STUDIES ON CYTOLOGY, HYBRIDIZATION AND MUTATION BREEDING OF BRINJAL
(Solonum melongena L.)
DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY IN
BOTANY
BY
BILAL ALI ZAIDI
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
ALTGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY,
ALIGARH
1 9 7 8
'-'V! UftlVV'^
^ /
DS122
D e d i c a t e d
t e
my b r o t h e r e
CERTIFICATE
This 1« to oortify that th« dlssartation •ntltlad '*Studlas
on cytology; hybridization and nutation brooding of brinjal (Solanuw
wolonpono l,)" is the uork of nr« Bllal Ali Zaidif a oandidato for
tho dogrpo of n»Phil* of Allgarh Pluslim University. I further cortify
that this dissartatien has not been subnittsd for any other diploma
or dogrsB*
( ^
( 2AKIUL HASAN ZAIOI )
Lecturer in Botany Aligarh nuslim Univereity
Aligarh
ACKN(ltLeOC£n£NTS
It glvsa n« iMMna» pJlaMura In aeknoMladglng with thanka
nr. Zakiul Haaan Zaidl, rMy aupartfiaar^far auggaatlng tha prablan and
alaa fmr tha paina ha taok in guiding ma thraugheut tha tanura af thia
Mark.
ny thanka ara alsa dua to Prof. il.n.R.K* Afridl* Haad,
Oapartmant af Batany, A.M.U,, Aligarh for praviding all tha nacaasary
labaratary and library facilitiaa in connactian with thia work*
I am highly grataful to Prof. R. Khan and Prof. G.R. Raa far
aupplying the aaada of aona af tha wild apaciaa of Solanuw and cj/:^%ii
intarapacific hybrida. I am alaa grataful to Or. S.K. Saxana for hia
kind halp.
Laatly I shall ba failing in My duty if I do not acknowladga
with thanka tha halp randarad by oy collaagua Plr. Sarfvaz Hadi.
BILAL ALI ZAIOI
Raaaareh atutfant Dapartmant af Satany
A.n.U.t All9«rh.
CONTCNTi
Pagas
CERTIFICATES . . . . . . . . . v
ACKNOMLCOCenCNTS . . . . . . . . . v l
CHAPTERS
1 . INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . 1-S
£ • REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . • . . • • • • 6 -44
2 . 1 * Chromosomt numbar and narpholegy . . . • • • 6-7
2«2» naieais . . . • • * • • . 7-8
2 .3 . Pal'/plaldy in golanura meXongana U • • • 8-10
2«4« Ganetlcs of SPlanum malongena U . . • • • * 10-16
2*4«1» Inharltanca af quantitctiva charactara 10-14
2.4.2» Inrwrltanca of qusdik^atimi charactara 14-16
Calaur of tha plant; . . . • • • 14-15
Spinaaity ef the plant . . . • • . 15
Calaur 9f tha owol la . . . . * • IS
Calaur af tha anthara • • • . . • IS
Calaur af tha atioma • • • . . . 15
Calour af tha f r u i t • • • • • • 15-16
2.5« nala a t a r l l i t y In Salamw walawoawa (.. • • • 16-17
2.6 . Floral bielavy . . . • • • • • • 17-23
2 .6 .1 * narphalagy af tha flawar . . . • • • 18
2.6.2« Blaa«ing af tha flawara • • . • • • 18
2«6.3« Oahiaeaftea of wtthara and langavity of pallan 19
2.6.4« Raeaptivity af at i fna •» • . . . 19
11
2.6.S* P0lllnatl«Ni •.* ... ... 19-21
2»6.6. HatatMtyly ... ... ••• 21-22
2.6.7. Pwthanwarpy ... •.• 22
2*6*8« Fruit matwlty and saed darmancy ••• 23
2.7« Hybrldlzatlan •«. ... ... 23-30
2.7«1, Intarvarlatal hybrldlzatlan ••• 23-25
2«7.2. Intarapaclflc hybridization ••• 26-30
2«B« Induction ef mutation «.. •.. 31-33
2«9* AffInltlas of tho apeelaa ef Solanum wolengona complex 33*35
2.10. Origin ef Solaman welwoana L* ••• ••# 3&>36
2*11. Common dlaoaaos and dlooaae-reolstanco tf 5el«ijm mglmigona L« ••• ••« 36-41
2.12. food and medicinal value ef Solanua raelongena L. and aome ef Ite Important chemical eonatltuenta* 42-44
3, WATERlALS AND PCTHOQS ... ... ... 45-52
3.1* natoriale ... ••• ••• 45-46
3.1.1. Indlgenoua cultivated varieties of £• meliwqona U 45
3.1 •2. Indlgenoua wild apeclee related to S,. molonQona L. 45
3.1.3. Amphidiplolde ef C. generation •*. 46
3.1•4* Interopeelfle Hybrlde ef f, generation 46
3«2« nethode ... ... ..* 46-52
3.2.1* Preparation of flold> ploughing! mwiuring 46-47
3.2.2. Sowing and tranoplwritatlon ••* 47
3.2.3. Irrigation end hoeing of flolde ••• 47
3.2.4. riwal biology ... •.. 47-46
3«2«S* Hybridization ••• •«. 48
ill
3«2*6« CMa«eulati«n, pallinatlan and aalfln^ 4B-49
3.2*7« Inductlan af ealchiplaidy ... ... 49
TraatMant af aaada ... ••• 49
Traataant af shaet apieaa ••• 49
3*2,8* Inductlan af nutatian ••• ••• SO
3«2«9« Study af melaala ••• ••• 50-51
3.2,10, Pallan alza and fartllity
(% af viability af pollan graina) ••• 51
3.2«11« Statiatical mathada ... ••• 51*52
3.2*12* Drawlnga and abbravlatiena ••• 52
4, OBSERVATIONS ... ... ... 5S-66
4«1« Oaacrlptian of Selanum malongana L» ••• 53-56
4«2« narphologlcal variationa in Selanum melonqana L* 56
4*3* Compariaian af marphological charactara of
S» malonqana U and Ita allied apaciaa ••» 56-56
4.4. Hybridizatlan ... ••• ••• 5»>61
4.4.1* Intarvariatal hybridizatlan ... 59
4.4.2. Intarapaoific hybridizatlan ... 59-60
4,4.3« Back creasaa ... ... ... 60-61
4.5« Plaiaaia ... ... ••• 61
4.5.1* Cytalagy af paranta ... ••• 61
4.S»2« Cytalagy af Intarapaeific hybtida ••• 61
4«6« flaral Blalogy ••• ... ••• 61-66
4«6*1« Extarnal faaturaa af flawara and fruita 62
4»6»2« Siza af bud »n tha day praeaading tha blaoMlng 62-63
4«6.3« TliM af blaawing and anthaaie ••• 64
iv
4«6*4« i.«ng«vlty •f p«ll»n ••• •••
4«6«5. R«e«ptlvity sf •tigma ••• ..*
4.6«6. R«aulta af aalflng tha flawara af diffarant atyla langtha • ••
4.6«7« Camparativa atudy af natural and
artificial pallinatlana ••• •••
4»6*8« Fruit maturity ••• •••
5. FUTURE PLAN OF WORK
S*1. Study af paranta ••• •*• •••
5«2* Hybridizatian •«. ••• •••
S.2.1* Intarvarietal hybridizatian ••»
5«2.2« Intarapaeifie hybridizatian •«.
S,2»3« Back croaaing of hybrids with thair raapaotiva brinjal paranta
S«3« Inductian ef mutation
5«4. Statiatical mathoda
6* SUIWARY
7 . LITE?IATU?JE CITED
65
65
65
65-66
66
67-70
67
67
67
68
66-69
69
69-70
71-73
74-102
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Solanuw w l a n g w L., csnimonly knawn aa brinjal at agg-^lant
(alae wrlttan ma agg plant), ia eultlvatad Mldaly ttvaughaut tha watmat
ragiana of tha glaba« It ia ana af tha maat impartant vagatabla ccapa
of India. Brinjal rafara te tha plant aa wall aa ita adibla fruit.
Egg plant alsa rafara to tha plant aa wall aa tha fruit accarding ta
Wabatar Dictionary (Cova, 1970). In tha praaant work agg plant rafara
ta tha plant aa a whala and agg<-fruit er Oubargine to tha fruit enly.
Brinjal rafara ta tha bath. Tha plant la ganarally grown twica er
thrica during tha yaar and, tharafere, tha fruit ia availabla almaat
thraughaut tha yaar. Invaatigatiana hava ahawn that tha fruit haa high
nutritiva valua (Aykrayd, 1966} Chaudhury and Kalda, 1968| Chandra and
Plurti, 1968.) Carraa (1956) rapartad 3.2-501 par cant by valuaa af pura
pactin and 4.48-11.0 par cant by waight at oalciun paotata in dry
nattar af fruit (aaa Chandra and nurty (1968). Chaudhury and Kalda (1968)
hald ita nutritiva valua canparabla ta that af tanata.
Tha madieinal impprtanea af tha agg plant ia natawarthy (Nandkarni,
1927| Chapra, Nayar and Chapra, 19S6| Klrtikar and Baau, 19S7| Chandra
and nurtl, 1968t aaa Chadha, 1972). In many eauntriaa at Qriant tha
laavaa, fruita and aaada ara uaad avan far curing diaaaaaa lika ayphlia.
It*a unripa fruita ara catdiatanie, imprava apatita and anrich tha blaad.
o
c
lUpv fruit* ar* laxatlv* but omjsa biliauanaM* A pBt^9 of 1MV«« i s
a^iliad m ayphlitie nauntft anil tfatMrati«n« of cools ato givon in
tMo d&aeaao* Roots aro alae uaod to allaidato poin* Bofnt fruits oro
light in digaation^ purgativa» alightly biliouo and banafieial in phlagp,
Mind and obaiaity* Laavas ara nareotie and ssads ara atioulant* Piaread
mii than fti^d in t i l oil^ tha fruito ara givan as a eyra for tooth-aeho«
for livor eonplsinta i t ia oaid to tM oxoollant ranaify* Ayurvada troata
i t as sppstissr« aphrodiaiao* eardiotanio, and banafieial in *vata' and
*kiph* ate* (aso Chtndra and Murty* 1968}•
Tha egg plant haa attraetad tha attantion of nany eytoganatieiato
and plant braadara i ut tha phanonanon of hataroaia and i ta uti l i ty hava
net yet baan fully explored elthough eoao preliRinary infomation ia
aveUdble (Kakiiaki, 1930, 1931| p a and Singh, 1946} Saebandan, 1962|
Kh«i at e l , 1971(1);; Aalatively l i t t l e ettantien hae bean paid eo for
by werkere to th& etudy of polyploidy end mutetion brMding of oggplent.
(See Pel end Singh 1943).
Hybridizetion, for ewolwing new «arietiee, i e e esMienly know i
pteotioo. It i e knotfi thet interveriotel hybride often a i ^ t hybrid
vigour* UtiliseUon of hybrid vigour through the develepMnt of ooenoreiel
hybride hee often been «lted ee e eejor plent breeding triueph in thie
eenttfty*
Most of the verietloe of egf^lant eultivoted in Zndie ere highly
etieeipUbte to eeverel dieoeeee like frui^rot, phoeepeie blight, ear ly
blight, Utt le- leef end leefr weeeio, eayeed by fungi, beeterie end virueee.
f-1
•nd U ifiwet pa«t« l ik« brinjal fxult and ahwit totat (Lauelnadaa
«Mbflt>ali> Qu«nM«) and btinjal ataR->lMmir ^fijIUBtTttl M t t i e l l l a !!•«•}•
(Saa Krlahmy^and ¥ijay 1f7S| aaa alaa "AgiiaiatucaX |>aat» af India and
Sauth Eaat Aala" by html, A.S«)« Tha uaa ef fungtoidaa and ftaaticddaa
far tha pcataeUen af high yialding vaviatiaa af eulUvatad planta haa
ineraaaad anonmiualy during tha raoant yaara aa ana of tha moat aeonoideal
plant protaotlon toola availabla* Hewavar tha uaa of ttwsa ohaaioal
Mbatancaa haa raaultad in aena undaaitabla «lda-affaeta aueh aa taaidual
toKieity ef tha oonauaabla prec^eta and aanaitivity of oartain variatiaa ta
thaaa ehanioala* Soaia of tha paatieidaa hava advaraa affaet on othar crap
planta* in nlxad cropping pattaxnat and evan on pasaaitaa and pradatora
favousabia to man (Rana and Piurti, 1971)« Aa moat of tha variatiaa of agdplan
cultivatad in India are highly auaeaptibla to dlaaadaa and inaaet paata,
tharafora» tha baat i^roaeh, to a«old tiia hazarda oauaad 1^ thaaa dangaroua
eh«Dieala» la braading of raaiatant variatiaa*
I t i a ordinarily poaaibla to Ineraaaa tha yiald i^ a plant thraugh
hybrid-vigaur produead by intarvariatal hybridizatiwtt Imt aama tinaa i t
ia alaa fa i t naeaaaary ta da wlda crMaaa far inoorpataling into thaaa
planta ra«Latanoa ta diaaaaaa and inaaat paata* Tharafoffa« intarapaeifie
ereaaaa Niva ta ba parfemad batwam J|» iwlawoana and ralatad Mild apaaiaa
baoauaa tha lattar aftan ahaii raaiatanea ta variaua unfavaurabla mvirerv
mantal eondltlona ineluding diaaaaaa and inaaat paata* But ganatally intar
apaeifie hybrida ara atatila^ tharafl«ra« induction af aaphidipleidy ie
naeaaaary ta make tham far t i la . Back etaaaaa hava alee ta ba performed te
trwiafar the uaafui ganee from theea hybrid* te the brinjal planta*
AlthQugh ffuUUon brMding Ni« be«i aapltyvct for th« inpMvwMnt
0f Mny erop plants y«t brinjal has not boon wbJoeUd to oyotMMtio
Mutation teoeding* Thorsforo thia tool la aloo to bo utilized with thi
bolp of choMleal aa tioll aa phyaieal nutagana for loprovaKant of oggplant
oultlvacs*
Oatallad Infoxnatlttfi about flocal biology la naeoasary for an
Mtanalva hybrlcflaPtlon and nutation brosdlng prograiMia« Tharafere thla
aapaota haa alao to bo atudlad thoroughly In oultlvatod varlatlaa of
eggjplant ao that thla InfosRiatlon ahould aarvs aa a gulda for plant
braodara* Cbntlnuatlcm of tha work alraady done i^ tho Oept. of Botany,
Allgarh Plualin Unlvaralty* nay bring about vary dealrablo reaulta* Tha
back crossing of ths natorlal of C gsneratlon of ae^hldlplolda (produoad
aa a raault of ttw crow PPt X ^« Intsoe^follun and aubaaquwit eolehlploldy)
ulth brlnjal parant and further ooldilploldy of BC ganaratlon M U I lead to
the produotlim of Induced hoxaiilold* Thla My serve aa vary ueeful natarlil
for further back creasing idth brlnjal paranta* In ortNiv to Inoraaao the
doalxable qualltlee of brlnjal variety, to the naxlnun extent* Slnllarly,
tha bade croealng of F f lotat ion (produced frtMR Intorapaolflo hybrlde
of the croaa PPl X j « lnoaiww>. alraady available, with brlnjel parante
nay produce highly valuable planta In iC« and BC ganeratlona*
Therafora I t la planned thet Intarvarlatal l^rldlzatlon, nutation
brooding, Intovepeolfle hybridisation, ai^hldlploldatlon and back eroaalng
of snplildl|ilolda, be done In order to obtain high ylold wid roolotenoo to
tflaaaoM oiNi to Ineoot peato together «d^ tho other dealrablo qualltlee,
00 that now varlotloa auporlor to preeont day oultivntotf varlotloo nay bo
rr
prsduead* It U nith tNt^kiii that tha prM«nt woik hit bMfi e>tos«i whi«h
flay jravalutioniaa brinjal braading in India*
G
CHAPTER 2
KCVICW or LITERATURE
2»1a Chraitoaaw numbT and worpholooy
Cytology of many varlatlas of agg-plant Mas studied by Kojlna
(192S)« Ths baaic ohromoaoma numbar in all tha varlatiaa waa found to ba
12« Vilmorin and Sinonat (1927) and Jorgana«u(1928) polntad out that tha
baaic chromosome number in S,. xanthocarpuw ia 12« Jorganaan (1928) reported
that the bMic chromosome numbar in , micranthuw ia 12» Bhacfeirl (1933)
alao reported that 12 ia tha basic chromosans number in S, xanthocarpumt
£• torvum, £• mlcranthum, B» trilobatum and S« verbascifolium> Hardas and
Doshi (1954) noted that tha basic chromosome number in £• robustuw and
Sj, avieulara ia 12 and 46 reapeotively.
