Studies presented to Professor Thanasis I. Papadopoulosakamas.uoi.gr/docs/papers/Lolos2016c.pdf ·...

AchaiosStudies presented to Professor

Thanasis I. Papadopoulos

Edited by

Evangelia Papadopoulou-ChrysikopoulouVassilis Chrysikopoulos

Gioulika Christakopoulou

Archaeopress Archaeology

Copyrighted material. No unauthorized reproduction in any medium.

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Th. Papadopoulos as President (2000-2002) of the Department of History and Archaeology, School of Philosophy, University of Ioannina.



i

Contents

INTRODUCTION �� ix

ThaNasIs I� PaPaDOPOUlOs �� xiProfessor Emeritus at the University of Ioannina

BIBlIOGRaPhY 1973 – 2015 �� xiv

PaRTICIPaNTs �� xix

FUNERaRY MONUMENTs aND laNDsCaPE: ThE EXaMPlE OF ThE MIDDlE hEllaDIC TUMUlI IN MEssENIa ��1IPPOKRATIS ANGELETOPOULOS

MYCENaEaN FIGURINEs ON CYPRUs ��13† PAUL ÅSTROM

FOOT OF a BRONZE FIGURE FROM ThE MINOaN PEaK saNCTUaRY aT aYIOs YEORGIOs sTO VOUNO, KYThERa ��19EMILIA BANOU

WaRRIORs IN MOVEMENT: WaRRIOR BURIals IN EasTERN CRETE DURING laTE MINOaN IIIC ��23DIMITRIS G. BASAKOS

EIN ZUTRUNK FüR DEN FREUND ��33† HANS G. BUCHHOLZ

ThE Mh CEMETERY aT KOUPhOVOUNO, sPaRTa, laKONIa ��45WILLIAM CAVANAGH AND † CHRISTOPHER MEE

aTTIC BlaCK-FIGURED CUPs FROM aMBElaKI, salaMIs ��53YANNIS CHAIRETAKIS

ThE PROTOGEOMETRIC sETTlEMENT aT sTaMNa, aETOlIa� sOME ThOUGhTs ON ThE sETTlERs’ ORIGIN BasED ON ThE TYPOlOGY OF ThE GRaVEs ��59

GIOULIKA CHRISTAKOPOULOU

a sCaRaB aND aN OVOID sEal PlaQUE: EGYPTIaN OR EGYPTIaNIZING OBJECTs FROM a CROssROaDs IN ThE JORDaN VallEY ��77

VASSILIS CHRYSIKOPOULOS

sOME REFlECTIONs ON WEsTERN GREECE IN ThE laTE BRONZE aND EaRlY IRON aGEs ��81SØREN DIETZ

l’ ÉGYPTIEN, lE BEDOUIN ET la TRaNsJORDaNIE ��93JEAN-CLAUDE GOYON

NEW aRChaEOlOGICal DaTa FOR EaRlY ChRIsTIaN aND EaRlY BYZaNTINE salaMIs� ThE CasE OF a BURIal COMPlEX aT aIaNTEIO ��97

GEORGE KAKAVAS AND SOPHIA ZYRBA

laRGE sTORaGE JaRs IN ThE MYCENaEaN GRaVEs OF aChaEa: a BRIEF INTRODUCTION�� 103SOFIA KASKANTIRI

ON MINERal aND aRTIFICIal PIGMENTs OF ThEOPhRasTUs OF EREssOs FROM ThE lIBRaRY TO ThE FIElD REsEaRCh �� 109

THOMAS KATSAROS

ThE MIDDlE NEOlIThIC PaTTERN PaINTED POTs FROM ThE CaVE OF CYClOPs: REVIEWING OlDER ThEORIEs ��117STELLA KATSAROU-TZEVELEKI


ii

GOlD BUll’s hEaD ORNaMENTs FROM ThE TIRYNs hOaRD aND ThE DIsTRIBUTION OF ThE TYPE IN ThE lh IIIC PERIPhERY OF ThE MYCENaEaN WORlD ��127

