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Out look of Biofuels
1. Introduction
2. Types of Biofuels
• Bio-ethanol• Biodiesel
3. Classification of Biofuels
1st generation (Edible) 2nd generation*(Non-edible) 3rd generation (Algae)
4. Candidate Biofuel crops
5. JATROPHA*- A Promising Biofuel Crop
Genetic improvement of Jatropha
Designing Jatropha crop
6. Conclusion
Designer: A person who imagines, how something
could be made, draw plans accordingly, to design are
called Designer.
Designer crop: Possess specific characteristics, plan
before or during crop development e.g. Specific
protein, fat or starch quality, vitamin content,
elimination of anti-nutritional factor, color, taste of
grain/fruit; keeping quality or produce specific novel
biochemical or resistance to biotic and abiotic stress.
Introduction
Biofuel: Biofuel is produced from renewable biological
resources such as plant biomass and treated municipal and
industrial waste.
Solid, liquid or gaseous fuel consisting of Plant (tree
to grasses) its biomass (Wood chips to Seeds) – recently
Algae, Salicornia (marine weed) and Mangroves etc. also
being used to synthesize biofuel.
Why biofuels?
• Reduce dependence on fossil fuels
• Reduce reliance on foreign oil
• Biofuels reduce carbon dioxide emission up to 80%
• Biofuels produce 100% Less Sox/Nox than petroleum
• Biofuel reduce exhaust smoke emission and particulate matter by up to 75%; eliminate usual black cloud associated with fossil fuel
• Smell of biofuel exhaust is far more pleasant
Biofuel Advantages
Environmental Aspects:
√ Renewable
√ No sulfur (0.001%) – non toxic
√ Decreases GHG emissions (up to 70%)
√ Biodegradable
Socio-Economic Aspects:
√ Boosting profitability of Agriculture & livelihood
√ Increasing Energy Security
The most common biofuels
Bioalcohols : Biologically produced alcohols, mostcommonly ethanol and less commonly propanol andbutanol.
Ethanol fuel is the most common biofuel worldwide,particularly in Brazil, USA etc. Alcohol fuels areproduced by fermentation of sugars derived fromwheat, corn, sugar beets, sugar cane, molasses andany sugar or starch from which alcoholic beverages canbe made (like potato and fruit waste, etc.).
Biodiesel:Biodiesel is the most common biofuel in Europe, Brazil and USA. It is produced from oils/fats (Rapeseed, Mustard, Soybean and Flax) through trans-esterificationproducing fuel similar in composition to fossil/mineral diesel.
Feedstock's for biodiesel include animal fats and vegetable oils (Soybean, Rapeseed, Mustard, Flax, Sunflower, Palm, Hemp, Jatropha, Karanj, Mahua etc.
Bioethers
Bio ethers (referred as fuel ethers or fuel oxygenates) are cost-effective compounds act as octane rating enhancers.
Biogas
Biogas is produced by the process of anaerobic
digestion of organic material by anaerobes. It can be
produced either from biodegradable waste materials
or by the use of energy crops fed into anaerobic
digesters to supplement gas yields. The solid by-
product, digest ate, can be used as a biofuel or a
fertilizer.
Classification of Biofuels
Biofuels
3rd Generation2nd Generation(Non-edible Crops)
1st Generation(Edible Crops)
feedstock
corn
wheat Sugar crop Oil seed
Products
Bioethanol
Biodiesel Vegetable oil Bioether Solid biofuels
Feedstock• Non feed crop –
jatropha, castor, pongum, mahua
• Inediable waste product
• Saw dust
• Product• Cellulosic
• Biohydrogen
• biomethane
Feedstock• Algae-
- Botryococcus brauni
- Chlorella vulgeris
• Products• Algae fuel
First generation biofuels
• First-generation biofuels are biofuels made from sugar, starch, vegetable oil, or animal fats using conventional technology.
• The basic feedstock for the production of first generation biofuels are often seeds or grains such as wheat, which yields starch that is fermented into bioethanol, or sunflower seeds, which are pressed to yield vegetable oil for conversion into biodiesel
First generation biofuel controversies
• It is an amply proven fact that edible products or by-products should not be diverted for conversion into biofuels so as to address the hunger across and keep control over prices.
• Expanding biofuel production from edible sources will create imbalance in availability to humans and animals as well.
Increasing importance of Non-edible oils
1st Generation
Food Vs Fuel
Food Prices
Not sustainable in mediumterm
Scarcity of land & Water
2nd Generation
Non-edible
Cultivated in degraded lands and drought tolerance
High oil content
New source of income
Second generation biofuels
• Non-food species are considered as feedstock for second generation biofuels: Biodiesel from Jatropha, Karanja, Mahua etc. and Ethanol from cellulose (any non-food or food crops).
