STUDY ON INDIGENOUS TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE
(ITK) IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AMONG LIVESTOCK
OWNERS OF JHARKHAND
Dr. Varun Kumar Mahto
Regd. No. – V/BAU/2820/1996
Department of
VETERINARY & ANIMAL HUSBANDRY EXTENSION
FACULTY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE
& ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
BIRSA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
RANCHI-834006 (JHARKHAND)
2012
STUDY ON INDIGENOUS TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE
(ITK) IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AMONG LIVESTOCK
OWNERS OF JHARKHAND
THESIS
SUBMITTED TO THE
BIRSA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
RANCHI-834006 (JHARKHAND)
BY
Dr. Varun Kumar Mahto
Regd. No. – V/BAU/2820/1996
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN
VETERINARY & ANIMAL HUSBANDRY EXTENSION
2012
Certificate of the Major advisor and endorsement of the Head of the Department
DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY & ANIMAL HUSBANDRY EXTENSION FACULTY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE & ANIMAL HUSBANDRY,
BIRSA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, RANCHI-834006
Certificate
This is to certify that the thesis entitled "STUDY ON INDIGENOUS TECHNICAL
KNOWLEDGE (ITK) IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AMONG LIVESTOCK OWNERS OF
JHARKHAND" submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor
of Philosophy (Veterinary & Animal Husbandry Extension) of the Faculty of Post-
Graduate Studies, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi (Jharkhand) is the record of bonafide
research carried out by Dr. Varun Kumar Mahto under my supervision and guidance. No
part of the thesis has been submitted for any other degree or diploma.
It is further certified that such help or information received during the course of this
investigation and preparation of the thesis have been duly acknowledged.
Endorsed :
(A. K. Pandey)
Major Advisor
(J. Oraon)
Chairman/Head of the Department
Certificate of the Advisory Committee Members
Certificate
We, the undersigned, members of the Advisory Committee of Dr. Varun Kumar
Mahto, a candidate for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy with major in Veterinary &
Animal Husbandry Extension have gone through the manuscript of the thesis and agree
that the thesis entitled " STUDY ON INDIGENOUS TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE (ITK) IN
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AMONG LIVESTOCK OWNERS OF JHARKHAND " may be
submitted by Dr. Varun Kumar Mahto in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
degree.
(A. K. Pandey)
Chairman of the Advisory committee
Members of the Advisory Committee
1. ( J. Oraon)
2. ( Sushil Prasad)
3. ( S. K. Singh)
Certificate of approval by the Chairman of the Advisory Committee and External Examiner
Certificate
This is to certify that the thesis entitled " STUDY ON INDIGENOUS
TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE (ITK) IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AMONG LIVESTOCK
OWNERS OF JHARKHAND " submitted by Dr. Varun Kumar Mahto in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
(Veterinary & Animal Husbandry Extension) of the Faculty of Post-
Graduate Studies, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi (Jharkhand) was
examined and approved on…………………….
Chairman of the Advisory Committee
External Examiner
(J. Oraon)
Head of the Department (Veterinary & Animal Husbandry
Extension)
Dean Faculty of Veterinary Science
and Animal Husbandry Birsa Agricultural University
Ranchi, Jharkhand
Members of the Avisory Committee
1. (J. Oraon)
2. (Sushil Prasad)
3. (S. K. Singh)
(Z. A. Haider) Dean , Post-Graduate Studies Birsa Agricultural University
Ranchi , Jharkhand
Acknowledgement
First and foremost I must express my heartiest gratitude to all embracing, all pervading
graciousness of almighty, by whose mercy and benevolence, this research work could be started and
finally completed.
With great sense of modesty I express my sincere gratitude to my reverend Major advisor
Dr. Alok kumar Pandey, University Professor, Department of Veterinary & Animal Husbandry
Extension Education, Ranchi Veterinary College, Ranchi, , for his meticulous planning, inspiring
guidance, speculative suggestions untiring close supervision, constant encouragement, constructive
& inspiring criticism and keen interest in the execution of the present work and during the
preparation of the manuscript.
I accord my sincere thanks and indebtedness to the members of the advisory committee, Dr.
J. Oraon, University Professor and Chairman, Department of Veterinary & Animal Husbandry
Extension Education , Ranchi Veterinary College, Ranchi and Dr. Sushil Prasad, University
Professor, Department of Livestock Production & Management for their help in planning of
research work, critical examination, enthusiastic support and guidance.
I must express my sincere thanks to Dr. S. K. Singh, Dean, Ranchi Veterinary College,
Ranchi cum University Professor and Chairman, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics,
also member of my advisory committee for providing all the requisite facilities to carry out this
work smoothly and moral support.
I am grateful to Dr. Z. A. Haider DRI-cum-dean, Post Graduate Studies, Birsa
Agricultural University, Ranchi for providing all the requisite facilities to carry out the research. I
would also like to acknowledge the financial support rendered by the University for my Research
Work.
I am highly obliged to Dr. M. P. Pandey, Hon’ble Vice-chancellor, Birsa Agricultural
University, Ranchi for his valuable and kind help by providing necessary facilities and funds to
execute this work successfully.
I must express my sincere thanks to Dr. Abdul Hai, Associate Professor, SKUAST,
Kashmir & Dr. B. K Jha, Assistant Professor, RAU, Kanke, Department of Agriculture extension
for their help and moral support.
I express my sincere thanks to Dr. K. Jha, deputy registrar, Birsa Agricultural University,
Ranchi and Dr. S. K. Mehta, Assistant Registrar, R. V. C. for his co-operation and help.
I feel pleasure to express my sincere thanks to my intimate friend & well-wisher Mr. Dilip
Kumar Mahto and his wife Mrs. Manju Mahto, Mr. B. N. Prasad (Author), Dr. Subodh Kumar,
Mr. Rajendra Kumar, Sri Purna Chandra Kundu (Bundu), Mr. Kini Manohar, Mrs. Anjana, Late
Dr. Ram Deo Kisku, Dr. Dinesh Kumar, Dr. Ranbir Prasad Singh, Dr. Punam Choudhary, Mr.
Amitabh Gupta, Dr. Shivam Shree Harsh Kumar, Dr. Pranav Kumar, Mr. Indrajeet Mahato, Mr.
Bhagat Ram Mahto, Dr. Ashok Kr. Sinha, Mr. Jagdish Karmali, Mr. Chandra Nath Bhai Patel,
Mrs. Nilam Mahto, Dr. Manoj Kumar Pankaj and Dr. Shankar Tudu for their kind co-operation
and valuable suggestion during research work.
I can not forget to thanks my juniors colleagues, Dr. Tej Narayan Guru, Dr. Birendra
Kishore, Dr. Shrinarayan Kishku, Dr. Kavita Bala Tuti, Dr. Rakhi Toppo, Dr. Thanesh Oraon,
Dr. Tej Pawan Toppo, Dr. Smriti, Dr. Nishant Patel, Dr. Hemant Kumar, Dr. Archana Minz, Dr.
Uttam Kumar, Noor Shahida Khatoon, Dr. Sanjeet Kumar, Dr. Abhishek Kumar, Dr. Raghuveer
Ranjan, Mrs. Madhuri Arya, Late Dr. Saurabh Kumar Sameer and Dr. Trithankar for their kind
co-operation and valuable help during research work.
I feel pleasure to express my sincere thanks to Late Dr. Kanhai Ram Mahto, Smt. Bilasi
Devi, Dr. M. A. Mohsin, Dr. G. S. Dubey, Late Dr. Gaya Prasad, Dr. K. G. Narayan, Dr. R. M.
Shrivastawa, Late Shree Sahoder Mahto, Mr. Shanti Ram Mahto, Late Smt. Ghasani Devi, Late
Smt. Sumati Devi, Late Smt. Anamika, Late Shree H. P. Mahto, Late Dr. N. K. Singh, Late Smt.
Surthi Devi (Adramhatu), Dr. V. B. Prasad, Dr. Sheela Mahto, Dr. Leela Mahto, Er. Khirod
Mahto, Dr. K. K. Mahto, Prof. A. K. Mehta, Er. Santosh Mahto, Mrs. Jayshree Mahto, Dr.
Reeta Rani Mahanta, Mrs. Damyanti, Dr. Sanjay Kumar, Dr. Smriti, Mrs. Geeta Manohar, Mr.
Arun Kumar Mahto, Mrs. Shobhna Devi, Mrs. Neeta, Mrs. Sarita, Mrs. Savita, Mr. Murli
Manohar, Mr. Bhagirath Mahto, Mr. Sagar Mahto, Mrs. S. S. Mahto, Mrs. Sandhya Mahto, Dr.
Chandan Mahto, Mrs. Simpla Manohar, Mr. Birendra Mahto, Mrs. Sushma, Navaratna “Babu”,
Arvind Prabhakaran, Sonu, Monu, Abhishek Kumar, Mili Kumari, Jigisha Kumari (Khushbu),
Arush Aritra Mahto, Dr. A.K. Mahto, Mr. Surendra Nath Mahto, Dr. Sneh Prabha Mahto, Mrs.
Rekha Mahto, Mr. Khageshwar Mahto, Mr. Bhuvaneshwar Mahto, Mr. Nand Kishore Mahto,
Late Ravindra Nath Mahto, Mr. Nagendra Nath Mahto, Late Upendra Nath Mahto, Mrs.
Swabhawati Devi, Mr. Santosh Kumar and his wife & Mrs Reena Mahato for their blessing
enthusiastic, moral support, inspiration and deep affection during the entire period of study.
I express my deep sense of endebtedness to Late Bimla Nandan Mishra, Smt. Anubhuti
Devi, Mrs. Sima, Mrs. Archana Rani & Mrs Vandana for their inspiration and blessing during my
study period.
The help offered by Dr. Amit Kr. Jha, P. G. Scholar, RVC, Kanke, Ranchi can not be
ignored. He spent a memorable period with me, during the course of my studies.
My special thanks to Dr. Akhileshwar Murmu for his kind cooperation. I cannot forget
him.
Dr. Sanjay Kr. Rewani, Ph. D. Scholar, Kolkata helped me a lot in every respect. I am
highly thankful for his suppor & help.
I express my heart touching and warm feeling to my reverend parents late Dr. Bucha Ram
Mahto and Smt. Ahilya Devi for their blessing, moral support, help and continuous encouragement
which sustained me to cover through the real long and hard journey leading to the studies . I owe
them what I am today.
My sincere thanks to Dr. Pankaj Kumar Seth, Scientist, KVK, Pakur and Dr. Reeta
Kumari, Block Animal Husbandry Officer, Govt. of Bihar for their inspiration and cooperation.
Words fell short for the encouragement and moral support offered by my better half Mrs.
Parul Mahto as she has to bear the burden of the pregnancy during the course of my studies. I
salute her patience, courage and tolerance. The good luck which the newly born baby girl Sakshi
(Tusu) brought with her is unforgettable.
My sincere thanks to all the staffs of Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry
Extension, Ranchi Veterinary College, Ranchi for their equally important support and Co-
operation during research work.
My sincere thanks to all the staffs, teachers and students of Bharat Vikas Vidypeepth,
Tiruldih & peoples of Maranjkiri for their moral support, inspiration and deep affection during
research work.
My sincere thanks to Dr. Pankaj Kumar, Dr. Sweta Kumari and Anvesha Kumari for
efficient composing and printing of manuscript in homely environment.
I extend my sincere thanks to all those who helped me at any stage of present investigation
work.
Finally there is no word to express thanks to “All teachers” of my life without their
blessing I could not have achieved my goal.
(Varun Kumar Mahto)
Date :
Place : R. V. C. , Ranchi-6
CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE NO.
INTRODUCTION 1-7
REVIEW OF LITERATURE 8-18
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 19-28
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 29-93
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS 94-113
BIBLIOGRAPHY i-x
1
INTRODUCTION
The landlocked state of Jharkhand endowed with heterogeneous landscape, huge
natural resources, dominance of aboriginal‟s habitat and their rich culture is a unique
geographical fantasy.
It is a plateau about 3000 ft above sea level. The plateau is full of mountain ranges
covered with dense forests. A number of rivers and rivulets flow down through the hilly
terrains and valleys. It presents an amorphous shape with a broad northern portion and a
narrow south portion. Its north-south length is nearly 30 kms and east-west length is 457
kms. It extends from 21°59‟ N Lat. to 25° 8‟ N Lat. and 83° 20‟ E. Long to 87°57‟ E. Long. The
total geographical area of the state is 79.71 lakh ha. and its population was 2, 69, 09, 428
(census 2001).
An area of 23.22 lakh ha. (29.13%) is under forest, where different types of medicinal
plant are found. Tribes constitute 26.30% of the total population of Jharkhand and they are
traditionally animal lovers. Livestock particularly goat, pigs and sheep play an important
role in their socio-economic lives.
Jharkhand has a very rich heritage of indigenous health control and treatment
systems that have been used in various animal husbandry aspects. There are many
traditional healers in Jharkhand who are knowledgeable and experienced in traditional
systems of treatment but their knowledge is not documented rather transmitted orally from
one generation to another.