ELENI KONSTANTINIDI-SYVRIDI

RIsE IT UP! a CONTRIBUTION TO UNDERsTaNDING TEll FORMaTION� ThE EVIDENCE FROM PaRTIClE sIZE aNalYsIs ON aRChaEOlOGICal sEDIMENTs aND BUIlDING MaTERIals FROM ThE NEOlIThIC TEll sITE aT PalIaMBElla (N� GREECE) ��137

DIMITRIS KONTOGIORGOS

NEW EVIDENCE FOR MINOaN RElaTIONs WITh IThaCa ��143† LITSA KONTORLI-PAPADOPOULOU

aN OVERVIEW OF TREPaNaTION IN aNCIENT GREECE ��153MARIA A. LISTON, SHERRY C. FOX & LESLIE P. DAY

a shRINE WIThIN ThE sOVEREIGN COMPlEX ON ThE MYCENaEaN aCROPOlIs OF salaMIs ��159YANNOS G. LOLOS

MINOaN PREPalaTIal PERIBOlOs OF aMNIssOs, CRETE ��165STELLA MANDALAKI

ON MYCENaEaN hYDREa: shERDs FROM ThE aCROPOlIs aT ChORIZa ��177CHRISTINA MARABEA

WhO OWNs ThE ROsETTa sTONE? EGYPTIaN aNTIQUITIEs aND “ElGINIsM” ��185MARGARITA NICOLAKAKI-KENTROU

ΤΩ ΑΡΙΣΤΩ ΠΑΤΡΙ. TERRAMARE, MYCENAEAN CENTERS AND THE ROLE OF THE ADRIATIC DURING THE LATE BRONZE aGE: ThE INTERCUlTURal ROlE OF ThE aDRIaTIC: ThE “WaY OF ThE aMBER” aT ThE END OF ThE laTE BRONZE aGE sEEN FROM a NaUTICal POINT OF VIEW ��195

STAVROS OIKONOMIDIS

PREhIsTORIC VasEs FROM a PRIVaTE COllECTION IN JORDaN ��203EVANGELIA PAPADOPOULOU-CHRYSIKOPOULOU

TIEs OF aFFECTION BURIals OF PaRENTs aND ChIlDREN IN ThE MYCENaEaN CEMETERY OF ClaUss, NEaR PaTRas ��207KONSTANTINOS PASCHALIDIS

aChaIa: EasTERN aND WEsTERN ��219MICHALIS PETROPOULOS

ThE sEREMETI MONKEY ��233JACKIE PHILLIPS

sOME FREsh ThOUGhTs ON ThE UsE OF ThE MINOaN “sTRaINER” ��241LEFTERIS PLATON

MYCENaEaN CERaMIC VasEs OF aN aRChaEOlOGICal PRIVaTE COllECTION ��255KOSTAS THEODORIDIS

ThE IMPORTaNCE OF ThE IONIaN aND alBaNIaN COasT FOR MaRITIME COMMUNICaTION DURING ThE BRONZE aGE ��261

AKIS TSONOS

Th� Papadopoulos ��275


159

INTRODUCTION

My contribution to this volume in honour of Professor Athanasios I. Papadopoulos, one of the senior prehistorians, for many years, in the Department of History and Archaeology at the University of Ioannina, aims at highlighting the form and role of a small sanctuary or shrine established inside a building of primary importance, i.e. an elite residence, on the Mycenaean acropolis at Kanakia on the southwest coast of the island of Salamis, where a systematic excavation, sponsored by the University, has been progressing, under the direction of the present writer, since 20001.

ThE aCROPOlIs OF KaNaKIa: ChRONOlOGY aND sTaTUs

Of all prehistoric island sites known in the Saronic and Argolic Gulfs, Kanakia on Salamis and Kolonna on Aigina display, in their material culture, the longest record of habitation that can be traced back to the Late/Final Neolithic period. Along with other settlement-sites in the island group of the Argo-Saronic area, like Kolonna and Lazarides on Aigina and Choriza on Hydra (ancient Hydrea), Kanakia appears to have emerged as the major urban centre on Salamis in the Late Mycenaean period, reaching its floruit in the Late Helladic III B period, i.e. in the 13th century B.C.