Cytology of S, welongena waa studied by Dwiaki Ammal (1934). Five
typaa of chromosomss with medial centromeres were reported by her, Oinuma
(1945) etudied the karyotypes of many apaeiea of Solanuw including £•
melonqena U Rai (1959) atudisd the morphology of somatic chromosomee in
fmjr varietiea of egg-plant and rapGnrted that thess vsristies have different
number of median and aubmedian ohromoaoMae. Chennavearaiah and Kriahnappa
(1966 and 1968) etudied the cytology of eome Solanuma from South India.
Choudtvy (1975) made cytological atudies of btsst Afri«Mi diploid Splanuw
melowoena L. var. Baasawa. Huziwara (1955) made caryeiyple analyaie of
eggplanta* Kakhonevich and Taraeevieh (1972) made cytological studiee of
aaodlinga from seede under the effect of ult/tra-violet raya*
Sinha (1950) r«p«tt«d on« pair of SAT<-chraii08cwM in th« somatie
eomplaiiant of Sj, aeaforthiantMi and S» varrucoauw and two pai;a of SAT-
eNroRosoiBaa in S,. wagezawicaii, Channavaosalah and Kciahnappa (196S) raported
accaaaory chronoaomoa in tha root-t ipa of S« walonqana, S» indicuw and
2*2» Haloaia
Kojima (1925) and Janaki Ammal (1934) raportad normal coursa of
fflaioaia in S,« malon^ena uith 12 bivalenta at diakinaaia and mataphaaa I*
3anaki Ammal (1934) found in egg-plant* conplata tarminaiiaation of ahort
crvomoaocnaa and gradual tarminalization of madian and long chromoaomaa at
diplotane ataga. ha obaarvad that* aa compared to tha short chromosomes»
tha long chronoaomoa hava mora chlaamata par bivalent* Tha courae of meioaia,
chiaamata frequency and tarminalization coafflcienta were alao atudiad by
Rai (1959) in four variatiaa of egg-plant. Chiaamata frequency and
tarminalization coafflcienta varied from 0«77 to 1.37 and 0.6 to 0*96
raapactively. Spontaneoue chromoaomal aberrationa ware repnrted by Choudhury
(1973) in , malonc^ena* Normal courae of maioale in S, nitidlbaceatuw uaa
obeervad by Cllleon (1936). Von Uanganheim (1957) etudiad the pairing
behaviour of clwomoaomea of eaveral apeciaa of Solanuw at pachytene w^d
diakinaale etagea and concluded that email diffaranoaa in ettucture of the
chronoaonee of the epaciee play a minor role in evolution of the gitnua
Solanua.
Rajaaekaran (1970 b) obeerved deaynapala in J>. indJcow, Zutehi
and Kaul (1974) atudiad cytology of B, aiavmteifoliua and taported that
8
th« plant M M at haxapleld laval mith n « 36 ohromosoiMS* Thay obaarvad
ircagular maloaia Mith multlvalanta and univalanta at mataphaaa I*
0* Aroy (1974) atudied maioaia in aavaral apaelat of Solanuw
grawlng In Florida. Kirtl and Rao (1978 b) atudivd maioaia in tha
intarapacifio hybrid* of apinoua Solanuna. Rao and Bakah (1979) atudiad
tha maioais of fojr variatiaa of 3planum malonqana U and J,* intaorifoliurt
Poir* r^eiosis waa normal tiilth 12 bivalenta at dlakinaais and netaphaaa I*
Tha maioaia in tha hybridSf obtainad from croaaaa viz*t ^ B S Purpla Long
(PPL) X S^ intaorifollua, S.« intaorifolitjn X Giant of Banaraa (GB), B,
intaorifolium X Nurki Baigan (NB) and S* intaorifolium X t^ngary No*
290469 (HRY)) waa almost regular with 12 bivalanta at diakinaaia and
oietaphaaa I, Oeoaaional univalanta were obaarvad but no multivalenta* Tha
amphidiploida obtainad from thaaa hybrida, after colchiploidyt ahowod
24 bivalanta at diakinaaia with occasional univalanta» trivalanta at
tetravalenta* As amphidiploida ware completely fertile with high percentage
of pollen viability (73.5 * BS^), it waa inferred that tha ohromoaamaa of
tha two apaciea have minor atructural rather than ganio diffarancee inspita
of groaa chromosomal aimilarity*
Raa« Khan and Bakah (1979) hav* found irregular maioaia, in
99«7J( of Pnc atudiad, at diakinaaia and n*1 with, on an averaga, 1«eB
bivalent and 20*24 univalent at dii^inaala and 1.04 bivalent and 21.92
univalent at n-l. Tha bridge* m d fragmenta ware found in S% of cella*
2,3« Polyploidy in Solarium malonB*na L>
Thar* ar* vary f*w reparta on th* oeeurranea of natural polyploidy
r
in SolanuHi malongana L» and its allied apacias. 3anaki Anmal (1934) found
a atarile triplold plant in F. hybrid population of tha ccoaa batwean tha
tmo variatiaa of S» walonotna viz. , 3-22 aid StS B. Tha triploid plant
uaa aalfad and sona tatraploid planta wera iaolated from tha aubaaquent
progany* The occurrenca of a natural tatraploid agg-plant uaa dotacted in
e population of the variety PHiktakQahi by Singh (1942}. Chavan, Qhore and
Bhapkar (1964) found a natural triploid egg-plant in a population of the
variety Hanjarigota* Ko hybrid could be obti^ined uhen thit triploid ple^t
uae croaaed with normal diploida.
Beamiehf Cocqier and Hougea (1957) uara able to induce tetraploidy
^ Solanuw apecias by treating tricmt with colenioine*
RajMskaran (1961) v&s eble to get an autotatraploid agg-plant
by giving eolchicino treatment to diploids (eoa Rajaaeksran, 1970 d)« Oatta
and Nsogi (1969) induced autotetrcploidy in £• roelonc9na« var« grsen Icng,
by giving colchicine treatment to young aesdlings at cotyladonacy etagi.
In these autotetraploids 24 bival^nts ueve observed at diakinesie and
metaph«se->I besiiee aevaral abnormalities like chromatin bridgee, fragmaita
and lagging chromoeomee.
Rajasakaran (1970 o» 1971 b) produced amphidiploide by giving
colcricine treafcmant to the F^ hybrids of tno croaaaa Bm indicum X 3..
weloogena and £• xantnocarpum X S, ioelonoena. The amphidiploids shmfsd
regular eeioeis with increaeed fertility* Rajasekaran (1970 a) had earlier
inckjced eutotetraploidy in Solanuw indicuw< RangsMamy and Kadambavwiaeundari
(1974) produced amphidiploida by treating the F. hyorids of the cross ±,
indj.eum X Sjt melongene with colchicine. The anphidiploida always showed
r
raduMd fartllity in comparison to tha F. plants.
ruki^ato (1962) studied nucJLaar instability and olvwiosofflal
moaaloism in oolehleina inductd polyploids of Solwww intagifoliuit var«
inaarna*
Xutahi and Kaul (1974) raportad ocourrsnoa of natural haxaploids
in S^» sisymbrifoliuro and 5» melanocarpure.
Diploid . khaaianum was traatsd with 0,2 par cent aqueous solution
of oolchicine» by Dmiaki Ammal and Bhatt (1971), resulting in to the
production of autotetraploids. These showsd gigantic vegatativa growth and
leas numtMir of spines with increased aolaaodine oontant in the fruits as
compared to the diploid forms.
Irihura (197S) induced haploidy in Solanums through anther-culture.
2.4. Genetics of S. malonoena U
2.4.1. Inheritance of guttititative charactare
Haritability of varioua quantitative charactare like number of
flowara per inflorescence« early maturity of fruit, fruit weight and number
of fruita par plant waa calculated by Cotoh (1953). Cotoh (1956) determined
environmental eorreli^ione, ganotypio and phenotypio correlations and
haritability values among the five quentitative chwaetere vix.« pl«it
height* atem diameter, flowering period, the number of fruite par plcuit
and fruit ahapa. Ganotypio correlationa were higher then the phenotypio
owrelations. A fairly high poeitive correlation between plant height and
atem dianeter waa obearvad by him. Canea, controlling the number of flowere
Ix
par inflorHCsno*» ahapa and weight of fruit, and hairinaaa of tha plant,
aagragata Indapandantly.
Dhaal, Nandpurl and Ohaliwal (1964) Invaatlgatad tha harltability
of a nunbar of charactara in agg-plant. Thay found that tha harltability
valuaa for all tha charactara vara high axcapt fc» tha waight of fruit.
On tha basis of harltability valuaa, thay auggastad that tha individual
plant aalaction in F^ progany would ba mora affactlva for tha nunbar of
branchaa per plant, number of fruita par plant and fruit length.
Slnha, Prakash and Haqua (1966 b) studied ganetio coaffioiant
of variation, harltability eatimates and ganatic advaicaa in two variatiea
of agg-i}l«vit in order to evaluate the ganetio artieulaturs of tha varioua
characters in brinjal. Baha-eldin (1967) and Qaha-eldin, Blackhurst anti
Parry (196S a, b) studied the inheritance of plant height, flowering datd^
yield, numbar of fruita per plant, fruit weight and fruit shape in the
progeny of the croaa Black Beauty X P*I« 169651 mnd noticed partial
dominance of tallnaaa of tha plant over ahortneaa, of e#rly flowering
over late flowering and of round fruit character ever long fruit character*
Tha yield and number of fruits per plant ahowad pronounced hybrid vigour.
Heritability eatlRataa, affective faotora and expected genetic advance
under aalaction waa indicated. Some genetic variation waa found to ba
additive and soma nonadditiva. Tha dominance of early flowering waa alao
reported by several workare (Raman, 1964t eee Baha-Cldin, Blackhurat and
Parry, 1968 a). Baha-€ldin, Blackhurat and Perry (1966 o) inveetigated
simple and partial correlation coefficiante among aix plant charactara in
n
r. «nd r. ganarationa of trw crcwa. Black Baauty X PI 169651. Thay comparad
tha ganatlo corralationa Mid ragraaaion coafficianta of tha charactaca
with phanotypio corralationa and corralation coafficianta* Tha eatinata
of ganatlc corralation coafficianta ahowad that ahortneaa of plant and
early flowering habit are poaitivaly correlated with high yielding ability,
large number of fruite per plant and long fruit* Large fruit size waa
essooiated with rcnind fruit character, dacreaaed yield and leas number of
fruite per plant*
Peter and Singh (1971) studied five warietiee of brinjal and
obaerved that number of primary branches and fruit weighty per plant, are
controlled by dominant geneSy height by additive gene Qctitxn, number of
flowere per inflorescence and number of long-«tyled, medium-styled and
short-styled flowers by eoroe other dominant genes* Fruit-length, equatorial
diameter of fruit and number of fruita per pl^it are C(V)trolled by additive
genes while weight of fruit per plant by dominant gpne action*
Seoasiroli* Silvetti and Brunelli (1972), and VIJay Gopal and
Sethumadhavan (1973) made diallelio analyeie of m«iy quentitative charactere
in five varieties of brinjal and found that the number of primary branchee
and the number of daya of flowering were oontrolled by over-dominant genee,
fruit weight waa controlled by domin^tt genee whereae the height of the
plant waa controlled by additive genee with eome over-dominance* Number of
fruite per plant, number of Iraig etyledyi medium^etyled flowere per inflorea-
cenoe, length of fruit and circumference of fruit are controlled by additive
genee*
ir
Sln^h, Chauhwi and Katiyar (1974) alaa* en tha baals of thair
abaarvatlana an aavaral marphalagleal charactara Ilka halght af plant»
nuMbar ef branehaa par plant, numbar af fruita par plant and ylald par
plant, cencludad that tha haritabllity aatimataa af all tha charactara
wara hlghar axoapt far fruit waight.
r«hratra and Dixit (1973) studied astimatas af variability in
brinjal. In ths study ef 45 varieties a mide range ef phanetypio variatian
was abaerved by them far fruit yield per plant, fruit length and plant
height* Prasad and Prakash (1974) studied genotypic and phenetypio varia
bility in egg-plant.
Singh and Nandpuri (1974) and Hiremath and Gururaja Rao (1974)
atudied genetic variability and csrrslatien amwtg the various charactere
in Selanuro malonqena. Hiremath and Gururaja dam (1974) shewed high Irrita
bility and expected genetic advances far the number of fruits per plant,
aaed weight per fruit and rind-thicknaes. They found peeitive and high
carrelatien between the yield and number of fruits per plant* Singh and
Nandpuri (1974) etudiad genetic variability and carrelatiane in eggplant*
Peter and Singh (1976) atudied cembinlng ability, hateroeie and analyais
ef phenetypie variation in brinjal* Pepeva, nurtazov, Petrev and Oaakalev
(1976) alee atudied the phenomenon ef hoteroeie in brinjal* Pepeva,
Oaakalev and Antanesova (1976) alao made genetic atudioe ef egg-plent*
Bhutan!, Singh and Kallee (1977) publiohod a note en variability atudiee
in brinjal*
Cill, Arara and Pachauri (1976) atudied inheritance af quantitative
charactere in egg-plant* They worked en aix Indian variatiee and atudied
•ix eharactars assooiatsd with devalopmsnt and yiald* Addltlvaa wara found
to ba coflWRcm but aoma gana intaraetion waa alao datactad* Hecitability
haa tiaan found to ba high for all charaetara axcapt for tha branchaa par
plant*
ainka (1955) survayad tha gonetic baaia of hataroaia and found
Qvar-dominanca of many charaetata in tha hybrida. Choudhury (1966) auggaatad
tha utilizaticvi of hybrid vigour for incraaaing yiald in agg-plant. Oganaajan
(1976) atudied the hetarcwia in agg-planta. fairly markad hataroaia uiaa
obtainad by crosaing high yielding variatiea. Tha more tha paranta differed
in yiald the leae marked waa heteroaia. H»ii» Khalfailah, Clahal, Abdul
Kader and Oooa (1977) 'frr\(<(iithe eatimaticvi of hatecoais in agg-^lant*
Naaai (1977) alao atudied inheritance of varioua characteriatica in eqo^
plant. Srivastava and Sajpai (1977 a) atudied combining ability in egg
plant*
2»A«2» inheritance of qualitative charactara
Colour of the plwit
The purple colour of the plant ia monogenically dominant over
green (Tatebe, 1939; aaa Sambandam, 1962} Joahi, 1963). PuxpXa hypocotyla
ia monogenically dominant over green ona (Sambandamt 1964 b). Thakur«
Singh and Singh (1968 b) coperted ;i!onogenio aa wall aa digenic inheritance
of plant colour* Suamy Rao (1970) reportad that tha colour of atafflf petiole«
midrib of leaf, flower, fruit and fruit pattarne wara aimply inherited*
ic
Uanjori and Khapra (1977) atudiad tha inhacltanca of pigmantatlon in a
croaa batiMan 3, malong>na and i» indloum«
Spinoalty of tha plant
Spininaaa is monoganlcally dominant owac the apinaJLessnass (Joahi,
1963} Thakur, Singh and Singh, 1968 b).
