BAB 2

KAJIAN LITERATURE

2.1 The history of field track events athletics

Athletic sports, now known as the athletics is an attractive sports and are very different from

other sports. This is because in athletics – there are many good events for men and women,

and these events either singly or as a team. If in the football, only one gold medal made up

for grabs in most of the world's biggest sports such as Olympic, Asian or East Asian Games,

although there are at least eleven players in a team. In athletic events bet the gold medal.

With only won one event alone is enough to get a medal. This means that in most sports that,

gathering nearly 40 medals at stake for athletic events.

All events in athletics encompasses the run, jump and throw. An athlete may be fortunate in

one or two activities, but it is difficult for a person skilled in all three events. Most athletes

prefer to specify the participation and their participation, especially at the international level.

Thus they are easier to improve performance and time to time by simply participating in one

or two events.

 

At the school, a student is allowed to take part in a number of specific events they would

prefer or who their master, either of the run, jump or throw. Besides taking part in the

individual events, they are also encouraged to take part in team events such as run alternately.

Therefore, no surprise if we find in a school athletic meeting, one student was able to win a

lot of medals through various events.

However the invigilator or teacher trainers will provide advice and guidance about an event

that should be included or specified. This is due to a higher level, techniques of a sporting

event becomes more complicated. Not possible an athlete can gain success in all events to

join them. So in order to avoid from find failure, of course the participant will choose an

appropriate event for him that promise a success. Even at the international level once already,

with only took part in a certain event only one athlete is able to register a name at the highest

level, and able to serve as an example to the other athlete in the entire duma.

By doing this specialization, they can devote the entire attention to all aspects of exercise

who will they follow. In fact they will have special coach event type their future

undertakings. With that of course form of training Exceeding specific and depth they will

follow, and this form may vary according to the difference of the event, even if all of them

will follow common training jointly.

2.2 Conversional Method

Make a 200m field track

The public know that the primary school course mostly just measuring 200 meters in

accordance with physical students also fits the size of the school. Before start it we've got to

provide some appropriate equipment, namely:-

I. Rope

II. Knife

III. Timber spikes

IV. Measuring Tape

V. The box/brick

VI. The spray Paint

VII. Sharp wood

VIII. Black Oil

IX. Sponge

X. Watering can

First of all is we should find the right angles (right square) for a field. Try making accurate

square-shaped shoe box maximum extent possible. How to ensure that the rope is parallel to

the box (can be replaced with other things such as brick), the rope should be pegged away

from the box (to facilitate the process of oil pour).

Second, let us make the arch to four-lane 200-meter at the end of both sides of the field. How

to measure a distance of 20 yards down the field then brought inwards, then locate the mid-

point between the lines of the 20 meters (for race track of course 400 meters away is 36.5

meters). Create the curbs at the point the heart take a rope fastened on a sharp stick and then

outlines the field. Use spray paint to mark the curves that have been outlined above.

A suitable Alley is 1 meter, the same way is also required to make the Arch on the other

hand, then take the rope, a sign on the side of the field a total of four lanes, whereas the

opposite side is 8 lanes (including 4 panoramic views of 100 meters). The form of the field

from the top is the letter ' a ' small where the stick the letters ' a ' small is already at 100

meters, while the circle the letter ' a ' refers to the race track of 200 meters.

During the black oil was good pour started with both curve 200 meters followed by four-lane

200-metre and last but not least is a 100 meters. This is to prevent errors, to the start and

finish lines are different colors may also help to avoid confusion.

If the school has no car rollers can use pour oil black all the lines and using a sponge which is

fastened on a wooden trunk scrub black oil just now as soon as possible (both is ideal). But

this way is not recommended because it is a black oil very much which is 5 barrels compared

with 2 barrel car just use rollers.

 

 

2.3 Modern Method

Find an area of field using total station. Find its width and length.

