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This is the fourth in a ten-course series comprising the 40-hour HAZWOPER for General Site Workers certificate program per OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910.120. This course focuses on general requirements for hazard communication in all industries, analyzing workplace hazards, and HCS training requirements. The information will help students comply with the requirements of OSHA’s HAZWOPER Standard, 1910.120(p)(2). HAZWOPER IV
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Page 1: Study Guide Formatting Template - OSHAcademy

This is the fourth in a ten-course series comprising the 40-hour HAZWOPER for General Site Workers certificate program per OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910.120. This course focuses on general requirements for hazard communication in all industries, analyzing workplace hazards, and HCS training requirements. The information will help students comply with the requirements of OSHA’s HAZWOPER Standard, 1910.120(p)(2).

HAZWOPER IV

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OSHAcademy Course 663 Study GuideHAZWOPER IVCopyright © 2017 Geigle Safety Group, Inc.

No portion of this text may be reprinted for other than personal use. Any commercial use ofthis document is strictly forbidden.

Contact OSHAcademy to arrange for use as a training document.

This study guide is designed to be reviewed off-line as a tool for preparation to successfullycomplete OSHAcademy Course 663.

Read each module, answer the quiz questions, and submit the quiz questions online throughthe course webpage. You can print the post-quiz response screen which will contain the correctanswers to the questions.

The final exam will consist of questions developed from the course content and module quizzes.

We hope you enjoy the course and if you have any questions, feel free to email or call:

OSHAcademy

15220 NW Greenbrier Parkway, Suite 230Beaverton, Oregon [email protected]+1 (888) 668-9079

Disclaimer

This document does not constitute legal advice. Consult with your own company counsel for advice on compliance with all applicable state andfederal regulations. Neither Geigle Safety Group, Inc., nor any of its employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assigneesmake any warranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the informationcontained herein, or assume any liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of any information or process disclosed in thispublication. GEIGLE SAFETY GROUP, INC., DISCLAIMS ALL OTHER WARRANTIES EXPRESS OR IMPLIED INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANYWARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Taking actions suggested in this document does not guaranteethat an employer, employee, operator or contractor will be in compliance with applicable regulations. Ultimately every company is responsiblefor determining the applicability of the information in this document to its own operations. Each employer’s safety management system will bedifferent. Mapping safety and environmental management policies, procedures, or operations using this document does not guaranteecompliance regulatory requirements.

Revised: September 20, 2017

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Course 663

Contents

Introduction to Hazard Communication......................................................................................... 1

The Numbers............................................................................................................................... 1

Requirements.............................................................................................................................. 1

Modules and Learning Objectives .................................................................................................. 2

Module 1: General Responsibilities ............................................................................................ 2

Module 2: Analyzing the Workplace........................................................................................... 2

Module 3: Chemical Hazards in Construction ............................................................................ 2

Module 4: Container Labeling..................................................................................................... 3

Module 5: Safety Data Sheets (SDSs).......................................................................................... 3

Module 6: Information and Training .......................................................................................... 4

Module 1: General Responsibilities ................................................................................................ 5

Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 5

Quiz Instructions ......................................................................................................................... 6

Purpose of the Standard ............................................................................................................. 6

Scope of the Standard................................................................................................................. 7

Application of the Standard ........................................................................................................ 8

Exceptions to the Standard......................................................................................................... 9

Evaluating Chemicals ................................................................................................................ 10

Classifying the Hazards ............................................................................................................. 11

Employees Handling Chemicals in Sealed Containers .............................................................. 12

Module 2: Analyzing the Workplace............................................................................................. 13

Initial Assessment ..................................................................................................................... 13

Hazardous Substances and Chemicals ...................................................................................... 13

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Physical Hazards........................................................................................................................ 14

Health Hazards.......................................................................................................................... 15

Forms of Hazardous Chemicals................................................................................................. 16

Chemical Effects........................................................................................................................ 16

Routes of Entry.......................................................................................................................... 17

Assessing and Analyzing the Workplace for Chemical Hazards................................................ 18

Chemical Hazard Control Strategies ......................................................................................... 18

Module 3: Chemical Hazards in Construction .............................................................................. 21

Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 21

Hazards...................................................................................................................................... 21

General Precautions and Safe Work Practices ......................................................................... 22

Exposure to Lead....................................................................................................................... 23

Protective Measures for Lead................................................................................................... 24

Exposure to Methylene Chloride (MC) ..................................................................................... 24

Exposure to Chromium ............................................................................................................. 26

Safety Precautions .................................................................................................................... 27

Module 4: Container Labeling....................................................................................................... 29

Types of Containers .................................................................................................................. 29

HCS Container Labeling............................................................................................................. 29

Shipped Container Labels ......................................................................................................... 29

Product Identifier.................................................................................................................. 30

Signal Words ......................................................................................................................... 30

Hazard Statements................................................................................................................ 30

Pictograms ............................................................................................................................ 31

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Precautionary Statements .................................................................................................... 31

Supplier Identification........................................................................................................... 31

Sample HCS 2012 Shipped/Primary Container Label ............................................................... 32

Workplace or Secondary Container Labeling ........................................................................... 33

Alternative Labeling Methods................................................................................................... 34

Stationary Process Container Labeling ..................................................................................... 34

Portable Container Labeling ..................................................................................................... 35

Figure This Out .......................................................................................................................... 35

Labeling Solid Materials ............................................................................................................ 35

Other Important Labeling Requirements ................................................................................. 36

Updating Labels......................................................................................................................... 37

HCS 2012 Pictogram Requirements.......................................................................................... 37

Module 5: Safety Data Sheets (SDSs)............................................................................................ 39

What’s a Safety Data Sheet (SDS)? ........................................................................................... 39

Who Must Have Them? ............................................................................................................ 39

The SDS Form ............................................................................................................................ 39

Sections of the GHS Safety Data Sheet ..................................................................................... 40

1. Identification ..................................................................................................................... 40

2. Hazards Identification ....................................................................................................... 41

3. Composition/Information on Ingredients......................................................................... 41

4. First Aid Measures ............................................................................................................ 42

5. Fire Fighting Measures...................................................................................................... 42

SDS Management – Employer Responsibilities ........................................................................ 47

Module 6: Information and Training ............................................................................................ 49

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Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 49

When to Inform and Train ........................................................................................................ 49

Information ............................................................................................................................... 49

Training Topics .......................................................................................................................... 49

Training Methods...................................................................................................................... 51

Training New Hires?.................................................................................................................. 52

Training Temporary Employees ................................................................................................ 52

Training for Emergencies .......................................................................................................... 53

Controlled and Uncontrolled Releases ..................................................................................... 54

Controlled Releases .............................................................................................................. 54

Uncontrolled Releases .......................................................................................................... 54

Acronyms ...................................................................................................................................... 55

Glossary......................................................................................................................................... 57

References .................................................................................................................................... 65

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Introduction to Hazard Communication

The Numbers

More than 30 million workers are potentially exposed to one or more chemical hazards. Thereare an estimated 650,000 existing hazardous chemical products, and hundreds of new ones arebeing introduced annually. This poses a serious problem for exposed workers and theiremployers.

OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) - 29 CFR 1910.1200 provides workers exposed tohazardous chemicals with the right-to-know the identities and hazards of those materials, aswell as appropriate protective measures. When workers have such information, they can takesteps to protect themselves from experiencing adverse effects from exposure.

Requirements

The HCS established uniform requirements to ensure the hazards of all chemicals importedinto, produced, or used in U.S. workplaces are evaluated and that this hazard information istransmitted to affected employers and exposed employees.

The “HAZCOM” program ensures that all employers receive the information they need toinform and train their employees properly and to design and put in place employee protectionprograms. It also provides necessary hazard information to employees so they can participatein, and support, the protective measures in place at their workplaces.

This course covers general requirements for hazard communication that apply in all industries.The information will help students comply with the requirements within OSHA’s HAZWOPERStandard, 1910.120(p)(2).

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Modules and Learning Objectives

Module 1: General Responsibilities

Learning objectives in this module include:

Describe the purpose, scope, and application of the Hazard CommunicationStandard (HCS).

Give examples of situations in which the HCS standard does and does not apply.

Describe the requirements for manufacturer, distributor, and importers to evaluatechemicals.

Discuss the three-step chemical “classification” process.

Describe best practices for handling chemicals in sealed containers.

Module 2: Analyzing the Workplace

Learning objectives in this module include:

Discuss the importance of conducting an initial assessment of chemicals on theworksite.

Discuss the differences between OSHA’s definition of “substances” and “hazardouschemicals.”

List the effects of exposure to physical and health hazards, and give examples ofeach.

List and give examples of the various forms of hazardous chemicals.

Discuss the factors that determine the effects chemicals have on various organs.

Describe the four primary routes of entry of chemicals into the body.

State the five “Hierarchy of Controls” strategies for controlling chemical hazards.

Module 3: Chemical Hazards in Construction

Learning objectives in this module include:

List common health and physical hazards found on worksites.

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Discuss general safety precautions and best practices when handling chemicals onworksites.

List the tasks that commonly expose workers to lead.

Define and discuss “action level,” “permissible exposure limit (PEL),” AND “triggertasks” for exposure to lead.

Describe protective measures to reduce exposure to lead below the action level.

Discuss exposure to methylene chloride and the hazard control strategies to protectemployees from over-exposure.

Describe the properties of hexavalent chromium, its industrial sources, hazards fromexposure, and safety precautions.

Module 4: Container Labeling

Learning objectives in this module include:

Describe the labeling requirements for Shipped Container labels.

Identify the information required on a Workplace or Secondary container labels.

Describe alternative labeling methods such as NFPA and HMIS labels.

Discuss the criteria for portable containers.

Describe the requirements for labeling solid materials.

Identify and give examples of GHS pictograms used in conjunction with labels.

Module 5: Safety Data Sheets (SDSs)

Learning objectives in this module include:

Describe the purpose of the safety data sheet.