Colour of tha corolla
Purpla colour of tha corolla is monoganically dominant over white
(Tt^o^s 1939| sea Samb^daro 19S2{ Thakuc, Singh and Singh 196B b). Tha
two ganea interact in a duplicate, recaasius and spiatatic manner.
Colour of the anthera
Striped ortthere are oKwiogenically dominant over unatriped onaa
(aee Sambandam, 1962; Doahi, 1963)« Thakur, Singh and Singh (1968 b)
have reported diger Oic inheritance of etripea of the anthere in 8gg~plant«
Colour of tha atigaa
Green colour of atigma ia digenically dominant over yellow
colour* (3oehi, 1963} Thakur, Singh and Singh 1966 b)« Here alao tha two
ganee interact in a duplicate, receeeive and epiatatio manner.
Colour of the fruit
Purple colour of the fruit ie dominant over white colour (Halated,
n>
1918f Kaklzaki, 1924| ssa Sambandam, 1962| Danick and Toplaaki, 1963),
Choudhury (1972) raportlid inocmplate dominanca of graen colour of tha fruit
ovar whita oolour« Craan flaah of tha fruit ia monoganioally dominant over
whita flaah» Two dominant oomplWRantary ganaa control tha anthocyanin
formation in fruits (3aniok and Toplaaki, 1963| Swany Rao, 1970). Tot^ba
(1944) reported anothar Qons which^in the praawtce of the two dominctftt
ooRplafflantary gansa, ocntrola the light^lndapendent eyntheaia of antho
cyanin in the fruita*
Tigchalaar* 3anick and Crickaon (1966) recognized nine ganea that
determine anthocyanin development and diatribution in tha egg*plant«
Slnha» Prakash and Haque (1966 a) investigated the linkage of
genee in the egg-plant* They reported linkage betMsen the genes for
pigmentation of anther-tipe* etsm an6 (Mtiole*
Singh and Khanna (1974) reported that chiaanata fraqui?ncy in
egg-plant is under polygenic control mith both partial dominance and
over-domin snce•
2»S, Wale Sterility in Solanum melongena U
Jaemine (1954) reported functional male eterility in a variety
derived by crossing Black Beauty with Black Nagaaoki. The mala eterility
waa due to non-dehieoence of anthere. Singh and Khanna (1964) reported
functional male eterility in egg-plant variety Baigani*
Nakamura (19S4) induced male eterility in brinjal by treating
the plant with 10 ppm amino-aalt of 2« 4-0*
1 '"'
Choudhury and Caorgs (1962)» :iyotlshi and Husain (1968) wid
jyotishi and Chandra (1969) Inducad mada atsrility in agg-plant by foliar
spray of 2,4-Oiohlorophanoxyaeatlo acid* 3yotishl and Chandra <1969)
raportad that malaio hydrazlda is aJLao effactiva in causing mala atarillty.
Pal, Gy and Olah (1970) studied the affaot of maleio hydrazida on flower
formati(Xi and sporoganesia in egg-plant and found that it may causa mala
sterility in egg-plant* Kuriyama* dochizuki and Sakuma (19S9) found that
0.2 par cent aquaoua aolution of 2*2M)iohli»roi8obutyrate is also affective
in inducing male sterility in egg-plant*
Buck (I960) reported tho occurrence of male aterility in some
hybrida of the orossea between £• verrucosura and eix other epecies of
Bolanun, i^bib and Swamy t ao (1973) noticed a case of spentoieous mala
sterility in £• inteorifoliuro,
2«6» Floral biology
A nunbsr of plant breeders have studied the floral biology of
brinjal (Kakizaki, 1924| Donee aid R08a» 1928; Smith» 1931| nagtang, 1936|
Tat^Sf 1938} pal and Singh, 1946} Krishna Murthi and Subramanian, 1954}
Popova, 1958} Sambandam, 1962, 1964a} ftrasad and Prakash, 1966} Qgwteejan,
1965, 1966, 1969} Pal Cy and Osvald, 1967} Pal, Cy and Taller, 1969} Pal,
Cy and Olah, 1969} Khan, Rao and Slddiqui, 1971). A brief account of floral
biology atudiad by earlier workare ia presented beloM.
IC
2.6»1« Worphoiogy of flowy
In •OQ-plantt flowers nay ba in olustars (Smith, 1931| saa
Saiabandaro, 1962) or aolitary Oonas «md Roaa, 1928} TtiaRpaon« 1949)*
Nornally flowars ara harnuiphrodlta* Abnormal flowers with various dagreaa
of fusion and diffsrentiation hsve been rsported to occur (Singh, 1948}
Quagliotti, 1562{ Singh and Khanna, 1964^*
2«6,2» Blottnina of the flowars
Plagtang (1936) reported that the buds which were 2*3 cm to 2.6 cm
in length usually opened in the following morning. Pal and Singh (1943)
reported that the size of the bud which was going to bloom the next
morning varied with the variety and also with the position of ttw bud on
the Inflorescence axle*
Howard, Howard and Khan in 1919 remarked (see Pal and Singht
1943) that the time of opening of bud depends on the tempsratuL^s and
humidity and to a lesssr degree en the time of the day. Pal and Singh (1943)
reported that the tsmperaturs and hunidity of the early hours of the morning
determine the opening time of the flower and dehiscwce of the evithars.
They also reported that the opening csn the second and subsequent days waa
earlier than on tha first day. The flowers ware found to be closed ccnplstely
on the first day of opsning while on the subsequent days they were closed
partially or aomatimee did not dose at all. Pal and Singh (1943 ) r spar tad
that the duration of opening of flowers increased on the second day and
onwarda but after a maximum limit was reached there was no further increass
in duration of the opening of flowers.
ir,
2»6»3« Dehlsc«nc« of anth>r» and lonoavity of pollm
Kakizakl (1924) obssrvaci the dahiscsnca of anthar* aftar tha
flowar had opanad* Tha pollan grains wera found to ba viabla for two daya*
Plagtang (1936) raportad that all the anthara of the aaroe floMir rlld not
open almultanaoualy* Pal and Singh (1943) repcsi ted that in summer eeaaon
dehiscence of anthers, in all tha varieties studied, occurc-ed after tha
flowers had opened while in uinter same varieties shottisd dahiscsnce of
anthers even before the opening of flowers. Viability of pollen remained
for three days in uinter araj fac only one day in summer. Srivastava and
Bajpai (1977 b) studied pollen vi«d3ility in soras promising F^ hybrids of
Solanum tnelonqena U
2.6«4« Recaptitfity of Stigp»a
Kakizaki (1924) reported that the stigma beoomea receptive as soon
as the bud opens and continues to be receptive for two to thras daye*
Tat(£be (1938) reported that the stigma became receptive one day before the
opening of the flower and remained receptiwi for two days after the complete
blooming of the floiMr*
2.6.S. Pollination
Kakizaki (1930) reported that £• welonoena is/self-pollinated crop
but a considerable degree of cross pollination also occurs in varying degrees,
that i8» from 0«24 par cent to 46*80 par cant with an average of 6«75 per cent.
or
nagtang (1936) could not obsarvo fruit-sat undar tha coiditiona of bagging
of tha flowara* Ha found 100 parcant fruit-aet by hand pollination,
Oaakalov in 1937 (aaa Pal and Singh 1943} ahoMed predomintfica of aalf-
pollination in agg-plant» tha parcantaga of croaa-pollination baing 30
to 40. Sohnidt (1935) caportad (aaa Sanbandam, 1962) tha occurrenca of
crosa-pollination in agg-plant, Croaa-pollination by inaaota was raported
by Kakizaki (1924)* Pal and Singh (1943) raportad that tha egg-plant ia
aelf-fartile but not naoesaarily aalf-pollinatad. Undar tha conditions of
bagging the fruit-aet was 10 to IS par OMit* Hand pollinations gava than
60 par cant fruit-sat* Sambandam conductad selfing in the varisty Black
Beauty and found 20 par cant fruit-aat (aaa Sambandam, 1S62)« Ha (1964 a)
pointed out variation in natural croaa-pollination batuaen the flotmra of
the aama plant. 3yotiahi and Chandra (1969) alao raported crosa-pollination
in egg-plantI Pal, Gy* and Taller (1969) reported that the egg-plant ia
not an obligate self-pollinated crop but ia a facultative crosa-pollinated
crop*
Popova (1959) amphaaized that tha large amount of pollen should
be tranaferred to etigma in order to get more fruit-eet and large/ number
of eeede per fruit*
Oganeejan (1965) found high percentage of fruit-aet (72*5 per cent)
and high yield by ueing pollen which waa two daye old and by pollinating
the flowers one day after Miaeoulation*
Pal, Cy« and Oevald (1967) made a etudy of fertilization after
cutting down the atylas to different levela* They reported that the
difficulty in fruit>s«t of tha hybrids of •on* crossaa is due to tha
inhibitory factors prasant in styla or atigma of tha flower* They obtained
good fruit-^at uith viable aaada by pollim^ing after cutting the stigtra
or atigna uith aona portion of the style. Pal, Cy. and Taller (1969) reported
that the method of pollination daterminee the number of aeede in the fruite*
Rangaswamy and Kadanbavwiaaundararo (1974) gave cytogenetic analyaia of
sterility in interapaoifio hybrid Solanun indiouw X Solanuro melongana U
tilishwanathan (1975) reported occurrence of natural hybridization
between S,. incanum X £• melonQena U Itfanjari (1976) studied tha cytogenetics
of r^ hybrids obtained from tha crose Solaniwi roelonQena U X Solanuro
macrooarpcyi L. He found that these hybrids were more like male African
parent* except for branching and spininees in which thay resembled female
egg-plant parent.
2.6.6. Heterostyly
The phanofflsnon of heterostyly is very comrron in S,. melonqena or
egg-plant. Turumaru (1937) recognized two forms of flowers in S. walongena
or egg-plantt that ia* hcmoetylic floware and hetaroetylic flowere.
Homoetylio flowers bear fruita while most of the hetaroetylic flowers sre
ebortive and do not bear fruits. Hs attributed the sterility of hetero*
etylic flowere to incomplete development of etylee. Pal and Singh (1943)
recognized three typee of flowers in sgg-plant. They are long-etyled
flowere (the etyle protrudee above the anther tipe.)» peeudo-ahort-atyled
flowere (the etyle length ie equel to that of the anthers) and ahort-atyled
floMsrs (style Is vary small or rudlnsntary). Pol and Singh (1943) indlcatad
that long-stylad and short'Stylad fliMiara may ba prasant in tha aana cluatar.
Ssvaral uorkara reported that the fJLsat fosmsd fiowar of tha infloraacanca
was large» healthy and long or medium-styled (peeudo-short'-styled) and
produced fruit* The autMiequent flowers of the duster are email short-etyled
and do not bear fruit* (Kakizaki, 1924} Smith, 1931; ImtQim, 1938} Pal and
Singh, 1943} Krishnamurthi and Subrananian, 1954} Popova, 1958} Sambandan,
1962 and Prasad and i^akash, 1966)* Oganssjan (1965) reported maximinn frult~
set in livig-styled'flCHtfers* Smith (1931) reported 50 per cent fruit««et in
ehort.8tyled flowers by hmd pollination* Pal and Singh (1943) failed to
get any fruit-«et in short'Styled flowers with hand pollination* Smith
(1931) studied tha histology of long and short-styled flowers at the time
of anthesis and found lesser phloem in the pedicel of shortr*styled flowers*
But Pal and Singh (1943) showed that stuntedness of style is not associated
with the nutrition*
2*6*7* Parthenocarpy
Bailey and nunscnrt in 1891 (see Scenbandam, 1962) were the firet
to report parthenocarpy in the egg-plant* Yasuda (1933) induced partheno->
carpy in egg-plant by pollinating the stigmaa with the pollen of Petunia*
Pal, Cy* and Olah (1969) induced partheocarpy by mechanical stimulation
of pistil* Krishnamurthi and Subramanian (1954) induced parthenocarpy in
the egg-^lant by foliar spray of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid*
(L t J
2*6*6« Fruit maturity and sead dotwaney
Pal and Stofh (1943) raportad that an an avaraga the fruit took
70 daya to ripa in wintar Mheraaa in aummar it took cmly 35 daya to ripa.
Thay raoordad tha aatiafactory gaimination parcantaga of saada if thay wara
aown immadiataly after the extraction from tha fruits*
Vivipary was raportad in many variatiaa of agg^plant (Pal and
Singh, 1943t Bhore, Bhapkar and Chavan» 1966); Phadnis, 1967)«
2»7« Hybridization
2.7.I. Intervarietal hybridigafcion
Sevsral soiantiats have performed intervarietal uossse among
the esveral OJltivated varieties of egg-i3l<tf>t utith the object of exploiting
the hybrid vigour for eanBoercial uae. Bailey and Plunaon (see Sambandam,
1962) Mere the firat egg-plant breeders in U.S.A. They produced hybride by
artificial pollination between the two variatiaa. First poaitive report
Bhowing heteroaia in egg-plant came from nunson (see Sambandam, 1962),
Halated (1901) and Halated and Kalaey (1903) alao reported heteroeis in
egg-plant. Bayla (1918) parformad hybridization between local variatiee
and recorded heteroeis in hybricto.
Nagai and Kida (1926) etudiad the hybride «id recorded the heteroeis
in quantitative characters liks the plant height, number of branchee per
plant, earlinaaa of blooming, swlinaee of maturity, total yield, number
of fruite per plant and the length of the fruit. Kakizaki (1928, 1930, 1931)
d 't
tmpsctmd hetarosia In tha h^rlda for many charaotara Ilka, halght of tha
plant, dlamatar of tha atam, numbar of branchea par plant, maturity of
fruit, yiald and Might of tha soad* Ha obtained the hybrida {TA of better
quality by oroaslng tha varletiaa having markedly different characteristics.