The word „indigenous‟ means “native born, originating or produced naturally in a
country or in a specified area” and the word „knowledge‟ means “assured belief, practical
skill, that which is known, learning, enlightenment” (Reijntjes et al. , 1992). The importance
of documenting ancient/ indigenous/traditional knowledge has recently gained a
momentum all over the world including India. In USA a Centre of Indigenous Knowledge
2
and Rural Development (CIKARD) was established at IOWA University in 1987. Further in
the area of research and development the USA has also taken lead by establishing the Office
of Alternate Medicine (OAM) in 1992 under National Institute of Health (NIH).
The indigenous knowledge is often taken to be synonymous with traditional
knowledge (Richard, 1979). The indigenous knowledge is the knowledge that people have
gained through inheritance from their ancestors. It is a people derived science and it
represents people‟s creativity innovations and skills (Patel, 1993). The traditional practices,
the knowledge of local healers and their innovativeness cannot be ignored. Local healers are
the repository of accumulated knowledge passed on by word of mouth from generation to
generation and thus permanently record their experiences and knowledge in a form
inaccessible to outsiders.
The traditional knowledge is based on the necessities, instinct, observation, trial and
error and long experience of indigenous societies of different region. In recent years, there
has been a resurgence of interest in traditional practice in the developing world. The
medicinal use of plants and animal products are an important component of such
indigenous knowledge.
Indigenous knowledge is the information base for a society, which facilities
communication and decision making. Indigenous information systems are dynamic and are
continually influenced by internal creativity and experimentation as well as by contact with
external systems.
It is a well known fact that the bearers of ITK‟s are basically the local people
including farmers, rural artisans, landless labourers, rural women, animal husbandry
practitioners etc, who earn their capacity of having systematic knowledge as well as
knowing the mechanism of how indigenous practices work for various ailments of animal
husbandry.
3
Now a day, many indigenous knowledge systems are at risk of becoming extinct
because of rapidly changing natural environments and fast pacing economic, political and
cultural changes on a global scale. Many indigenous practices vanish because they adapt too
slowly. However, many practices disappear only because of the intrusion of foreign
technologies that promise short term gains. Indigenous knowledge is part of the life of the
rural people. Their livelihood depends almost entirely on specific skills and knowledge
essential for their survival.
In India, several non-government organizations (BAIF, Pune; Jagaran Vikas Kendra,
Udaipur; ANTHRA, Pune; SALIHOTRA, M. P. ; Appropriate Technology in India,
Ahemedabad; Women‟s Organization for Rural Development (WORD), Ahemedabad and
Grass Roots Innovation Augmentation Network (GIAN, Gujrat) are reported to be involved
in documentation and validation of indigenous technical knowledge system (Dwivedi,
1998).
The indigenous technical knowledge embraces people‟s knowledge of tools and
techniques for the assessment, acquisition, transformation and utilization of resources which
are specific to particular location (McCall et al.1996).
In the emerging global knowledge economy a country‟s ability to build and mobilize
knowledge capital, is equally essential for sustainable development as the availability of
physical and financial capital. The basic component of any country‟s knowledge system is its
indigenous knowledge. It encompasses the skills, experiences and insights of people,
applied to maintain or improve their livelihood (World Bank, 1997).
Since independence all efforts in India were concentrated on developing an
allopathic-based veterinary infrastructure entirely under the government sector. There has
been neglect of traditional system and knowledge to the extent that many of us, even those
specializing in veterinary medicine, are unaware of ancient literature and some are even
4
skeptical about it (Rangnekar, 1998). In recent years emphasis has shifted towards modern
science in the maintenance and development of livestock.
With the development of modern medicine, especially after the second world war,
traditional medical practices have been increasingly replaced and overlooked at the
international level, mostly because many people regarded them as ineffective and useless
(Bizimana, 1997). Modern medicine was thought to be able to solve almost all health
problems of humans and animals. But this overestimation of modern medicine has changed
in the course of the „green wave‟ since the 1970s, particularly in industrialized countries. The
„green wave‟ has been characterized by an increasing demand for natural products in the
form of drugs, food and cosmetics and was mainly triggered by the side effects resulting
from the increasing use of chemicals in various areas of life including medicine. The
reconsideration of traditional medicinal systems in the industrialized world and the fact that
modern medicine is too expensive for many developing countries were the main reasons for
the decision of the World Health Organization (WHO) in the 1970s to promote traditional
medicated systems by checking scientifically the efficacy of plants used in traditional
medicine and to identify the principles responsible for genuine therapeutic effects
(Bizimana, 1997).
The study of indigenous knowledge will help to indentify ideas which have
considerable scope for commercial exploitation after value addition. It will also help to
understand concepts and practices depicting the elements of sustainability to integrate with
the modern information system for efficient resource management. Basic objective of this
study is directed towards identification of such hidden technologies to make them
scientifically approved in the research institutions and their availability must be all over the
country where everyone can use them for good cause of the livestock of our nation. The
ITK‟s itself is a very vast topic and applicability is meant for a number of purposes by
farmers in a number of filed, viz. agriculture, animal husbandry, horticulture, fisheries etc.
5
This study is confined mainly to study the indigenous technical practices in animal health
care. It is a great necessity of today that a revival of interest in indigenous technical
knowledge system of researchers and extension workers must be made with the realization
and recognition that rural people in this state as well as country have rich understanding of
their own locally available resources through which they sustain the production potential of
livestock enterprise.
In view of the above points this study entitled “Study on indigenous technical
knowledge in animal husbandry among livestock owners of Jharkhand” has been
undertaken with the following objectives.
1.1. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1) To study the profile of the traditional healers and livestock owners.
2) To collect and document indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) followed by
traditional healers and livestock owners of Jharkhand.
3) To study the extent of awareness and adoption of indigenous technical knowledge
(ITK).
4) To identify the source and channels of diffusion of knowledge among traditional
healers and livestock owners.
5) To validate some selected indigenous technical knowledge (ITK).
1.2. PRACTICAL UTILITY
Indigenous knowledge is dynamic and unique to particular culture and society. It
changes through indigenous creativity and innovativeness as well as contact with other
knowledge system. Such knowledge is codified in the local knowledge untapped, unwritten
and unutilized. The present study will help to unravel underlying science which can be used
in technology generation system to modify and scientifically manipulate the innovation by
6
building linkage with formal science and technical experts. The study by paying attention to
local perceptions and practices will help to realize development initiatives to be relevant to
people‟s needs and to generate sustainable interventions. The study will help to promote
culturally appropriate and environmentally sustainable adoptions.
This study will help to low cost, locally available and easily accessible indigenous
practices in solution where modern scientific technology and veterinary sciences are not
available or expensive. The study is expected to generate meaningful information which will
be vital importance to all concerned professionals, academicians, extensions workers,
planners and research workers.
1.3. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The present study was confined to five district of Jharkhand state. The context of area
of study was further confined to only major parts of animal husbandry and veterinary
science though there are many other areas of rural life which are of equal importance.
Although utmost efforts were made to establish rapport for good understanding
with the respondents particularly livestock owners, traditional healers, veterinary staffs,
village officials as well as other villagers, still some of them were reluctant and unwilling to
provide information.
The information was based on recall basis and limited to the memory of the
respondents. However all out efforts were made to have realistic view of their responses and
expressions.
1.4. ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS
This thesis has been presented in five chapters. The introduction covering essential
background information, objectives, practical utility and limitations of the study followed by
the review of literature, where detailed up to date literature pertaining to the study have
7
been reviewed, are put in the first and second chapter respectively. Chapter-III gives details
of methods and procedures followed in the study. The findings of the study along with
discussion there upon are presented in chapter four. The last chapter outlines the summary
and conclusions deducted from the results of the study. In the end, bibliography has been
included.
8
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A critical review is an integral part of any research study. Moreover, it helps a great
deal to elucidate the problem for study, formulate objectives, decide upon the methodology
and exemplifying the inference of the study.
The literatures available and relevant to this study are as hereunder. The review of
literature has been divided into following subheads:
2.1 Concept of indigenous technical knowledge system
2.2 Evidence regarding use of indigenous technical knowledge (ITKs) in various
animal husbandry practices
2.1 Concept of indigenous technical knowledge system
Norgard, R. B. (1984) stated that indigenous knowledge pertains to pertains to
various cultural norms, social roles or physical conditions. Their efficiency lies in the
capacity to adopt to changing circumstances.
McCorkle (1986) stated that ethno veterinary medicines covers peoples knowledge,
skills, methods, practices and beliefs about the care of their animals.
Wang (1986) stated that traditional knowledge is gathered over a period of time and
transferred from generation to generation. It is synonymous to local knowledge (LK), is
defined as “a sum total of knowledge and experience of people in dealing with problems
and typical situation in different walks of life.”
Carter (1988) stated that traditional knowledge is highly localized and restricted is
generally governed by local environmental factors and cultural conditions. It varies between
countries, regions and even farm to farm.
Thrupp (1989) stated that indigenous knowledge also encompasses non technical
insights, wisdom, ideas, perceptions and innovative capabilities.
9
Warren (1989) stated indigenous knowledge as 'local knowledge' is unique to a given
culture or society. This knowledge is the information base of the society, often codified in the
local language and this facilitates communication and decision making.
Basant (1990) defined indigenous knowledge as a knowledge originating and
characterizing a particular region or country. The quantum and content of indigenous
knowledge, however, vary across space and change over time.
Chittiraichelvan et al. (1991) stated that indigenous knowledge (IK) or wisdom is the
product of trial and error, natural selection and keen observation through centuries. This
may come from various areas covering social and religious taboos, beliefs and customs,
ecology, vegetation, climate etc.
Chowdhary and De (1993) stated that indigenous knowledge is unwritten, untapped
and largely unutilized knowledge that is unique to a given culture and society.
Havekort (1993) stated that IKis the actual knowledge of a given population that
reflects the experience based on tradition and includes more recent experience with modern
technology. Indigenous knowledge system may appear simple to outsider but they
represent mechanism to ensure the minimal livelihoods for local people.
Patel (1993) stated indigenous knowledge is the knowledge that people have gained
through inheritance from their ancestors. It is a people derived science and represents
peoples creativity, innovations and skills.
Rajasekharan (1993) stated that IK is the systematic body of knowledge acquired by
local people through the accumulation of experiences, informal experiment and intimate
understanding of the environment in a given culture.
Rejijntes et al. (1993) defined indigenous knowledge as the knowledge of the people
living in a certain area, generated by their own and their ancestral experiences including
knowledge originating from elsewhere which has been internationalized by the local people.
10
Shiv Naraina et al. (1993) reported that rural people's indigenous knowledge is
dynamic and unique to given culture and society. It changes through indigenous creativity
and innovativeness as well as through contact with knowledge system. At present these pass
from generation to generation orally and in the wake of intensive interventions are likely to
be lost as the people become old and leave the world.
Talwar et al. (1993) stated that indigenous practices may help in increasing the
knowledge of formal science and also give the clues to the scientists in designing newer and
newer experiments. Besides, many such practices may be recommended for adaptation in
the farming situations having similar agro-ecological conditions.
Kaul (1994) reported that studies of traditional wisdom can not only benefit for social
scientists, but can also act as eye openers for the biological scientists.
Agarwal (1995) stated that indigenous knowledge is often seen to exist in a local
context, anchored to a particular social group in a particular setting at a particular time.
Lawas et al. (1996) stated that 'indigenous knowledge' denotes a type of knowledge
that has evolved within the community and has been passed on from one generation to
another.
McCorkle et al. (2001) stated that the term ethno veterinary medicine may suggest the
use of only medicines, in the form of liquids or pills, used directly, internally or externally
on the animal. EVM is much broader than that since it contains a wide variety of skills and
techniques: surgical operations, hydro-physical and mechanical techniques, environmental
controls, disease prevention, nutrition, herding and related strategies, management of
animal, genetic and medico-religious acts among others. Therefore the term Ethno
Veterinary Methods (EVM) could be a better term.
11
2.2 Evidence regarding use of indigenous technical knowledge (ITKs) in various
animal husbandry practices
Khanna (1967) conducted a study of the indigenous system of veterinary medicine as
practised by the farmers of Hissar-I block. He reported that for skin diseases, sulphur oil
containing 65 gm of Gandhak (sulphur) and 250 ml of Sarson oil is applied by 40% of the
respondents to the body of the animal without prior washing, every day till the condition is
cured. The other respondents (50%) wash the body of the animal before applying it. A small
number (10%) use Taramira oil or cow butter as a base in place of Sarson oil.
Daniel (1969) found that practices related to buffalo husbandry among the farmers of
Hissar block were far different from what animal husbandry experts had recommended
scientific know how of experts.
Bhalerao (1972) discussed the role of research in revolutionizing dairy industry and
advocated that urgency of scientific research on dairy resources of the country.