List persons who are required to develop, distribute, and maintain SDSs.

Given a list of the 16 sections of a typical SDS, discuss each sections’ purpose.

Give examples of information that would be included in each section of an SDS.

Discuss employer responsibilities for maintaining and managing SDSs.

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Module 6: Information and Training

Learning objectives in this module include:

Discuss when employers must provide HCS training to employees.

Identify the three HCS information topics the employer must provide to employees.

Identify the four training topic areas the employer must provide to employees.

Identify the three HCS knowledge areas the employer is required to evaluate aftertraining.

Describe the various methods for conducting HCS instruction and training.

Discuss the requirements for training new hires and temporary employees.

Discuss HCS training for emergencies and identify when Emergency Response Plansare required.

Distinguish between incidental and uncontrolled releases of hazardous chemicals.

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Module 1: General Responsibilities

Introduction

To ensure chemical safety in theworkplace, the employer must ensureemployees have information andunderstand the identities and hazardsof chemicals with which they work.OSHA's Hazard CommunicationStandard (HCS) requires employersand manufacturers to develop anddistribute chemical information asstated below:

Chemical manufacturersand importers must classifythe hazards of thechemicals they produce orimport, and prepare labelsand safety data sheets toconvey the hazardinformation to theirdownstream customers;

All employers withclassified hazardous chemicals in their workplaces must have labels and safety datasheets for their exposed workers, and train workers to handle the chemicalsappropriately.

The HCS 2012 is aligned with the United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classificationand Labeling of Chemicals (GHS) that provides many benefits, including the following:

provides a common and coherent approach to classifying chemicals andcommunicating hazard information on labels and safety data sheets;

improves the quality and consistency of hazard information in the workplace;

helps reduce trade barriers;

HAZCOM standard pictograms

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results in productivity improvements for American businesses that regularly handle,store, and use classified hazardous chemicals;

Provides cost savings for American businesses that periodically update safety datasheets and labels for classified chemicals.

Quiz Instructions

Read the material in each section to discover the correct answer to questions. Circle the correctanswers. When you’re finished with all modules in the course, go online to take the final exam.The exam is open book, so you can use this study guide while taking the exam.

1. According to the HCS 2012, what must the employer do to protect employeesexposed to hazardous chemicals?

a. Classify and categorize the hazards of all chemicals in the workplaceb. Ensure employees always wear full body suits at all timesc. Label containers, have safety data sheets, and train workers to handle chemicalsd. Perform chemical analysis of each chemical in the workplace

Purpose of the Standard

The purpose of the HCS 2012 is to ensure that:

1. the hazards of all chemicals producedor imported are classified, and

2. information about the classifiedhazards is transmitted to employersand employees.

Classifying the potential hazards of chemicals,and communicating information concerninghazards and appropriate protective measuresto employees, may include:

developing and maintaining awritten hazard communicationprogram;

listing hazardous chemicals present;

An example of a GHS compliant label

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labeling containers of chemicals in the workplace;

labeling containers of containers of chemicals being shipped to other workplaces;

preparing and distributing SDSs to employees and downstream employers;

developing and implementing employee training programs.

Remember, OSHA's HCS 2012 is intended to be consistent with the provisions of the UnitedNations' Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS).

2. What is OSHA’s HCS 2012 intended to be consistent with?

a. National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA)b. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)c. American National Standards Institute (ANSI)d. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

Scope of the Standard

The HCS 2012 requires chemical manufacturers or importers to classify the hazards ofchemicals which they produce or import. The standard requires all employers to provideinformation to their employees about the hazardous chemicals they are exposed to, by meansof:

1. a hazard communication program,

2. labels and other forms of warning,

3. safety data sheets, and

4. information and training.

In addition, the HCS requires distributors to transmit the required information to employers.

Employers who do not produce or import chemicals need only focus on those parts of this rulethat deal with establishing a workplace program and communicating information to theirworkers.

Click here to review a good example of a safety data sheet.

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3. According to HCS 2012, what is one of the methods an employer must use to provideinformation about hazardous chemicals to which employees are exposed?

a. Place red marks on containers that have hazardous chemicalsb. Rely heavily on the enforcement of safety rulesc. Report of the misuse of chemicalsd. Use labels and other forms of warning

Application of the Standard

The HCS 2012 applies to any chemical which is known to be present in the workplace in such amanner that employees may be exposed under normal conditions of use or in a foreseeableemergency.

"Foreseeable emergency" means any potential occurrence such as, but not limitedto, equipment failure, rupture of containers, or failure of control equipment whichcould result in an uncontrolled release of a hazardous chemical into the workplace.

The phrase "known to be present" is important. If a hazardous chemical is known tobe present by the chemical manufacturer or the employer, it is covered by thestandard.

“Hazardous chemical” means any chemical which is classified as a physical hazard ora health hazard, a simple asphyxiant, combustible dust, pyrophoric gas, or hazardnot otherwise classified.

This includes chemicals to which employees may be exposed during normal operations or in aforeseeable emergency. This means that even though an employer was not responsible for themanufacture of the hazardous chemical, the employer has the responsibility for transmittinginformation about the hazardous chemical to his or her employees.

Employees, such as office workers or bank tellers who encounter hazardous chemicals only innon-routine, isolated instances are not covered. For example, an office worker who occasionallychanges the toner in a copying machine would not be covered by the standard. However, anemployee who operates a copying machine as part of her/his work duties would be covered bythe provisions of the HCS.

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4. According to the HCS 2012, what is a characteristic of a hazardous chemical?

a. It must be immediately hazardous to life and health (IDLH)b. It must be known to be present in the workplace by the employerc. It must be a chemical that is classified “non-toxic”d. It must be a dormant chemical

Exceptions to the Standard

The Hazard Communications Standard does not apply to:

regulated hazardous waste when the hazardous substance is the focus of remedialor removal action;

tobacco or tobacco products;

wood or wood products, including lumber which will not be processed. Wood orwood products which have been treated with a hazardous chemical. (Wood whichmay be subsequently sawed or cut, generating dust, are not exempted);

manufactured items other than fluids or particles:

o which are formed to a specific shape or design during manufacture;

o which have end use function(s) dependent in whole or in part upon its shapeor design during end use; and

o which under normal conditions of use do not release more than minute ortrace amounts of a hazardous chemical and do not pose a physical hazard orhealth risk to employees;

food or alcoholic beverages which are sold, used, or prepared in a retailestablishment, and foods intended for personal consumption by employees while inthe workplace;

cosmetics which are packaged for sale to consumers in a retail establishment, andcosmetics intended for personal consumption by employees while in the workplace;

consumer products or hazardous substances where the employer can show that:

o they are used in the workplace for the purpose intended by the chemicalmanufacturer or importer of the product, and

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o the use results in a duration and frequency of exposure which is not greaterthan the range of exposures that could reasonably be experienced byconsumers when used for the purpose intended;

nuisance particulates where the chemical manufacturer or importer can establishthat they do not pose any physical or health hazard;

ionizing and non-ionizing radiation; and

biological hazards.

5. What is an exception to the HCS 2012 standard?

a. A hazardous chemical the employer knows to be present in the workplaceb. cosmetics which are packaged for sale to consumersc. regulated wastes that are not the focus of remedial actiond. treated wood products that are sawed or cut, generating dust

Evaluating Chemicals

Requirements for chemical manufacturers, distributors, and importers are different than thosefor employers who only use manufactured chemicals.

Chemical manufacturers and importers must evaluate chemicals produced in their workplacesor imported by them to classify the chemicals in accordance with the HCS 2012.

Employers are not required to classify chemicals. The only exception to this is if the employerchooses not to rely on the classifications performed by the chemical manufacturer or importerfor the chemical to satisfy this requirement.

An employer’s general responsibilities under the HCS 2012 include:

1. ensure proper container labeling,

2. Safety Data Sheet maintenance and use,

3. provide information and training, and

4. develop and implement a written hazard communication plan.

Throughout the rest of the course, pay special attention to those areas you have listed asinadequate. You may gain some good ideas about how to improve those areas.

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6. Who is required the HCS 2012 standard to classify chemicals?

a. Manufacturers and importersb. Employees and employersc. Employers and contractorsd. Distributors and wholesalers

Classifying the Hazards

Classification for health and physical hazards includes the determination of the degree ofhazard, where appropriate, by comparing the data with the criteria for health and physicalhazards. Classification is a three-step process:

1. Identify the relevant data regarding the hazards of a chemical.

2. Review the data to ascertain the hazards associated with the chemical.

3. Decide whether the chemical will be classified as hazardous per the definition ofhazardous chemical.

For each chemical, the chemical manufacturer or importer must determine the hazard classes,and where appropriate, the category of each class that apply to the chemical being classified.

Chemical manufacturers, importers and employers classifying chemicals must identify andconsider the full range of available scientific literature and other evidence concerning thepotential hazards.

Employers are not required to classify chemicals if they choose to rely on the classificationperformed by the chemical manufacturer or importer for the chemical to satisfy thisrequirement.

7. Which of the following is NOT a step in classifying chemicals?

a. Discuss the pros and cons of classifying a chemical as hazardousb. Review the data ascertain hazards of the chemicalc. Identify the relevant data about the hazards of the chemicald. Decide if the chemical will be classified as hazardous

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Employees Handling Chemicals in Sealed Containers

In work operations where employees only handle chemicals in sealed containers which are notopened under normal conditions of use (such as are found in marine cargo handling,warehousing, or retail sales), employers must do the following:

1. Ensure labels on incoming containers of hazardous chemicals are not removed ordefaced.

2. Maintain copies of any safety data sheets that are received with incoming shipments ofthe sealed containers of hazardous chemicals.

