Study Guide– Spanish Empire building

Crusades & Crusading Mentality

Tainos/Arawaks

Bull

Treaty of Tordesillas

Bull Romanus Pontifex

Vacuum Domicillum

Encomienda

Apalachee & Pope Revolt

Study Guide: Questions •What Nation’s joined in the colonization of North America? How did they contribute to America’s National Heritage?

•What were their motives?

•What were their relations with the indigenous peoples?

•What role did disease play in re-settlement of North America?

•What ideologies justified subjugation and murder or first nation peoples?

•Did nations differ in motives? Institutions of conquest and Ideology?

Explorers, Conquerors, and “Saviors”: Spain’s Empire Building

in the Americas

Crusades & Crusading Mentality

• 1,000’s of years of invasion for commercial interest• 711 Moors defeat last Gothic/Christian King

– Muslim Contributions to Europe – Cordoba, Spain

• Crusades beginning in 1095 beginning 600-700 years of struggle– Crusades – series of military campaigns waged by Christians– Land & Labor– Crusading Mentality

• Valued war• Valued accumulated wealth• Sense of Religious superiority• Sense of Religious Mission

Empire Building• 1452 – Bull Romanus Pontifex

– Declared war against all non Christians, slavery and exploitation

• Canary Islands 1400-1490s

• extermination of Guanches

• Crusades Mentality – Begin to identify expansion with conquest of peoples

rather than trade

– Led exploration over seas

– formed the rationalization for conquest and invaders assumed an innate and absolute superiority over all other people because of divine endowment

Columbus

• Zinn Chapter 1• Loewen Chapter 2

– Heroification

– Motives

– Impact on Taino/Arawak

Bull Intercaeteras & Treaty of Tordesillias

14931494

Western Hemisphere from Mexico South becomes Spanish “Sphere of Influence”

Motives for Exploration

• Search for Wealth – Gold, silver, raw materials

• Search for All Water Route to Asia

Basis for Conquest:European Legalisms

• Vacuum Domicillum– Duty to civilize and convert people and land from “useless

wilderness” to “Useful garden” in the name of god, the right to vacant land

• Right of Conquest/Discovery– Right of Christians to take possession of lands not

Christian by force of arms

• Papal Bull– Charter, patent, decree by the Pope

“Misunderstandings”

• Sacrifice & ritual Cannibalism Vs. genocide

• Ambiguous Christian/Moral Messages

• War & its objectives

• Gender – Matrilineal vs. Patriarchal– Invasion & “conquest” reordered the

indigenous world fundamentally

The “Exchange”New World gets:• Diseases: bubonic plague,

pneumonic plague, tuberculosis, small pox, measles, chicken pox, cholera, influenza, typhus

• Plants: mainly cultigens (weeds), citrus fruits, grapes, wheat

• Animals: pigs, horses, sheep, cattle, goats and rats

New World gives:• Diseases: syphilis

(debated) • Plants: corn, beans,

squash, potatoes, peanuts, tobacco…

• Animals: turkey

Demographic Impact of Contact

• 1492: 100-300 million people in western hemisphere

• Epidemic Disease killed 65% - 100% of populations

Institutions of Conquest

• Enslavement & Exploitation• Presidio, pueblo, Missions, Encomiendas• Encomienda –

– Number of Indians entrusted to an encomendero for labor

– civilization and Christianization – uprooted to work and die in the mines, plantations and

public works

New World Exploits: Andes

• Inca Empire• 8-12 million people of Inca Empire

• Advanced in city planning, sciences, agriculture, art…

• Cotton Textiles pre-date fertile crescent

• 1531 Francisco Pizarro enters Cuzco

• Disease major factor in down fall

Mayan City – Pre-Aztec

New World Exploits: Meso-America• Aztec Empire

• Cortez entered Tenochtitlan in 1519 • Montezuma held prisoner• Disease & Tlaxcalans

Aztec Court

Tenochtitlan

Cortez meets with Monteczuma

Cortez & Tlaxcalans

New World Exploits: North America

• South East (Today United States)– Panfilo de Narvaiz – 1528 – Tampa Bay, Fl

• Apalachee killed 400 soldiers

• Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca survived, spread rumors of “golden cities”

New World Exploits: North America

• South West (AZ & NM)

• Francisco Vasquez de Coronado – 1530s-1661– Entered Zuni pueblos of Arizona and New

Mexico– 1661 – Pope Revolt

• 400 soldiers killed

• Lived without Spanish interference until 1689

Reading Questions

• 1. What characterized Indigenous Societies Pre-contact? What generalizations can be reached?

• 2. When comparing & contrasting European and indigenous values and life ways what problem arises in discussing the issues of “civilization” vs. Barbarism and “progress” vs. primitive or Backward?