The hybrids urare Intermediate as compared to the parents In characters
llUe branching, size of the leaves and size of tha fruits* Schmidt (1935)
reported heterosis in hybrids uith regard to earliness of fruit->aet (eee
Sambandam, 1962)* Oaskalov (1937) studied phenomancm of heterosis in egg
plant and its utilization in horticulture* Aver Oanova (1941) and othara
(Anonymous, 1957} reported higher productivity in hybrlda* Oaskalov (1941,
1955) has emphasized the possibilities of exploitation of hybrid vigour for
commeroial production of egg-plant* Odland and Noll (1948) and Caplnpin
and Alviar (1949) reported heterosis in hybrids for many quantitative
eherecters like, weight of tha plant, m^ber of fruits per plait and total
yield* Komotiahoji (1963) and Bernard! (1967) reported that tha weight of
the fruit In the hybrida was more than tha weight of the fruit of tha better
parent* Oganesjen (1966, 19C9) reported hetaroais In egg<-plant with reepact
to early maturity and yiald character* Baha-£ldin, Blackhurst and Psrry
(1968 b) found heteroale in hybrids (F^) of the cross Black Bawity X
PI 169651, for total yield and nuabar of fruits per plant* Odland (1969)
ralaasad a hybrid variety of egg-f)lant, Psnn Beauty^ which was superior to
its parents in total yield* Sujdoao and Videkl (1973) studied 16 varletiaa
of egg*plant and found that tha three varletiaa, nanaly, t^avena-faether,
Unlvereale-6 and nieaion-bell yielded moet* Cherepove (1973) reported that
the hateroele wee most marked when the varletiee eroased differed in leaf
2Z
colour* vigour and Barlinass* Oikil and Studantaova (1976}y[^racontly atudiad
tha baat varijitlaa for breading of agg*planta in Soviet Union*
In India attampte have been nada by aeveral workere to exploit the
hybrid vigour in egg-plant for eonmeroial use (Pal and Singh, 1946} niara,
1961 f Saatbandam, 1962| Ramant 19S4f Prasad and Prakaah* 1966} Choudhury,
1966} Sundararajy Samuel m d Raeian, 1966} Thakur« Singh and Singh, 1966 a}
Outt, 1970}. Rao (1934) made en intervarietal cross but did not record any
vigour in the hybrids. Venkatarecftanii (1946) mads oroesas among ths local
varieties of egg-plant and produced eevaral hybrids. In these he recorded
hetsrosie in quantitative characters like, height of plant, number of
branches per plant, earliness of flattering, fruit-set and total yield. Pal
and Singh (1946) performed several intervariatal orosssa and found that
the hybrids btere superior to their parents in pl^t hsight and seed germi
nation. Thsy reported that the size of the hybrid fruit titas intermediate
between the sizes of the fruite of tha parents. Ti(tfa:?i (1966) reported that
the higher number of branches in the hybrids are responsibls for improved
yield and the hybrid seeds have higher vifdsility. Copiraony and Srinivasan
(1970) crossed S,. melongena with its wild related variety, namely, ^.
melongena var. insanure. The hybrids showed heterosis in length of branches
and number of fruits per plant. Lai, Pathcric and Singh (1971) prmluced several
intarvariatal hybrids and recorded heterosis in many quevititative characters
like, height of the plant, number of branches per plant and yield. Viawanathan
(1973) atudied intervarietal hybrids and reported heterosis in time of
flowering, yield, length of fruit and dianster of fruit. Singh and Khanna
(1974) reported heterosis in yield of several intsrvarietal hybrids. Khan,
Rao and Siddiqui (1971 b) also studied heterosis and intsrvarietal hybridi-
latien in egg-plant.
2C
2.7«2. Intarspaeific hybridJMtion
Several workers have atudied the crosaabllity ralatlonahip among
the aeveral nontubarifaroua speolea of Sol«mw (Swaminath«i, 1949} Mittal,
19b0t Bhaduri, 1951| Itagoon, Ramanujam and Cooper, 1962} Ludllov, 1973}
and they recognized two groups on the basis of the crossability relation^
ship* One group consists of spinous species and £• melongena. The other
group contains species tahich have no spines on their body* The two groups
are raproductively isolated. The spiny species like S,» xanthocarpum« S,
incanum and the uild veriaties of Sm welongena like inaanum and potangi
crossed raadily with ths egg-plant. S* incanum produced fully fertile
hybrids uihen crossed utith « roelongena. fully sterile hybride t^re produced
in the cross So indicum X S» xenthocarpuro*
Pandey (1969) studied gsnstic basis of interspecific incc»npatit>i~
lity among the eleven sslf-inccRipatible and three self-compatible species
of Sqlanum. He observed pollen tube grouth in the style and suggssted
that failure of seed formation following interspecific hybridization is
either due to inhibition of pollen tube growth in the style or due to
failure of fruit-set after normal fertilization or due to both.
Baylia (1963) investigated inter-relationship among the several
species of Solanuw. Krishnappaa and Channaveeraiah (1965) reported that
the armed species like £• toryuwt S^, indicum t S * trilobatum and S .
sieybrifolium are reproductively isolated from nonspinous species like
£• seeforthianum, S . aurlculatum, £• paeudoeapslcura and S» Jaaminoidee.
The epeoiee like S[« indicum, S, melonoena, £• khaeianum and ^« aculeati-
eelmum were grouped together on the baais of crossability* Narasimha Rao
27
(1968)f Narasinha dao, Ponnaiya and l«ladhaw/,<nninon (1969, 1970) studlad tha
croasability ralationahip among tha nontubarifaroua apaciea of Sqlanum
ualng tha apoolaaf Sj, melonpana var* inaanum« ^« welongana var* Pu9» Purpla
tong, 3t» incanum. , intaQgifolium, S , gllo. S_, aiaywlJgifolXum, S» indicuw,
!.• khaaianum. S. xaitnocarpum and S,* taaticulatum and reported that B,
incanure^ S. roelongena var* fHjaa Purple long ^ d £• ffialoniiaana var« inaanuw
should ba conaicierod as aub^apacles of Sm tnalonpana. rtajasekaran (1969)
mads cytoganatlcal studios on tho intar-relationshlp of aoraa speclea of
Solanun* Ha produced hybrids in the cresses S * indicuro X S<, ciajongana,
3_, xanthocarpura X S» melonaena, _S_. xanthocarpua X S, indieum and S,
xenthocarpum X B, trilobatuci, Rajasekaran (1970) also studied the cytology
of tha hybrid, Solanum indicum L» X ^« melongena U var* insanun Prain*
All tha hybrids, except that from t!^ cross £• xanthocarpur X £• trilobatum,
ahoued regular maiosis* Ko placad tha above four spacias in ons group*
Rajasekaran (1S70 c) produced aterile hybrids from the cross S, indicuH X
£• melongena but the emphidiploida uere fully fertile tiiith large number
of fri'ita* He suggested that the aterility in the F. hybrids wae chromoaomal
in nature* t^ajasekaran (1970 e) reported that the hybrida of the croea
§.' indicuw X £• melongena var* inaanuw were sterile although meioeie waa
normal. He concluded that the genie diffarenooa between the epedee are
reaponeible for hybriil etorility*
Ignatova (1971) divided the hybride of the croae S, melongena X
^« aethioplcum into tuo dietinet groups* In group I, there were plants with
high, fertility and complete dominance for all the charaetere of wild parent*
2S
In group II» there uiere aterile plants with oharactsrs intermediate between
the parente having eame new charactere not typical to the parents. The
sterile plants were raised to the fertile level by treating them with
colchioine.
{toidi^€ (1975) studied the interrelationship emanq S, melonQena»
§.• ^ncanum and S^ inacrocarpum» t-te found that S» maorooarpum is more closely
related to £• melonggna thai J|* incanuia, Khan» t<ao and Siddiqui (1975)
reported that S« incanun and S» integrifoliuro are closely related species
and cryptic structural differences in the parental chromosones might have
played an important role in speoiation of the two taxa*
Katarzhim (1965) reported meiotic irreguloritioe in hybrids of
thB cross S , malcngena X S, integrifolium,
aejasakaran (1971 a, b) made cytcoiorphulogical atudy of a aterile
F^ hybrid of the cross S, xanthocarpum X S, melongena and its fertile
amphidlploids* h^ remarked that the sterility of F^ hybrid is due to
cryptic structural differences between the chromosoroaa of the parental
species* Rajasekaran and Sivasubramanian (1971) studied cytology of sterile
r^ hybrid produced by the cross, « zuccaonianum X '£, melonqena>
Sarvayya (1936) reported that the F^ hybrids of the crose ^,
xanthocarpum X S» melonoena were partially sterile. Another sterile F.
hybrid wae obtained by Tatabe (1927) in a cross between S,. inteqrifoliuw
«id S<» melonqens.
Ludilov (1972, 1974) made successful crossss between £• integri-
foliuw and S« welongena with 30 per cent fruit-set« He increased the pollen
fertility of F. hybride by giving colchicine treatment to the young seedlings.
2C,
CK
Rangaswamy and Kadambavanjiundaram (1973) parformad Intarapecifio
crosaaa taking twenty varietiaa of egg*-plant8 aa famala parent and S, indicua
aa male parent. The F. hybrlde ehowed normal ovule fertility. Planta of
commercial importance were found in F2 and the oack cross progeny. They
(1974) made reciprocal crosses involving 3» indicuro as female parent and
3j» melonQena as male. The F^ hybrids tusre partially fertile. The amphi-
diploide did not produce fruits tdith viable seeds and the pollen fertility
uaa reduced.
El-Gewsly and Sahrigy (1974) produced sterilo F« hybrids in the
cross Sjt melonqena var. sarpentinum X S_. pseudocapsiciHn.
Viohuanathan (1975) reported natural crcss-^ollination botbieen
&• Incanuro and S» molongona.
TcnairBZ (19S9) hybridized S . gr mdiflorum uiith £• :celjr.99na for
transfspring gunea resistant to dlseasioa, frtXR _S. Qrandiflorum to S«
melongena (see Saouendaa, 1S62). F.iwa, 3<3ito and Vetassnoto (1953) got viable
seeds from a sross between S, inteqrifoliun and S,. meloncena (see
Sambandam, 1962).
Zutshi (1966) crossed Sj, incanum with S, melongsna var. Pusa
Purple Long and produced F^ hybrids uith higher aolanidine content as
compared to the parents. She (1967) reported genetic sterility in F^
hybride of the croes S,. indicum X . incanum.
Ov.>\«(
Hacently Khan cjnd Hao (l976)^i^ao and Bakah (1978 and 1979) have
been able to obtain sterile hybrids froQ the crosaee between four varieties
of brinjal (PPL, NB, CB, m V ) and ^. inteorifoliuw. These were tall,
vigorous and profusely branched with abundant flowering and bearing large,
thick, spi|fty leavsa and small tomato->llka saadlaas fruits* Tha amphidiploids
obtainsd from thsas hybrids uiare highly fertile and canplataly sasdad* Thsy
eoncludsd that the starility of tha Iiytwida ia fitore dsxamoBcmaJt, lhm\ <;enie
and minor etructucal diffarencas are prasant betuiesn corresponding ciiroaio->
sonsa of the two apsciaa uhich lead to tha lack of aignificant ganonio
relationship twtMian tbsa though ti^re uas basic Identity of tha gsncsiiaa
as evidenced by normal oieiosis with 12 bivalenta at diakineaia and FI-1.
Rao, Khan and Baksh (1979) have also observed that the auccsaaful cross
£• Bielongena (var* PPL) X Sm hispidum proves that in chase spscias genetically
controlled developinental proceases hQve diverged to an axtsnt that thay
interacted disharoioniously in the hybrid to produce aterility and abnorma-
litiea in the diploid tissue (diplontio etacility) before meioais e.g.,
malformed floiiar-buds, ill-dev<3lopdd and aboetiva ^mthers and enlarged <ind
green« laaflike ecipala and petals* Hiey explained that thui e abnormalities
are typical expression of diplontlc &terility due to Uisharmortious genetic
condtitbtion of the hybcide (Oobzfiansky, 19Sl)« Thk»y also explained that
the structural changes in tha chromosomes,in particular are contributiona
of thssa and genatic factors, in general, (see also Rangasuamy and
Kadarnbava^undaraf 1974) are responsible for the differentiation of parental
spscias as tha structural changes of the chromoscnies sawn to hava mainly
inhibited tha production of fertile hybrids and thereby provided genetic
iaolation for the developnent of diveras fflnrphological characters by further
accumulation of genlo dlfferenosa. Induction of antphidiploidy in thia hybrid
may reault into considerable agricultural advanoa aa it waa found raaiatant,
under field oonditione, to certain diaaaaaa, inaaot paata, froat and drought.
o 1 JL
2«8# Induction of Mutation
Tha work of mutation broeding of crop plants started only in lats
thirties* Bhaskaran (1935) studiad thS sffsot of eoma mutagsnic radiations
on crop plants. Au8rb>3Ch, ilobson and Carr (1947) uasd chomical rautagans for
the production of mitations* Konzak (1957) studied ganatic sffacta of
radiations on highar plants* Qorg, Froior and Gustafassoii (19S8) studied
signlficanca of ionising radiations for plant brssding* Bansrji (1963)
iitudisd the msthods of maximization of induosd mutation frequency* Bllxt
(1960) mads quantitative studies of mutations in oeas brought about by the
application of ethyline imine* Gaul (1958) studied utilization of induced
mutations in plant breeding* Cunckel (1957) studied effects of ionizing
radiations on plants* Chopra and Sutaninathan (1966) studied ths mutagenic
efficiency of individual and combined treatments of elhylrosthane sulphonate
(Ens) and hydroxylamine (HA) for the induction of mutations* It iiias proved
that HA is a usak and cns is a very potent mutagen* But in ccrnibined treat*>
msnts the frequency of mutations was reduced* Oanko, 3anak and Smolko (1966)
studied radiation gensties and its practical aspects* X-rays aid gamn^rays
both ware found to be effsotive* In some mutants the resistance to disease
was enhanced* Ada (1976) studied the mutagenic effects of DCS and CMS*
Brunnar and i'likaelssn (1971) studied various factors influencing the
mutagenic effects of Ens*
The work of induction of nutations in egg-plant i? very little*
Baghmmayan (1968 a^ b) studied cytologiopl chfitfiges in the warieties (Eravan
snd Delicacy A-163) of egg pltmt due to the Bxposurr to X-rays.. CivaROsanal
brsokages increaaed with an incraaaa in doaaga. It raaultad into tha
formation of brldgas and fragmanta. Dry aeada wera treatad with 500,
1000, 1500, 2000, 5000 Kr* of g«MBa->raya* Hlghar dMsa pronntad growth
and davelopnant of n« planta in ona variaty but ratartad it in tha othar
varlaties. Six dominant mutationa wera dataetad* Iznoraka (1969) irradiatad
tha aeada of tha eggplant variaty, Oalicacy, with different doaea of
X-raya* The treated eeeda germinated earlier and the planta of n. generation
flowered earlier and produced more fruite with higher average weight than
cmtrola* Avakyan, Semerdzhycn, Oganaajwi and Nor-Aravvan (1975) reported
the effect of preaowing irradiation of aeeda on the yield in egg plant*
According to tham the doaea between 0.5 to 1*0 Kr* atimulated growth and
increaaed t^» yield in early and late varietiee of egg-plante and in tha
hybrida but it was not effective in sooie very early varietiea and acne
hybrlda. Ohopte and More (197^75) studied the effeeta of irradiation of
dry aeada* Two varieties, viz*. Long White and Pusa Purple Cluatre were
treated with 15-30 Kr* and the variety flanjarigota was treated with 15-60 Kr*
of gamma-raya* It reeulted into eignifieant change in etomatal aiza in
nanjarlgota and Pusa Purple Cluetre (PPC), treatad with 30-40 Kr*, ahowed
an inoraaaa in atomatal frequency which increaaed with the increaaing
doaee of radiationa* But the earoe treatment reeulted in deereaae of atoiiatal
frequency in nanjarlgota variety, Ramaawany and Sayad (1977) etudied tha
effect of gamma-raya on egg-plant* Patil (1967) atudled the gamma-raya
irradiation on the germination of Solanuw khaaianuw m d reported the
nexlMum germination, in eontrola, during twelfth day and in aeede irradiated
with 1500 Kr and 3000 Kr, on fourteenth day and with 6000 Kr, on 14th,
ISth and 16th daya* Tha aaedlinge from theee lote ehowed no malformation
•xcapt for tha tandenoy of th* cotylsdons to adhar* to tha aaad co«ta«
Thara was no dacraaaa of tiia garmination % of aaada. Bhatt (1972) studied
induction of curved spine mutant in S^ khaaianian by ganm»»radiation« Bhatt
(1S7S) also induced tetraploidy in this mutant* Chakravsrti and Oabjani
((<1'7^} induced morphological changes in S« khaaianuw by gibber alio scii*
Khan, Rao and Siddiqui/a & B) etudied effect of certain chemical mutagens
on somo varieties of egg~plant«
2.9, Affinities of the siwcies of the Solanum Belonosna complex
The genus Solanum contains about t700 spp* (tfillis* 1966), Out of
these 100 are tuber if erous while the rest are not>»tuberifsrou8« The genus
is dominant in South and Central Anerica but shows a very wids distribution
ranging from tropical to temperate regions of the world and from ssfr-lsvel
(4)to 2400 m« height* Out of 37 species reported from Asia, 28 have been
reported from India* Clarke (1885) described 27 species in Hooker's "fltva
of British India" (see Hooker» 1885)* Santapau (1946) added one mora spsoiss
to this list by describing a new species from Bombay, £• mscannii* Following
Hassler (1917), Bittor (1920) has divided the genus Solanum into two sspataits
gsnara Solanum and Lvoianthes* the latter including adiout 100 speciss* Out
of 28 Indian spsoias, originally described undsr Solanum. Santapau (1948)
has transfsrced six spaciss to the genus Lvcianthss* darks had also put
these six speciss into a separata aubeection* The remaining 22 species are
claasifisd into two distinct groups or sections, on* consisting of unsrmed
species and tha other consisting of speciss armed with spinss* Thess two
groups art morphologically distinct and the mambsrs of ona group do not
eroaa with tha naoibara of tha othar group* Tharafor8» Swamlnathan (1949)t
nittal (1950) wid Bhaduri (1951) hava dlvldad thaaa apaolaa into two
raproduotively iaolatad and morphologically diatinet groupa* Croup Z,
(15 apaolaa) Includaa tha aplny apadaa and S» malongana, though many
varletlaa of tha lattar do not poaseaa aplnaa, Mhila Croup II, (7 apeciaa)
includes tha apinalaaa apeciaa*
On the baaia of croaaability relatlonahip Ghaduri (1951) indicated
that S* melongena, §• roelongana var* inaanum« £• raBlonqana var* potangi*
^* waccannil * £• incwiuai, S, xanthocarpum and &» eoaQylanm are related
iqiaoim* S,. incanun produced fully fertile hybrida ahan crossed uith S*
melongena* £* xanthoearpum produced partially fertile hybrida with S,*
melongena* The wild varietiea of £* malongena like inaanuro and potangi
produced fully fertile hybrida when crossed with the cultivated varieties
of Sf, welonqana* £* xanthocarpum produced sterile hybrida with S* indicuw*
Bhaduri (1951) failed to gat hybriito batwean §, malongena and S,, indicum
and suggaated that the t wo apeciaa are incompatibla*
Outhia (1911) auggeatad that S,* coagulwa and £* jncanuw are one
and tha aama apeciaa and the nanea are aynonymoua*
Filova (1940) atudiad ecological claasifieation of agg-planta*
Santapu (1948) suggested that £• reaccannij and * xanthocarpum
are almost morphologically similar to each other*
Kriahnappa and Channawaeraiah (1965) suggaated» on the baais of
croaaability atudiaa* that S,* khaaianum* S* xanthocarpum, S,* indicum.