3. Obtain a safety data sheet as soon as possible if sealed containers do not have safetydata sheets.

4. Ensure the safety data sheets are readily accessible during each work shift.

5. Provide appropriate information and training about the hazards of the chemicalsemployees use.

6. Protect employees in the event of a spill or leak of a hazardous chemical from a sealedcontainer.

8. What must an employer do where employees only handle chemicals in sealedcontainers which are not opened under normal conditions?

a. Ensure employees open the containers and inspect every chemical containerb. Maintain copies of safety data sheets received with incoming shipmentsc. Nothing, employees won’t come in contact with the chemicalsd. Ensure employees remove labels to all incoming sealed containers

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Module 2: Analyzing the Workplace

Initial Assessment

Now that you have reviewed the scope of the Hazard Communication Rule and employerresponsibilities, it’s time to get down to business. The first task is to determine what chemicalsyou have in your workplace. It's important for the person conducting the initial assessment tobe familiar with the definition and characteristics of "hazardous chemicals," so we’ll look atthese topics now.

Hazardous Substances and Chemicals

OSHA has defined the term, "substances," as chemical elements and their compounds in thenatural state or obtained by any production process, including any additive necessary topreserve the stability of the product and any impurities deriving from the process used, butexcluding any solvent which may be separated without affecting the stability of the substanceor changing its composition.

For the purposes of the HCS, “hazardous chemical” means any chemical which is classified as aphysical hazard or health hazard, a simple asphyxiant, combustible dust, pyrophoric gas, orhazard not otherwise classified.

1. When analyzing your workplace what is the first task needed to be completed?

a. Determine what chemicals you have in your workplaceb. Train and provide information on chemicals to your employeesc. Develop chemical hazard control strategiesd. Create an emergency action plan

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Physical Hazards

Physical hazards are chemicals thatare classified as posing one of thefollowing hazardous effects:

explosive

flammable (gases,aerosols, liquids, or solids)

oxidizer (liquid, solid orgas)

self-reactive; pyrophoric(liquid or solid)

self-heating

organic peroxide

corrosive to metal

gas under pressure or

in contact with wateremits flammable gas

See Appendix B to 1910.1200 -- Physical Hazard Criteria.

2. Physical hazards pose which of the following hazardous effects?

a. Aspiration hazardb. Acute toxicityc. Skin sensitizationd. Corrosive to metal

Physical hazard pictograms.

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Health Hazards

Health hazards are chemicals that areclassified as posing one of the followinghazardous effects:

acute toxicity (any route ofexposure)

skin corrosion or irritation

serious eye damage or eyeirritation

respiratory or skinsensitization

germ cell mutagenicity

carcinogenicity

reproductive toxicity

specific target organ toxicity(single or repeatedexposure) or

aspiration hazard

The criteria for determining whether a chemical is classified as a health hazard are detailed inAppendix A to 1910.1200 -- Health Hazard Criteria.

3. Health hazards pose which of the following hazardous effects?

a. Explosiveb. Flammablec. Eye damaged. Self-heating

Health hazard pictograms.

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Forms of Hazardous Chemicals

You might think that the chemicals which apply to the rule are those in liquid, gas or particulateform. But, the standard's definition of "chemical" is much broader than that commonly used.Per the Hazard Communication Standard, chemicals that apply may exist in one of many forms:

Dusts - are finely divided particles. Example - wood dust.

Fumes - are even smaller particles usually formed when solid metal is heated andvaporized, and then condenses as tiny particles.

Fibers - are like dusts but are of an elongated shape. Examples - asbestos andfiberglass.

Mists - are liquid droplets that have been sprayed into the atmosphere.

Vapors - are gases formed when liquid evaporates. A vapor is the gaseous phase of asubstance which is a normally a liquid or solid at room temperature.

Gases - are substances that are normally airborne at room temperature.

Solids - such as metal, treated wood, plastic.

Liquids - the most common form in the workplace.

4. Small particles that are usually formed when solid metal is heated and vaporized arecalled _____.

a. fumesb. mistsc. gasesd. vapors

Chemical Effects

The effects chemicals have on the various organs of the human body depend on severalimportant factors:

1. The form of the chemical: is the chemical a solid, liquid, or gas?

2. How the chemical contacts the body: is the chemical ingested, inhaled, absorbed, orinjected?

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3. The amount, or dose, the body receives: how much chemical makes its way into thebody?

4. How toxic the chemical is: how poisonous is the chemical?

5. All of the following are factors that affect how chemicals interact with various organsof the human body, EXCEPT _____.

a. the form of the chemicalb. how the chemical contacts the bodyc. the dose the body receivesd. the smell of the chemical

Routes of Entry

Another important task when assessing the workplace for chemical hazards is to determine theroute(s) of entry the chemicals may take. If we know the route(s) of entry, we can thendetermine appropriate engineering, administrative, and PPE controls to eliminate or reduce theexposure. Below are the four common routes of entry.

1. Ingestion - Do we eat or drink it?

2. Inhalation - Do we breathe it in? The most common route of entry of hazardouschemicals.

3. Absorption - Does it pass through the skin, eyes or other membranes?

4. Injection - Does it enter through a puncture or cut?

We'll be talking more about the physical characteristics, routes of entry, and toxicity ofhazardous chemicals later in the Safety Data Sheet module.

6. What is the most common route of entry for hazardous chemicals?

a. Inhalationb. Injectionc. Ingestiond. Absorption

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Assessing and Analyzing the Workplace for Chemical Hazards

There's a simple four-step process for assessing and analyzing the workplace for chemicalhazards:

1. Assess the workplace to see which hazardous chemicals are currently being used. Dothis by conducting a walk around inspection and checking records.

2. Use the results of your assessment to create a list of hazardous chemicals.

3. With chemical list in hand, obtain a SDS for each chemical in preparation for the nextstep.

4. With each SDS, analyze the hazards presented by each chemical in the workplace. TheSDS is your primary tool to determine the physical and health hazards, routes of entry,toxicity, and other information about each chemical in your workplace.

Once you identify and know the nature of the hazards of each chemical, it becomes importantto control those hazards by eliminating or reducing those hazards using a systematic approach.

7. When assessing and analyzing the workplace for chemical hazards, what do you dowith the results of the walkaround inspection and records check?

a. Report the results to you local OSHA officeb. Create a list of hazardous chemicalsc. Reduce the number of hazardous chemicalsd. Substitute the hazardous chemicals

Chemical Hazard Control Strategies

Hazardous materials can be used safely in workplaces if adequate control strategies are used toprevent exposure to those chemicals. A control strategy includes any device, procedure, pieceof equipment, system, etc., that is used to keep hazardous chemicals from contacting workersat harmful levels. To eliminate or reduce exposure to hazardous chemicals, an effectiveprotocol called the "Hierarchy of Controls" has been developed. When you determine during aworkplace assessment that exposure to harmful levels of hazardous chemicals is present, try toeliminate or reduce that exposure using the following strategies in the following order:

The first three strategies focus on doing something with the hazard.

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1. Elimination: The best solution is to eliminate hazardous substances. A personal storyhere: My daughter came down with leukemia back in 1998 and we had to get rid of allpotentially hazardous chemicals in the house because her immune system would becompromised. I unloaded six shopping bags full of cleaners, soap, and other chemicalsand replaced them all with one biodegradable, totally non-toxic, all-purpose "green"cleaner called "Planet Solutions." I don't think they make it anymore, but I could notbelieve the quantity of hazardous chemicals we had in the house! Go green!!! (P.S. Mydaughter came through with flying colors... a survivor 12 years out now!)

2. Substitution: Substitution is the next-best solution. Replace a toxic substance with aless-toxic substance. If you can't get rid of the toxic substances, you may be able toreplace them with substances that are at least less toxic. The goal is to reduce thetoxicity of the hazards to levels that do not require the use of administrative controls orpersonal protective equipment.

3. Engineering Controls: Redesign processes that use toxic chemicals to eliminate orreduce exposure to the chemical hazard itself. This strategy seeks to control the hazardat the source by using such methods as total enclosure. It also attempts to control thehazardous chemicals along the path by using such measures as ventilation.

The last two strategies focus on doing something with behaviors to reduce exposure to thehazard.

4. Administrative Controls: Change work procedures to reduce the duration, frequency,and severity of exposure to the chemical hazard. The chemical hazard, itself, is noteliminated or reduced using this strategy, only exposure to the chemical hazard. Theprimary focus is to incorporate safer work practices through written safety policies,rules, supervision and training. And that's a problem because you may have to regularlysupervise employees as they perform a task. These controls work only so long asemployees "behave" properly.

5. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): The use of PPE is probably the most commonstrategy, and in many cases, is a mandatory requirement when working with hazardouschemicals. The worker uses protective equipment to set up a barrier between workerand hazard. Once again, the chemical hazard is neither eliminated nor reduced, and ahigh reliance is placed on appropriate use of PPE for this strategy to be successful.

Remember, the first question you want to ask is, "How can I eliminate, reduce, or engineer outthe hazard?" Hopefully you'll be able to eliminate the hazard or reduce it to the point wheresafe behaviors or PPE won't be necessary.

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8. Which control strategy focuses on worker behaviors?

a. Personal protective equipment (PPE)b. Eliminationc. Substitutiond. Engineering controls

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Module 3: Chemical Hazards in Construction

Introduction

Construction workers are exposed daily to various health hazards on the construction site.Covering the health hazards in construction is outside the scope of our training in this course,but we will cover some of the hazards to which workers will be exposed.

Hazards

Failure to recognize the hazards associated with chemicals can cause chemical burns,respiratory problems, fires and explosions on construction sites.

Health hazards: Hazardous chemicals can produce acute and/or chronic (short-term and/orlong-term) illness and other health issues. Some examples of hazardous substances that cancause illness include:

carcinogens

toxic agents

irritants

corrosives

sensitizers

Physical hazards: Hazardous chemical physical hazards produce injuries. Some examplesinclude:

combustible liquids

compressed gases

explosives

flammables

organic peroxides

oxidizers

unstable (reactive) agents

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1. Which of the following is an example of a hazardous chemical physical hazard?

a. Carcinogensb. Toxic agentsc. Sensitizersd. Combustible liquids

General Precautions and Safe Work Practices

Recommended precautions and safe work practices to protect employees from exposure tohazardous chemicals include the following:

Maintain a Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for each chemical used in the facility.