On the evidence of the pottery retrieved from the destruction/abandonment layers in all sectors of our ten-year excavation at Kanakia, the end of the habitation on the coastal acropolis can be securely placed at the beginning of the Late Helladic III C early phase, shortly after 1200 B.C., i.e. within the broader horizon of the collapse of centralized power, with its various manifestations, in the palace-states of Mycenaean Greece.

On the upper terraces of the coastal acropolis, an array of large compounds belonging to the sovereign or palatial building complex, demarcated by a peribolos wall on the north and south slopes and apparently planned and controlled by the local Late Mycenaean elite, have been revealed by the excavations of the University of Ioannina.

1 Lolos 2003 a; 2003b. Lolos, Marabea and Oikonomou 2007. Lolos 2008. Marabea 2010b.

In these are included: the main palatial building (Building Gamma), of residential character (FIGS.1-3), occupying a large area and comprising a maze of rooms, passageways and other spaces, with a double megaron as a core; Building Delta; and the Eastern Complex, consisting of Buildings IA-IB-ID, with a main access through an unusual fortified gate, and functioning in association with Buildings Delta and Gamma; into its plan are incorporated working areas, storage areas and subsidiary rooms2.

On the basis of the location, size and character of the acropolis, in conjunction with the evidence for its external relations and maritime contacts3, this major Mycenaean settlement-site at Kanakia can be identified with Strabo’s “Old Salamis” (Geographica, IX.1.9), also known under the prosonym of Kychreia from an inscription (I.G. II(2), 1035), of the advanced 1st century B.C., from the Acropolis of Athens. It can be regarded, with every reasonable certainty, as the seat of the naval kingdom of Salamis, well-known from epic tradition, i.e. from Homer and Hesiod, and flourishing under the legendary Aiacid dynasty and Ajax, son of Telamon4.

BUIlDING GaMMa: aRCITECTURE aND FUNCTION

The main unit of the palatial complex (Building Gamma, in FIGS.1-3) is contiguous to Building Delta and extends on an E.-W. axis, on the saddle between the two heights, that form the mass of the acropolis at Kanakia. It covers, on present estimates, an area of 750 m2 and comprises, up to now, 47 rooms and other spaces, most of which are seen to be arranged at five (5) successive levels. Its length exceeds 45 m., while its greatest width is 28 m.

Incorporated into Building Gamma are living quarters, including chambers with stone-built benches or beds, storerooms, auxiliary spaces and porter’s lodges at the two main entrances (east and north).

Of crucial importance with regard to the “ideological” prominence of Building Gamma is the twin megaron (FIG.1), in the deepest (western) part of the compound, consisting of two identical elements. Each one, measuring 14x4m. (inner dimensions), is further divided

2 Marabea 2010b. 3 Marabea 2007. Lolos 2009. Marabea 2010a. 4 Lolos, Marabea and Oikonomou 2007. Lolos 2009.

a shRINE WIThIN ThE sOVEREIGN COMPlEX ON ThE MYCENaEaN aCROPOlIs OF salaMIs

YANNOS G. LOLOS


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YANNOS G. LOLOS

into a main hall (11x4m.), intended primarily for large gatherings and feasts, and a rear room or chamber.

A last dramatic development in the history of Building Gamma is no doubt the construction of blocking walls sealing its three (3) “defensive” entrances (east, north and south), immediately after evacuation, and certainly marking its abandonment, soon after 1200 B.C., and eventually desertion.

ThE shRINE: DEsCRIPTION aND IDENTIFICaTION

In 2007, during the clearing of a group of rooms close to the north entrance of Building Gamma, supervised by Dr. Christina Marabea, a small room, for which the older Greek word soúda would seem to be especially appropriate, caught our attention, on account of its placement in the north wing, narrowness and internal organization.