£• malongena and £* aculaatiaaimus are related apeciaa*
<•} r-
Omidl'}<! (1975) suggMtad that thara ia a eloaar relationahip
batwaan S. maorocarpuw and S.« malonpana than that batwaan S^ maorocarpum
and £• incanuw.
Khan, Rao and Siddiqui (1975) atudiad cytology of the hybrida
batwaan S« IntaQgifoliun «id £• Incanum and they indicatad the oloaa
relationship batv^en tha tuio spaolas*
O'Arcy (1976) has studied biology and taxonomy of Solanacaae
recently. Kirti and Rao (1978) studied affinitiee uf spinous Solanuma.
2»10» OrJQin of Soleaium meloiQena U
The nativity of £• aelongena or egg-plant ia undeoidad* The
aanakrit literature referred to brinjal aa "dmat Koch" ao early aa 1100 A.O*
and thia fact proves tiiat it uas uced In India in vsry early period.
Oa Candolla (19S9) regarded it as Q native of tola and not of America
becauaa uild forma of Solanum incenum., uhich he regarded as belonging to
the same apsoiaa» have bean found grouing In Madroa otate aff>d Burma* Ha
reported that Craeka end Romana did not knoDt tha apecia8( and no botaniat
had mentioned Sojanuw melongena in Europe before the beginning of tha 17th
century* According to hiia the plant had apraad towarda Africa before tha
middle agea* Clarke (see Hoo<f»r» 1BB5) concluded that the original hone
of Solanuw melongena is uncertain* Filov (1940) auggastad Indian origin
of egg-plant* Bailey (1949) mentioned that tha first record of use of the
egg-plant cane from India* V^vilov (1951) auggastadt on the basis of
axietanea of a lar(}a nunbar of varietias, that tha agg-plant ia native of
Ind»-Bur«a region* Bhaduri (1951) reported that the agg-plant vaa firat
rooorded in India*
naasBdaglia (1951) Indicatad that tha agg-plant kfB oultiwatad
aa aarly aa 13th cantury in Italy and in Arabia by lath eantury {999
Chandra and Plurty, 1968}.
Bujdaaa and Uidaki (1973) have atudlad avalutlan af 16 varlatiaa
o^ agg-plant*
Khan (1976) indicatad Ind»>Surma arigin of agg>plant» Ha alaa
indicated ite parallel ovolutlon on the baala of tha wide distribution ef
tN) cultivatQd varieties ef egg<-plants thrsugheut the world* Khan (1978)
hae described biology and taxcnony of Solanaceae*
2*11* Comroen diseases and diseaao-reaietance of S> welangena L*
Larga numbar of dlaeasee and ineect-^ests of brinjal havs bsen
reported from time to timo* Seme of them have proved to bo much more
damaging than others to brinjal both in India and elaewhere* Since the
turn ef the present century many workere in many countries ef the umld
have been trying te evolve disease and insast resistant varieties ef egg
plant* Thay have also studied the disease and Insect cnalstanca ef aame
Mild Selanura opecies*
BannerJi and Beau (1956), Kalfev (1967)» Anjaneyulu end Rama
Krlehna (1968), Srinivaean, Cepimeny, Swaminathan and PUlal (1969),
Sambandam, Chellieh end Natrajan (1969), Singh (1970), Chelllah and
SwRbandan (1971), Panda, nahapatra and Sahee (1971), Singh (1970), Singh,
Kalda, Seth end Cheudhury (1972), Swaninethan and Srinivaean (1972),
Blndra, Sehl and Khatrl (1972), Sanbandan, Natrajan and Chellieh (1972),
Daly (1973), feeeuUetle (1973), Rey, Sheme end 0«e«upta (1973), Chakrabarti
and Cheudhury (1974), Waraltoh (1974), Verma and Cheudhury (1974),
Khan, N.A. (1974), Krlahnalah, Tcundon and Praaad (1975), Chakrabartl and
Choudhury (1975), nayaa and Khatri (1975), Schalk, Stonar, Wabb and Mintara
(1975), nitra, Plajumdar and Farkaa (1976), Kharkova (1976), Ohankar, Gupta
and Klrti Singh (1977) and Aiawala and Sonona (1977) hava all workad on ona
or tha othar aapact of dlaaaaa and pest raaiatance of brinjal and alliad
wild apeciaa. Thay hava found that tha wild apeciaa ralatad to agg-plant such
as S,« ineanum, S, inteorifoliure. S» khasianum, S» mammuauw, S,« totwum,
3^9 aiayrobrifoliuw, S,« xanthocarpum, ^« roalongana var. inaanuro and S, auricu-'
latuw are resistant to various diaeaaes end insect peats* Rout and ilith
(1971) published a note on aeed/diseasss of brinjal* (Xjbay (1975) studied
fruit<-rot of brinjal caused by Corynsspcga cassicola* Oubey and Singh (1976)
studied wet-rot of brinjala*
BannerJi and Basu (1956) studied the effactivity of insecticides
against ths shoot and fruit borer* Oewan and Berry (1965) studied persistence
of DOT and BHC residues cm brinjal and nithyantha, Cour and Tripathi (1979)
atudied carbofe^ran residues in brinjal* Bindra, Sohi and Khatri (1972)
studied the effect of achrcmiycin (tetracycline hydrochloride) on brinjal
little'leaf virus* Chakarbarti and Choudhury (1975) studied tha breeding of
brinjals reaistant to little-leaf diaease* They found that planta like
S. 2S2-1-1 and S* 252-2-1 were resistant to the disease though they are hybrida
of Puaa Purple Long, a susceptible variety, and a resistant wild spaciea*
aeaistancs to diaeasss in wild speciee waa associated with high content of
phenolic compounde or with high content of ascorbic acid as in the caea of
S* 212-1* nayae and Khatri (1975) studied tranamiaaion of Brinjal Hoaaic Virua
3 (.>
in •offls varistias of agg-plant* Annamalai variaty ahgwad lotMat % of aaad
tranamiaalon of thia virua* Tha tcanamiaaion waa ralated to tha atoraga
al§o, Tha graataat dact>aaaa In tranamiaalon waa after 180 daya* atoraga in
51A (61), T, and Annamalai varlatiaa. nitra, RaJiMdar and Farkaa (1976)
studied the effect of little-leaf diaeaae on reepiration and enzynatic
actitfitlea in brinjal* Kharkova (1976) atudied the reaistance of different
varletiea of agg-plant to Vertieillum dahliae« Dhankar, Gupta and Kirti Singh
(1977) atudied the susceptibility to the shoot and fruit borer lucinodes
orbwialia Guenee in normal and ratoon crops of brinjal end related wild
species. It ia reported that S* aisymbrifolium and Pusa Purple Clustre
variety of egg-plant are least auaceptible in both normal and ratoon crops
and are followed by Aaheyt a good yield variety. There idere found significant
phenotypic and genotypic variablea* high heritability estimates end high
valuee of expected genetic advancea on selection. Nawala and Sonone (1977)
aleo etudied tta resistance to fruit and shoot-borer. The Dary variety mas
found to have lowest infestation and it also had louest yield. The successful
cross between S . melongena (var. PPL) X 5,. inteorifoliuw (Khan, Rao and
Baksh, 1978) has shown the posaibility of transferring peet-resietance genee
from the wild species to the cultivated varietise of brinjal. Ullasa, naholay
and Sohl (1976) atudied the ring-rot of brinjal.
Some wild epecies related to egg-plant which have been found to be
resistant to diaeaaas and to inaeot peats are given in the Table 1.
Table 2 givea an idea about aone oomuon dieeasee of egg-pl«it, their
c ^ a l organiama and alao tha insect peete attacking the egg-plant.
3r>
Chart •hoMloQ th« di«»«»« r»>l«tanc» of diffTant
apaciaa of Sol«iuw a« raportad by varioua workera
Tabla - 1
Mama of apeciaa Raaiatant to diaeaaa and inaact paata Authority
SL» "'gJ>0"Q»na var« BaotariaJl wilt (Paaudomonaa inaanum aolanocaarum)
S,* auricuiatuw Uttle leaf
I.* intagrifolium Uttla leaf
S. aiaymbrifolium (i) Raaiatant to naroatodee
(ii) Raaiatant to frost and drought
(iii) Raaiatant to carroina apldarfjnita
S» manwioauw
£• torvuB
S. kha»ianm
Epilachna wtgintioctopunctata
Epilachna vignitioctopunctata
-do-
Srinivasan^ Copimony, Suaniinathan and Pillai, 1969( Suaninathan and Srinivaaan, 1972«
Anjansyulu and Ramakriahraa, 1968.
Chakarbarti and Chaudhury, 1974.
rasauliotia* 1973f Vsrffla and Chaudhury» 1974*
Kalfov, 1967
Sohalk» Stonar, hiabb and ldlntara» 1975.
Sanbandan, Challiah, and Natrajant 1969. Sanbandam, Natrajan and Chailiah, 1972.
SanbandaM, Natrajan and Chelliah, 1972.
-do->
£• xanthooarpuw Baetarial Milt (Paaudowona* Naxir Ahmad Khan, 1974. aolanocaaruw)
4 ,
Table - 2
Soma comoioh disaaass and Inaact pa«t8 of agg-plant
(Solwiuw malonoana U )
S. No.
Nama of Oisaaaa Cauaal Organlam SyBptcma
Znsoet Peata
1« Drinjal fruit and ahoot borer
Leuclnodea orbonalie Cuanae. (Short pinkiah oattarplller)
2« Brinjal atem borer Cugophara pertlcella Rag* (Catterpiller)
3« Red mite Eurentiua echinus (Inaect)
Fruita and ahoota become dry and drop do«rin and alao cauaea rottening of fruita*
Borea the atem and kills the plant.
Plante look yellowiah and cobwaba are seen on the leaves*
4* Brinjal leaf roller Eublenxna oliwaceae (Inaect)
5* Brinjal beetle Epilachna viQintioctopunotata (Leaf eating pest)
Fungal diaeasae
1« Damping off of aeedlinga
2« Dry root rot
3 . Early blight
4* Phomopaie blight and fruit rot .
Pythiuw app.» Rhiatoctonia aolani* Phytophthroa app. Pellicularia filamentoea
Wacrophowiana phaaeoli Pellicularia app* fuearium app.
Alternarla solani
Seedlinga rot at ground l eve l .
Phomopaie vexana
(contd. next page}*
Hotting of root ayatam. Shr^adding of phloem with formation of tiny black apota.
Angular or oval, dark brown to black apote on leavaa forming eoneentrio ringa of dead tiaeue.
Brown circular or oblong apota on leawoa become irregular with age. Infected fruite became soft with watery lesions. Ths watery leeione latter become black and mummified. Black dot-> like pyenidia are crtMsrved on the dieeaaed portion.
41
(Continued)
Nam* of OisaaM Causal Organiioi SymptoRS
5* iMwky fruit rot
6, Uilt
Pvthium aohwidartaatuw
Fuaarium otonitan £• ygtifilliura f• solani
Bacterial Oiaaasaa
1« Becterlal uilt ffiaudowwiaa aolanoeaarum
Wyooplaaroa and viral diaeaaee
1. Little leaf
2* Leaf moaaic
Little leaf virus nyooplaaroa transmitted by Hiehiracmac phyeitia
Brinjal mosaic virus. Virus tranmittad by aphid (Aphis gossipii)
Tissuss turn watery and are covered with cottony nycelia.
Following the foliaget the vaecular tissue inside becomes dark* Affected plant becomee stunted*
Entire plant uilte rapidly*
Destruction of leavss and floral parts* Plants do not bear fruits*
Growth stunted* puckering of Isavee with mottling excessive branching*
Nematode Parasite
1* Root knot Pteloidoqyne incognita WeloidoQvne .lavanica
Nodule formation on roots* Stunted growth of plant» Isavas show ohlorotic symptoms*
Parasitic Angiosperme
1* Angiospsrm parasite Orobanehe indica and Orobanche eernne
Paraeite attacka the roote of the host*
4,
2.12» rood and m«dicin«l valua of Solanure melonqana L« and aowe of ita
lapartant chemical eonatituanta.