Make this information accessible to employees in a language and format that areclearly understood by all affected personnel.

Train employees on all requirements of the hazard communication program,including how to read and use the SDS.

Follow manufacturer's SDS instructions for handling hazardous chemicals.

Train employees about the risks of each hazardous chemical being used.

Provide spill clean-up kits in areas where chemicals are stored.

Have a written spill control plan.

Train employees to clean up spills, protect themselves and properly dispose of usedmaterials.

Provide proper personal protective equipment and enforce its use.

Store chemicals safely and securely.

Develop and maintain a written hazard communication program addressing SafetyData Sheets (SDS), labeling and employee training.

Label each container of a hazardous substance (vats, bottles, storage tanks) withstandardized Globally Harmonized System (GHS) labeling.

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2. What is a recommended safe work practice to protect employees from exposure tohazardous chemicals?

a. Let employees figure out how to do their job without any trainingb. Provide spill clean-up kits in areas where chemicals are storedc. Implement a training program only if an employee gets hurtd. Try to acquire SDSs for the on-site chemicals if you have time

Exposure to Lead

Employers need to determine whether their workers will be exposed to lead on theconstruction worksite. This initial determination is done by sampling the air they breathe withspecial equipment. This is called air monitoring (also, exposure monitoring). It’s important toknow the following to help protect workers:

Action level: The exposure level at which you must act to protect your employees.30 micrograms per cubic meter of air (30 µg/m3) averaged over an eight-hour periodis the action level for lead exposure.

Permissible exposure limit: The permissible exposure limit (PEL or OSHA PEL) is thelegal limit for exposure to a chemical substance or physical agent. The employermust ensure no employee is exposed to lead at concentrations greater than 50micrograms per cubic meter of air (50 ug/m3) averaged over an 8-hour period.

Trigger tasks for Lead: Tasks that expose workers to extreme amounts of lead andtrigger a set of interim measures employers must take to protect those workers. Ifemployees do any of these tasks, assume they’re exposed to lead at levels above thePEL until you’ve done an initial determination.

The following tasks can expose workers to extreme amounts of lead:

cutting with a torch

heat gun work

manual sanding

manual scraping of dry materials

sanding with a dust collection system

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spray painting

manual demolition of structures such as dry wall, windows, and siding

sanding without dust collection systems

abrasive blasting

lead burning

torch burning

welding

Protective Measures for Lead

If your employees do trigger tasks, you must provide them with all of the following until youcan show they are exposed below the action level:

Ensure workers wear appropriate respirators.

Provide adequate protective clothing.

Clean areas for changing and storing clothing.

Ensure workers have access to hand washing facilities.

If necessary, provide blood sampling for lead.

Conduct training that covers lead health hazards and protective measures.

3. What is a task that can expose a worker to extreme amounts of lead?

a. Abrasive blastingb. Cleaning a forkliftc. Driving a truckd. Loading a palette

Exposure to Methylene Chloride (MC)

About 9,505 construction companies use products that contain the hazardous chemical,methylene chloride. Exposure often happens when workers are stripping paint or other

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coatings, applying foam, painting with epoxy paint, cleaning equipment with solvents, andspraying adhesives.

Workers are more likely to be exposed to high levels of MC when working in small, enclosedspaces that are not well ventilated.

Exposure may occur through inhalation, by absorption through the skin, or through contactwith the skin. OSHA considers methylene chloride to be a potential occupational carcinogen.

The following describes some engineering controls and work practices you may find helpful inreducing worker exposures to MC at your site.

Keep MC vapors contained. Store and transport MC products only in approvedsafety containers.

Instruct and train employees to be aware of hazards, personal hygiene, and how touse personal protective equipment.

Instruct employees handling or using flammable liquids, gases, or toxic materials inthe safe handling and use of these materials.

Avoid breathing the air directly above areas covered with MC.

Avoid direct skin contact with MC. Wear two pairs of gloves when using strippingsolution. The inner glove should be made of polyethylene (PE)/ethylene vinyl alcohol(EVOH), PE, or laminate to prevent MC penetration. The outer glove should be madeof nitrile or neoprene to protect against puncture or rips. Wear a face shield orgoggles to protect your face and eyes.

Use the washing facilities in your work area to wash off any MC from your hands andface. Use lots of soap or mild detergent and water to clean grease, oil, dirt, oranything else off your skin. Do not use MC or other organic solvents to clean yourskin.

Minimize the chance of spills and leaks. Develop and follow procedures forcontaining MC spills or leaks.

Take extra precautions in low and confined spaces. MC vapors are heavier than air,so they tend to move to low, unventilated spaces.

Check out more detailed information on Methylene Chloride from the EPA.

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4. Exposure to _____ often happens when workers are stripping paint or other coatings,applying foam, and painting with epoxy paint.

a. alcohol vaporsb. polypropylenec. methylene Chlorided. chromium sulfide

Exposure to Chromium

Chromium is a steel gray, lustrous, hard metal extracted from chromite ores. Chromium VI(hexavalent chromium) is of principal concern because of its extreme toxicity and designationas a human carcinogen.

In 2011, it is estimated 558,000 workers were potentially exposed to chromium VI in the UnitedStates. US production of chromium was estimated at 160,000 metric tons, coming almostentirely from recycling stainless steel scraps.

Some major industrial sources of hexavalent chromium are:

chromate pigments in dyes, paints, inks, and plastics

chromates added as anti-corrosive agents to paints, primers and other surfacecoatings

chrome plating by depositing chromium metal onto an item’s surface using asolution of chromic acid

particles released during smelting of ferrochromium ore

fumes from welding stainless steel or non-ferrous chromium alloys

impurity present in Portland cement

Workers performing the following tasks are potentially exposed to Cr(VI). Workplace exposuresoccur mainly in the following task areas:

welding and other types of hot work on stainless steel and other metals that containchromium

use of pigments, spray paints and coatings

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operating chrome plating baths

Workplace exposure to hexavalent chromium may cause the following health effects:

lung cancer in workers who breathe airborne hexavalent chromium

irritation or damage to the nose, throat, and lung (respiratory tract) if hexavalentchromium is breathed at high levels

irritation or damage to the eyes and skin if hexavalent chromium contacts theseorgans in high concentrations

5. What is a major industrial source of hexavalent chromium?

a. Saw dust from lumber millsb. Lawn fertilizerc. Organic manured. Chromate pigments in dyes

Safety Precautions

To protect employees from the hazards associated with Hexavalent Chromium, employers mustdo the following:

Limit the eight-hour time-weighted average exposure to chromium VI (hexavalentchromium) to five micrograms per cubic meter of air (5 ug/m3).

Perform periodic monitoring at least every 6 months if initial monitoring showsemployee exposure at or above the action level (2.5 micrograms per cubic meter ofair calculated as an 8-hour time-weighted average).

Provide appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment when there is likelyto be a hazard present from skin or eye contact.

Implement good personal hygiene and housekeeping practices to preventhexavalent chromium exposure.

Prohibit employee rotation as a method to achieve compliance with the exposurelimit (PEL).

Provide respiratory protection as specified in the standard.

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Make available medical examinations to employees within 30 days of initialassignment, annually, to those exposed in an emergency, to those who experiencesigns or symptoms of adverse health effects associated with hexavalent chromiumexposure, to those who are or may be exposed at or above the action level for 30 ormore days a year, and at termination of employment.

For more information, take OSHAcademy Course 705, Hazard Communication Program, andcheck out this short video: Introduction to the Globally Harmonized System of HazardCommunication produced by the Haskell Corporation.

6. All of the following are acceptable methods to limit exposure to chromium VI in theworkplace, EXCEPT _____.

a. provide respiratory protection for employeesb. rotate employeesc. implement good personal hygiene and housekeepingd. limit the 8-hour time weighted average

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Module 4: Container Labeling

Types of Containers

Container labeling can be a very effective method to communicate the physical and healthhazards of chemicals used in the workplace. The information on a container label will varydepending on what type of container it is and how it is used. We'll discuss labelingrequirements under the old 1994 HCS and the new (GHS) labeling requirements adopted by theHCS 2012 in this module.

We'll look at the labeling requirements for each of the types of containers referred to in thehazard communication standard:

shipped/primary container labels - on shipped containers

workplace/secondary container labels - on employer containers

stationary container labels - on large tanks, etc.

portable containers - there are NO label requirements

HCS Container Labeling

As of June 1, 2016, the new GHS labeling system must be used. We decided to continue todiscuss the "old" labeling system as well as the new so that if you find any of the old labels inyour workplace, you'll be able to recognize them and update them.

1. Which type of container has NO label requirements?

a. Shipped/primary containersb. Workplace/secondary containersc. Stationary containersd. Portable containers

Shipped Container Labels

Under the HSC 2012 Standard, labels on primary containers shipped from manufacturers ordistributors, the container must be labeled, tagged or marked with the following six items:

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Product Identifier Product identifier should be used and it should match product identifier used on the

SDS. If mixture is covered by UN Model regulations for transport of Dangerousgoods, UN proper shipping name should also appear on package

Label for substance should include the chemical identity of the substance. Formixtures and alloys - label should include chemical identities of all ingredients oralloying elements that contribute to acute toxicity, skin corrosion or serious eyedamage, germ cell mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, skin orrespiratory sensitization, or specific target organ toxicity (STOT). When thesehazards appear on the label

Where a substance or mixture is supplied exclusively for workplace use, competentauthority may choose to give suppliers discretion to include chemical identities onthe SDS, in lieu of including them on labels.