The room is set against the north exterior wall of Building Gamma, arranged on a N.E.-S.W. axis and flanked on its east side by a broad corridor or passage that gives access to the interior of the main building from the north (FIGS.1-2).

The room, under discussion, is oblong, roughly rectangular in plan, tapering towards the southwest end, with an entrance having a breadth of 0.90m. (FIGS. 1, 4-5). As regards its inner dimensions, its length is 3.50m., with a maximum width of 1.40m. on its northeast side. Its floor is covered with lime plaster, well-preserved in places (FIG.4).The room is divided by a double row of small stones into two parts, i.e. a main inner space and a porch, characterized by the existence of fixed installations (FIGS.4, 6): a carefully built low semicircular platform, probably an offering table, against its west wall, and an almost square limestone block, perhaps an altar or sacred stone (?), opposite it, close to the east wall5.

There are several architectural and other features as well as further considerations pointing to the argument that this tiny room must have had a special (cultic) function within the main palatial building on the acropolis of Kanakia:

1. The position of the room within the north wingof Building Gamma (FIGS.1-2) is crucial, in close proximity to its north entrance and easily accessible from the corridor or passageway adjacent to it, immediately after entry.

5 A similar well-cut block is found on the right side of the entrance of a much later cult building (Building C) at the site of Mitrou in East Lokris (van de Moortel 2009, Fig. 3, 7-8). My thanks are due to Prof. A. van de Moortel for drawing my attention to this feature.

2. Its autonomy within the arrangement of roomsand other spaces of the north wing of the building is particularly noteworthy, with its narrow entrance unusually approached and perhaps symbolically demarcated by a low ramp.

3. Its small size is indeed striking. Its narrowness andinternal arrangement preclude its use as a living quarter, a working area, or even a place for storage.

4. The special treatment of its floor and also of the floorof the adjacent passageway, through the application of lime plaster, is an element of cleanliness, refinement and differentiation in relation to the surrounding rooms. Actually, this is one of only a few areas inside Building Gamma to have been embellished with a white floor – the others being the state halls of the north and south megaron, with hard white stuccoed floors, and the rear room (thalamos) of the north megaron, with a white washed floor.

5. Its bipartite, somewhat intricate, form is peculiar,consisting of an inner secluded space, perhaps an adyton, and a front part furnished with specialized fixtures (FIG. 6), which may be claimed to have been associated with ritual activities6. It is also of interest that the low semicircular construction in particular is closely paralleled by a stuccoed semicircular platform, attached to the west wall of the long hall of the north megaron (FIG.1) 7.

A problem is posed by the scarcity of movable finds from the room in question. The room is likely to have been virtually emptied of its cult objects and other valuable contents during the evacuation process and prior to the intentional blocking of the three (3) entrances of the central palatial building.

From the destruction/abandonment layer inside the room come the following finds: a quantity of potsherds of LH IIIB2-IIIC: early date, three possible stone implements and a complete bronze strip8, found in situ on the low platform in the front part, almost in touch with the west wall (FIGS.7-8).

To these may be added a miniature clay figurine of the Phi type (H. 5cm., in FIG.9), that lay amidst fallen stones immediately east of the room’s entrance, just above the floor of the adjacent passageway. It may be assigned to E. B. French’s first group of miniature Phis9 and finds close analogies in versions of the “cocoon” type from

6 For variations in the details of the fixed installations (platforms or other features) in Mycenaean cult buildings see Whittaker 1997, 17-20. 7 For platforms covered with white plaster in Mycenaean cult buildings see Whittaker 1997, 18-19 (with references).8 Length 23.7cm.; max. width 2cm.; min. width 1.4cm.; thickness 1mm.9 French 1971, 121.