Carrao (1956), Choudhury (1962)* Aykroyd^ Choudhury and Kalda (1968)
and Chandra and nurtl (1968) have raportad tha high nutritiva valua of fruit
of brinjal which la omiparablo to that of tomato. Stancat Rizascu^Viaarion*
Tab! and Gaafar (1970) etudiad tte high nutcitiva waluaa of aome high yielding
varietiaa of egg-plant*
According to Aykroyd (1966) it contains 91 « ^ water« 6.4^ carbohy-
drataa, 1.336 protein, 0 . ^ fat, end 0 « ^ minsral mattara (0«02J( Ca, 0.06% P,
0*001^ fe etc.)*
According to Chadha (1972) brinjal fruit contains 92*7% utater,
5 * ^ carbohydrates (including 1*3^ fibres) t*4J( protein, 0*21 fat and 0«3J(
mineral matters* Tlw mineral content of the fruit includes 0*018^ Ca, 0*016^
ng, 0.047J( P, 0*009^ Fe (including 0*00£^ ionisable Fa), 0*OQ29( Na, 0*200^ K,
O.QITJ^ Cu, 0*044^ S, 0*052^ CI, 0*0024^ Pin and 7 mg/Kg of I. The vitanin
contents of tha brinjal fruit are as follows par 100 grana of edible fruiti
Vit* A. 124 I.U.c Thiamin 0.04 mgm.. Riboflavin 0*11 mgm. Nicotinic acid
0*90 mgffl» Kit. C. 12.00 Mgm (may be upta 24.4 mgm) and Choline 52.00 mgm. The
protein of tra fruit is 14-19JC of dry wsight of fruit with 71j( digstibility
and contains following asaantial amino acids ag/gm of N«( Arginine 0*21»
Histidlne 0*11, Lysins 0.10, Trypt^han 0*06, PhMiylalanine 0.27, nethionine
0«06, Thraonine 0.23, Laucina 0.39, leoleudne 0*32 and Valine 0*37. The oil
yield of the itey aaeda ia 21.29U The augara praaant are aueroee, glucoae,
fruetoee and rhamnoaa. Baaides thia tha bitter factor of fruite and leavee
4n
i» SoJasonlna* Tha fruita alao poaaaaa oihac akalolda Ilka, Solaaodlna, ate.
Nandkarni (1927) claims that brinjal fruit can cura toothaehi and llvar
oonplainta whlla Ita graan leavaa ara main aourca of tha induatrlal aupply
of Vit. C« Ramaauamy and R ^ ^ (1972} have raportad occurranca of hydroxy
glutamic acid In brlnJal*
3el«araJ» Olvakaran and VIJay (1974) atudlad tha blooNmloal
oonatltuanta of aoma Improvad varletlaa of brinjal. Daiaual, Gurdaap Kaur,
eindra and Dernail Singh (1974) have atudlad phyaloal characteriatioa and
ohamlcal constituents of t ^ fruita of six important varietiea of egg-plant*
Tliey have reported that the long fruited varietiea had more dry matter, crude
protein, caldun and ircn than the round and oblong fruited varieties* Ohopte
and nore (1975) claimed that gasma radiatione induced ohangea in crude protein
and Vit* C omtent of brlnJal. Flick, Qry and Angelo (1977) reported that
out of aixtsen varietiea taatad by them grawi variatiee had batter pro^ertiea
for proceeeing than popular white and purple varietiee. They found that
Arkaheel variety had higher anthooyanin, alcohol, iaoluble eolid dry matter
and iron contenta Kalyanpur T-2 variety had higher auger content. Puea Purple
long had high valuee of etarch, a e ^ b i c acid and potaeeiwi. Vijay variety
waa rich in chlorophyll content in fleeh, tenine, non-reducing eugara and
riboflavin. Arkaeheel wee a good aourca of Vit. 'A*, thiamin, aacorbio acid
and phoophorue. It had higheet etem chlorophyll and crude protein content.
Certain phMiolio ecMpounda like chlorogenic acid and neoehlorogenic acid are
preeent in the plent with their naxinun percentage in fruite. Recently Dikil,
Anlkeenko and Studenteova (1978) atudied ehe«ieal eanpoaitlon of the fruite
44
of agg-plant. Ths dstailsd compoaltion^psr 100 f^ of ths edibls portion of
br.lnJaJ^/la aa followa i-r^
Calcium
Carbohydrate
Chlorina
Cc^par
Fat
Fibre
I ron
Iodine
negnsaiun
Pianganoss
noiaturo
N ico t in i c acid
QxaJLio acid
Phoaphorua
Potasaium
Protein
R ibof lav in
Sediun
Sulphur
Th]^in>
V i t . A
V i t . C
18.0
A.O
S2.0
17.0
0.3
1.3
0.9
0.7
16.0
2.4
92.7
0.9
18.0
47.0
200.0
1.4
0.11
30.0
44.0
0.04
124
12.0
ngn
gm
ngn
mgm
gm
gni
mgm (0.0 mgm ion lseb la)
mgn
mgm
^
ngn
ngn
ngin
mgn
gn
ngm
ngn
•gn
»g«
I .U.
mgn
45
Chtptw 3
nATCRlALS AND nCTHOOS
3 . 1 . f^jtag^*!?
Th« following SMitsvial i« being uasd for rsaoBroh track*
3»1*1* Indloenoua culUwatad msimU9m of S. molonoana L.
Blad< Beauty (BB)
Baronashi (fin)
Giant of Banaraa (CB)
Gcean Long (Q.)
Rukt^eahi (RK)
Nucki Baigan (MB)
Puaa Purple l&ng (PPL)
Pusa Pucpla Rmjnd (PPR)
PUM Xacanti (PK)
puaa Puipla OLuatve (PPC)
Round Blacik (RB)
3«1«2. Indioanoua >dld aoo related to 8. welonoena L.
Ji* indloui L*
> ^Haflffig CB. Qacke
^* Ineanuw L*
! • intaorifolimi Polr
1 * hiaolduw Para.
JS* xanthDcawwjw. Sehted and Uandla.
4r.
Th«M WBphldiploidt wars obtained fmn ths lapossas t
(1) PPL X > intacaifaUuw Puis.
(2) 1* 4ntaorifoliuw X MB
(3) 2* IntaQyifoliuw X Hungary 290^9
( 4 ) ^ * infegQrifoliUW X CB
3.1 •A* Intersoealfio hvfagicla of Fj oanaratton
These hybrlde «era obtained fttm the foUowlitg oroasea t
(1) B8 XJ|« ineanuw L.
(2) PPL X 1* insiQug U
3«2« Watheda
3.2 .I . PgaoagaUon of field
rialda were plouf^d 4-5 tinea and weiJ. levelled for killing
the weeda and for getting the aoil looMmed, befdre tranaplan-
iing the aeadlinga in bade of 3*5 x 3«S netwa aiaea*
SMmkSL
for every heetaret about twenty oirt loada of ftim yard lumura,
50 kg of nitrogen, aa aMRoniuM aulphate, 50 kg of eupe^>phoaphata
and 20 kg of nurlata of potaah Vib^ of^lied taring the field
preparation. Phoaphate and potaaaie fertilizera Mere applied
47
t« tha sail bsfara plaughing aa that tKay wwra wall mixad
hfith tha aall* AimnanluR aulphata waa applied thcaa timaa
aqually* Flatly it waa givan 4Q daya «ftar tsanaplai^atisn
aacondly 30 daya aftar firat deaa and laatly it waa givan
25 daya after 2nd applioatisn (aee Chauhan 1968)* Uaa af
fartilizara at prapar tima halpa in tha formatien ef mara
flowat buda (lahida, 1967}*
3«2.2. Sawing and Tranaplaiting
Sawing u^s dene in two seaaena* for harvesting during winter
months« saad were aown during Septamber/October* For harvesting
during aunsnar, the sowing was dona in April. The aeeda,
previoualy aoaked in distilled water for 24 houra, ware sewn
in 30 cm pata» sterilized earlier together with the soil, and
when the seedlings were 6^10 en tall they were tranaplanted
in the field in rewa. The diatancsa in between the rows and
these between eeedlinga in a r w ware 85 cms*
3«2«3» Irrigation and heeinq af fields
During aumnsr aeaaen the fielda ware irrigated every thxrd or
fourth day but aftar 12-lS daya during wincar. Deep hoeing and
weeding waa dene in the fielda in early stagea but shallaw
hoeing waa dene aa plants grew older* Rreper irrigation inoreaaoo
the fruit-eet and yield af the crept (Abdul Hafaoz, 1976)*
3*2.4. Floral bialogy
The fellawing aapscta are being studied t
(1) External featureo af flMora and fruita*
(2) Size af tha buda en tha day preceding blaoning*
4S
(3) Tins of biQaining and antNiaLa*
(4) longawity of pollan*
(5) ffecsptivity ef ot gmo*
(6) (teaulto of oolfing in floMovo tdLth dlffamnt stylo longtho*
(7) CMparatlvo otudy of natunttl and artifiolal croaa..
polliJiaiJU^a*
Seveval intorvarletal and intart^eoiflo hytoldo will be raiaed
by oroaslng the varleUea of egg-plant among thmselveB and
uith the available tdlld opedee In redptocal ^roesea* If the
hybrids are fertile tiie f^ and f goieratlcwis uUl be obtained*
The backoroaslng Mill also be done tulth raspeotlve brlnjal
parenta to get BC and BC, generatlms* Out If the hybrids
obtained are aterlle» they idLll be treated with oolohldne to
Inckiee a^phldlploldy* Than anphldlplolds ul l l be back-crossed
stflth respective brlnjal parents to get BC and BC2 ganerationa*
They u l l l alao be alloued to aelf cross to produce C, and C.
generatlona*
3.2.6. »of9ulatlfr»t PfftMlfWt " wi| Sf lfj ng t
It la known that flowers are blsexusl therefore the enasoulstlon
of flower buds nust bs dons before dshleoence of snthere. The
ewsseulatsd flowers srs oovsrsd with butter-peper>bsgs» to
protset thoM fTon unwtntsd poUsn. The flower buds« to be ueed
s s nals parent* are alao protected sinllarly. Ths flower buite
4r-
ate always emasculated In the aftecnesn and palllnated In the
msrning* Pelllnatien is dene by brushing the stigmas sf sfflaacu-
Ittted flouera with the fresh jpollen ef male patent. After
pelllnatien the inflareseencss are again ancleeed in the paper
bags* The bags are removed enly after fruii-«et« Far selfing,
the remaining inflsrescences are enolesed in butter paper bage
o few days preceding the bleoming. The bags are remeved enly
after fruit-sst*
3«2«7» Induetien ef Celchiplcidy
Treatment of seeds t
Seeds are treated uith 0«2SlS or 0*5^ aqueeua selutien of
colchicine fer 18» 24, 36 and 48 hre« The treated eeeds are
washed thoroughly in tap water and are sewn in pete. Untreated
seeds are alss soaked fer 18, 24, 36 and 48 hrs. in double
distilled water and are eimilarly sewn fer cwnparieien as
centr sis.
Treatment af eheet eplcee t
Te induce polyploidy growing vegetative bude ef plante
are treated with 0.2J( aqueue eelutien ef eelehioine fer 24 hre.
The grswing tips are covered uith email pads ef absorbent
cotton and kept moist uith colchicine eelutien. The treatment
is givsn on ttM cenoecutive days with a break in the night ef
about 10 hre. Seme tines onSO hae been 'Joed as carrier of
celohieine for its offective penetration into the eheet (Siddiqui
and nojid, 1969).
5
o.e^
o^aje
Q*Bi
1.0^
UQfi
1,0%
3«2«8. Induction uf WuteUim
PhyaieaJ. anii ehoidoBl nutagona are being uaad to indkioa
Rutatisna* Tho aoluUonsy of «thylHR8tfians aulphonata (EPIS),
dlethyloaulphata (DCS) mi eaffalna, ata praparad In dtatillad
watav ulth ot ulthDUt phoi^hate buffer. The aoluUona of
cUffeiront ooneonttatione aa given below are prepared t -
oes
Caffeine -»
Osy at^da hB\/s to be aoaksd for 24 hra* ijn the aolution and
then l^coughly titahed ulth tl^} water and wtun in 30 en. pota*
already aterilixed together with the aoiJL* Some aeeda are
aoaked in diatilled water fbr 24 hra« and are than aoun aimilarly
in tiie aterlliaed pota for being uaed aa controla*
Dry aeeda hive to be irriadiated with gaRm»-raya (1 Kr,,
a Kr.0 10 Kv* and 15 Kr«)* The aaads are put in amall petridiahea
of 2" dian* taking oare that they ahould not l i e one ^ove the
other*
Some ilry eeada are treated with gamui-raya thwi again
treated with a aolution of chMaioaX nutagan to atudy their
OENnbined effeeta*
3.2.9. ^Pit/ fff Wtii.9itf a
For tlia atudy of meioala flBW«r buda wore fixed in Camoy*a
fluid <6 parte abaoluta aleehol t 3 parte ChlorofsfB t one part
51
glaeial aettUe add) for an hmtt and than txanafarnd t«
praplonie aleohol (1 part propionlo add t 3 parta abaoluta
aldofiol} Tot 24 hra* ptoplanio add aatucatad with farrie
aoatata waa uaed. Tha natarlal ttaa waahad in 70J( aloahol and
waa atorsd in refvigeratot at lO^C*
The anthasa art atained by pvopioneoaxnina aquaah
taohniqua (Swminathan, Plagoon and nahra^ 1954)* Tha praparationa
am nada paxmanoit by uaing N».btityl «• aioohol-acatie add asdaa
and mounted in Canada Balaan (Bhadud and Ghoah, 1954) •
3.2.10* Pollen d i a and Fertility (t of dabUity of pollen graina}
ttie pollen dze and ferti l i ty are atinated froiD pollen
aanplaa. The atainability of pollen with aoetomrmine ia takwt
aa initex of pollen fert i l i ty . The mpty pollen graina vhidi
are not atained are counted aa aterila*
3.2.11. §tamUCi>t f^m^
The homogeneity of the meana of nerphologioal eharaetere
of randoM aaiHilB fron aaeh population ia taated by "F • teat"
uaing the teoNiique of "analydt of warianoa" devdoped by
Fieher. When tha aaaiplea are only two, «atudant*a t-taet" ie
ueed.