The competent authority rules for CBI take priority over the rules productidentification and ingredients meeting criteria for CBI do not have to be included onthe labelSignal Words

A word used to indicate the relative level of severity of hazard and alert the readerto a potential hazard on the label. Signal words used in GHS are "Danger" and"Warning." Danger is for the more severe hazard categories. Signal words areassigned to each hazard categoryHazard Statements

A phrase assigned to a hazard class and category that describes the nature of thehazards of a hazardous product, including when appropriate, the degree of thehazard.

Hazard statement and code: Hazard statement codes are intended to be used forreference purposes - they are not part of the text and should not be used to replaceit.

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Pictograms Pictogram means a graphical composition that may include a symbol plus other

elements, such as a border, background pattern or color that conveys specificinformation.Precautionary Statements

Phrase (and/or pictogram) that describes the recommended measures that shouldbe taken to minimize or prevent adverse effects resulting from exposure to ahazardous product. GHS label should include appropriate precautionary information,the choice of which belongs to the labeler or competent authority.

Precautionary codes are used to uniquely identify precautionary statements and arefor reference purposes - they are not part of the precautionary text and should notbe used to replace it.Supplier Identification

Name, address and telephone number of the manufacturer or supplier of thesubstance or mixture should be provided on the label.

The next section gives you a good look at what these labels should look like.

2. Which item on a GHS label is used to indicate the relative level of severity of hazardand alert the reader to a potential hazard on the label?

a. Hazard statementb. Pictogramc. Signal wordd. Supplier information

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Sample HCS 2012 Shipped/Primary Container Label

The GHS shipped container label below provides much information.

This label is intended to be an immediate visual reminder of the hazards of a chemical.However, it isn't necessary to list every hazard of the chemical on the label. The safety datasheet (SDS) is used for this purpose.

Manufacturers, importers, and distributors must assess the evidence regarding the product'shazards and must consider exposures under normal conditions of use or in foreseeableemergencies when evaluating what hazards are listed on the label. This is not to say that onlyacute hazards are to be listed on the label, or that well-substantiated hazards should be left offthe label because they appear on the data sheet.

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3. What is the GHS shipped/primary container label intended to be?

a. An immediate visual reminder of the hazards of a chemicalb. A sheet of information that provides all known information about the hazardous

chemicalc. A label that only chemical technicians will viewd. A technical label that an average person would not be able to understand

Workplace or Secondary Container Labeling

Most employers use the shipped primary containers they purchase to store and use chemicals.However, they may also use their own containers such as coffee cans, drums, plastic jugs, spraybottles, etc. to store and use smaller quantities of chemicals they purchase. These are calledworkplace or secondary containers.

The employer must ensure that each workplace or secondary container of hazardous chemicalsin the workplace is labeled, tagged or marked with either:

1. the information required on shipped container labels; or,

2. product identifier and words, pictures, symbols, or combination thereof, that provide atleast general information regarding the hazards of the chemicals, and that, inconjunction with the other information immediately available to employees, provideemployees with specific information regarding the physical and health hazards of thehazardous chemical

Bottom line, the employer must ensure that employees still get allthe hazard information from the elements of the hazardcommunication program implemented in their workplaces that theywould have gotten from a shipping label. To do this, the employershould conduct additional training, discuss SDS information, usesigns, process sheets or other types of warning to supplement thesecondary label information.

Look at the image to the right. OSHA inspectors see this all the timeand cite the employer for lack of proper labeling. This also tells theOSHA inspector they need to look at the overall HAZCOM Programbecause it's obvious the program is not working.

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4. What will an OSHA inspector likely think when a secondary container isn’t labeled?

a. The employer’s HAZCOM program is working properlyb. The employer must be training their employees properlyc. The employer must be using a new and improved labeling systemd. It's obvious the HAZCOM program is not working

Alternative Labeling Methods

Both the HCS 1994 and 2012 recognize and allow the use ofalternative in-plant labeling systems such as the HMIS(Hazardous Materials Information System), NFPA (NationalFire Protection Association), and others which may be used inindustry if they convey the required information. Thesealternative systems use color, numbers and other informationto convey the hazards of the chemical. These images show theNFPA and HMIS labels under the current HCS 1994. At the endof this module, you can see the GHS pictogram labels requiredunder the HCS 2012.

The key to evaluating the effectiveness of any alternativelabeling method is to determine whether employees cancorrelate the visual warning on the in-plant container with theapplicable chemical and its appropriate hazard warnings. The alternative labeling system mustalso be readily accessible to all employees in their work area throughout each work shift. Forpurposes of this provision, the term "other such written materials" does not include safety datasheets used in lieu of labels.

Stationary Process Container Labeling

Stationary process containers are...well...stationary! Storage tanks are good examples. Theemployer may use signs, placards, process sheets, batch tickets, operating procedures, or otherwritten materials in lieu of affixing labels to individual stationary process containers, if thealternative method identifies the containers to which it is applicable and conveys theinformation required on secondary containers. The written materials must be readily accessibleto the employees in their work area throughout each work shift.

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5. Alternative container labeling may be used in industry _____.

a. if they use the same color codeb. if they include GHS signal wordsc. if they convey the required informationd. if they obtain approval from GHS agencies

Portable Container Labeling

Portable containers are used to transfer hazardous chemicals from labeled containers, and areintended only for the immediate use of the employee who performs the transfer. The employeris not required to label portable containers. Drugs which are dispensed by a pharmacy to ahealth care provider for direct administration to a patient are exempted from labeling.

Figure This Out

It's important to know that portable containers must be under the positive control of theemployee using it. Let's say an employee is cleaning some parts with solvent he has placed in aplastic container. If he is using it for immediate use and can prevent another employee fromexposure, labeling is not required. But what must he do if he walks away from the workstationto go on a break (or for any reason), losing control of the chemical?

Since he loses positive control of the container, it must be labeled as an employer/secondarycontainer. OSHA inspectors routinely find containers in workplaces that are not properlylabeled. As a safety person, ensure you're always on the hunt for unlabeled secondarycontainers!

6. If an employee loses control of a portable container, what is the new classification ofthe container?

a. Shipped/Primary containerb. Employer/Secondary containerc. Remains a portable containerd. Stationary container

Labeling Solid Materials

For solid metal (such as a steel beam or a metal casting), solid wood, or plastic items that arenot exempted as articles due to their downstream use, or shipments of whole grain, therequired label may be transmitted to the customer at the time of the initial shipment, and need

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not be included with subsequent shipments to the same employer unless the information onthe label changes.

The label may be transmitted with the initial shipment itself, or with the safety data sheet thatis to be provided prior to or at the time of the first shipment.

For example, treated lumber is covered since the lumber is not completely cured at the time ofshipment and the hazardous chemical will, to a varying degree, offgas during shipment and beavailable for exposure to employees. Railroad ties treated with creosote should have anaccompanying safety data sheet (SDS) when shipped.

This exception to requiring labels on every container of hazardous chemicals is only for the solidmaterial itself, and does not apply to hazardous chemicals used in conjunction with, or knownto be present with, the material and to which employees handling the items in transit may beexposed (for example, cutting fluids or pesticides in grains).

7. When shipping solid materials to a customer, when may the required label betransmitted to the customer?

a. At the time of the initial shipment and if the information on the label changesb. The required label must be included in every shipment to the customerc. The required label is only necessary upon customer requestd. The manufacturer doesn’t need to provide a label at any time, only the SDS

Other Important Labeling Requirements

Labels are useless unless they accurately communicate the hazards of their associatedchemicals. It's important to keep labels in good condition always. The employer must notremove or deface existing labels on incoming containers of hazardous chemicals, unless thecontainer is immediately marked with the required information.

The employer must ensure that labels or other forms of warning are:

legible, in English,

prominently displayed on the container, or

readily available in the work area throughout each work shift

Employers having employees who speak other languages may add the information in theirlanguage to the material presented, if the information is presented in English as well.

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Updating Labels

Chemical manufacturers, importers, distributors, or employers who become newly aware ofany significant information regarding the hazards of a chemical must revise the labels for thechemical within six months of becoming aware of the new information, and must ensure thatlabels on containers of hazardous chemicals shipped after that time contain the newinformation.

If the chemical is not currently produced or imported, the chemical manufacturer, importer,distributor, or employer must add the information to the label before the chemical is shippedor introduced into the workplace again.

8. Employers must ensure that labels or other forms of warning are _____.

Displayed in a green and gold color schemeUsing ANSI required symbolsA minimum of 10 pixels in height and 5 pixels in widthProminently displayed on the container

HCS 2012 Pictogram Requirements

HCS 2012 requires GHS pictograms on labels to alert users of the chemical hazards to whichthey may be exposed. Each pictogram consists of a symbol on a white background framedwithin a red border and represents a distinct hazard(s). The pictogram on the label isdetermined by the chemical hazard classification.

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9. A flammable chemical’s pictogram will display a _____.

a. stick of dynamiteb. flame over a horizontal linec. skull and crossbonesd. flame over a circle

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Module 5: Safety Data Sheets (SDSs)

What’s a Safety Data Sheet (SDS)?

The safety data sheet (SDS) is used to communicate chemical hazard information from themanufacturer to the employee. This is the information needed to inform and train employeeson the safe use of hazardous chemicals. The employer is required to have an SDS for eachhazardous chemical product they use. This module will examine the SDS and the requirementsfor maintaining an effective SDS system. So, let's get going.

Who Must Have Them?

Chemical manufacturers and importers must obtain or develop a SDS for eachhazardous chemical they produce or import. Employers that mix chemicals thatresult in an interaction may be considered manufacturers and required to develop aSDS for the new chemical. If the chemicals in the mixture do not interact, theemployer may be able to use the existing SDSs for each chemical in the mixture.Check with OSHA if you have questions about mixing chemicals in your workplace.

Employers must have a SDS in the workplace for each hazardous chemical whichthey use.

1. The safety data sheet (SDS) is used to communicate chemical hazard information to the_____.

a. employeeb. employerc. manufacturerd. customer

The SDS Form

Let's look at the SDS form, itself. You can check out the course glossary found on the coursehomepage for general information on terms you may not be familiar with.