Jaggi (1973) reported that the tribal people all over India believe only in folk
medicine, it is predominantly practised by villagers and even in the cities it has its
adherents, particularly among scheduled castes. Folk medicine has its own concepts about
the causation of disease. Wrath of Gods, evil spirits, magic, witchcraft etc. It has its
diagnostic tools and techniques which lean heavily on divination. Treatment is based upon
removal of causative factors through the propitiation of Gods, exorcism, counter magic, use
of charms and amulets and of course, administration of some herbal preparations - a
perfectly rational approach in so far as it is intended to remove the basic cause.
Khanna et al. (1978) studied veterinary therapy in Hissar villages related to digestive
and respiratory disorders. They found that there were thirteen prescriptions for tympani,
twelve for impaction of rumen, nineteen for indigestion, eleven for diarrhoea, nine for colic,
five for bronchitis and five for pneumonia.
12
Srivastava (1982) conducted a study on cattle in culture and economy of tribal
Mundas of Bihar. He reported that in the event of pus formation in the swelling of yoke gall,
majority of the tribals use firing with red hot iron. The wound is then washed with boiled
neem leaves. He also reported that more than 90% of the tribals of Chotanagpur use a herbal
plant ''Harjora'' in case of fracture.
Mukherjee and Namhata (1988) reported about the tribal inhabitants on the use of
herbal medicines for the treatment of 9 common ailments of cows, buffaloes and goats i.e. ,
placenta retention, foot and mouth disease, cataract, constipation, worm infestation, colic,
dysentery, indigestion and lice infestation.
Talapad et al. (1990) conducted a survey on traditional wisdom of Gujrat tribals on
animal feed and fodder practices and found that most of the practices such as feeding of
Mahua cake with other ingredients improved the milk production, feeding seed of Kuvadia
weed and forest tree leaves of Siras, Bilva, Sisham etc. were the good sources of feed and
nutrients. They pointed out that most of the practices from scientific point of view were
good and such wisdom be useful in planning the applied animal nutritional programmes
suited to local situations.
Ibrahim (1991) conducted a study on indigenous agro-veterinary knowledge system
in Nigeria. He mentioned that ethno-agro-veterinary knowledge acts as a resource for
human and particularly rural development in Nigeria specifically and Africa generally.
Studies conducted in the Nigerian arid and semi-arid Zones show how indigenous
knowledge can play a useful part in the formation of policies, education, animal production
and health
Gupta and Patel (1992) documented several indigenous practices on abscess, fracture,
tympani, respiratory, disease, urinary problem and fever.
Honey Bee, Newsletter (1992) has defined and documented several indigenous
practices on urinary problems in bullocks, unsuccessful conception, post calving care,
13
control of intestinal parasites, bone fracture, ill growth, horn wound, flatulence,
inflammation of udder, food poisoning and poultry disease management as well as technical
comments by the experts.
Balaraman (1993) pointed out that the intensive livestock production system backed
up by intensive land use for fodder production offer enormous scope for raising livestock
productivity to high and maintain at a sustainable level. The improved farming technologies
related to animal husbandry can enrich traditional livestock production in Sikkim.
Rangnekar (1993) found that many indigenous technologies in animal breeding,
feeding and health control were technically sound and enabled farmers and livestock
owners to survive under unfavourable conditions as well as thrive well under favourable
conditions.
Ratan and Srivastava (1993) reported several indigenous methods in animal
husbandry which include cure of diseases by thymol, ginger, mahogamy, pepper, turmeric,
bamboo leaves etc. It was very common that whenever a goat suffered from rinderpest,
bamboo leaves were fed for its cure.
Chander and Mukherjee (1994) stated 18 traditional animal husbandry practices
regarding anaemia, retension of placenta, parasitic infestation, fracture, foot and mouth
disease, fever, colic pain etc.
Kohler (1994) reported about the general knowledge and therapies for 3 important
camel diseases trypanosomiasis, mange and camel pox. He also informed that the
combination of traditional and modern medicines might provide cost effective alternative
means of camel health maintenance.
Mishra et al. (1994) reported about the plants being utilized for ethno-veterinary
purposes as household medicines and those used for increasing the strength, vigour and
milking capacity of the animals.
14
De and Rao (1995) documented ethno veterinary practices, obtained farmers beliefs
and scientific rationale. They pointed out that farmers treated tympani by administering a
mixture of onion 500 gms, molasses 250 gms, black salt 25 gms and soda 25 gms.
Gupta and singh (1995) studied traditional system of curing livestock diseases and
revealed that many common diseases such as flatulence, indigestion, diarrhoea, fever, dry
cough, boils of mouth, swelling of the udder, mastitis, FMD and HS etc. were cured through
age old experiences.
Tripathi et al. (1995) studied indigenous vision of curing digestive disorders and
found that active ingredients for treating /curing digestive disorders were namely decoction
of opium, black cumin seed, pepper, Harad, Bahera, black cardamom etc.
Pandey (1996) found that respondents were using three different combinations for
the treatment of diarrhoea. Decoctions from the bark of kendu (Diospyros cordifolia) and ban
kulthi (Atylosia scarabaeoides) was the most widely used combination followed by about half
of the respondents. More than a quarter of dairy owners were administering the mixture of
Ajwain, Methi, Saunf, Sonth and Rock Salt with molasses. Some respondents were using
unripe mango and barks Amda (Spondias magnijera), Semal (Bombax ceiba), Pojo (Litsae
polyantha) and Anwala (Emblica officinalis) and Jamun (Syzygium cumini) either singly or in
combination.
Vivekanandan (1996) documented several indigenous practices on livestock feeding,
FMD, fever, prolapse of uterus and rectum, tonic for emaciated bullocks, heart trouble in
bullocks, food poison, poisonous bite.
Chinthu et al. (1997) stated several indigenous technologies for foot and mouth
disease, rinderpest/dysentery, cough and external parasites etc.
Patel et al. (1997) documented several indigenous practices on promoting lactation,
wound, yoke gall, diarrhoea and urinary problem.
15
Zuberi (1997) stated that through centuries rural people have been relying on a plant
based health care system for their domestic animals. A pilot survey revealed seventeen
diseases of cattle is treated using as many as 39 local plant species.
Lans and Brown (1998) described 28 medicinal plants for retained placenta, oestrus
induction, urinary problems, diarrhoea, wounds, worm infestation and milk production.
Lans Cheryl and Gabriel (1998) documented various ethno-veterinary medicine for
backyard poultry-the use of lime juice in duck‟s drinking water for respiratory illness for
reduced appetite the chicken are given crushed garlic (Allium sativum) sprinkled on the food
or coconut water (Cocos nucifera) in the drinking water.
Padmakumar (1998) stated that foot and mouth disease, mastitis, fever, bloat,
diarrhoea and helminthiasis are the diseases most commonly treated by means of ethno-
veterinary medicine.
Prakash (1998) informed that villagers of Jambla use the internal bark of Moringa
pterygosperma and Sangheda trees to relieve the affected cattle from pain and suffering
from arthritis.
Kaul et al. (1998) reported that farmers are very rich source of indigenous technical
knowledge related to cattle rearing. Their 'deshi' method of cattle rearing should be known
to the planners of cattle improvement programme.
Varshney (1998) reported about a member of traditional therapeutic resources in
managing gastro-intestinal disorders viz. , indigestion, dyspepsia, gastric ulcers, colic,
flatulence, acidity, gastritis, constipation, impaction, diarrhoea dysentery, parasitism,
jaundice and hepatitis.
Koradia (1999) documented indigenous practices on haemorrhage in bullocks,
prolapse of uterus and rectum.
Lakshmana et al. (2001) reported an indigenous herbal combination, E-721B, for its
usefulness in immediate hypersensitivity among animals.
16
Das et al. (2002) documented several indigenous practices on diarrhoea, foot and
mouth disease, mastitis, eye infection/injury, flatulence and tympani.
Ghosh (2002) documented several indigenous practices on parturition, skin disease,
rat bite, swelling of throat, colic pain, poisonous insect bite, typhoid fever, fractures/ joint
pain and flatulence.
Ravi Kumar et al. (2002) pointed out several tips on indigenous technical knowledge
for fracture, wound, allergic lesions, poisonous bite, avulsion of horn, yoke gall, arthritis,
condition affecting eye and cancerous growth.
Tripathi and Mandape (2002) documented several indigenous practices on
respiratory disorders, digestive disorders, skin disorders, foot and mouth disease, fever,
urinary problem, swelling in neck, evacuation of dead calf, limping, blisters in mouth and
tick infestation.
Webb and David (2002) experimented the use of neem seed extract for controlling
common cattle ticks of the Ixodidae species and found that neem seed extract is effective in
controlling ectoparasites in livestock.
De (2003) documented 175 indigenous technical practices for various ailments of
animal husbandry. He also subjected 17 ITK‟s to validation test through quantification of
indigenous knowledge (QuIK) method and found ITK‟s to be effective against modern
veterinary drugs (MVD‟s) for the respective ailments in terms of cost, availability, side
effects.
Tiwari and Tiwari (2003) reported that a number of indigenous medicines used by
livestock owners of Tarai region, Bareilly for various ailments of livestock viz. bloat,
endoparasitic infestation, foot and mouth disease, mastitis, boils and abscess, tick
infestation, lice infestation, haemorrhagic septicaemia, snake bite, fever, abortion, anoestrus,
retention of placenta, low milk productivity, inflammation and pain in joints, constipation,
wounds and injuries etc.
17
Bisht et al. (2004) reported a number of ethno veterinary practices used by livestock
owners of Kapkot block of Bageshwar district of Uttranchal. She reported that livestock
owners use to ethno veterinary medicines for a number of disorders i.e. abscess, bone
fracture, skin disease, dysentery, eczema, weakness, galaghotu, gastric, high body
temperature, poor lactation, sterility, snake bite, tice / lice infestation, wounds etc.
De et al. (2004) reported about indigenous technical knowledge in animal husbandry.
He enlisted numerous ITK's for various ailments viz. , bloat, diarrhoea, wounds etc. of
livestock. He also performed validation trials of ITK's and found them to be effective against
modern veterinary drugs (MVD's).
Manjhi (2008) revealed that the people of Vallabh Rao Palem (VR Palem) use
indigenous knowledge, including treatment of some of the human disease. So far as,
technical knowledge in agricultural practice in the village is concerned, the insect and pest
control in some of the commercially important plant like coconut tree is found to be
important one. Besides, it has been also found that there exists some of the important
traditional knowledge for healing the fractured bones and ligaments as well as remedies for
various stomach related problems.
Ponnusamy et al. (2009) observed that indigenous technical knowledge evolved from
the experiences of farmers found to posses practical utility in solving some of the farmer‟s
problems under their own conditions. The coastal agro-ecosystem offers a lot of scope in
indigenous technical knowledge. The ITKs documented on dairy enterprise could help the
scientific community and farmers to use them to the best advantage of themselves.
Das et al. (2009) conducted a study to explore, understand and document the
livestock and livelihood related social realities and their interlinkage in rural societies of
Sunderbans. The villagers of the study villages invariably restorted to ethno-veterinary
practices to get rid of the common ailments of their animals in the first place by themselves
followed by the fellow
18
Villagers having better knowledge in those practices. However, few well organized
occupational ethno-veterinarians were found across the villages. Ethno-veterinary practices
were followed in paschimil tuntiphola in cattle, in foot and mouth diseases or other types of
sore, in delayed expulsion of placenta, abortion and dystokia, in pox in duck and chicken, in
loose stool, in sprain/strain, in cataract, etc.
Singh et al. (2010) revealed that there is a significant difference in the perceived
effectiveness of ITK and PST among livestock owners at 1% level of significance in all the
seven aspects viz. , cost, accessibility, sustainability, adaptability, rationality and complexity
in relation to haemorrhagic septicaemia disease in animals.
Gajendran and Karthickeyan (2011) reported information regarding indigenous
technical knowledge in duck farming conducted in Uthiramerur taluk of Kancheepuram
district and Tindivanam taluk of Villupuram district of Tamil Nadu. Some of the common
ailments among ducklings were coryza and the respiratory distress due to exposure to chill
weather during heavy mist, besides duck plaque which causes high morbidity and
mortality. During summer season, swelling of joints, gasping for breath, etc. were noticed.
To treat this diseases, the farmers used a decoction made of Poduthalai leaves (Lippia
nodiflora), roots of paragrass, Omum and Vasambu (Sweet flag; Acorus calamus L).
19
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The present investigation was conducted to study on indigenous technical
knowledge (ITK) in animal husbandry among livestock owners of Jharkhand. To conduct
this study scientifically a suitable research design was evolved in order to arrive at authentic
conclusions. The procedure and methods used in present study have been discussed under
the following subheadings.
3.1 Location of the study.
3.2 Sampling plan.
3.3 Collection and documentation of indigenous technical knowledge from traditional
healers.