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A SHRINE WITHIN THE SOVEREIGN COMPLEX ON THE MYCENAEAN ACROPOLIS OF SALAMIS

sites on the Greek Mainland and from the Sanctuary of Aphaia on Aigina10.

Of greater value for the interpretation of the function of the area in question is the bronze strip (FIGS.7-8) that was placed on the low platform, as a votive offering, by the last tenants of Building Gamma.

Thin bronze strips or bronze blade cut-outs, of votive character, are well attested at earlier Minoan peak sanctuaries in Crete and also at Agios Georgios tou Vounou on Kythera and Troullos on Keos11. With regard to the Mycenaean Mainland bronze strips are reported to have been found in deposits in the Room 18 (Alcove) and Room 19 of the Temple Complex and in one of the Service areas (Area 36) of the Cult Centre at Mycenae12, while bronze plates are stated to have been among the contents of a deposit, with possible cult associations, close to the south entrance of Room 3 of Megaron B at Dimini, in the area of Mycenaean Iolkos13.

CONClUDING REMaRKs

1. Following a contextual approach and taking into account all the available evidence, the tiny room in the north wing of Building Gamma may be identified as a small sanctuary or shrine. It is, no doubt, one of the foci, or perhaps the main focus, of official cult practiced by the elite residing in the building and certainly reflecting their system of beliefs.

2. With regards to its small size, the shrine in Building Gamma can be compared to rooms/structures of cultic character at major Late Mycenaean centres: Room 93 in the Palace at Pylos, Rooms 117, 110 and 110A in the Unterburg at Tiryns, the East Shrine at Phylakopi in Melos14; also Building C, of advanced LH IIIC date, at Mitrou in East Lokris (the latter probably intended for funerary cult)15.

3. The shrine under discussion, being fully incorporated into the plan of Building Gamma, is one of several instances of cult rooms functioning within large compounds of palatial or non-palatial character. Known LH IIIB-IIIC occurrences on the Mycenaean Mainland include: the shrine in Room XXXII of House G at Asine16;

10 French 1971, 121, Pl. 16e (52-72); also Pilafidis-Williams 1998, 8-9, 12-13 (nos. 44-46), Pl. 32 (especially No. 44, H. 4.9cm.). For the most recent and multi-level approach to the study and interpretation of Mycenaean terracotta figurines see Tzonou-Herbst 2002, especially Chs. 1-2, 5-7.11 Sakellarakis 1996, 86 (n.52, with bibliography), 92-93 (n.120), Pl. 18 d.12 Moore and Taylour 1999, 18, 24-25, Fig. 8. French and Taylour 2007, 20-21, Fig. 7.13 Adrymi-Sismani 2003, 93, Fig. 17.14 Renfrew 1985. Whittaker 1997, 175-183, Figs. 3-9.15 van de Moortel 2009, Fig. 3, 7-8.16 Whittaker 1997, 163-164.

Room A at Agios Konstantinos, Methana17; Room 93 in the Palace of Pylos18; the shrine in the largest room of House K, and also Room 1 and the area around the kernos to the south of Room 3 in Megaron B at Dimini19.

4. Quite unlike the more homogeneous architectural expression of cult in Neopalatial Crete, the shrine in Building Gamma may be taken to illustrate, once again, the complexity and wide variation in size, orientation, architecture/lay-out and internal arrangement of cult spaces in Late Mycenaean Greece20.

5. Within the wider context of the identification of the material remains of cult, it may be noted that the main features of the newly-discovered Salaminian shrine fall into the framework of potential archaeological correlates (or “criteria”) to religious ritual, as proposed by C. Renfrew21 and re-worked by A. D. Moore and W. D. Taylour with reference to the Temple Complex at Mycenae22, and still in the centre of current theoretical debate concerning the archaeology of cult and religion23.

BIBlIOGRaPhY

Adrymi-Sismani, V. 1994. The Mycenaean town at Dimini. New evidence for ancient Iolkos, in New evidence from researches on Ancient Iolkos, Proceedings of a scientific conference, 12 May 1993, Volos, Municipal Centre for Historical Research and Documentation of Volos, 17–44.