The chemical manufacturer or importer preparing the safety data sheet must ensure it is inEnglish (although the employer may maintain copies in other languages as well).

The SDS must include the following information under the section number and headingindicated for sections 1-11 and 16. If no relevant information is found for any given subheadingwithin a section, the SDS must clearly indicate no applicable information is available. Sections

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12-15 may be included in the SDS, but are not mandatory. Note: Not all sections aremandatory: only sections 1-11 and 16. Let's review each of the sections below:

Sections of the GHS Safety Data Sheet1. Identification Product identifier used on the label;

Other means of identification;

Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use;

Name, address, and telephone number of the chemical manufacturer, importer, orother responsible party;

Emergency phone number.

2. Which sections in the SDS are mandatory?

a. 1 – 16b. 7-12 and 14c. 1-11 and 16d. 8-12 and 15

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2. Hazards Identification Classification of the chemical in accordance with paragraph (d) of §1910.1200;

Signal word, hazard statement(s), symbol(s) and precautionary statement(s) inaccordance with paragraph (f) of 1910.1200. (Hazard symbols may be provided asgraphical reproductions in black and white or the name of the symbol, e.g., flame,skull and crossbones);

Describe any hazards not otherwise classified that have been identified during theclassification process;

Where an ingredient with unknown acute toxicity is used in a mixture at aconcentration = 1% and the mixture is not classified based on testing of the mixtureas a whole, a statement that X% of the mixture consists of ingredient(s) of unknownacute toxicity is required.3. Composition/Information on Ingredients

Except as provided for in paragraph (i) of §1910.1200 on trade secrets:

For Substances

Chemical name;

Common name and synonyms;

CAS number and other unique identifiers;

Impurities and stabilizing additives which are themselves classified and whichcontribute to the classification of the substance.

For Mixtures

In addition to the information required for substances:

The chemical name and concentration (exact percentage) or concentration ranges of allingredients which are classified as health hazards in accordance with paragraph (d) of1910.1200 and

o are present above their cut-off/concentration limits; or

o present a health risk below the cut-off/concentration limits.

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The concentration (exact percentage) shall be specified unless a trade secret claim ismade in accordance with paragraph (i) of 1910.1200, when there is batch-to-batchvariability in the production of a mixture, or for a group of substantially similar mixtureswith similar chemical composition. In these cases, concentration ranges may be used.

For All Chemicals Where a Trade Secret is Claimed

Where a trade secret is claimed in accordance with paragraph (i) of 1910.1200, a statementthat the specific chemical identity and/or exact percentage (concentration) of composition hasbeen withheld as a trade secret is required.

3. SDS section two, Hazard(s) identification, requires information on _____.

a. suitable extinguishing mediab. the CAS numberc. the classification of the chemicald. the precautions for safe handling

4. First Aid Measures Description of necessary measures, subdivided according to the different routes of

exposure, i.e., inhalation, skin and eye contact, and ingestion;

Most important symptoms/effects, acute and delayed.

Indication of immediate medical attention and special treatment needed, if necessary.5. Fire Fighting Measures Suitable (and unsuitable) extinguishing media.

Specific hazards arising from the chemical (e.g., nature of any hazardous combustionproducts).

Special protective equipment and precautions for fire-fighters.

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4. SDS Section 4, First-aid measures, does NOT cover which of the followinginformation?

a. Precautions for safe handlingb. Information on routes of entryc. Symptoms and effectsd. Medical attention requirements

6. Accidental Release Measures

Personal precautions, protective equipment, and emergency procedures.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up.

7. Handling and Storage

OSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL), American Conference of Governmental IndustrialHygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value (TLV), and any other exposure limit used orrecommended by the chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer preparing thesafety data sheet, where available.

Appropriate engineering controls.

Individual protection measures, such as personal protective equipment.

8. Exposure Controls / Personal Protection

OSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL), American Conference of Governmental IndustrialHygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value (TLV), and any other exposure limit used orrecommended by the chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer preparing thesafety data sheet, where available.

Appropriate engineering controls.

Individual protection measures, such as personal protective equipment.

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5. SDS Section 8, Exposure controls/personal protection includes all of the followinginformation, EXCEPT _____.

a. PELs, TLVs, and other limitsb. appropriate engineering controlsc. numerical measures of toxicityd. personal protective equipment

9. Physical and Chemical Properties

Appearance (physical state, color, etc.);

Odor;

Odor threshold;

pH;

Melting point/freezing point;

Initial boiling point and boiling range;

Flash point;

Evaporation rate;

Flammability (solid, gas);

Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits;

Vapor pressure;

Vapor density;

Relative density;

Solubility(ies);

Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water;

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Auto-ignition temperature;

Decomposition temperature; and

Viscosity.

6. SDS Section 9, Physical and chemical properties, would NOT list which of thefollowing information?

a. Vapor pressureb. Melting pointc. Odord. Mobility in soil

10. Stability and Reactivity

Reactivity;

Chemical stability;

Possibility of hazardous reactions;

Conditions to avoid (e.g., static discharge, shock, or vibration);

Incompatible materials;

Hazardous decomposition products.

11. Toxicological Information

Description of the various toxicological (health) effects and the available data used to identifythose effects, including:

Information on the likely routes of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, skin and eyecontact);

Symptoms related to the physical, chemical and toxicological characteristics;

Delayed and immediate effects and also chronic effects from short- and long-termexposure;

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Numerical measures of toxicity (such as acute toxicity estimates).

Whether the hazardous chemical is listed in the National Toxicology Program (NTP)Report on Carcinogens (latest edition) or has been found to be a potential carcinogen inthe International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs (latest edition), orby OSHA.

7. SDS Section 11, Toxicological Information, includes information on delayed andimmediate effects and also chronic effects from short- and long-term exposure.

a. Trueb. False

12. Ecological Information (Non-mandatory)

Ecotoxicity (aquatic and terrestrial, where available);

Persistence and degradability;

Bioaccumulative potential;

Mobility in soil;

Other adverse effects (such as hazardous to the ozone layer).

13. Disposal Consideration (Non-mandatory)

Description of waste residues and information on their safe handling and methods of disposal,including the disposal of any contaminated packaging.

8. Which SDS section includes information on the chemical’s bioaccumulative potentialand mobility in soil?

a. Section 11, Toxicological Informationb. Section 12, Ecological informationc. Section 13, Disposal considerationsd. Section 14, Transport information

14. Transport Information

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UN number;

UN proper shipping name;

Transport hazard class(es);

Packing group, if applicable;

Environmental hazards (e.g., Marine pollutant (Yes/No));

Transport in bulk (according to Annex II of MARPOL 73/78 and the IBC Code);

Special precautions which a user needs to be aware of, or needs to comply with, inconnection with transport or conveyance either within or outside their premises.

15. Regulatory Information

Safety, health and environmental regulations specific for the product in question.

16. Other Information

The date of preparation of the SDS or the last change to it.

9. Which section of the SDS includes the UN number, transport hazard class, andenvironmental hazards?

a. Section 13, Disposal considerationsb. Section 14, Transport informationc. Section 15, Regulatory informationd. Section 16, Other information

SDS Management – Employer Responsibilities

Employers must obtain a SDS from the chemical manufacturer or importer as soon as possibleif the SDS is not provided with a shipment that has been labeled as a hazardous chemical.

Employers must maintain copies of the required SDSs in their workplace for each hazardouschemical, and must ensure SDSs are readily accessible during each work shift to employeeswhen they are in their work area(s).

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Electronic access and other alternatives to maintaining paper copies of the SDS are permitted ifno barriers to immediate employee access in each workplace are created by such options.Ensure employees know how to quickly access SDS information that is stored in on computersor online.

Where employees must travel between workplaces during a work shift, i.e., their work iscarried out at more than one geographical location, the SDSs may be kept at the primaryworkplace facility. In this situation, the employer must ensure employees can immediatelyobtain the required information in an emergency.

Employees who work at more than one site during the work shift must be able to obtain SDSinformation immediately (within seconds) in an emergency.

SDSs may be kept at the primary workplace facility if the employer has a representativeavailable always to ensure ready access (within a few minutes) to this information. This is theonly situation in which an employer can transmit hazard information via voice communication.The employer must address in the written hazard communication plan how SDS informationwill be conveyed to remote worksites.

SDSs may be kept in any form, including operating procedures, and may be designed to covergroups of hazardous chemicals in a work area where it may be more appropriate to address thehazards of a process rather than individual hazardous chemicals.

However, the employer must ensure in all cases the required information is provided for eachhazardous chemical, and is readily accessible during each work shift to employees when theyare in their work area(s).

10. In an emergency, how quickly must employees be able to access an SDS?

a. Within secondsb. Within minutesc. As soon as feasibled. When possible

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Module 6: Information and Training

Introduction

Education is the beginning point for developing and maintaining a world-class HAZCOMprogram. This module focuses on communicating information about hazards and trainingemployees to work safely while being exposed to those hazards. This module discusses basicemployer responsibilities for effectively communicating the HAZCOM to employees.

When to Inform and Train

Employers must provide employees with effective information and training on hazardouschemicals in their work area at:

the time of their initial assignment,

whenever a new chemical hazard the employees have not previously been trainedabout is introduced into their work area.

Information

Employees must be informed of:

The requirements of the HCS 2012;

Any operations in their work area where hazardous chemicals are present; and,

The location and availability of the written hazard communication program,including the required list(s) of hazardous chemicals, and SDSs required by the HCS.