3.4 Validation of some selected ITKs.
3.5 Variables and their measurements.
3.6 Data collection.
3.7 Statistical methods used.
3.1 LOCATION OF THE STUDY
The study was conducted in all five divisions of Jharkhand state. Jharkhand state has
no definite shape. It presents an amorphous shape with a broad northern portion and a
narrow south portion. Its north-south length is nearly 30 Kms and an east-west length is 457
Kms. It extends from 210 59‟N. Lat. to 250 8‟N. Lat. and 830 20‟E. Long. to 87057‟ E. Long. It is
a land locked state being surrounded by five states namely Bihar in north, Uttar Pradesh and
Chhattisgarh in the west, Orissa in the south and West Bengal in the east. In this state, Tribes
constitute about 26.3% of the total population which are still far from modern technology
and where the traditional practices are very popular among tribals and non-tribals. There
20
are still reservoirs of indigenous technical knowledge including beliefs and superstitions in
this state.
For any social researchers involving farmers as the unit of study, direct
communication between the researcher and the respondents is a must to achieve good
rapport and to ensure free and frank expression of responses. Keeping this in view, the
researcher‟s own state namely, Jharkhand was selected for the study of collection,
documentation and validation of ITKs.
3.2 SAMPLING PLAN
The study was carried out in all five divisions viz. , South Chhotanagpur, North
Chhotanagpur, Santhal Pargana, Palamu and Kolhan of Jharkhand State. One district from
each division was selected randomly. From each district 50 livestock owners which are
known to use of ITK's and 10 traditional healers which are considered to be knowledgeable
in ITK's in animal husbandry in surrounding areas were selected randomly. Therefore, all
together 250 livestock owners and 50 traditional healers (300 respondents) were selected for
the study.
21
3.3 COLLECTION AND DOCUMENTATION OF INDIGENOUS TECHNICAL
KNOWLEDGE FROM TRADITIONAL HEALERS.
A detailed discussion with the traditional healers was conducted on various ITKs
practised in animal husbandry in the respective areas. The information about ITKs was also
taken from secondary sources as well as through observations. The information was also
collected from veterinary officers, livestock owners and non-government organizations. The
collected ITKs were documented thoroughly with the help of experts. After that, all the
selected ITKs were once again exposed among traditional healers as well as livestock owners
in order to identify the most commonly used ITKs for various animal husbandry practices.
Those animal husbandry ailments were selected which were most commonly used in their
animals by the livestock owners. The selected ITKs encountered for ten different commonly
occurring animal husbandry practices were diarrhoea, fever, fracture, constipation,
pneumonia, bloat, gastrointestinal parasites, foot and mouth disease, wound and
ectoparasitic infestation.
In order to confirm the plants or other ingredients used to heal the ailments in
animals, they were requested to show and observations were made to know the actual
procedure of application in most of the cases. The name of plants and substances used in
various ITKs which were reported by traditional healers in local dialect had been later on
discussed with subject matter specialist and their enlisting had been done from local dialect
into English manuscript as well as in scientific names in most of the cases.
3.4 VALIDATION OF SOME SELECTED ITKs
Validation of some selected ITKs has been done through QuIK (Quantification of
indigenous knowledge) method by some identified persons who were experienced in
particular ITKs. Quik method is developed by Anne K De Villiers (1996). The basic premises
of this method is that farmers know and understand the environment in which they farm
22
and that answers to many questions can be found in the collective experience of the farming
community. Farmers are doing informal experiments years after years. They have
knowledge on different aspects of ITKs as they are using it over years. Validation which was
done by the farmers is reliable because they have given marks on the basis of observation
and informal experiment. ”If a decoction of Tulsi leaves in my tea has soothed my throat in
the past, is soothing my throat today, it is OK with me. If a phytochemist will tell me thatthe
leaves have anti inflammatory molecule. I will be happy; if he will say it has none, I could
not care less. And for me an experiment on my own self is enough validation or evaluation”
(Jain, 1998).
Farmers who were experienced in the particular ITKs taken for validation were
chosen. In QuIK, PRA tool based on matrix ranking was combined with a interview
schedule to elicit numerical data from experienced farmers. The matrix was designed
through preliminary discussions with farmers and was then obtained as part of asystematic
process to obtained quantitative data. The experienced respondents were asked to weigh the
ITKs incomparison to modern veterinary drug for its performance on different criteria and
effectiveness (How many animals are cured?), cost effectiveness, quickness in healing, ease
in preparation, side effects and availability. The respondents were asked to put required
numbers of stone pieces out of 10 in each block of matrix. Unlike others, in case of side
effects, the greater value of stones indicates less side effects. The same matrix was used to
interview a number of farmers and the data from each farmer was treated as an independent
result. Then the data was put to be tested in the statistical analysis (a standard analysis of
variance, ANOVA).
23
3.5 VARIABLES AND THEIR MEASUREMENTS
The relevant variables for the present study were selected after having a scanning of
the available literatures as well as after consultation with scientists.
3.5.1 Independent variables
3.5.1.1 Personal and socio- economic characteristics
3.5.1.1.1 Age
This refers to the chronological age (in years) of the respondents rounded to the
nearest whole number at the time of interview. It was ascertained by direct questioning.
Each year was given one score
Respondents were categorised into following three categories.
Young: (Up to 30 years)
Middle: (31 to 50 years)
Old: (51 and above)
3.5.1.1.2 Caste
A caste is a social category whose members are assigned a permanent status with a
given social hierarchy and whose contacts are restricted accordingly (Lundbarg et al, 1968). It
was ascertained by direct question.
Respondents were categorised into 4 groups:
i. SC
ii. ST
iii. OBC
iv. General
24
3.5.1.1.3. Education
It refers to the functional literacy and/or academic qualification of the respondent
which was ascertained by direct questioning. The respondents were categorized into seven
groups. The respondents were assigned to their educated level as:
Table 3.1: Educational level of the respondents
Sl. No. Education level Score
a. Illiterate 1
b. Can read only 2
c. Can read and write only 3
d. Primary 4
e. Middle 5
f. Intermediate 6
g. Graduate 7
3.5.1.1.4 Size of family
Size of family means total number of adult and young members in the family. This
was quantified by socio-economic scales of Trivedi (1963).
It was measured by giving unit score to each of the family members and was further
classified as:
Small: (Up to 5 members)
Medium: (6 and 9 members)
Large: (above 9 members)
3.5.1.1.5 Land holding
It refers to the actual area of land in acre, being cultivated by the respondents. It was
measured by direct questioning.
25
Land holding for this study was categorized as follows:
Table 3.2: Land of the respondents in acres
Category Land in acres Score
Landless 0 1
Marginal 0.1 to 2.5 2
Small 2.6 to 5.0 3
Medium 5.1 to 10.0 4
Large 10.1 and above 5
3.5.1.1.6 Herd size
It refers to the number of total animal viz. Cattles, buffaloes, goats, sheep and other
farm animals of a respondent at the time of enquiry. It was measured by giving unit score to
each.
The respondents were categorized in 3 groups as:
Small: (Less than 10)
Medium: (10 to 20)
Large: (20 and above)
3.5.1.1.7 Annual income
It indicates the total annual income of the respondent from all the sources put
together.
The respondents were categorized in 3 groups as:
Low: (Less than Rs. 21,000)
Medium: (Rs. 21,000 to Rs. 40,000)
High: (Above Rs. 40,000)
26
3.5.2 Communication Characteristic
3.5.2.1 Extension agency contact
It refers to the extent of contact made by the respondents with the change agents
such as District Animal Husbandry Officer (DAHO), Sub-divisional Animal Husbandry
Officer (SDAHO), Block Animal Husbandry Officer (BAHO), Tourist Veterinary Officer
(TVO), SMS from KVK, Scientists/Professors from University etc. The respondents were
scored on a three point continuum scale namely often, occasionally and never. The scoring
system was 3, 2, and 1 respectively for three points on the scale.
Respondents were categorised into three groups:
Low: (up to 3 scores)
Medium: (4-8 scores)
High: (9and above scores)
3.5.2.2 Mass media exposure
It refers to the degree of utilization of the mass media viz. radio, television,
newspaper, magazine etc. The respondents were scored on a three point continuum scale
namely often, occasionally and never. The scoring system was 3, 2, and 1 respectively for
three points on the scale.
Respondents were categorised into three groups:
Low: (up to 3 scores)
Medium: (4-8 scores)
High: (9 and above scores)
3.5.2.3 Informal information sources used
It refers to the degreeof utilization of informal information sources viz. family
members, neighbour, friends etc. The degree of contact among respondents was measured
27
on a 5-point continuum i. e.5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 which were assigned for everyday, most often,
often, sometimes and never respectively.
Respondents were categorised into three groups:
Low: (up to 3 scores)
Medium: (4-8 scores)
High: (9 and above scores)
3.6 DATA COLLECTION
The data was collected from the randomly selected respondents with the help of
interview schedule keeping in view the objective of the study. The data was also collected by
means of observation method, informal discussion and PRA technique.
The data was collected from randomly selected respondents in order to study their
profile, documentation of ITKs, extent of awareness and adoption of ITK as well as to
identify the source and channels of diffusion of knowledge among traditional healers and
livestock owners. At last, data were collected from the traditional healers and livestock
owners for validation of some selected ITKs by QuIK method.
3.7 STATISTICAL METHOD USED
In order to get logical interpretation, the data were tabulated and subjected to simple
statistical tools such as frequency, mean, standard deviation, standard errors, percentage
and ANOVA.
For statistical analysis of validation studies, data collected from the respondents on
several criteria were subjected to one way analysis of variance (Snedecor and Cochran,
1994).
Analysis was carried out separately for each group of data under each criterion
under a particular disease studied. To test the difference of means among alternatives,
28
Duncan‟s Multiple Range Test as modified by Kramer (1957) was followed. The linear model
chosen for ANOVA was,
Yij=µ+ti+eij
Where, yij=observation of jth respondent to ith alternative
µ=Overall mean
ti = Effect of ithalternative
eij=Residual, distributed with mean “0” and variance “I”
29
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this section, the results of the study have been presented and discussed keeping in
view the objectives, under the following subheads:-
4.1 Profile of the traditional healers.
4.2 Profile of the livestock owners.
4.3 Documentation of Indigenous practices.
4.4 Extent of awareness and adoption of indigenous technical knowledge (ITK).
4.5 Sources and channels of diffusion of knowledge among traditional healers and
livestock owners.
4.6 Validation of selected indigenous technical knowledge (ITK).
4.1 PROFILE OF THE TRADITIONAL HEALERS
4.1.1 Personal and socio-economic characteristics
4.1.1.1 Age
The finding of this study Table 4.1a reveals that majority of the respondents (70%)
were falling under old age (>50years) followed by 26% and 4% middle age (30-50 years) and
young age (<30years) respectively.
4.1.1.2 Education
Study indicated that majority of the respondents (26%) could read and write only,
followed by illiterate (20%), primary (18%), middle (14%), intermediate (12%), could read
only (6%) and graduate (4%). These finding clearly indicate the low educational profile of
the respondents in the study area.
30
Profile of the Traditional healers
Table 4.1a: Personal and socio-economic characteristics
Sl. No. Variables Categories Frequency Percentage
1 Age
Young (<30 years)
Middle (30-50 years)
Old (>50 years)
2
13
35
4.0
26.0
70.0
2 Education
Illiterate
Can read only
Can read and write
Primary
Middle
Intermediate
Graduate
10
3
13
9
7
6
2
20.0
6.0
26.0
18.0
14.0
12.0
4.0
3 Category
SC
ST
OBC
General
5
21
11
13
10.0
42.0
22.0
26.0
4 Size of family
Small (<6 members)
Medium (6-9 members)
Large (>9 members)
16
23
11
32.0
46.0
22.0
5 Land holding
Landless (No land)
Marginal (0.1 to 2.5 acres)
Small (2.6 to 5.0 acres)
Medium (5.1 to 10.0 acres)
Large (above 10.0 acres)
3
23
12
8
4
6.0
48.0
24.0
16.0
8.0
6 Herd size
Small (<10)
Medium (10 to 20)
Large (>20)
7
23
20
14.0
46.0
40.0
7 Annual income
Low (<Rs. 21,000)
Medium (Rs. 21,000 to Rs. 40,000)
High (>Rs. 40,000)
19
28
3
38.0
56.0
6.0
31
4.1.1.3 Category
Table 4.1a indicated that most of the respondents (42%) were from ST category, 26%
were from general category, 22% were from OBC category and 10% were from SC category.
4.1.1.4 Size of family
Table 4.1a revealed that majority of the respondents (46%) were having medium size
of family, 32% had small size of family and 22% had large size of family.
4.1.1.5 Land holding
In this study, most of the respondents (48%) were marginal farmers. 22% were small
farmers, 16% were medium farmers, 8% were large farmers and 6% were landless farmers
(Table 4.1a)
4.1.1.6 Herd size
The results in Table 4.1a revealed that majority of the traditional healers (44%) had
medium herd size, 40% of the traditional healers had large herd size and 16% had small herd
size.
4.1.1.7 Annual income
Study indicated that most of the respondents (56%) were from medium level annual
income followed by low level of annual income (38%) and high level of annual income (6%).
