responsibility

Demonstrate an understanding of the source text

Provide evidence and justification for, any claims you make

Ways to do:Paraphrasing and SummarizingCitation


Verb Tenses

Avoid shifting in tense and ensure subject-verb agreement.

The tense should be consistent within each paragraph. Past tense or present perfect tense is appropriate for

the literature review and the description of the procedures if the discussion is of past events.

Past tense is used to present the findings of a study. Present tense is appropriate to discuss the results and

to present research conclusions and interpretations. Future tense, except in proposals, is rarely used.


Contents





Data analysis

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Student Research Session 4

Technology