1. When must an employer provide information and training on the hazardouschemicals in their work area?

a. When hired and every six months thereafterb. Upon initial assignment or when new hazards are introduced to employeesc. Within one week of initial assignment and during emergenciesd. Upon initial assignment and annually

Training Topics

Employee training must include at least:

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Methods and observations that may be used to detect the presence or release of ahazardous chemical in the work area (such as monitoring conducted by theemployer, continuous monitoring devices, visual appearance or odor of hazardouschemicals when being released, etc.);

The physical, health hazards, simple asphyxiation, combustible dust, andpyrophoric gas hazards, as well as hazards not otherwise classified, of the chemicalsin the work area; Note: Training need not be conducted on each specific chemicalfound in the workplace, but may be conducted by categories of hazard (e.g.,carcinogens, sensitizers, acutely toxic agents) that are or may be encountered by anemployee during his duties.

The measures employees can take to protect themselves from these hazards,including specific procedures the employer has implemented to protect employeesfrom exposure to hazardous chemicals, such as appropriate work practices,emergency procedures, and personal protective equipment to be used;

The details of the hazard communication program developed by the employer,including an explanation of the labels received on shipped containers and theworkplace labeling system used by their employer; the safety data sheet, includingthe order of information and how employees can obtain and use the appropriatehazard information.

The employer must also evaluate each employee's knowledge about:

the hazards in the workplace,

their familiarity with the requirements of the standard, and

the hazard communication program.

2. During hazard communication training, the employer must evaluate eachemployee's knowledge about _____.

a. the company leave policyb. the emergency action planc. the hazards in the workplaced. the continuous improvement method

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Training Methods

It's important to understand that employees must be trained at the time they are assigned towork with a hazardous chemical. The intent is to inform employees prior to exposure toprevent the occurrence of adverse health effects. Of course, this intent cannot be met iftraining is delayed until a later date.

Also, training requirements are not satisfied solely by giving employees the SDS to read. Anemployer's training program is to be a forum for explaining the who, what, where, why andwhen (the education) to employees of the hazards of the chemicals in their work area, but alsohow (the training) to work safely using safe procedures as required by the hazardcommunication program. This can be accomplished in many ways, including:

classroom or online instruction

interactive video

hands-on demonstration (This should always be included in training.)

Regardless of the training method, all employees should have an opportunity to ask questionsto ensure they understand the information presented to them. Furthermore, the training mustbe comprehensible. If employees receive job instructions in a language other than English, thenthe HAZCOM training and information will also need to be conducted in that foreign language.

And, here's a subtle, but important point to remember: Additional training is to be donewhenever a new physical or health hazard is introduced into the work area, not a new chemical.Here are a couple of examples to help you understand this requirement:

Example 1: If a new solvent is brought into the workplace, and it has hazards similar to existingchemicals for which training has already been conducted, then no new training is required.However, as with initial training, and in keeping with the intent of the standard, the employermust:

make employees specifically aware which hazard category (i.e., corrosive, irritant,etc.) the solvent falls within.

make the substance-specific data sheet available, and

properly label the new product.

Example 2: If the newly introduced solvent is a suspect carcinogen, and there has never been acarcinogenic hazard in the workplace before, then new training for carcinogenic hazards mustbe conducted for employees in those work areas where employees will be exposed.

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3. Why is HAZCOM training conducted prior to an employee’s first exposure to thehazardous chemical?

a. To prevent the occurrence of adverse health effectsb. To comply with OSHA requirementsc. To properly react when employees are exposedd. To make sure employees can be held accountable

Training New Hires?

It is not necessary for the employer to retrain each new hire if the employee has received priortraining by a past employer, an employee union, or any other entity. The new employee shouldbe able show proof that training on the hazardous substances to which they would be exposedon the job has been conducted. General information, such as the rudiments of the HCS could beexpected to remain with an employee from one position to another. The employer, however,maintains the responsibility and is held accountable to ensure their employees are adequatelytrained and are equipped with the knowledge and information necessary to conduct their jobssafely.

Remember, it is likely additional training will be needed since employees must know thespecifics of their new employers' programs such as where the SDSs are located, details of theemployer's in-plant labeling system, and the hazards of new chemicals to which they will beexposed.

4. Who maintains the responsibility and is held accountable to ensure employees areadequately trained?

a. Employeesb. The employerc. OSHAd. Everyone

Training Temporary Employees

Training temporary employees is a responsibility that is shared between the host employer andtemporary agency.

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Host Employer. The host employer is responsible for training on the company's HCSprogram including specific labeling, chemical hazards and safe work procedures intheir workplace.

Temporary Agency. The temporary agency, in turn, maintains a continuingrelationship with its employees and would be expected to inform employees of thegeneral requirements of the HCS standard.

Contracts between the temporary agency and the host-employer should be examined todetermine if they clearly set out the training responsibilities of both parties, to ensure theemployers have complied with all requirements of the regulation.

5. Who is responsible for informing employees of the specific requirements of the HCSstandard?

a. OSHAb. The employerc. Each employeed. The temporary agency

Training for Emergencies

A mentioned previously, in workplaces where there is a potential for emergencies, theemployer’s HCS training program must address the HAZWOPER emergency response planand/or emergency action plan.

The scope and extent of employee training regarding emergency procedures will depend uponthe employer's Emergency Response Plan (ERP).

If the employer merely intends to evacuate the work area, the training in emergencyprocedures could be limited to, for example, information on the emergency alarmsystem in use at the worksite, evacuation routes, and reporting areas as detailed inthe employer's emergency action plan.

Where employees are expected to moderate, or control the impact of theemergency in a manner similar to an emergency responder, training under1910.120, Hazardous Waste and Emergency Operations (HAZWOPER), would berequired.

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6. Under the HCS 2012, when would HAZWOPER Emergency Response Plan training berequired?

a. When employees are expected to react to an emergency in a manner similar to anemergency responder.

b. If the employer merely intends to evacuate the areac. In all emergency situations involving an uncontrolled released. HAZWOPER training is never required under the HCS 2012 standard

Controlled and Uncontrolled ReleasesControlled ReleasesIt's important to remember that the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) only coversresponse to incidental hazardous substance spills that:

are controllable,

are limited in quantity, exposure potential and toxicity

present only minor safety and health hazards to the immediate work area,

can be easily cleaned up by employees, and

do not have the potential for becoming an emergency.

Training for responding to incidental spills is covered under the Hazard CommunicationStandard (HCS) and includes spill cleanup procedures and the use of appropriate PPE.Uncontrolled ReleasesOSHA's HAZWOPER standard and its training requirements apply to efforts that are"HAZWOPER emergency responses" and hazardous waste site cleanups. Remember, trainingrequired for emergency response workers is quite different than that required for hazardouswaste site workers. See OSHA's Emergency Preparedness and Response page.

7. The Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) only covers response to incidentalhazardous substance spills that are controllable.

a. Trueb. False

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Acronyms

ACRONYMS

BBP Bloodborne Pathogens

CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980

CESQGs Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generators

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

DHS Department of Homeland Security

DOT Department of Transportation

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

ERP Emergency Response Plan

HASP Health and Safety Plan

HAZMAT Hazardous Materials

HAZWOPER Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response

HCS Hazard Communication Standard

ICS Incident Command System

IDLH Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health

MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet

NIMS National Incident Management System

NPL National Priority List

OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration

PEL Permissible Exposure Limit

PPE Personal Protective Equipment

RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976

SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986

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SCBA Self-contained breathing apparatus

SHARP Safety and Health Achievement Recognition Program

SSP Skilled Support Personnel

TSD Treatment, Storage, and Disposal

TRI Toxic Release Inventory

UST Underground storage tank

VPP Voluntary Protection Programs

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Glossary

Aerosols means any non-refillable receptacles made of metal, glass or plastics and containing agas compressed, liquefied or dissolved under pressure, with or without a liquid, paste orpowder, and fitted with a release device allowing the contents to be ejected as solid or liquidparticles in suspension in a gas, as a foam, paste or powder or in a liquid state or in a gaseousstate. Aerosol includes aerosol dispensers.

Alloy means a metallic material, homogeneous the naked eye, consisting of two or moreelements so combined that they cannot be readily separated by mechanical means. Alloys aremixtures for classification under the GHS.

Aspiration means the entry of a liquid or solid chemical product into the trachea and lowerrespiratory system directly through the oral or nasal cavity, or indirectly from vomiting;

ASTM means the "American Society of Testing and Materials".

BCF means "bioconcentration factor".

BOD/COD means "biochemical oxygen demand/chemical oxygen demand".

CA means "competent authority".

Carcinogen means a chemical substance or a mixture of chemical substances which inducecancer or increase its incidence.

CAS means "Chemical Abstract Service".

CBI means "confidential business information".

Chemical identity means a name that will uniquely identify a chemical. This can be a name thatis in accordance with the nomenclature systems of the International Union of Pure and AppliedChemistry (IUPAC) or the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), or a technical name.

Competent authority means any national body(ies) or authority(ies) designated or otherwiserecognized as such in the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling ofChemicals (GHS).

Compressed gas means a gas which when packaged under pressure is entirely gaseous at -50°C;including all gases with a critical temperature £ -50°C.

Contact sensitizer means a substance that will induce an allergic response following skincontact. The definition for "contact sensitizer" is equivalent to "skin sensitizer".

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Corrosive to metal means a substance or a mixture which by chemical action will materiallydamage, or even destroy, metals.

Criteria means the technical definition for the physical, health and environmental hazards;

Critical temperature means the temperature above which a pure gas cannot be liquefied,regardless of the degree of compression.

Dermal Corrosion: see skin corrosion;

Dermal irritation: see skin irritation.

Dissolved gas means a gas which when packaged under pressure is dissolved in a liquid phasesolvent.

EC50 means the effective concentration of a substance that causes 50% of the maximumresponse.

EC Number or (ECN°) is a reference number used by the European Communities to identifydangerous substances, those registered under EINECS.

ECOSOC means the "Economic and Social Council of the United Nations".

EINECS means "European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances".

End Point means physical, health and environmental hazards;

ErC50 means EC50 in terms of reduction of growth rate.

EU means "European Union".

Explosive article means an article containing one or more explosive substances.