32
Table 4.1b: Communicational characteristics
Sl. No. Variables Categories Frequency Percentage
1 Extension agent contact
Low (up to 3 scores)
Medium (4-8 scores)
High (9 and above scores)
18
27
5
36.0
54.0
10.0
2 Mass media exposure
Low (up to 3 scores)
Medium (4-8 scores)
High (9 and above scores)
19
24
7
38.0
48.0
14.0
3 Informal information sources
used
Low (up to 3 scores)
Medium (4-8 scores)
High (9 and above scores)
4
12
34
8.0
24.0
68.0
4.1.2 Communication characteristics
4.1.2.1 Extension agency contact
The distribution of the respondents according to their extension agency contact in
Table 4.1b revealed that 54% of the respondents had medium extension agency contact
followed by low (36%) and high (10%).
4.1.2.2 Mass media exposure
In this study, most of the traditional healers (48%) had medium level of mass media
exposure followed by low level of mass media exposure (38%) and high level of mass media
exposure (14%) respectively.
4.1.2.3 Informal information sources used
The distribution of the respondents according to their informal information sources
used in Table 4.1b revealed that 68% of the respondents had used high informal sources
followed by medium (24%) and low (8%) category
33
4.2 PROFILE OF THE LIVESTOCK OWNERS
4.2.1 Personal and socio-economic characteristics
4.2.1.1 Age
The finding of this study Table 4.2a reveals that majority of the respondents (70%)
were falling under middle age (30-50years) followed by 26% and 4% old age (>50 years) and
young age (<30years) respectively.
4.2.1.2 Education
Study indicated that majority of the respondents (28%) were middle pass, followed
by primary (22%), could read and write only (13.6%), intermediate (12%), illiterate (10%),
graduate (8%) and could read only (6%). These finding clearly indicated the low educational
profile of the respondents in the study area.
4.2.1.3 Category
Table 4.2a indicated that most of the respondents (34%) were from ST category,
30.8% were from OBC category, 23.2% were from general category and 12% were from SC
category.
4.2.1.4 Size of family
Table 4.2a revealed that majority of the respondents (48%) belonged to medium size
of family, 30.4% had large size of family and 21.6% had small size of family.
4.2.1.5 Land holding
In this study, most of the respondents (54%) were marginal farmers. 22.8% were from
small farmers, 13.2% were from medium farmers, 6.4% were large farmers and 3.6% were
landless farmers category (Table 4.2a).
34
4.2.1.6 Herd size
The results in Table 4.2a revealed that 46.4% of the livestock owners had medium
herd size, 28% of the livestock owners had small herd size and 25.6% had large herd size.
4.2.1.7 Annual income
Study indicated that most of the respondents (62.8%) were from medium level
annual income followed by low level of annual income (20%) and high level of annual
income (17.2%).
35
Profile of the livestock owners
Table 4.2a: Personal and socio-economic characteristics
Sl. No. Variables Categories Frequency Percentage
1 Age
Young (<30 years)
Middle (30-50 years)
Old (>50 years)
60
110
80
24.0
44.0
32.0
2 Education
Illiterate
Can read only
Can read and write
Primary
Middle
Intermediate
Graduate
25
15
34
56
70
30
20
10.0
6.0
13.6
22.4
28.0
12.0
8.0
3 Category
SC
ST
OBC
General
30
85
77
58
12.0
34.0
30.8
23.2
4 Size of family
Small (<6 members)
Medium (6-9 members)
Large (>9 members)
54
120
76
21.6
48.0
30.4
5 Land holding
Landless (No land)
Marginal (0.1 to 2.5 acres)
Small (2.6 to 5.0 acres)
Medium (5.1 to 10.0 acres)
Large (above 10.0 acres)
9
135
57
33
16
3.6
54.0
22.8
13.2
6.4
6 Herd size
Small (<10)
Medium (10 to 20)
Large (>20)
70
116
64
28.0
46.4
25.6
7 Annual income
Low (<Rs. 21,000)
Medium (Rs. 21,000 to Rs. 40,000)
High (>Rs. 40,000)
50
157
43
20.0
62.8
17.2
36
Table 4.2b: Communicational characteristics
Sl. No. Variables Categories Frequency Percentage
1 Extension agent contact
Low (up to 3 scores)
Medium (4-8 scores)
High (9 and above scores)
61
153
36
24.4
61.2
14.4
2 Mass media exposure
Low (up to 3 scores)
Medium (4-8 scores)
High (9 and above scores)
94
125
31
37.6
50.0
12.4
3 Informal information
sources used
Low (up to 3 scores)
Medium (4-8 scores)
High (9 and above scores)
40
73
137
16.0
29.2
54.8
4.2.2 Communication characteristics
4.2.2.1 Extension agency contact
The distribution of the respondents according to their extension agency contact in
Table 4.2b revealed that 61.2% of the respondents had medium extension agency contact
followed by low (24.4%) and high (14.4%)
4.2.2.2 Mass media exposure
In this study, most of the livestock owners (50%) had medium level of mass media
exposure followed by low level of mass media exposure (37.6%) and high level of mass
media exposure (12.4%) respectively.
4.2.2.3 Informal information sources used
The distribution of the respondents according to their informal information sources
used in Table 4.2b revealed that 54.8% of the respondents had used high informal
information sources followed by medium (29.2%) and low (16%) category.
37
4.3 DOCUMENTATION OF INDIGENOUS TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE (ITK)
This section presents a number of indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) collected by
interviewing the traditional healers in five district of Jharkhand. These indigenous practices
were screened and documented under various subheads as per various animal husbandry
practices.
4.3.1 Documentation of Indigenous technical knowledge in various animal husbandry
practices in Ranchi district of South Chhotanagpur division of Jharkhand.
1. Diarrhoea
a) Decoction of barks of Kendu (Diospyroscordifolia) and Bankulthi (Atylosia
scarbaeoides).
b) Fresh fruit of Amla (Emblica officinalis) in empty stomach.
c) Unripe mango, barks of Pojo (Bombax ceiba) and jamun (Syzygium cumini).
d) Ajawain, Methi, Sauf, Sonth and rock salt with molasses.
e) Juice of Kurchi (Holarrhena antidysenterica) leaves.
f) Juice of Bachera (Termenala bellirica) leaves.
2. Fever
a) Stems and leaves of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata).
b) Preparation of mixture of Akandi, Ajawain and Golmirch (Piper nigrum).
c) Smoke of Begna leaves is applied all over the body of animal suffering from
fever.
3. Fractures
a) Stem of Harkankan (Lea maerophyla), bark of kusum and rhizome of Haldi.
b) Powdered root or paste of the stem of the Harjora (Vitis rependa) and Dub
grass.
38
4. Constipation
a) Leaves of Kadam (Anthocephalus indicus) along with molasses.
b) Leaves of Kadam and bark of Mango tree .
c) Oils from seeds of Tolka bhindi (Jatropha curcas) with Arandi (castor) oil.
5. Pneumonia
a) Application of mustard oil with Lasun (Allium sativum).
b) Leaves of Bagnai (Capparis horrida).
c) Onion and Black pepper (Piper nigrum) in mustard oil.
6. Bloat
a) Ajawain, Hing and Black salt.
b) Onion, Ginger and Hing.
c) Tisi oil and Turpentine oil.
7. Gastrointestinal parasites
a) Leaves and bark of Farhar (Erythrima indica) with molasses.
b) Fruit of Baibidan (Embellia robusta) with molasses.
c) Seed of Palas (Butea monosperma).
d) Rice almost burnt to ash.
8. FMD
Foot lesion
a) Making the animal walk in canal/river water or mud .
b) Washing the hooves with lime water and Karanj oil (Pomgamia pinnata).
c) Washing with phenyl.
9. Mouth lesion
a) Leaves of Arhar (Cajanus indicus) and Fitkiri .
b) Rhizome of Mand and brinjal after cooking in Ghee.
39
10. Wound
a) Haldi (Curcuma domestica) heated in Ghee.
b) Ban Pyaj (Urginia indica), Ban Kareila (Momordica dioca) and slice of Sagwan
(Tectona grandis).
c) Karanj oil with Pothya fish (Puntius spp.).
11. Ectoparasitic infestation
a) Leaves of Karanj (Pogmia pinnata) or Karanj oil.
b) Burning of Neem leaves near the animal.
c) Gamexine with cow dung ash.
d) Dung ash with leaves of Saripha (Annona squamosa).
4.3.2 Documentation of Indigenous technical knowledge in various animal husbandry
practices in Dhanbad district of North Chhotanagpur division of Jharkhand.
1. Diarrhoea
a) Bark and fruits of Bahera tree (Termenala bellirica) pulverised and mixed with
boiled water.
b) Juice of Kela (Musa paradisiacal) leaves and Bans leaves (Bambusa arundinacea)
are mixed with sugar.
c) Rakta Kambal (Nymphea rubra) leaves are mixed with soda.
d) Juice of Anarash (Ananus comosus) leaves is mixed with water.
e) Juice of Kurchi (Holarrhena antidysenterica) leaves.
f) Bark and fruits of Bakul (Mimusops elongi).
2. Fever
a) Mixture prepared from Ada (Zinger officnate), Golmirch (Piper nigrum) and roots
of Kokshima (Verbaseum coromanddianum).
40
b) Powdered of leaves of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) and neem seeds
(Azadirachta indica).
c) Powdered of roots of Ayapana (Expatorium triplinerve) and Black jera. (Cuminum
cyminum).
3. Fracture
a) A paste made from Harjora (cissampelos quadrangularies) plant, bark of arjun tree
(Terminalia arjuna) and Garlic (Allium sativum) and applied with external fixation.
b) A paste made from bark of Pojo (Litsea monopelata).
4. Constipation
a) Juice extracted from Kalmegh is mixed with Jaggery.
b) A mixture of Amla, Hartaki and Bahera.
c) Flowers of Burunga (Bauhinia variegate) and leaves of Kadam.
5. Pneumonia
a) Mixture of tulsi leaves (Ocimum sanctum) and Basak leaves (Adhatoda vasica) and
boiled with water. Extracted juice is mixed with honey.
b) Juice extracted from kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata).
c) Leaves of Kadam (Anthocephalus indicus) along with molasses.
6. Bloat
a) A paste of Garlic, Ginger and Jaggery .
b) Juice extracted from Kadam (Anthocephalus indicus).
c) A mixture is prepared from burnt Tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum), burnt maize (Zea
mays) and cockroach faeces and applied on the belly.
7. Gastrointestinal parasites
a) Seed of Palas (Butea monosperma).
b) Seeds of kurchi (Holarrhena antidysenterica).
c) Extracted juice of Kalmegh.
41
8. FMD
Foot lesion
a) Washed the hooves of animals with lime water or Karanj oil .
b) The affected part is cleaned with boiled neem leaves water. Then neem oil is
applied.
c) Washing with phenyl.
Mouth lesion
a) Leaves of Tamarind and Jaggery.
b) Extract of bark of Babul (Acacia arabica) boiled in water.
9. Wound
a) Application of Haldi and Deshi Ghee.
b) Application of poultice of Onion with mustard oil.
c) Stems and leaves of Anantmul (Hemidesmus indicus).
10. Ectoparasitic infestation
a) Decoction of leaves of Karaj (Pogmia pinnata), oil of Karanj/Neem .
b) Dung with leaves of Saripha (Annana squamosa).
c) Sap of Khejur (Phoenix dactylifera).
4.3.3 Documentation of Indigenous technical knowledge in various animal husbandry
practices in Latehar district of Palamu division of Jharkhand
1. Diarrhoea
a) Mixture of Hartaki, Bahera, Amla, , Tamarind, Hing, Laung, and Ajawain.
b) Powdered of Bel and Arjun mixed with juice of Banana stem.
c) Datura fruits (Datura stramonium) burned in fire and ash is fed to animal with
normal diet.
d) Fermented sugarcane juice is fed to the animal.
42
e) Sap of Banana plant and Terpentine oil is mixed.
f) Lemon leaves are crushed and mixed with water and little amount of salt.
2. Fever
a) Powdered mixture of leaves or stem of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) and
Neem seeds.
b) Powdered mixture of Ban tulsi and Neem leaves.
c) Zeera and Garlic are boiled in water.
d) Roots of Banlung (Ludwigia octovalvis) is boiled.
3. Fracture
a) Paste of Harjora stem and Til oil is applied on the affected portion and external
support is provided by Bamboo stick.
b) Paste of Mehdi leaves, Turmeric, Harjora leaves and Cactus stems is applied and
support is provided by Bamboo stick.
4. Constipation
a) Mixture of Aonla, Hartaki and Bahera
b) Kalazeera paste mixed with Desi ghee.
c) Preparation of mixture of Hartaki, Ajwain, Hing, wheat bran and Jaggery.
5. Pneumonia
a) Paste prepared from leaves of Tulsi, Turmeric and Ajwain.
b) Paste prepared from leaves of Black pepper, Jaiphal, Ajwain, Ginger, Methi and
Ghee.
c) Leaves of Tulsi.