The teehnique of the andyde of vadanoe i e ueed for a
QoMparative evaluation of Fj hybrida aRMmg thanMLvae and fet
ft': 1 / » ~
theie acMiH3*x* VB svaluaUon with thaAt ptrntm fes Mne of
tiihiffactars and yielil«
3.2.12f Pya^^Qt »nd AbbCMiitatioii«
filX the oyteiftfiieBl dxttwlngfr wUI be emdd at table level
with « ati»o£ type of cansm lucdda ueiUig 10 x eye piet» anii
100 X objeotivse* f iolssmlcnxigMphe of l^t poU^n gfairta wil l be
takevi at different sragpifieatione*
The follotdng eibbseQlations ase baJUtg ua0d about oytologioal
in\i88tlg^tj.(»i t
PRC (>ollen im»thep Cell
Oiak Oiak;bie^a
fl^ netaphara I
n.. netaphaae IS
A. ftnaphaae I
Ak-. Anaphaae XI
Tj Tel phaae I
Tj2 Telephaae IX
X Uniifalent
n Bivalent
XIX TrivalMnt
XV QMailsivalmt
Xta Ghiaanata
OBSCAVATIONS
4 .1* p«fe4Btt9n flf »»|w<f» wfflffiflrf, V*
Solinuw walorKHina i s « prast»t«» Mmlr-areet on araot* nuoh
bsanohed» perannlaX tmtb on aub-^rub, oftan with atvong buahy appaaranoa,
gsotdLng ganetaJLly to a height of 75 en to 180 on* Alt4iough pecannlal in
habit» i t ia oultivatad aa armuai*
The plant producea a atcong t^> coot uhii^ penetsetea quite deep
into the soil* The leaves era l a r ^ in aisa» altemate^ exstipuiatet
ais^ile, petiolatot ovate with l i g h t l y lobed 8«cgin» oorieeeous and
aoianinate w i ^ or tdthout apinea* Xfm louav veine are nore prtsninant than
the qipec onea* The inflorescenoa ia axtta-axillacy ofiae at raeane generally
teit aome timee the flowers are either eolitary or in irregular eluetere*
flowera are ebraeteatey pedioallate» oydio, dii^Mydeoue» biaaxual,
aetinoinoxphie» pantwaroua, end hypogynoue* The calyx i a ganoaepalouaf
uaually fiv»»lobad with lanoaolate lobes, peraiatent« aoeraeeent and deneely
eovered idth haira. Corolla ia ball-ehaped gant^etaloue, S->lobed end ueually
purple-idolet in ooleur rarely white or ehowjbig other shadaa of purple«
Akaatiwation ia walvata or oontortad. Corolla ia 2«9 OR to S«4 CM in
dianater* Androeeiu^ uaually, oniaieta of 5 apipetalous stMsna, alternating
with patala. The anthers ere long, ereet, baaifixed and oonniwant, often
t i e r ing upwarda and dehiscing by spioal porae* The gynaaeeuai ie bieerpellary
5;
•ynoavpcMs and tupacior with oarpala obliqualy plaead in flowara* Tha owavy
ia tdlooular ulth aach leaula eontalnlng larga mmtmt of ovulaa on Mollan
ttcUa plaeanta* Tha variation in length of atyla ia^notanorthy faatiura
(hotoreatylio) of flemra whieh ara olaaaifiad ao long-atylad» nadlun-atylad
and :rfwrt-atylod*
Tha fruit ia a large tmttyt worying in ahape fjrom globoaa to
eyXindfioal* Tha aiiour of fruit may be bladcy daxfc purpla» violet, green
or Mhite. The frui t aurftieo im anooth and gloaoy* On Maturity tha fruito
ganstaiiy traeoKa yellei** Tha inaido of fruit oonaiata of fleahy and ^longy
placentaat whita in oolour« in «#tich aeeda are' ambadedn The aeedo ere anallt
l ight , flattened and minutely pitted* I t haa larga number of uarietiaa,
fomd in diffsroit counteiea of ^^ Mirld* Large number of varieties are
cultivated in India and different aata of wirietiea are popular in different
regiona of the country*
Tha elaaaifioation of eultivatad variatiea of agg-plant ia mainly
baaed on aiza, ahape and colour of tha f ru i t , and praaenoa or abaance of
apinaa on the plait body* Sone of theae varieties are liatad below together
with tha abbraviationa of their nanea uead in thia text*
t* BatoMahi (Sn)
2* Black iaauty (SB)
3* Deep Purple Round {WH)
4* Caltavanga (C)
S* 6i«it of Banaraa (6B)
6* Gsta 3.C. <C3G}
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
2S
2i
27
28
29
30
31
Qaemm Long (CL)
Long SUek (U)
Ung pucpXt (LP)
Lvig aingpipuri (LS)
Long tfhlto (Lkl)
rumjari Goto (HC)
nufctBkflahi (m)
Nui^i Baigwi (MB)
PtfULpat (P)
pb* No. 8 (eavly Puxple Retffid} (pt)-8)
Pttta Kfanti (PK)
Puoa Ptj ;}la Cluatro (f »C}
Puaa Puiipla Long <PPL}
Puaa l^jcpla Rounii (PPfl)
Rannagav (R)
Round Black (RB)
Round Milto (IM)
Snail Pucplo Roimd (SPR)
Sfj (Pink) (SUjP)
iTj (Whifeo) St.j^)
SuirU Ceta (96)
'^l (Early Puxple Lang (T )
T-2 (Lata Puxpla Long) (T )
T-3 (early Ptt pla Round) (T3)
32* T-4 (Lata Purpla Rmmd) <T )
5
33. Miit* tgg (auttra) (tC)
34* Mitt* Larga (hL)
35* Wynad Giant (MS)
^•2* WoaahplBQieat <iariation« in Solani^ walonqona I .
Oifferant variatias of ^« walonoena tdnu aonaidsmbia Mtiation
in Bosphologieal c^teMotaviaties e.g. th« pJimt nay b« er««t» aeniavaet
OK pcoatrate. Tha plant nay also be apiny ov noi>»apiny» The pignentation
of tha plant, ahape, size and eolov of 1 ^ fruita vary aharpXy. The oolouv
and i iape of fruita are very iii|]ortant imriationa baeauae t ^ variatiaa
of brinJai Btf) e«8il.y be dSatinguiahsd fstm aeoh othav only on the baaia
of colour, ^wps and aize cf fruita* Table 3 aiAoaarizea tha morphologieal
and bi^aviocal charaotariatioa of aone vatiatiea of brinjal*
4.3. OMMiariaion of iMtDhDlooieal charaetera of S. welonoena L. and
^%§ •;i|f^| IPfqJiffff
The cultivated varietlaa of egg-planta being inveatigatad are a l l
apinaleee eKoapt PR. whieh rarely beoonee epiny. Theee bear large leatMia
with long, oval oblong or round fruita having different ooloura* But the
wild related apaeiea of egg-plant are inwariebly apiny with anell round
or globular fruita which are green when young and yellow, orange or red
when ripe. Table 4 givee a eeeparativa aooount of morphologieal end
behevleurel eharaeteriatiee ef eoae allied wild apaoiee*
57
A amnrntrntLvB atudv of •MHpholoQiotl Wd bahawlouwl f i^tur— of
difforont wariotioo of S. —lowowta U
8azoM«hi Giant of Puao Purple Round aonftsao Ijomq Black
Croon Long
Nuiki Baigon
Habit
Height (CM)
eroet md Croet and Preatrato •pinelooa apinelaaa and rately
apiny 110.5 80 75,8
1Q.8.78 10.1.79 Date of f i rat IS•8.76 floiMSing
Date of fruit 30.10.78 1S*11,78 15.4.79 naturity
No. of fruita 25 7 12 pet plant
Craet and Craet and Craot and i^inelaaa apinaloaa apinaloaa
80 120 100
2D.8.78 10.e.78 15.8.78
15.11.78 30.10.78 30.10.78
15 12 20
fmiit natuxo
Fruit ahape
Ftuit CDlour
Length of fruit
Dian. of firuit
In oluetere
0«al
Crean with purple •tripea
12.00
6.0
Weight of fruit 100.0 (flP)
% of pellm far tUi ty
Otmawaewe He.
85
24
Solitary
Round
Gsmn
14.0
12.0
32D.0
71
24
Solitary
Long
Pu^le
24.0
2.50
80.0
90
24
SoUtary
Round
Purplieh black
12.5
12.0
280.0
70
24
Solitery
Long
Green
22.0
4.5
210.0
86
24
Solitary and i n oluetere
Oval or paarirfie^Ml
Deep purple
18.0
5.5
205.0
80
24
5 t j
JtMBUtmrniSi
OBWpagatiw »tudy of mmti^iolaaLml w d Iwrfwwiauwl f w t u f et
5« 1* I P iftt«ai> j|» indloUB x a n t ^ kh«alinuB
Habit
Height (ens)
Ottta of f i r t t flouMKlng
Data of r t u i t natucity
No* of f n i i t per pXant
f n i i t r»tuB0 k f r u i t ahape
f r u i t color
Length of f r u i t ( w a )
DlflV* of f t u i t
Weight of fMi i t (9»«)
% of pollOT f o r t u i t y
ChroKoaoMo No*
Eroot ft apiny
90
10*S*78
10*10*78
40
Clustora of 2-4 ovoid* oval, or aub» globular berriea
Croon Mhen y««fl» yollOM tdheii r ipa
1*5
2.0
17*00
BS
24
Creet ft ipiny undo3>* ehrub
110
1*3*79
5*3*79
9S
Quatero of 1S.34 round borrieo
Qpofsn
1.2
1*2
1*4
70
U
£reot ft •piny
35
10*12*78
20*2*79
9
Ciuators of 2-4 round tonato l i k e berriea
Creet ft eplny herb or under ehrub
90-180
10*12*78
25*2*79
10
Cluataro of SM glelKilar berrioe
QLffUeo and apiny
•
18*1*79
20*3*79
10»20
Cluafcara of a-4 globoae berries
Stwit* nuGl) bxenohedf and apiny under-ahrub
ISO
—
—
mmm
Serrieo globoee
Green HhMi Reddieh- tariegatad Creen when ]^ung« rod green when Hhito and young* yo-at RMitwrity youig* gsom uhMi lloMleh l i k e taiiato yollOH a t young* y»- green or
Maturity XUm a t yellow when aoturity ripe*
2*2
3*8
S8*0
7 i
24
0*8
0*8
—
75
24
V 2 . 4
1-2*4
1&-1S
80
24
—
—
—
—
—
Notot The etudy of ^* kheaiiwiai ie e t i l l inoeaploto*
D.
4«4. HvbrldAiatioo
A larga nm^mt of intvrvnistaJL and intarapadirie hybridintiona
ave in progreaa* Rany eultitiBtad wirlatiea of agg-plant ara tMing eraaaad
amng thoBiaalvaa and alao with tha relatad wild apecxtaa*
4»4*1« Iwtarwielatai Hvb»ldi»itton
SevaiaJ, intertiBrietaX oroasaa are in pnjgreaa* ftJLl of thaaa aye
ooiiqpiaUU.8* Tha datailad atudjr (Incaudlng any nanifaatatlon of hetaroala)
of aavaraJL ai^secta of etoaaability of ttw varietlaa of egg<iplent la in
pcograaa* The folloning saolpxooal oroasea ase being pevfoxRed*
<i} a X PPL (9) pPi X en
<2) a X PPR (to) GB X flS
(3) a X CB <«) GB X PPR
(4) Gt. X RB (12) GQ X BR
(5) CL X Bn (13) PPR X BPI
(6) p a X PPR (14) PPR X RB
(7) PPL X GB (13) RB X BR
(8) PPL X RB
Savotal intarapaoifie ocoaaaa ara being pavfbmad involving
.2* wl«WQ»»a L« aa bath fauila and Mia parent* A l i s t of theaa raeiproeal
weaaaOt being attwiptad) ia given beloM i -
Gi
(1) PPL Xl« MlBiltA
(2) PPL X ^ . kh««l»ntai
(3) PPL X « m*^9ittm
(4) Gt X ! • hianiduM
(5) CB X J* isMliaStt
(6) GB X * xanthBcarpuw
(7) R 8 X l . | i l | B i i t o
(6) RB X^« kNiaUnup
(9) RB X ^» H.ylf .'FyBff
A fau reoiproOBl crosaes annng tha wlicf apeoiaa thmissivaa ara
also being dona e«g«
(2) Sfl hiapidum X £• xgnthooaaemfB
(5) 1* lQ£!4Sfi X 1* JiP<rTOf4MA«ff
(6) 1» iSS^m. X 1* iS^ISA
^•^•S« BMk cmaa—
tha Mqihidlploida of ( ganatatiwi obtained fcon 1 ^ oroaa
p a X !• intaogifaliua ava baing eveaaad with brinjai patent, PPL. BC^
ixipleida will be tvaatad tdtli oolehiBina and induced IwKaploida, thua
pfoduoad will be bask eraaaed with C^ to produoa daeaploida aftav
oolohiploidy.
61
Itw r. hybtiitoy obteirwd MrJLlBr»fraB tha eross PPL X S* inniifii
mn alMi being b«ok woaaad with PPL to pvoduM BC and Imtrnt BC.
ginazatliHlt*
Qatailed obaarwtiona of aevaxai at^aota of tlieaa oroaaaa ara
in prograaa and othaca td l l be atudied later*
flQiosia tdill bs atudied in the varietiaa of ^* welonoena. namely,
Slacic toauty, Baroma^ii, Giant of Banataa* Pusa Purple Long, RoiNid Black,
Green Lon& end Puaa Purple Round* The cytology of ^* hieoiriuw. ^, khaaianua
^.d &• xanthQeat|>uii will eleo be studied in order to dtmtk and verify tha
0e»rlicr rt cs-ta en the asEo.
4«S*2* Cvteloov of intorapeeific hvbrida
CytolQQy of amphldiploida of CL gmemtion and intarapacdfic hybrida
of f. generation i s in progreea*
Cytology of tha interapadfie hybrida to be produead niill be
atudied at proper time*
4*i* floral Bieleny
The floral biology of variaUaa, PPL, PPR» nB$ PPC, PK, BB, NB,
CB, a t OR and BR ia being atudied* Tha folloidng polnta ara being raaatded*
62
4.i.1« EktowA f-tuypa of flowr* and f)PUit«
HM rjlowe» la of •olonacMua typa idth hattoatyly. Tha flaiMta
a n lang atyladi Mdiun atylad and ahort atyltd* Xn long atylad fleweta
tha atlgva conaa out bayond tha anthav tlpa whUa In ModluM atylad onaa
i t ffewalna at ths level of mthera and in iliort styled floMva i t cenaina
balOH the level of anthera*
4*6*2« 81«a of the bud on the day orecedlnQ the mooaino
Th3 aise of tha t>ud» on the day precodlng ths blooniing. haa to be
datesminQd b ( ua>j t '.aaou. Qtiun i s to b«3 dono an ttiis dayf ud ccndition
vaa d€> £m5ii3d cm the baala of i t e longth*
It ia dear that Mm alze of the fir at flowwt bud of the inflo-
reeoanee ia limgar than the alse of oUm» bude* Stioilavly i t haa been found
Mmt the aize of the bud in the long atylad flOMeve i e longer aa OM iarad
to tha aim of the tnid of medium and abort atyled floiM»e« The bude in eome
varietiee like Ci«it of B«iaraa are longer than the bude of the other
vaxietiee* The length of firat flower bud vsriee from 19 te 21 mm in PPL,
19«S to 21*5 mm in Green Longt 1U*S to 24*0 mm in Round Blank, 20*0 to 2S«0
in Giant of Banar»a end 18«Q to 21.0 mm in Nuikl iaigan* Table S givee an
idea about the length of the flower buda of eome varietiee, en the day
preeeding the tleecRing t»
6
M l f §
CbRpaMtlWi study of ths length of floMor btuto of o ' £* wolflfoowo on tlMi itey (wooodtng hlooning*
•out uuiotio*
VorioUftt Ne« of inflorosoanotto
Type of tmifo otudiMl
fUingo of longth ( i n n . . )
(Puoo Pusplt Long 10
firat bud of elustoe 19.50 * 21*50
QVtms buds 16.5 « 20*5
Round Black 10 f irst i»id of clustor 19*0 • 24*0
Othor isiite 16.0 « 20.0
Giutt of B>n«r«« 10
first tud of eluotor 20*0 •» 25.0
Othor txi^ 17.0 - 22.0
Nucki ioigm 10
first bud of eiuator 18.0 > 21.0
Othov budo 10.0 > 19.0
Croon Long 10
f irst bud of elustsr 19*5 ••21.5
BtlMir buds 18.0 - 20.0
6 1
4*fi«3. TJiWf fff lAtfiJlPB ^ntf ' " I h t H i
ITM Una of laoanlfig and anthstit of teat mtiwtiw ma otudiod
In Hdntec Mason, Blooning oeeurod in th« nocnlng «nd M O follouod by
«ttheoio in a l l tho wsriottsa. Hie rsault of tho atudy of « foM wariatiso
am 88 follows* In PPL tha earl iest bud bloMied a t 6*30 A.jq« and the laat
tmd a t 10*30 A.,r)« The time of witbeeie for ear l iest bud M S 7*45 4«R* snd
for Htm last bud 11*00 A*n*
In Groan Long, the earl iest bud blooned « t 6*30 A*fi* and the
laet bud at 10*30 A*fl* The t iae of anthesis of the rarliest bud Mas
7*85 A*n* md for the las t bud 10*50 A*ri*
In Round Blad<, tite earl iest bud wis found to blocan a t 6*40 A>«fi,
ma the las t bud 10*15 A*n* The tine of an^eais fs^ Um ear l iest txid
UBS 7*40 A*n* and for the l es t bud 11*00 ft»i>i*
In Giant of Sanarast the ear l ieat bud was found to bloon s t
f*S0 Ak*l>i« snd the last bud a t 10*20 A*I>I. Tha ttoe of anthesis of sar l ieat
bud MB8 8*00 At*n* and that of the laat bud was 10*50 A*n*
In Nusfci Baigan, tha sarl iaat biKl wee found to bloon a t f *20 A«R*
and the laat bud at 10*0 * • » * The tXsm of the antheeia for tha earl ieet
bud wie 7*55 A.R* and for tha laat bud 10*50 A*n*
The i ^ v e tininga are to be regsrdad as spproKUssts and aa a
gansial guids for performing pollination* Thay may i^w variationa undar
diffarant o l i M t i e oonditlsne*
6r K.J
^•^•4* kr>9ivA Y fff •muff
Longavity of pollm i t iMing atudled by aalflng •Ugw« of high
v«eaptivity(of alrwiciy tiaggMt flamtu) utth pttllan «f dlffttsnt ttgN»
•alfing i« pBrfomsd by placing ttw poUan on ttw atigpa of tha tMwa flowar
and than baling tha fXoimra tot a raaaonabla Una far allowing tha fruit aat*
4.6.8* Rff rottv4lY ^f f t jy f
XhB ahiny luatuire of tha atigpRa, at Urn ttoa of fiiU opaning of
idm flcw«»t ia ganeially taken aa a pKoof of i to ceeaptitdLty* Ouzation of
Jtacwptivity i s being dataxminod by pollinating the atigptao of bagged and
sBtaaoulatad flokioMy on different days after blooming « i ^ freirti pollen
and ttien by obaarving the pereentage of fruit eat in eat^ oaae*
The atudy ia being done in a few varietiea* In Puaa Purple Long,
Giant of Banaraa, Gram kong and Roimd Blaok there are three kinda of
flowera viz. long-atyladi nedlMi'atyled end 8hort-«tyled« But in Nurki
Baigan cmly long-atyled and mediun-etyled fl04»ra are preaent.