Explosive substance means a solid or liquid substance (or mixture of substances) which iscapable by chemical reaction of producing gas at such a temperature and pressure and at sucha speed as to cause damage to the surroundings. Pyrotechnic substances are included evenwhen they do not emit gases.

Eye irritation means the production of changes in the eye following the application of testsubstance to the front surface of the eye, which are fully reversible within 21 days ofapplication.

Flammable gas means a gas having a flammable range with air at 20°C and a standard pressureof101.3kPa.

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Flammable liquid means a liquid having a flash point of not more than 93°C.

Flammable solid means a solid which is readily combustible, or may cause or contribute to firethrough friction.

Flash point means the lowest temperature (corrected to a standard pressure of 101.3 kPa) atwhich the application of an ignition source causes the vapors of a liquid to ignite underspecified test conditions.

Gas means a substance which (i) at 50 °C has a vapor pressure greater than 300 kPa; or (ii) iscompletely gaseous at 20 °C at a standard pressure of 101.3 kPa.

GESAMP means "the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine EnvironmentalProtection of IMO/FAO/UNESCO/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP."

GHS means "the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and # Labelling of Chemicals".

Hazard category means the division of criteria within each hazard class, e.g., oral acute toxicityincludes five hazard categories and flammable liquids includes four hazard categories. Thesecategories compare hazard severity within a hazard class and should not be taken as acomparison of hazard categories more generally.

Hazard class means the nature of the physical, health or environmental hazard, e.g., flammablesolid carcinogen, oral acute toxicity.

Hazard statement means a statement assigned to a hazard class and category that describesthe nature of the hazards of a hazardous product, including, where appropriate, the degree ofhazard;

IARC means the "International Agency for the Research on Cancer".

ILO means the "International Labor Organization".

IMO means the "International Maritime Organization".

Initial boiling point means the temperature of a liquid at which its vapor pressure is equal tothe standard pressure (101.3kPa), i.e., the first gas bubble appears.

IOMC means the "Inter-organization Program on the Sound Management of Chemicals".

IPCS means the "International Program on Chemical Safety".

ISO means International Standards Organization.

IUPAC means the "International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry".

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Label means an appropriate group of written, printed or graphic information elementsconcerning a hazardous product, selected as relevant to the target sector(s), that is affixed to,printed on, or attached to the immediate container of a hazardous product, or to the outsidepackaging of a hazardous product.

Label element means one type of information that has been harmonized for use in a label, e.g.,pictogram, signal word.

LC50 (50% lethal concentration) means the concentration of a chemical in air or of a chemicalin water which causes the death of 50% (one-half) of a group of test animals.

LD50 means the amount of a chemical, given all at once, which causes the death of 50% (onehalf) of a group of test animals.

L(E)C50 means LC50 or EC50.

Liquefied gas means a gas which when packaged under pressure, is partially liquid attemperatures above-50°C. A distinction is made between.

High pressure liquefied gas: a gas with a critical temperature between -50°C and+65°C; and

Low pressure liquefied gas: a gas with a critical temperature above +65°C.

Liquid means a substance or mixture which at 50°C has a vapor pressure of not more than300kPa (3bar), which is not completely gaseous at 20 °C and at a standard pressure of 101.3kPa,and which has a melting point or initial melting point of 20°C or less at a standard pressure of101.3 kPa. A viscous substance or mixture for which a specific melting point cannot bedetermined shall be subjected to the ASTM D 4359-90 test; or to the test for determiningfluidity (penetrometer test) prescribed in section 2.3.4 of Annex A of the European Agreementconcerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR).

MARPOL means the "International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships".

Mixture means a mixture or a solution composed of two or more substances in which they donot react.

SDS means Safety Data Sheet (SDS).

Mutagen means an agent giving rise to an increased occurrence of mutations in populations ofcells and /or organisms.

Mutation means a permanent change in the amount or structure of the genetic material in acell;

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NGO means "non-governmental organization".

NOEC means the "no observed effect concentration".

OECD means "The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development".

Organic peroxide means a liquid or solid organic substance which contains the bivalent -0-0-structure and may be considered a derivative of hydrogen peroxide, where one or bothhydrogen atoms have been replaced by organic radicals. The term also includes organicperoxide formulation (mixtures).

Oxidizing gas means any gas which may, generally by providing oxygen, cause or contribute tothe combustion of other material more than air does.

Oxidizing liquid means a liquid which, while not necessarily combustible, may, generally byyielding oxygen, cause, or contribute to, the combustion of other material.

Oxidizing solid means a solid which, while not necessarily combustible, may, generally byyielding oxygen, cause, or contribute to, the combustion of other material.

QSAR means "quantitative structure-activity relationships".

Pictogram means a graphical composition that may include a symbol plus other graphicelements, such as a border, background pattern or color that is intended to convey specificinformation.

Precautionary statement means a phrase (and/or pictogram) that describes recommendedmeasures that should be taken to minimize or prevent adverse effects resulting from exposureto a hazardous product, or improper storage or handling of a hazardous product.

Product identifier means the name or number used for a hazardous product on a label or in theSDS. It provides a unique means by which the product user can identify the substance ormixture within the use setting (e.g. transport, consumer or workplace).

Pyrophoric liquid means a liquid which, even in small quantities, is liable to ignite within fiveminutes after coming into contact with air.

Pyrophoric solid means a solid which, even in small quantities, is liable to ignite within fiveminutes after contact with air.

Pyrotechnic article means an article containing one or more pyrotechnic substances;

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Pyrotechnic substance means a substance or mixture of substances designed to produce aneffect by heat, light, sound, gas or smoke or a combination of these as the result of non-detonative, self-sustaining exothermic (heat-related) chemical reactions.

Readily combustible solid means powdered, granular, or pasty substance or mixture which isdangerous if it can be easily ignited by brief contact with an ignition source, such as a burningmatch, and if the flame spreads rapidly.

Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Manual of Tests and Criteria meansthe latest revised edition of the United Nations publication bearing this title, and any publishedamendment thereto.

Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Model Regulations means the latestrevised edition of the United Nations publication bearing this title, and any publishedamendment thereto.

Refrigerated liquefied gas means a gas which when packaged is made partially liquid becauseof its low temperature.

Respiratory sensitizer means a substance that induces hypersensitivity of the airways followinginhalation of the substance.

RID means The Regulations concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail[Annex 1 to Appendix B (Uniform Rules concerning the Contract for International Carriage ofGoods by Rail) (CIM) of COTIF (Convention concerning international carriage by rail)], asamended.

SAR means "Structure Activity Relationship".

SDS means "Safety Data Sheet”.

Self-Accelerating Decomposition Temperature (SADT) means the lowest temperature at whichself-accelerating decomposition may occur with substance as packaged.

Self-heating substance means a solid or liquid substance, other than a pyrophoric substance,which, by reaction with air and without energy supply, is liable to self-heat; this substancediffers from a pyrophoric substance in that it will ignite only when in large amounts (kilograms)and after long periods of time (hours or days).

Self-reactive substance means a thermally unstable liquid or solid substance liable to undergo astrongly exothermic decomposition even without participation of oxygen (air). This definitionexcludes substances or mixtures classified under the GHS as explosive, organic peroxides or asoxidizing.

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Serious eye damage means the production of tissue damage in the eye, or serious physicaldecay of vision, following application of a test substance to the front surface of the eye, whichis not fully reversible within 21 days of application.

Signal word means a word used to indicate the relative level of severity of hazard and alert thereader to a potential hazard on the label. The GHS uses 'Danger' and 'Warning' as signal words.

Skin corrosion means the production of irreversible damage to the skin following theapplication of a test substance for up to 4 hours.

Skin irritation means the production of reversible damage to the skin following the applicationof a test substance for up to 4 hours.

Skin sensitizer means a substance that will induce an allergic response following skin contact.The definition for "skin sensitizer" is equivalent to "contact sensitizer".

Solid means a substance or mixture which does not meet the definitions of a liquid or gas.

SPR means "Structure Property Relationship".

Substance means chemical elements and their compounds in the natural state or obtained byany production process, including any additive necessary to preserve the stability of theproduct and any impurities deriving from the process used, but excluding any solvent whichmay be separated without affecting the stability of the substance or changing its composition.

Substance which, in contact with water, emits flammable gases means a solid or liquidsubstance or mixture which, by interaction with water, is liable to become spontaneouslyflammable or to give off flammable gases in dangerous quantities.

Supplemental label element means any additional non-harmonized type of informationsupplied on the container of a hazardous product that is not required or specified under theGHS. In some cases, this information may be required by other competent authorities or it maybe additional information provided at the discretion of the manufacturer/distributor.

Symbol means a graphical element intended to succinctly convey information.

Technical name means a name that is generally used in commerce, regulations and codes toidentify a substance or mixture, other than the IUPAC or CAS name, and that is recognized bythe scientific community. Examples of technical names include those used for complex mixtures(e.g., petroleum fractions or natural products), pesticides (e.g., ISO or ANSI systems), dyestuffs(Color Index system) and minerals.

UNCED means the "United Nations Conference on Environment and Development".

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UNCETDG/GHS means the "United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport ofDangerous Goods and on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling ofChemicals".

UNITAR means the "United Nations Institute for Training and Research";

UNSCEGHS means the "United Nations Sub-Committee of Experts on the Globally HarmonizedSystem of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals".

UNSCETDG means the "United Nations Sub-Committee of Experts on the Transport ofDangerous Goods".

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References

OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard

OSHA's HAZCOM Pub 3844

HAZCOM 2012 Webinar slides

OSHA HAZCOM Cards

OSHA Instruction CPL02-02-079

Small Entity Compliance Guide

HAZCOM 2012 Inspection Procedures

The Globally Harmonized System for Hazard Communication

NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards

HSE Press Journal: OSHA’s Top 10 Violations: Hazard Communication

International Chemical Safety Cards

Napo's Films, Via Storia


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