Advantage
• Eliminate competition for food and feed
• More efficient and environment friendly
• Less farmland is required
Useful by product
• Certain food product can be used, when no longer useful for consumption
• Hence, it is called as “advanced biofuels”
Increasing importance of cellulosic ethanol
• Abundant supply of biomass
• Use non-food crop and the waste from crops.
• 63 million ha waste land translates to about maximum potential of over 500 million t of cellulosic ethanol per annum (equivalent to 350 tons of petrol- Umaid et al.,2010)
• Cellulose used in commercial ethanol production
– Cell wall made up of………..
Third generation biofuels
• It is also called algae fuel.
• Algae are low –input , high-yield feedstock's to produce biofuels.
• Based on laboratory experiment
• 30 times more energy / acre > soybeans
• Strains- Botryococcus braunii, Chlorella vulgaris
Also Adds to Atmospheric CO2 reductions
Candidate Biofuel crops in India
1. Jatropha
2. Karanj
3. Mahua
4. Neem
Karanj
Constraints in Using Energy Crops other than
Jatropha
•Long Gestation Period
• No Breeding Efforts in Candidate energy
crops
• Selection of CPT’s and utilization –
very poor
• Only Pongamia involved in Network
project
• Mahua included two years back
• Neem – lot of initial work limited to
germplasm collection & conservation
Benefits of Jatropha
JATROPHAA Promosing Biofuel crop
Family: Euphorbiaceae 2n=22
Small shrub, woody plant, non-edible
Highly cross pollinated crop
Easy propagation
Drought tolerant and Insect resistant
Oil content - 28-45 %
In-consistant seed yield
Having similar properties of diesel.
It’s contains high amount of protein with a
well balanced amino acid composition.
Drawbacks of Jatropha
Still in semi-domesticated stage
Lack adequate genetic variation and non
availability of improved varieties, limit it’sprospects of being a successful energy crop.
Seeds and vegetative parts of Jatropha are toxic innature. Seeds contain toxic (phorbol esters) andantinutritional factors (trypsin inhibitor, phytate,lectin and curcin).
Methods Used for Genetic improvement of Jatropha
• Introduction
– No Introductions from Centre of Origin or diversity
– Managed and created variability in indigenous germplasm
• Selection
– Selected plants evaluated in provenance trials
– No provenance could be identified as such as variety
• Plants selected were involved in crosses to converge yield attributing
traits through
• Hybridization
– Intra and interspecific hybridization and backcrosses
• Mutation breeding
– No evidences of induced variability or traits in use except
– Spontaneous variation
• Biotechnological tool
– Genome mapped and Identified polymorphic types for hybridization
– Identified and isolated genes to develop transgenic
Status of Research
Global Scenario
• Latest Information:• Sun et al (2012) described genetic basis through QTL mapping using
J. curcas x J. integerrima crosses revealed: favoured alleles originate fromdiverse parents; transgressive segregation & complex genetic basis of traits.Advocated occurrence of linkage or pleiotrophy; suggested use of elitejatropha varieties as recurrent lines for transfer of favoured alleles andalleles for female flower/fruit number.
• The complete genome of Jatropha analyzed and sequenced (Sato et al., 2010). Lui et al. (2011) identified 18 QTLs for oil traits, 3 eQTLs of oleosinacid genes; which expresses with contribution rates (R2) 10% higher, controlling oleic acid, total oil to initiate MAB. Several studies on molecular analysis reported information on various aspects can’t be referred due to paucity of space
Status of Research
National Efforts• The hype period attracted world attention and huge plantations undertaken
with yield claims beyond potential, ignoring QPM. The MLT of provenances(DBT & NOVOD) identified elites types. Two centers JNKVV and TNAU (NOVODnetwork) succeeded in developing first generation hybrids and provedpotential through breeding.
• A decade of research witnessed papers on various aspects, but none onpractical breeding. Salomon & Ezradanam (2002) reported male:female ratio(29:1) and geitonogamy/xenogamy in Jatropha.
• Researches published on conventional methods (Swarup, 2006; and Gour,2007), and molecular analyses (Yadav et al; 2010 and Johnson et al; 2011) forgenetic improvement.
• Gour (2013) attempted hybridization involving J. curcas and J. integerrimagenerated variability followed by backcrossing to introgress desired traitsreduced male:female ratio; identified plants with high seed yield and parentallines nicking better in breeding.