Adrymi-Sismani, V. 2003. Mυκηναϊκή Ιωλκός, Aρχαιολογικά Ανάλεκτα εξ’ Αθηνών 32-33:71-100.

French, E. 1971. The Development of Mycenaean Terracotta Figurines, Annual of the British School at Athens, Vol. 66: 102-187.

French, E.B. - Taylour, D.W. 2007. Well Built Mycenae, Fascicule 13, The Service Areas of the Cult Centre, Oxbow Books. Oxford.

Insoll, T. 2005. Archaeology of Cult and Religion, in Renfrew, C. and Bahn, P. (eds.), Archaeology, The Key Concepts, Routledge, London and New York, 45-49.

Konsolaki, E. 1995. The Mycenaean Sanctuary on Methana, Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 40: 242. London.

Konsolaki, E. 1996. Μέθανα, Άγιος Κωνσταντίνος, Aρχαιολογικόν Δελτίον 46: 71-74.

17 Konsolaki 1995. 1996. Whittaker 1997, 164-165. Tzonou-Herbst 2002, 171-172.18 Whittaker 1997, 179-180.19 Adrymi-Sismani 1994, 31-36, Figs. 17, 18. 2003, 89-93.20 As already noted, with varying emphasis, in discussions of their characteristics: e.g. Whittaker 1997, 17-18, 25-26. 21 Renfrew 1985. Renfrew and Bahn 2000, 408-409.22 Moore and Taylour 1999, 77-81. 23 For a concise survey of interpretative schemes relating to the archaeology of cult and religion and the lack, as yet, of an overall theoretical framework in the post-processual discourse, see Insoll 2005, with list of readings. But see also Whitley and Kelley Hays-Gilpin 2008 for new directions in this field.


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Lolos, Y.G. 2003a. Μυκηναϊκή Σαλαμίς. Οι έρευνες των ετών 2000-2002, Δωδώνη, Επιστημονική Επετηρίδα του Τμήματος Ιστορίας και Αρχαιολογίας της Φιλοσοφικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Ιωαννίνων, τόμ.32: 17-98.

Lolos, Y.G. 2003b. Cypro-Mycenaean Relations ca. 1200 B.C.: Point Iria in the Gulf of Argos and Old Salamis in the Saronic Gulf, in Stampolidis, Chr.N. and Karageorghis, V. (eds.), ΠΛΟΕΣ, Sea Routes, Interconnections in the Mediterranean 16th-6th c. B.C., Proceedings of the International Symposium held at Rethymnon, Crete, September 29th-October 2nd 2002, published by the University of Crete and the A.G. Leventis Foundation, Athens 2003: 101-116.

Lolos, Y.G. 2008. The Mycenaean settlement on the island of Salamis in the Saronic Gulf (c. 1390-1190 B.C.), in Tzedakis, Υ., Martlew, Η. and Jones, Κ.Μ (eds.), Archaeology Meets Science: Biomolecular Investigations in Bronze Age Greece, Oxbow Books. Oxford, 263-268.

Lolos, Y.G. 2009. Salamis ca. 1200 B.C.: Connections with Cyprus and the East, in Borgna, Ε. and Cassola Guida, P. (eds.), From the Aegean to the Adriatic: Social organisations, modes of exchange and interaction in the Post - palatial Times (12th - 11th c. B.C.), Atti del Seminario Internazionale (Udine, 1-2 Dicembre 2006), Studi e Ricerche di Protostoria Mediterranea 8, Quasar. Roma, 29-45.

Lolos, Y.G., Marabea, Chr. and Oikonomou, V. 2007. Ajax’s capital. The seat of the maritime kingdom of Salamis, in Pepe, C. (ed.), Men, Lands and Seas, L’Archeologia nel Mare, Atti del Convegno, Napoli, 27-28 Giugno 2006, Quaderni della ricerca scientifica 7, Università degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa. Napoli, 114-127.