^•««7« ttMBparat^we etudv of natural and arUficial oallinetlona
In aone variatiea the oonparative atudy of natural and artif icial
oroaaee i e being dene. Sane flowera are pollinated by h»id and aoRo othere
are le f t to be pollinated natunlly*
6" o
For each •xparlaant 20 flowav* ate baing pollinatsd and 20 othars
ara laft to ba pollinatad naturally*
4*i«8« Fruit waturitv
Itm tins taken fov the maturation of flruit in each variety and
hybrida ia IsalJio recorded*
67
GhBptar 6
FUTURE PLAN Of WORK
S . I . 9tud|tf pf p»ytn | |
A d«t«ll«d and ODS^cativd «tudy of eytology^ floral bioiegy»
yield and resiatanw to wcloua diaaasea and inaset paata of a few
oultlvatad varletiaa of btlnjal (Solanuw giolonoana L*)» vizm Qimt of
Banxaaf NaiM Baigany Green t.ong« Barcmia8hl» Round Black* Puaa Putpla
Round* Puaa Purple Quatre* Puaa Karantl and puaa Purple Loig haa iMmn
planned* Similarly a few »i ld apecias of Solan^, namely J . khaaianuB*
1* ^ftfarifffJ^^HBt 1* pntii*^* 1* ^mltkm and §, xantheearoua t d l l be
atudied fbr presence of deairable ctaraotera.
5*2. Hvbridiiation
An mtwiaive progxatmoe of hybridization haa bean planned.
S .2 .1 . InUrueriatal Hvbridiaation
Several raeiproeal interwerietel ereeaea batiraen the above
nantionad varietiee of btinjal Mill be perfomied. The hybride
of r generati^ wil l be etudied for expreeaion of heteroeie,
i f eny* witli epedal attention to nature of fruite* their attaelw
Kont* nuMlMr of fruita per plant, end the eolour* aiie aa well aa
weight of fruite* ae ee to wqpleit the hjftittti vigour for eoMsereiel
purpoaee.
c
Hybridization mill bm attw^ttd batwMn aixiva nantiontd
wild apadss of Solanuw and tha variatiea of ag»-plant« *
aoMpavaUva atudy of mffphoiogy, oytoiogyt floral biology yiold
and raaiatanea to diaeaaea and to inMot peata of f hybridat
obtainad fron t^eaa intari^eeifio croaaaat wil l ba dwia togatha?
with thaiv eonpasiaicKn witli sa^iaotiva bdnjal parontOt for
aalaoting pxoniaing r. hybrida. Zf tha Hybrida are fart i la tha
eharaetera will be atudied upto f^ ganavation to loeata tha
aagsageticnna i f any* Alte£nati«(aly» thoaa hybridot whidi prove
to be aterile wil l be treated with colcliiedns^ tot ^im induction
of as^hidiploidyt in o r^ r to make then fert i le and thoi fstmm
will be atudied upto C generation*
S*2*3. Back oroaaino of hvbrida with their reapeotive brinJal oaranta
In iim oaaea of fert i le interapedfio hybridbi and fert i le
anphidiploide tha oroaaing ia propoaed to be dona with reepeetive
brinjal parenta. tha BO. «id BC {^erationa will ba atudied for
moxpholegy of fruita* oytoiogyt floral biology* yield md
raaiatwiea to diaeaaea and to iUiaeot peata* They will alao be
atudied for their food value, alkaloid oontant and for auitability
of thaee for luwan oonata^tion. Tha proniaing aegreganta of F^ / f g
generation and alao iReRdiera of BC. «id BC ganerationa ahowing
deairabla ohatactere.will ba aaleeted and atandardizad for releaaa
aa new i^irewad wirietiee*
GT
Th« C pvpgany of tha Mphidipleida alruily obtainad ftm
tha eniaa PPL X ! • j.i^^9rtfrtlW m4 tha oroaa 1 , fr^^Brtfrtl^i X
Maxfci Biioan aa wall aa tha f^ progany of the fOrtlla hybdila
alfaaify ebtelnaii from tha oroaaaa BB X J^ ineanua md PPL X
1« iaSESS. ^"^^ ^ alffiilasly bBdcerossad idth raapaotlva brlnjal
paranta and thals pto^^y ea nail aa plants of f . ganaratlon will
atudlad* Tham hybrida Mill alao be traated with oolehlolna to
produoa induoad haxeiilolda wid autetetcaploida* Tha progany of
thoaa osooaoa t i l l l aleo ba ainiUarly etudlad for pronlalng
dwraotara aa well aa for food yaluB«i, alkaloid oontant and thalr
auitabllity for human oonaui^tlon. Theao hexaploida and tatsaploida
will be of uae for induction of aome desirable genaa into brlnjal
parental variatiea for iUnproving their quality aid quantity of
yield and raaistancsa to dimaaea and inaeot pasta*
B.3. InducUon of wutatien
nutationa will ba induced using phyaioal and dMnioal mutagwia
aeparately aa wall aa in ocHRbimtion* n^ end n^ gonarationa i4.ll be etudied
for their nerphologyt eytologyy floral biologyt yield end reaiatance to
dieeeeee end to ineeot peete* the esgreganta, i f any» ahoidng (tesirable
pemanant nutations Mill ba identified and eeleoted for inproving the
i|uality aa Mali aa quantity of the yield*
5*4* S ^ ^ f M y l i i fywif
A l l etudiee will be oondueted using etsndard etatiatieel Mthode
iii
f«v oonpatiwn of individuals within a group* i^ciety ot ^loeiao* F
pcogany Mill lio ataUsUoally analyaad to aaoottain Mhothot i t ia
hoBOffVioua or hatoreganoua i*e«, the incfllwiduala of f and f, progony
will bo OQRparod idth aaeh othor to pnivo triiothor all of thou aro aliBco
or thay differ fron oadi othor in aoiia roapeet aignifioantly*
Tl% 3Bcd.s8, uarietlne and hybrids wiill alao bo ooiparBd with
eai^ other to dotesmino whether they differ frm: aadi other aignifioantly
with reference to particular charaetora*
the proniaing indiuiduala will be selected and after fiorther
testing will be relaaaed for Qsinrnisrolal psoduotlon^if found ouitahls*
7i
Owptsr 6
smmRY
la A pccgniffiRe of invatttlgation of cytoQanatlea, h^ridlzatlon
and induction of polyploidy «id nutation haa bmm atarted in agg-plant.
2« A datailed study of floral b.tolngy of a few tiasietia^ of egg-plwit,
viz«|i fHiaa Pucpld Longt C^mn lonQf Round Blac^^ Giant of 8ar)ava$% and
Uuiki Baigan t»s bean easiplet-ad« The study of the flosal biology of feu
othov yariotlsa namely Baxomidhl, Pua^ Puxpla Rounds Pum Pusple Qdatre,
Puaa Ksenti end Block ^auty and of six uild i^&t)l^» of . anufn^ vix#»
1» ^SSSS2i&9 1* ln,y^!W» ! • ;HnteqyjLf9U*yy 3f l5' ftf '«n"ff,» &• ? <D CIUW and
J.* xantNttCagpuw i s in pxtigireas*
3* Several intervarietal oroaaas have iieen plannsd^uaing indiganoua
varieties of egg^plant^Mith tiw ohjeet of exploitinc hybrid vigour for
eomnereial uae* Oetaila about Mo* of flowers pollinatadt No* of ftruit set»
Ro« of fn'itr meturingy iMsisht of the fruits per plant end No. of wede
obteined ftess various etoasee will be recorded for atetietieal analyeie of
the ieaults«
4. Savetal veri'^ties will be used for induction of mutational using
ehsBieal and physioal f7n4tagens, viparatady and/eonhlnations. Ths detsiled
obssrvatisn of the nutanta iriJLl be obteined for ttnros (n.y n. and H^)
generations* Celohieinr* will be usod for the induction af polyplsidy*
Ths results will be analysed statistioally*
7,
n«iy intorepaelfie taelpHMMl coroMet MIU ba parformd involving
malonQaw and ita wild ralativaa. Oatailad obaacvation of tha
nuMbar of fioMora palllJiatid» niaribar of fsulta aat« nuoliar of fniita
Matutad and mmtmt of aaada obtained fren auoti oreaaaa aa aall aa parcantaga
of aaad goKfBlnation« aurvival of F^ aeadUnga» % of poUan fartiliiy of
r hybrida Mill bo racocdad and atatlaUoally analyaad* Aii^hidi^leidy Mill
ba inducad in tha f hybrida to midca than fatUlat i^ tnay ara found to ba
atarila* C, wtd C, ganasationa Mill ba uaail for back oroasaa Mlth tha
ca jBOtiva bsinjal paranta* tha new ganatationa Mill ba taatad for daairabla
qualitiaa*
6* Tha aitphidiploida of Q^ ganeratUmt elroady obtainedt Mill ba
ainilarly eroaeed and BC« txiploid genaratiini Hill be obtainad. Thia Mill
again be treated Hith oolchicine to produce induced hexaploida* Similarly
induced decaploid uill be produced later after one more baok eroae «nd
aubaaguent colohiploidy*
7* rianbara of the f progeny of fertile f hybeida of tha inter-
apaoifio oroeaaa» already av«ilabla» Mill alao ba bacfc-eroeaed Mith
reepeetive brinjal paranta* Oacailed ortiaarwatione Mill be reoarded end
analyaad*
a* A detailed atudy of veioaie of parente« hybridat mphidiploida,
pelyplaidBf nutanta and of thi^r progeny Mill ba nade in due eeuree*
7 LJ
9» TNi study of tiia total fttod vaJLua and of tha auitability far
huMBn oonaupptlon will ba mada for aapKldiploida or othav intari^aelfie
hybrlda*
10* TKa quality and yiald of oultiwatad Muriatiaa of brinjal Miill«
tliua, ba ii^jiovad by ttanafaving tha deairafala ganaa fxom new hybrida
to old eultiwatad varietiaa* This may reuolutionl:^ thm oi l t imtian of
brlnJal in the country.
t«1 F-
Chaptar 7
LlTERATmE CITED
•Abdul Hafsez, A.T. & CornilXon, P., 1976« Effect of Irrigation rythn on
growth, fruit set, yield and quality of agg plant
(£• w8long»oa) in Southern Franca. Plant Soil, 45t 2i;^225«
(Cited from Biol. Abatr., 63t Abatr. Mo. 26S0S, 1977).
* Ada, P. 1976. flutagen effect of diethyl sulphate and ethylmethanB aulphonata
on paae. An. Inst. Cerca*;. Pantru Cereals Plants. Teb. Fund.
Ser. C. Amellor Genet, flziol. Teotviol. Agr.^^t 491>502«
(Cited from Biol. Abatr., t Abatr. No. 116647, 1970).
Allard, R.id. 1964. Prinoiplea of Plant Breeding. 3ohn Uilley and Sona,
New York.
Anjaneyulu, A. and Remakriahna, K. 1966. Reaction of Solanum apecies to
brlnjal little^leaf virua. nadraa Agric. 2», ^ i 141-143.
•Anonymoua, 1957. The utilization of hsterosia in domestic planta. Priroda
(Nature), Leningrad, £l 66-70. (Cited from PI. Br. Abatr.,
27i Abatr. No. 1719, 1957.).
Anonymoua, 1969. Hand Book of Agriculture (Raviaed sd.) I.C.A.R., New Delhi.
Argikar, C.P., 1952. Solanum melongena var. Bulaarsnaia. Curr. S c , 211
226-227.
Auerbach, C , r^obaon, J.n. and Carr, J.C. 1947. Chanical production of
mutationa. Science, lOSt 243.
•Avakyan, A.G., Samerdzhyan, S.P., Oganesjan, A.C. and NGR-Arawvan, N«^k 1975.
The effect of preeowing irradiation of the aeada cm yield
in egg plant. (Cited from PI. Br. Abatr., 46i Abatr. No.
5666, 1976.)
•Avar , 3anova, O.P. 1941. Intarvariatal croaalng in eggplant. 3aravigacija,
34t 106-108. (Cited from PI. Br. Abetr., l^i Abatr. No. 284,
1942.)
•Not aaen in original.
Aykroydf U«R« 1966. The nutritlv* valus of Indlam foods and tha planning
of satlsfaotory dlst. 6th ad* by C* Copalan and S.C«
Balaauteamanlan. I.C.n«R» Special raport aerlaat New Delhi.
•Baghramayan, S.B. 196Sa. Effect of x-rays ts\ n. of agg plant. (Cited fron
PI. Be. atr., 3Si Abate. No. 7849* 1969.)
• 1968b. A study of cytologloal changes in egg-plant due
to expoaure to X-rays. Biol. 2h. Ann.* t 101-106. Hayaadani
Kans^anakan Handes. (Cited frcnn Biol. Abstr.» ^ i Abstr.
No. 55209, 1969.)
*Baha-Cldln, S.A. 1967. The inheritance of certain characters in egg-plant
(SolanuBi welonQena L.) Olss. Abstr. 1967» 28t Order No.
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