Reading Questions

• 3. What developments allowed Europeans to re-settle the Americas?

• 4. Why is it important to acknowledge these developments?

• 5. What evidence is there for non-European exploration in the Americas pre-Columbus? Why is this important to acknowledge

French, Dutch & English Re-settlement

Challenge to Spain’s Empire Building

Study Guide: French, Dutch & English

• Reformation• French & Haudenosaunee• Dutch West India Co. & William Kieft• The Lost Colony• Jamestown & Pamunkey Tribe

• Starving Time• Opechancanough & the “Just War”

• Pilgrims at Patuxet & Wampanoags• Puritans & Pequot's

• Puritan Covenant & Pequot War• Reservations• King Phillip/Metacom’s War

Western Europe

• 1337-1453 England & France– One Hundred Years

War• 1347-1351

– The Black Death – Bubonic Plague• 1/3 of Europe’s

population

European Society

• Rigid Hierarchy– Monarchs– Aristocrats– Gentry– Peasants and laborers

• Large Disparity of wealth = class struggle• Abuse of power by the Church

Protestant Reformation

• Martin Luther 1517

– 95 Thesis • Sale of indulgences to finance St. Peters in Rome

– Translated Bible into German– Direct Relationship with God

95 Thesis

•

                                               

•Challenged power, wealth and Authority of the church

•Challenged by emerging commercial class

French Re-settlement

• 1608 1st French settlement Quebec

• Relations with the five tribes: Haudenosaunee – Onondaga, Seneca, Mohawk, Cayuga, Oneida– Nation-to-nation basis– Friendship, cooperation,

alliances, marriage and absorption

Dutch & Swedish• Henry Hudson – 1609

– Claimed New York, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Virginia for Netherlands

– Established Dutch West Indian Co.• Mohicans & Pequot's key to expansion and fur trade

• Friendly relations until no longer useful– General William Kieft 1639

• Advocated extermination of Indians

• Killed off Many Lenape, Mohicans, Esophus & others

English Re-settlement

• Sir Walter Raleigh – 1584-1587 – Roanoke Island (The Lost Colony)

• Royal Charter to Virginia Co. 1606– Jamestown & Pamunkey Tribe

• Pilgrims – 1620 – Plymouth (Patuxet) & Wampanoags

• Puritans – 1630 – Massachusetts Bay & Pequot's

Chief Powhatan

• 1607 – Chief Powhatan of the Pamunkey– 200 towns & villages

– Agriculture, seafood, hunted & gathered

Jamestown• Motive – land &

wealth

• Preconceived notions of Savage

• Indians impediment to progress– Starving Time – 1607

• ½ settlers dead

• Saved by charity of Powhatan

English Response

• John Smith – 1608– “Indian Problem” – Military solution

• Powhatan– Stopped gifts of food

• Population 60/500 – survived 2nd “Starving Time”– Relief ship 1610 saved colony

Pocahontas “My Favorite Daughter”• 1612 kidnapped Matoaka – Powhatans 17 yr old daughter

– Married John Rolf – mediator until death

Resistance Effort• Opechancanough

– Powhatan's brother and head of the Indian Confederation in 1618 • Resisted expansion and

Exploitation • 1622 - 1/3 of colonists killed

– John Smith • “It will be good for the

plantation because now we have just cause to destroy them by all means possible”

1622

Scorched Earth Campaign

• 1622-1644 – “A Just War” – Enslaved – Take land– Poisoned 200 at a “peace conference” – War of extermination

•

Genocide & Removal

• “Peace”– Established boundaries– Indian scouts for Virginia Militia– Annual tribute of furs

• 1715 forced removal of remaining tribes– Virginia lost 75% of native population

Pilgrims

1620 – Plymouth, Massachusetts

Mayflower compact

Viewed people of Pamet & Nauset – Satan’s children

Massasoit's Treaty with the Pilgrims

•

Indian relations• Massasoit “Big Chief”

of Wampanoags and other tribes – Introduced fur trade

• Major source of capital

– Squanto – Patuxet Wampanoag• Assisted Pilgrims

through “starving time”

–1621 – “Thanksgiving”

Puritans

• Never endured a “Starving time”– By 1640 25,000 puritans out

numbered Indians in the region

• Puritan Covenant & “City Upon the Hill”– The chosen elect, outsider –

insider mentality– God’s chosen, right to land =

extermination

John Winthrop

“Pequot War” 1637• “Impediment to Puritan Progress”

– Pequot's resisted encroachment & killings

•

Removal & Reservations

• 1638 – Reservation Campaign

– 14 plantations, 1200 acres among Quinnipiac Tribe, New Haven, CT.

– Prohibited tribal government & religion

• Foreshadowed 19th century reservation system of United States established by the Office of Indian Affairs