6. Bloat
a) Dry Ginger/ Sonth and Black Pepper mixed in luke warm wate. r
b) Mixture of oak flower, wheat flour, Ginger, Kalmi soda and Tobacco.
43
c) A mixture is prepared from burnt Tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum), burnt maize (Zea
mays) and cockroach faeces and applied on the belly.
7. Gastrointestinal parasites
a) Mixture prepared from dry Ginger, leaves of Neem, Papaya seeds, Palas seeds,
Methi and Black Pepper.
b) Paste prepared from Papaya seed, Palas seeds, Neem Seed and Musturd seed.
8. FMD
Foot lesion
a) Use of Tincture of iodine and Neem oil.
b) Animal allowsto stand in Hot sand followed by Sprinkling of Neem seed
powdered and Neem oil.
c) Washing with phenyl.
Mouth lesion
a) Tulsi leaves (Ocimum sanctum) is grounded and applied on the affected portion.
b) Paste of Bantulsi and Turmeric.
9. Wound
a) Application of Haldi and Coconut oil.
b) Paste made from root and bark of Jamun (Syzgium jambolanum) is applied.
c) Extract of Genda (Targetes erecta) leaves is applied.
10. Ectoparasitic infestation
a) Paste prepared from turmeric, Neem seeds and Musturd oil is applied.
b) Paste of Ginger and onion is applied.
44
4.3.4 Documentation of Indigenous technical knowledge in various animal husbandry
practices in West Singhbhum district of Kolhan division of Jharkhand
1. Diarrhoea
a) Bark and fruits of Bahera tree are pulverised and mixed with water.
b) Juice of Banana, juice of Bans ( Bambusa arundinacea) mixed with sugar.
c) Pulp of ripened Emali (Tamarindus indicus).
d) Raktakambal leaves ( Nymphaea nouchali) are mixed with soda.
e) Unripe Mango, Bark of Amda (Spondias magnifera), Pojo and Jamun.
2. Fever
a) Mixture of root of Palati (Stephani japonica), Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi), Black
pepper (Piper nigrum) are pulverised then mixed with salt and sugar.
b) Stem and leaves of Kalmegh are boiled in water.
c) Roots of Apang (Achyramthes aspera) is grounded and mixed with water.
d) Sometime tribes uses Malmakhamati (Chetamati, one type of soil).
3. Fracture
a) Paste prepared from Harjora plant (Cissampelos quadrangularicus) is applied and
external support is provided.
b) Paste prepared from bark of Munga tree (Moringa oleifera), lime and Haldi.
(Turmeric, Curcuma domestica) and it is heated and applied with external fixation.
4. Constipation
a) Leaves of Kadam (Anthocephalus indicus) along with Molasses.
b) Mixture of Amla, Hartaki and Bahera .
c) Leaves of Kadam and Bark of Mango.
5. Pneumonia
a) Paste prepared from leaves of Tulsi, Turmeric and Ajwain.
b) Paste prepared from leaves of Black pepper, Jaiphal, Ajwain, , Methi and Ghee.
45
c) Leaves of Tulsi.
6. Bloat
a) Dry Ginger/ Sonth and Black pepper mixed in luke warm water.
b) Mixture of Somraj (Centrathierum anthelminticum) and Indrajan (Wrightia tinctoria).
c) A mixture is prepared from Pat Alu (one type of potato), Turmeric, Bel, Gad (one
type of creeper), Ghee and Lahsun.
7. Gastrointestinal parasites
a) Bark and leaves of Dalim (Punita granatum) are boiled with water.
b) Seed of Palas.
c) Blood of Duck.
d) Bark of Ashoka tree (Saraca asoca).
8. FMD
Foot lesion
a) Application of Gurakhu,
b) Animal allow to stand in Hot sand followed by sprinkling of Neem seed powder
and Karanj oil.
c) Washing with phenyl.
Mouth lesion
a) Sonth, Black pepper is mixed with ghee and fed to the animal.
b) Extract of bark of Babool.
9. Wound
a) Roots and Bark of Palati (Stephania japonica) and Datura is powdered and mixed
with Karanj oil and heated.
b) Paste of Haldi is applied.
c) Decoction of root bark of Siakul (Ziziphus oenoplia).
46
10. Ectoparasitic infestation
a) Paste of Karanj leaves or Bark or Karanj oi. l
b) Neem water or Neem oil is applied.
c) Tobacco shoot with Kerosine oil.
4.3.5 Documentation of Indigenous technical knowledge in various animal husbandry
practices in Jamtara district of Santhal Pargana division of Jharkhand
1. Diarrhoea
a) Powdered of Hartaki, Bahera and Aonla mixed with fermented rice water.
b) Paste prepared from Banana flower and turmeric.
c) Roots, Fruits and Seeds of Elaichi.
d) Unripe Mango, Pojo and Jamun.
2. Fever
a) Decoction of Kalmegh.
b) Powder of root of Jharmanik (Rauvolfia serpentine) and Black pepper.
c) Roots of Akandi (Stephania japonica) and Black pepper.
3. Fracture
a) A luke warm paste of Harjora plant is applied with external fixation.
b) A paste is made from Bark of Sankerjata (Uraria picpa).
4. Constipation
a) Mixture prepared from Hartaki, Ajwain, wheat bran, Hing and Jaggery.
b) Isabgol (Plantago ovate) husk mixed with luke warm water.
c) Desi ghee is given oraly.
5. Pneumonia
a) Extract made from Tejpata (Sinnamomum tamala) and Ginger.
b) A paste made from Ghee , Black pepper, Ginger and Garlic (Allium sativum).
c) Juice of Begna leave, Ginger and Black pepper.
47
6. Bloat
a) A mixture of Ginger and salt.
b) Mixture made from Bitla ban (Natrum murbit), Groundnut, Molasses and Black
pepper.
c) Decoction of Stem bark of Kadam (Anthocephalus indicus).
7. Gastrointestinal parasites
a) Seed of palas (Butea monodsperma).
b) Paste prepared from papaya (Carica papaya) and Neem seed.
c) Extract of Neem leaves.
8. FMD
Foot lesion
a) Animal is allowed to stand in muddy areas of paddy field/ river banks
b) Neem leaves are boiled. The extract applied on the affected part. Then Neem oil
is applied
Mouth lesion
a) Extract of stems and leaves of Pataldudhi (Hemidesmus indicus) is mixed with
honey and fed to the animal
b) Geru is applied on the affected lesion
9. Wound
a) Roots of Kuchila (Strychnos nuxvomica), roots of Surajmukhi (Helianthus annuus) is
mixed with Palas Petals and Mustard oil and applied topicaly over the wound.
b) Application of Haldi (Curcuma domistica).
c) Milky juice of Kukur-Botur (Vallaris heynei) is applied on wounds.
48
10. Ectoparasitic infestation
a) Leaves of Neem or Neem oil.
b) Tobacco shoot with Kerosine oil.
4.4 EXTENT OF AWARENESS AND ADOPTION OF INDIGENOUS TECHNICAL
KNOWLEDGE (ITK)
This section presents the extent of awareness and adoption of indigenous technical
knowledge (ITK) for various animal husbandry practices among randomly selected livestock
owners of five districts of Jharkhand. The extent of awareness and adoption was studied for
documented ITKs by the livestock owners in their animals for ten commonly found animal
diseases.
Table-4.3: Extent of awareness and adoption of Indigenous practices among livestock
owners in Ranchi district of South Chhotanagpur division of Jharkhand
Sl
No. Indigenous practice
Awareness
level
Adoption
level
f % f %
1 Diarrhoea
(a) Decoction of barks of Kendu (Diospyros cordifolia) and
Bankulthi (Atylosia scarbaeoides) 26 52 25 50
(b) Fresh fruit of Aonla (Emblica officinalis) in empty
stomach 22 44 20 40
(c) Unripe mango, barks of Pojo (Bombax ceiba) and jamun
(Syzygium cumini) 17 34 15 30
(d) Ajawain, Methi, Sauf, Sonth and rock salt with molasses 14 28 11 22
(e) Juice of Kurchi (Holarrhena antidysenterica) leaves 10 20 07 14
(f) Juice of Bachera (Termenala bellirica) leaves 08 16 05 10
2 Fever
(a) Stems and leaves of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) 27 54 24 48
49
(b) Preparation of mixture of Akandi, Ajawain and
Golmirch (Piper nigrum) 23 46 22 44
(c) Smoke of Begna leaves is applied all over the body of
animal suffering from fever 19 38 15 30
3 Fracture
(a) Stem of Harkankan (Lea maerophyla), bark of kusum and
rhizome of Haldi 39 78 35 70
(b) Powdered root or paste of the stem of the Harjora (Vitis
rependa)and Dub grass 36 72 34 68
4 Constipation
(a) Leaves of Kadam (Anthocephalus indicus) along with
molasses 25 50 23 46
(b) Leaves of Kadam and bark of Mango tree 21 42 18 36
(c) Oils from seeds of Tolka bhindi (Jatropha curcas) with
Arandi (castor) oil 11 22 18
5 Pneumonia
(a) Application of mustard oil with Lasun (Allium sativum) 26 52 24 48
(b) Leaves of Bagnai (Capparis horrida) 20 40 16 32
(c) Onion and Black pepper (Piper nigrum) in mustard oil 19 38 14 28
6 Bloat
(a) Ajawain, Hing and Black salt 21 42 17 34
(b) Onion, Ginger and Hing 18 36 15 30
(c) Tisi oil and Turpentine oil 14 28 10 20
7 Gastrointestinal parasites
(a) Leaves and bark of Farhar (Erythrima indica) with
molasses 16 32 14 28
(b) Fruit of Baibidan (Embellia robusta) with molasses 15 30 11 22
(c) Seed of Palas (Butea monosperma) 23 46 20 40
(d) Rice almost burnt to ash 12 24 09 18
8 FMD
Foot lesion
(a) Making the animal walk in canal/river water or mud 26 52 25 50
50
(b) Washing the hooves with lime water and Karanj oil
(Pomgamia pinnata) 36 72 34 68
(c) Washing with phenyl 29 58 26 52
Mouth lesion
(a) Leaves of Arhar (Cajanus indicus) and Fitkiri 23 46 21 42
(b) Rhizome of Mand and brinjal after cooking in Ghee 21 42 19 38
9 Wound
(a) Haldi (Curcuma domestica) heated in Ghee 27 54 26 52
(b) Ban Pyaj (Urginia indica), Ban Karla (Momordica dioca)
and slice of Sagwan (Tectona grandis) 19 38 18 36
(c) Karanj oil with Pothya fish (Puntius spp.) 15 30 12 24
10 Ectoparasitic infestation
(a) Leaves of Karanj (Pogmia pinnata) or Karanj oil 37 74 34 68
(b) Burning of Neem leaves near the animal 32 64 30 60
(c) Gamexine with cow dung ash 20 40 17 34
(d) Dung ash with leaves of Saripha (Annona squamosa) 18 36 15 30
4.4.1 Extent of awareness and adoption of indigenous practices among livestock owners
in Ranchi district of South Chhotanagpur division of Jharkhand.
4.4.1.1 Diarrhoea
Table 4.3 indicated that most of the livestock owners (52%) were aware of the
ingredients (decoction of bark of Kendu and Bankulthi) followed by 44% (fresh fruit of
Aonla), 34% (unripe Mango, barks of Pojo and Janum), 28% (Ajawain, Methi, Sauf and rock
Salt with molasses), 20% (juice of Kurchi leaves) and 16% (juice of Bahera) used in
indigenous preparation to control diarrhoea. These practices were adopted by 50%, 40%,
30%, 22%, 14% and 10% of the livestock owners respectively.
51
4.4.1.2 Fever
In case of fever, most of the respondents (54%) were aware of application of stems
and leaves of Kalmegh, 46% were aware of use of mixture of preparation of Akandi,
Ajawain and Golmirch and 38% were aware of application of smoke of Begna leaves over
the body. These practices were commonly adopted by 48%, 44% and 30% of the livestock
owners respectively (Table 4.3).
4.4.1.3 Fracture
Majority of the livestock owners (78%) were of the ingredients (stem of Harkankan,
bark of Kusum and Rhizome of Haldi) and 72% were aware of ingredients (powder root or
paste of stem of the Harjora and Dub grass) used in indigenous preparation in case of
fracture. These practices were adopted by 70% and 68% of the livestock owners respectively
(Table 4.3).
4.4.1.4 Constipation
In case of constipation, 50% of the respondents were of the ingredients (leaves of
Kadam along with molasses) followed by 42% ( leaves of Kadam and Mango tree) and 22%
(oil from seeds of Totka Bhindi with Arandi oil) used in indigenous preparation, whereas,
these practices were adopted by 46%, 36% and 18% of the respondents respectively (Table
4.3).
4.4.1.5 Pneumonia
Most of the livestock owners (52%) were aware of applying of Mustard oil with
Lahsun, 40% were aware of applying leaves of Bagnai and 38% were aware of applying
Onion and Black pepper in mustard oil in case of pneumonia and these practices were
adopted by 48%, 32% and 28% of the livestock owners respectively (Table 4.3).