Marabea, Chr. 2007: Well-harboured Salamis: Reaching the Mycenaean acropolis of Salamis from the ports, in Pepe, C. (ed.), Men, Lands and Seas, L’Archeologia nel Mare, Atti del Convegno, Napoli, 27-28 Giugno 2006, Quaderni della ricerca scientifica 7, Università degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa, Napoli, 128-137.

Marabea, Chr. 2010a. The maritime contacts of Mycenaean Salamis, in Archeomed, II° Workshop

Internazionale: L’Archeologia Subacquea Mediterranea incontra l’Oriente, 26-27 Febbraio 2010, Castellammare di Stabia (Napoli), in press.

Marabea, Ch. 2010b. To Ανατολικό Κτηριακό Συγκρότημα ΙΑ – ΙΒ - ΙΔ στη Μυκηναϊκή Ακρόπολη των Κανακίων: Περιεχόμενο και Λειτουργία. PhD thesis. University of Ioannina.

Moore, A.D. and Taylour, W.D. 1999. Well Built Mycenae, Fascicule 10, The Temple Complex, Oxbow Books. Oxford.

Renfrew, C. 1985. The Archaeology of Cult. The Sanctuary at Phylakopi, (Annual of The British School At Athens) Supplementary Vol. 18, Thames and Hudson. London.

Renfrew, C. and Bahn, P. 2000. Archaeology, Theory, Methods and Practice, Thames and Hudson, Third edition. London.

Pilafidis-Williams, K. 1998. The Sanctuary of Aphaia on Aigina in the Bronze Age, Hirmer Verlag GmbH. München.

Sakellarakis, Y. 1996. Minoan Religious Influence in the Aegean: The Case of Kythera, Annual of The British School at Athens, Vol. 91: 81-99.

Tzonou-Herbst, I. 2002. A Contextual Analysis of Mycenaean Terracotta Figurines, PhD thesis. University of Cincinnati.

van de Moortel, A. 2009. The Late Helladic IIIC – Protogeometric Transition at Mitrou, East Lokris, in Deger-Jalkotzy, S. and Bächle, E.A. (eds.), LH IIIC Chronology and Synchronisms III, LH IIIC Late and the transition to the Early Iron Age, Proceedings of the International Workshop held at the Austrian Academy of Sciences at Vienna, February 23rd and 24th, 2007, Veröffentlichungen der Mykenischen Kommission 30. Vienna, 359-372.

Whitley, D.S. and Hays-Gilpin, K. (eds.) 2008. Belief in the Past: Theoretical Approaches to the Archaeology of Religion, Oxbow Books. Oxford.

Whittaker, H. 1997. Mycenaean Cult Buildings, A Study of their Architecture and Function in the Context of the Aegean and the Eastern Mediterranean, The Norwegian Institute at Athens. Bergen.


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FIG�1� Salamis, Kanakia. Plan of Building Gamma, after the close of the 2008 campaign.

FIG�2� Salamis, Kanakia. Part of the north wing of Building Gamma, from northwest (2008).

FIG�3� Salamis, Kanakia. General view of the north wing of Building Gamma, from east, with unexcavated part in

the foreground (2009).

FIG�4� Salamis, Kanakia, Building Gamma. View of the shrine and the adjacent passageway, from southwest

(2007).

FIG�5� Salamis, Kanakia, Building Gamma. View of the shrine, from northeast (2007).

FIG�6� Salamis, Kanakia, Building Gamma. The porch of the shrine, with fixed installations, from northwest (2007).


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YANNOS G. LOLOS

FIG�7� Salamis, Kanakia, Building Gamma. Bronze votive strip, as found (2007).

FIG�8� Salamis, Kanakia, Building Gamma. Bronze votive strip, after conservation (Archaeological Museum of Piraeus).

FIG�9� Salamis, Kanakia, Building Gamma. Miniature terracotta figurine of Type Phi, before cleaning (Archaeological Museum of Salamis).


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