To measure distances, land surveyors once used 100-foot long metal tapes that are graduated in hundredths of a foot. An example of this technique is shown in Figure 5.13.  Distances along slopes were measured in short horizontal segments. Skilled surveyors could achieve accuracies of up to one part in 10,000 (1 centimetre error for every 100 meters distance). Sources of error included flaws in the tape itself, such as kinks; variations in tape length due to extremes in temperature; and human errors such as inconsistent pull, allowing the tape to stray from the horizontal plane, and incorrect readings.

Since the 1980s, electronic distance measurement (EDM) devices have allowed surveyors to measure distances more accurately and more efficiently than they can with tapes. To measure the horizontal distance between two points, one surveyor uses an EDM instrument to shoot an energy wave toward a reflector held by the second surveyor. The EDM records the elapsed time between the wave's emission and its return from the reflector. It then calculates distance as a function of the elapsed time (not unlike what we’ve learned about GPS!). Typical short-range EDMs can be used to measure distances as great as 5 kilometres at accuracies up to one part in 20,000, twice as accurate as taping.

Instruments called total stations combine electronic distance measurement and the angle measuring capabilities of theodolites in one unit. Next we consider how these instruments are used to measure horizontal positions in relation to established control networks.

A modern total station.

Combining Angles and Distances to Determine Positions

Surveyors have developed distinct methods, based on separate control networks, for measuring horizontal and vertical positions. In this context, a horizontal position is the location of a point relative to two axes: the equator and the prime meridian on the globe, or to the x and y axes in a plane coordinate system.

We will now introduce two techniques that surveyors use to create and extend control networks (triangulation and trilateration) and two other techniques used to measure positions relative to control points (open and closed traverses).

Surveyors typically measure positions in series. Starting at control points, they measure angles and distances to new locations, and use trigonometry to calculate positions in a plane coordinate system. Measuring a series of positions in this way is known as "running a traverse." A traverse that begins and ends at different locations, in which at least one end point is initially unknown, is called an open traverse. A traverse that begins and ends at the same point, or at two different but known points, is called a closed traverse. "Closed" here does not mean geometrically closed (as in a polygon) but mathematically closed (defined as: of or relating to an interval containing both its endpoints). By "closing" a route between one known location and another known location, the surveyor can determine errors in the traverse.

Measurement errors in a closed traverse that connects at the point where it started can be quantified by summing the interior angles of the polygon formed by the traverse. The accuracy of a single angle measurement cannot be known, but since the sum of the interior angles of a polygon is always (n-2) × 180, it's possible to evaluate the traverse as a whole, and to distribute the accumulated errors among all the interior angles. Errors produced in an open traverse, one that does not end where it started, cannot be assessed or corrected. The only way to assess the accuracy of an open traverse is to measure distances and angles repeatedly, forward and backward, and to average the results of calculations. Because repeated measurements are costly, other surveying techniques that enable surveyors to calculate and account for measurement error are preferred over open traverses for most applications.

2.5 FIELD TRACK

2.5.1 THE BASIC REQUIREMENTS TO BUILD FIELD TRACK Build the field track require ample, grassy spaces and flat. The course will be constructed already should have an area of need. The size of the field will determine the length and width of the race track area that will be built. 2.5.2 THE FORM OF FIELD TRACK (Regulation 160 MAAU) Oval shape already is. Where the two parts are straight (the same distance) and 2 sections longer curved (same distance). 2.5.3 DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT The direction of movement already is moving counterclockwise.  

  2.5.4 AREA OF FIELD TRACK For field track of 400 meters, the area of the following is needed:- More 16804 m2 (8 lanes)- 15480 m2-16,000 m2 (6 lanes)- 14210 – 15450 m2 (4 lanes) For field track of 300 meters, the area of the following is needed:- More 10240 m2 (8 lanes)- 9210-10200 m2 (6 lanes)- 8230-9200 m2 (4 lanes)  

For field track of 200 meters, the area of the following is needed:- 5448.86 m2 (8 lanes)

- 4710.18 m2 (6 lanes)