52
4.4.1.6 Bloat
In case of bloat, most of the livestock owners (42%) were aware of the ingredients
(Ajawain, Hing and Black salt) followed by 36% (Onion, Ginger and Hing) and 28% (Tisi oil
and Turpentine oil) used in indigenous preparation. These practices were adopted by 34%,
30% and 20% of the livestock owners respectively (Table 4.3).
4.4.1.7 Gastrointestinal parasites
The study indicated that 46% livestock owners were aware of use of seed of Palas,
32% were aware of use of leaves and bark of Farhar, 30% were aware of use of fruits of
Baibidan and 24% were aware of use of rice almost burn to ash for treatment of
gastrointestinal parasites and these practices were adopted by 40%, 28%, 22% and 18% of the
livestock owners respectively (Table 4.3).
4.4.1.8 Foot and Mouth Disease
For the treatment of foot lesions in FMD, majority of the livestock owners (72%) were
aware of washing the hooves with lime water and Karanj oil, 58% were aware of use of
phenyl and 50% were aware of making the animal walk in canal/river water or mud. These
practices were adopted by 68%, 52% and 50% of the livestock owners respectively.
For the treatment of mouth lesions in FMD, 46% livestock owners were aware of
applying leaves of Arhar and Fitkiri and 42% were aware of applying Rhizome of Mand and
Brinjal after cooking in Ghee. These practices were adopted by 42% and 38% of the livestock
owners respectively (Table 4.3).
4.4.1.9 Wound
In case of wound, most of the livestock owners (54%) were aware of the ingredients
(Haldi and Ghee) followed by 38% (Banpyaj, Bankareila and slice of Sagwan) and 30%
53
(Karanj oil with Pothya fish) used in indigenous preparation. These practices were adopted
by 52%, 36% and 24% of the livestock owners respectively (Table 4.3).
4.4.1.10 Ectoparasitic infestation
Majority of the livestock owners (74%) were aware of application of leaves of
Karanj/Karanj oil, 64% were aware of application of burning of Neem leaves near the
animal, 40% were aware of application of Gamexine with cow dung ash 36% were aware of
application of dung ash with leaves of Saripha (Table 4.3).
Table-4.4: Extent of awareness and adoption of Indigenous practices among livestock
owners in Dhanbad district of North Chhotanagpur division of Jharkhand
Sl No.
Indigenous practice
Awareness level
Adoption level
f % f %
1 Diarrhoea
(a) Bark and fruits of Bahera tree (Termenala bellirica)
pulverised and mixed with boiled water 28 56 26 52
(b) Juice of Kela (Musa paradisiacal) leaves and Bans
leaves (Bambusa arundinacea) are mixed with sugar 26 52 23 46
(c) Rakta Kambal (Nymphea rubra) leaves are mixed
with soda 19 38 17 34
(d) Juice of Anarash (Ananus comosus) leaves is mixed
with water 17 34 14 28
(e) Juice of Kurchi (Holarrhena antidysenterica) leaves 16 32 13 26
(f) Bark and fruits of Bakul (Mimusops elongi) 15 30 10 20
2 Fever
(a)
Mixture prepared from Ada (Zinger officnate),
Golmirch (Piper nigrum) and roots of Kokshima
(Verbaseum coromanddianum)
30 60 27 54
(b) Powdered of leaves of Kalmegh (Andrographis
paniculata) and neem seeds (Azadirachta indica) 26 52 22 44
54
(c) Powdered of roots of Ayapana (Expatorium
triplinerve) and Black jera (Cuminum cyminum) 20 40 16 32
3 Fracture
(a)
A paste made from Harjora (cissampelos
quadrangularies) plant, bark of arjun tree (Terminalia
arjuna) and Garlic (Allium sativum) and applied
with external fixation.
34 68 31 62
(b) A paste made from bark of Pojo (Litsea monopelata) 27 54 24 48
4 Constipation
(a) Juice extracted from Kalmegh is mixed with
Jaggery 28 56 25 50
(b) A mixture of Amla, Hartaki and Bahera. 25 50 22 44
(c) Flowers of Burunga (Bauhinia variegate) and leaves
of Kadam 19 38 17 34
5 Pneumonia
(a)
Mixture of tulsi leaves (Ocimum sanctum) and Basak
leaves (Adhatoda vasica) and boiled with water.
Extracted juice is mixed with honey.
27 54 24 48
(b) Juice extracted from kalmegh (Andrographis
paniculata) 23 46 21 42
(c) Leaves of Kadam (Anthocephalus indicus) along with
molasses. 18 36 14 28
6 Bloat
(a) A paste of Garlic, Ginger and Jaggery. 24 48 22 44
(b) Juice extracted from Kadam (Anthocephalus indicus) 21 42 19 38
(c)
A mixture is prepared from burnt Tobacco
(Nicotiana tobacum), burnt maize (Zea mays) and
cockroach faeces and applied on the belly.
17 34 15 30
7 Gastrointestinal parasites
(a) Seed of Palas (Butea monosperma) 28 56 25 50
(b) Seeds of kurchi (Holarrhena antidysenterica) 20 40 18 36
(c) Extracted juice of Kalmegh 16 32 12 24
55
8 FMD
Foot lesion
(a) Washed the hooves of animals with lime water or
Karanj oil 37 74 35 70
(b) The affected part is cleaned with boiled neem
leaves water. Then neem oil is applied. 33 66 31 62
(c) Washing with phenyl 28 56 26 52
Mouth lesion
(a) Leaves of Tamarind and Jaggery 24 48 22 44
(b) Extract of bark of Babul (Acacia arabica) boiled in
water 20 40 18 36
9 Wound
(a) Application of Haldi and Deshi Ghee 32 64 30 60
(b) Application of poultice of Onion with mustard oil. 23 46 19 38
(c) Stems and leaves of Anantmul (Hemidesmus indicus) 17 34 14 28
10 Ectoparasitic infestation
(a) Decoction of leaves of Karaj (Pogmia pinnata) oil of
Karanj 34 68 32 64
(b) Dung with leaves of Saripha (Annana squamosa). 26 52 24 48
(c) Sap of Khejur (Phoenix dactylifera) 21 42 18 36
4.4.2 Extent of awareness and adoption of indigenous practices among livestock owners
in Dhanbad district of North Chhotanagpur division of Jharkhand.
4.4.2.1 Diarrhoea
Table 4.4 indicated that most of the livestock owners (56%) were aware of the
ingredients (Bark and fruits of Bahera) followed by 52% (juice of Banana leaves and Bans
leaves), 38% (Rakta kambal leaves mixed with soda), 34% (juice of Anarash leaves mixed
with water), 32% (juice of Kurchi leaves) and 30% (bark and fruits of Bakul) used in
indigenous preparation to control diarrhoea. These practices were adopted by 52%, 46%,
34%, 28%, 26% and 20% of the livestock owners respectively.
56
4.4.2.2 Fever
In case of fever, most of the respondents (60%) were aware of use of mixture
prepared from Ginger, Back pipper and roots of Kokshima, 52% were aware of use of
powder of leaves of Kalmegh and Neem seeds and 40% were aware of application of
powder of roots of Ayapana and Black jera. These practices were commonly adopted by
54%, 44% and 32% of the livestock owners respectively (Table 4.4).
4.4.2.3 Fracture
Majority of the livestock owners (68%) were of the ingredients (paste made from
Harjora plant, bark of Arjun tree and Garlic) and 54% were aware of ingredients (paste made
from bark of Pojo) used in indigenous preparation in case of fracture. These practices were
adopted by 62% and 48% of the livestock owners respectively (Table 4.4).
4.4.2.4 Constipation
In case of constipation, most of the respondents (56%) were of the ingredients (juice
extracted from Kalmegh mixed with jaggery) followed by 50% (mixture of Aonla, Hartaki
and Bahera) and 38% (flowers of Burunga and leaves of Kadam) used in indigenous
preparation, whereas, these practices were adopted by 50%, 44% and 34% of the respondents
respectively (Table 4.4).
4.4.2.5 Pneumonia
Most of the livestock owners (54%) were aware of use of extracted juice of Tulsi
leaves and Basak leavesmixed with honey, 46% were aware of use of juice extracted from
Kalmegh and 36% were aware of use of leaves of Kadam mixed with molasses in case of
pneumonia and these practices were adopted by 48%, 42% and 30% of the livestock owners
respectively (Table 4.4).
57
4.4.2.6 Bloat
In case of bloat, most of the livestock owners (48%) were aware of the ingredients
(paste of Garlic, Ginger and Jaggery) followed by 42% (juice extracted from Kadam) and 34%
(mixture of burnt Tobacco, burnt Maize and Cockroach faeces) used in indigenous
preparation. These practices were adopted by 44%, 38% and 28% of the livestock owners
respectively (Table 4.4).
4.4.2.7 Gastrointestinal parasites
The study indicated that 56% livestock owners were aware of use of seed of Palas,
40% were aware of use of seed of Kurchi and 32% were aware of use of extracted juice of
Kalmegh and for treatment of gastrointestinal parasites and these practices were adopted by
50%, 36% and 24% of the livestock owners respectively (Table 4.4).
4.4.2.8 Foot and Mouth Disease
For the treatment of foot lesions in FMD, majority of the livestock owners (74%) were
aware of washing the hooves with lime water and Karanj oil, 66% were aware of cleaned
affected part with Neem leaves water and Neem oil and 56% were aware of use of phenyl.
These practices were adopted by 70%, 62% and 52% of the livestock owners respectively
(Table 4.4).
For the treatment of mouth lesions in FMD, 48% livestock owners were aware of
applying leaves of Tamarind and Jaggery and 40% were aware of applying extract of bark of
Babul. These practices were adopted by 44% and 36% of the livestock owners respectively
(Table 4.4).
58
4.4.2.9 Wound
In case of wound, most of the livestock owners (64%) were aware of the ingredients
(Haldi and Ghee) followed by 46% (poultice of Onion with mustard oil) and 34% (stems and
leaves of Anantmul) used in indigenous preparation. These practices were adopted by 60%,
38% and 28% of the livestock owners respectively.
4.4.2.10 Ectoparasitic infestation
Majority of the livestock owners (68%) were aware of application of leaves of
Karanj/Karanj oil/Neem oil, 52% were aware of application of dung ash with leaves of
Saripha and 42% were aware of application of sap of Khejure. These practices were adopted
by 64%, 48% and 36% of the livestock owners respectively (Table 4.4)
Table-4.5: Extent of awareness and adoption of Indigenous practices among livestock
owners in Latehar district of Palamu division of Jharkhand
Sl No.
Indigenous practice
Awareness level
Adoption level
f % f %
1 Diarrhoea
(a) Mixture of Hartaki, Bahera, AonlaTamarind, Hing,
Laung and Ajawain 27 54 24 48
(b) Powdered of Bel and Arjun mixed with juice of
Banana stem 24 48 20 40
(c) Datura fruits (Datura stramonium) burned in fire and
ash is fed to animal with normal diet 22 44 18 36
(d) Fermented sugarcane juice is fed to the animal 19 38 14 28
(e) Sap of Banana plant and Terpentine oil is mixed 17 34 12 24
(f) Lemon leaves are crushed and mixed with water and
little amount of salt 15 30 10 20
2 Fever
(a) Powdered mixture of leaves or stem of Kalmegh 28 56 25 50
59
(Andrographis paniculata) and Neem seeds
(b) Powdered mixture of Ban tulsi and Neem leaves 24 48 21 42
(c) Zeera and Garlic are boiled in water 19 38 16 32
(d) Roots of Banlung (Ludwigia octovalvis) is boiled 14 28 9 18
3 Fracture
(a)
Paste of Harjora stem and Til oil is applied on the
affected portion and external support is provided by
Bamboo stick
35 70 33 66
(b)
Paste of Mehdi leaves , Turmeric, Harjora leaves and
Cactus stems is applied and support is provided by
Bamboo stick
28 56 25 50
4 Constipation
(a) Mixture of Aonla, Hartaki and Bahera 28 56 25 50
(b) Kalazeera paste mixed with Desi ghee. 24 48 22 44
(c) Preparation of mixture of Hartaki, Ajwain, Hing,
wheat bran and Jaggery 22 44 19 38
5 Pneumonia
(a) Paste prepared from leaves of Tulsi, Turmeric and
Ajwain 24 48 22 44
(b) Paste prepared from leaves of Black pepper, Jaiphal,
Ajwain, Ginger, Methi and Ghee 23 46 20 40
(c) Leaves of Tulsi 20 40 17 34
6 Bloat
(a) Dry Ginger/ Sonth and Black pepper mixed in luke
warm water 27 54 25 50
(b) Mixture of oak flower , wheat flour, Ginger, Kalmi
soda and Tobacco 24 48 21 42
(c)
A mixture is prepared from burnt Tobacco (Nicotiana
tobacum), burnt maize (Zea mays) and cockroach
faeces and applied on the belly.