Conventional Breeding
Widened genetic variability attempting Intra andInterspecific hybridization to address Key traits forDomestication and yield:
– Early flowering and fruiting types
– Reduce the unproductive branch length
– Enhancing Female to Male ratio
– Tailor plant with reduced height and productive branch length
– High Seed yield
– High Oil content
Conventional Jatropha Plant
Branches -22/22; 177 Capsules
55 Capsules in Single Branch
Excessive Branch Length Prior to Reproductive Phase
Dwarf and Conventional Plant Type
Different Morphotypes (Foliage Size and Density)
Plant with Normal LeavesPlant with Small Leaves
Small Vs. Normal Leaves Small Leaves Superimposed
Intraspecific Hybrids in Jatropha
Development of intraspecific hybrids and selection of recombinant lines using:
•J. curcas x J. curcas to exploit hybrid vigour expressed n F1
– crosses revealed vegetative and reproductive vigour
– Bi-clonal plantation of two such plants will be done to realize potential in terms of high oil and seed yield
•J. curcas x J. curcas with unique quality traits viz.
– Non toxicity to utilize oil and oilcake &
– Non pigmented foliage, Dark green stem, Yellow stem, small leaves Flower colour for variety identification and IPP
Selection of desired recombinant in segregation population and Identification of superior genotypes-CPT’s will be multiplied clonally
Interspecific Hybrids in Jatropha
• Development of interspecific hybrids and selection of desired recombinant lines using:
• J. curcas x J. integerimma crosses and backcross with J. curcas
Desired recombinants are under rigorous evaluation forIdentification of Superior Genotypes
Inter-specific Hybridization
X
P1 P2
F1
F1’s
Mutant
Variability Generated Through Intra and Interspecific Hybridization
Designing Jatropha Crop
Early flowering and fruiting types - Achieved
Reduce the unproductive branch length - Obtained
Enhancing Female to Male ratio - Achieved
Tailor plant with reduced height & productive branch length - AchievedDwarfing for Effective Management and High Density
plantation
High Seed yield – Achieved targeting still higher
High Oil content - Achieved
Non toxic – On way
Synchronous flowering/fruitingSynchrony within bunch - Achieved
Indeterminate growth – Challenge to achieve
Genetic Efforts and OutcomeTailored Designer Plant
JJH H 1-5
Breeding Non-Toxic Lines
Phorbol Content
•The phorbol estimation through HPTLC/HPLC incrosses between nontoxic (shy bearer) and toxiclines is being done.
• The estimates of phorbol content depicted nodetection (NT 61-3) or very low (NT 52-2) ascompared to standard.
•Plants with Lower/no phorbol content isolated withhigher fruit bearing are being analyzed.
Estimation of Phorbol ester
HPLC Standard: phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate
Peak results:
Cont..
Phorbol ester Sample peak : Jc 11 x NT (1)
Peak results:
Analysis of Plants for Non-Toxicity by HPTLC
34-6 21-8 G3-3 9-1(old) H1-5 61-3
(seed
s)
61-3
(leave
s)
H2-1 G4-7 G2-7 G2-3 G1-8 H1-6 H9-9 Dwarf PMA
1510.8 1202.
1
1069.9 606.5
VIII
931.
6 II
418.0 1840.7 761.2
V
823.4
III
810.7
IV
3271.1 768.
8 VI
957.6
I
709.
2 VII
1096.8 985.9
JC15x
CF1(1)
JC4x
BCF1
(1)
552-3 x
34-6
NDCJC1
x 16
9-
1(old)
x 61-
3
JC13x
NT 6
JC13x
NT 6
17-21 x
61-3
52-5 x
61-3
61-3 x
52-2
52-3 x
34-6
61-3 x
?
9-1(old)
x 61-3
52-2 x
?
Sponta
neous
Stand
ard
Genetic Enhancement of Yield and
Beyond to maximize Production
Using BA
JJH 34-6 with 54 Female
Flowers
JJH 34-6: 54 Female Flowers and >36 Developing Capsules Variety Plus BA Effect
1
23
4
5
6
7
89
1011
1213
14
16
19
18
17
15
20
30
29
28
27
26
2524
23
22
21
31
32
33
34
35
Conclusion
The Designer plant with availablevariability and conventional breeding approachand intensive selection have paved way totailor Jatropha plant with reduced heightsuitable for high density plantation combiningearliness, high female to male flower ratio,high seed and oil yield per unit time and spacewith easy management.
There still exist scope for furtherdevelopment of improved and non-toxicvarieties using frontier technologies to fosterdevelopment of new improved varieties withnew ideas and innovations.
Thank ‘U’
JNKVV Few Step Ahead ……… in Transforming and Genetically Designing Jatropha for Domestication