19 38 16 32
7 Gastrointestinal parasites
(a) Mixture prepared from dry Ginger, leaves of Neem, 23 46 21 42
60
Papaya seeds, Palas seeds, Methi and Black Pepper
(b) Paste prepared from Papaya seed, Palas seeds, Neem
Seed and Musturd seed 20 40 18 36
8 FMD
Foot lesion
(a) Use of Tincture of iodine and Neem oil 31 62 29 58
(b) Animal allow to stand in Hot sand followed by
Sprinkling of Neem seed powdered and Neem oil 26 52 25 50
(c) Washing with phenyl 25 50 24 48
Mouth lesion
(a) Tulsi leaves (Ocimum sanctum) is grounded and
applied on the affected portion 28 56 26 52
(b) Paste of Bantulsi and Turmeric 25 50 23 46
9 Wound
(a) Application of Haldi and Coconut oil 29 58 27 54
(b) Paste made from root and bark of Jamun (Syzgium
jambolanum) is applied 24 48 21 42
(c) Extract of Genda (Targetes erecta) leaves is applied 20 40 17 34
10 Ectoparasitic infestation
(a) Paste prepared from turmeric, Neem seeds and
Musturd oil is applied 26 52 24 48
(b) Paste of Ginger, onion is applied 22 44 16 32
4.4.3 Extent of awareness and adoption of indigenous practices among livestock owners
in Latenar district of Palamu division of Jharkhand
4.4.3.1 Diarrhoea
Table 4.5 indicated that most of the livestock owners (54%) were aware of the
ingredients (mixture of Hartaki, Bahera, Aonla, Tamarind, Hing, Laung and Ajawain)
followed by 48% (juice of Banana stems mixed with powder of bark of Bel and Arjun), 44%
(Dhatura fruit burned in fire and ash mixed with normal diet), 38% (fermented sugarcane
61
juice), 34% (sap of Banana plant and Terpentine oil) and 30% (powder of Lemon leaves
mixed with water and salt) used in indigenous preparation to control diarrhoea. These
practices were adopted by 48%, 40%, 36%, 28%, 24% and 20% of the livestock owners
respectively.
4.4.3.2 Fever
In case of fever, most of the respondents (56%) were aware of use of powdered
mixture of leaves and stems of Kalmegh and Neem sseds, 48% were aware of use of
powdered mixture of Bantulsi and Neem leaves, 38% were aware of use of Jeera and Garlic
boiled in water and 28% were aware of use of Banlung boiled in water. These practices were
commonly adopted by 50%, 42%, 32% and 18% of the livestock owners respectively (Table
4.5).
4.4.3.3 Fracture
Majority of the livestock owners (70%) were of the ingredients (paste made from
Harjora stem and Til oil) and 56% were aware of ingredients (paste made from Mehdi
leaves, Turmeric Harjora leaves and Cactus stems) used in indigenous preparation in case of
fracture. These practices were adopted by 66% and 50% of the livestock owners respectively
(Table 4.5).
4.4.3.4 Constipation
In case of constipation, most of the respondents (56%) were of the ingredients
(mixture of Hartaki, Ajawain, Hing, wheat bran and jaggery) followed by 48% (mixture of
Aonla, Hartaki and Bahera) and 44% (paste prepared from Kalajeera and Deshi Ghee) used
in indigenous preparation, whereas, these practices were adopted by 50%, 48% and 44% of
the respondents respectively.
62
4.4.3.5 Pneumonia
Most of the livestock owners (48%) were aware of use of paste prepared from leaves
of Tulsi, Turmeric and Ajwain, 46% were aware of use of Black pepper, Jaiphal, Ajwain,
Ginger, Methi and Ghee and 40% were aware of use of leaves of Tulsi in case of pneumonia
and these practices were adopted by 44%, 40% and 34% of the livestock owners respectively.
4.4.3.6 Bloat
In case of bloat, most of the livestock owners (54%) were aware of the ingredients
(Dry Ginger/Sonth and Black pepper) followed by 48% (mixture of Oak flower, Wheat flour,
Ginger, Kalmi Soda and Tobacco) and 38% (mixture prepared from burnt Tobacco, Maize
and Cockroach faeces) used in indigenous preparation. These practices were adopted by
50%, 42% and 32% of the livestock owners respectively (Table 4.5).
4.4.3.7 Gastrointestinal parasites
The study indicated that 46% livestock owners were aware of use of mixture
prepared from dry Ginger, leaves of Neem, Papaya seeds, Palas seeds, Methi and Black
pepper and 40% were aware of use of paste prepared from Papaya seeds, Palas seeds, Neem
seeds and Mustard seeds for treatment of gastrointestinal parasites and these practices were
adopted by 42% and 36% of the livestock owners respectively.
4.4.3.8 Foot and Mouth Disease
For the treatment of foot lesions in FMD, majority of the livestock owners (62%) were
aware of use of Tincture of Iodine and Neem leaves, 52% were aware of animal allow to
stand in Hot sand followed by sprinkling of Neem seed powder and Neem oil and 50% were
aware of use of phenyl. These practices were adopted by 58%, 50% and 48% of the livestock
owners respectively.
63
For the treatment of mouth lesions in FMD, 56% livestock owners were aware of
applying leaves of Tulsi on the affected portion and 50% were aware of applying paste of
Bantulsi and Turmeric. These practices were adopted by 52% and 46% of the livestock
owners respectively.
4.4.3.9 Wound
In case of wound, most of the livestock owners (58%) were aware of the ingredients
(Haldi and Coconut oil) followed by 48% (paste made from root and bark of Jamun) and
40% (extract of Genda leaves) used in indigenous preparation. These practices were adopted
by 54%, 42% and 34% of the livestock owners respectively (Table 4.5).
4.4.3.10 Ectoparasitic infestation
Majority of the livestock owners (52%) were aware of use of paste prepared from
Turmeric, Neem seeds and Mustard oil and 44% were aware of application of paste of
Ginger. These practices were adopted by 48%, and 32% of the livestock owners respectively.
Table-4.6: Extent of awareness and adoption of Indigenous practices among livestock
owners division in West Singhbhum district of Kolhan division of
Jharkhand
Sl No.
Indigenous practice
Awareness level
Adoption level
f % f %
1 Diarrhoea
(a) Bark and fruits of Bahera tree are pulverised and
mixed with water 21 42 19 38
(b) Juice of Banana , juice of Bans ( Bambusa arundinacea)
mixed with sugar 24 48 22 44
(c) Pulp of ripened Emali (Tamarindus indicus) 17 34 15 30
(d) Raktakambal leaves (Nymphaea nouchali) are mixed 13 26 9 18
64
with soda
(e) Unripe Mango, Bark of Pojo and Jamun 27 54 24 48
2 Fever
(a)
Mixture of root of Palati (Stephani japonica), Ajwain
(Trachyspermum ammi), Black pepper (Piper nigrum) are
pulverised then mixed with salt and sugar
24 48 22 44
(b) Stem and leaves of Kalmegh are boiled in water 21 42 18 36
(c) Roots of Apang (Achyramthes aspera) is grounded and
mixed with water 18 36 14 28
(d) Sometime tribes uses Malmakhamati (Chetamati, one
type of soil) 5 10 1 2
3 Fracture
(a)
Paste prepared from Harjora plant (Cissampelos
quadrangularicus) is applied and external support is
provided
32 64 30 60
(b)
Paste prepared from bark of Munga tree (Moringa
oleifera), lime and Haldi (Turmeric, Curcuma domestica)
and it is heated and applied with external fixation
26 52 24 48
4 Constipation
(a) Leaves of Kadam (Anthocephalus indicus) along with
Molasses 20 40 16 32
(b) Mixture of Amla, Hartaki and Bahera 23 46 20 40
(c) Leaves of Kadam and Bark of Mango 27 54 24 48
5 Pneumonia
(a) Paste prepared from leaves of Tulsi, Turmeric and
Ajwain 25 50 23 46
(b) Paste prepared from leaves of Black pepper, Jaiphal,
Ajwain, Methi and Ghee 21 42 18 36
(c) Leaves of Tulsi 19 38 16 32
6 Bloat
(a) Dry Ginger/ Sonth and Black pepper mixed in luke
warm water 28 56 26 52
65
(b) Mixture of Somraj (Centrathierum anthelminticum) and
Indrajan (Wrightia tinctoria) 19 38 17 34
(c)
A mixture is prepared from Pat Alu (one type of
potato) and Turmeric, Bel, Gad (one type of creeper)
and Lahsun,
12 24 8 16
7 Gastrointestinal parasites
(a) Bark and leaves of Dalim (Punita granatum) are boiled
with water 21 42 18 36
(b) Seed of Palas, 23 46 22 44
(c) Bark of Ashoka tree (Saraca asoca) 12 24 4 8
8 FMD
Foot lesion
(a) Application of Gurakhu, 36 72 32 64
(b) Animal aloow to stand in Hot sand followed by
sprinkling of Neem seed powdered and Karanj oil 31 62 29 58
(c) Washing with phenyl 25 50 24 48
Mouth lesion
(a) Sonth, Black pepper is mixed with ghee and fed to the
animal 25 50 23 46
(b) Extract of bark of Babool 20 40 18 36
9 Wound
(a)
Roots and Bark of Palati (Stephania japonica) and
Datura is powdered and mixed with Karanj oil and
heated
23 46 20 40
(b) Paste of Haldi is applied 32 64 29 58
(c) Decoction of root bark of Siakul (Ziziphus oenoplia) 11 22 8 16
10 Ectoparasitic infestation
(a) Paste of Karanj leaves or Bark or Karanj oil 32 64 28 56
(b) Neem water or Neem oil is applied 29 58 26 52
(c) Tobacco shoot with Kerosine oil 12 24 5 10
66
4.4.4 Extent of awareness and adoption of indigenous practices among livestock owners
in West Sinnghbhum district of Kolhan division of Jharkhand.
4.4.4.1 Diarrhoea
Table 4.6 indicated that most of the livestock owners (54%) were aware of the
ingredients (unripe Mango, barks of Pojo and Jamun) followed by 48% (juice of Banana
leaves and Bans leaves mixed with sugar), 42% (bark and fruits of Bahera), 34% (pulp of
ripened Emali), and 26% (leaves of Raktakambal) used in indigenous preparation to control
diarrhoea. These practices were adopted by 48%, 44%, 38%, 30% and 18% of the livestock
owners respectively.
4.4.4.2 Fever
In case of fever, most of the respondents (48%) were aware of use of mixture
prepared from root of Palati, Ajwain and Back piper mixed with salt and sugar, 42% were
aware of use of powder of stem and leaves of Kalmegh, 36% were aware of application of
powder of roots of Apang and 10% were aware of use of Malmakhamati (Chitamati, one
type of soil). These practices were commonly adopted 44%, 36%, 28% and 2% of the livestock
owners respectively (Table 4.6).
4.4.4.3 Fracture
Majority of the livestock owners (64%) were of the ingredients (paste made from
Harjora plant) and 52% were aware of ingredients (paste made from bark of Munga tree,
lime and Haldi) used in indigenous preparation in case of fracture. These practices were
adopted by 60% and 48% of the livestock owners respectively (Table 4.6).
67
4.4.4.4 Constipation
In case of constipation, most of the respondents (54%) were of the ingredients (leaves
of Kadam and bark of Mango) followed by 46% (mixture of Aonla, Hartaki and Bahera) and
40% (leaves of Kadam along with molasses) used in indigenous preparation, whereas, these
practices were adopted by 48%, 40% and 32% of the respondents respectively (Table 4.6).
4.4.4.5 Pneumonia
Most of the livestock owners (50%) were aware of use of paste prepared from leaves
of Tulsi, Turmeric and Ajwain, 46% were aware of use of Paste prepared from leaves of
Black pepper, Jaiphal, Ajwain, Methi and Ghee and 38% were aware of use of leaves of Tulsi
in case of pneumonia and these practices were adopted by 46%, 36% and 32% of the
livestock owners respectively (Table 4.6).
4.4.4.6 Bloat
In case of bloat, most of the livestock owners (56%) were aware of the ingredients
(Dry Ginger/Sonth and Black pepper) followed by 38% (mixture of Somraj and Indrajan)
and 24% (mixture prepared from Pat Alu, Turmeric, Bel, Gad and Lahsun) used in
indigenous preparation. These practices were adopted by 52%, 34% and 16% of the livestock
owners respectively (Table 4.6).
4.4.4.7 Gastrointestinal parasites
The study indicated that 46% livestock owners were aware of use of seed of Palas,
42% were aware of use of bark and leaves of Dalim, 24% were aware of use of bark of
Ashoka treeand 20% were aware of use of blood of Duck for treatment of gastrointestinal
parasites and these practices were adopted by 44%, 36%, 8% and 4% of the livestock owners
respectively (Table 4.6).
68
4.4.4.8 Foot and Mouth Disease
For the treatment of foot lesions in FMD, majority of the livestock owners (72%) were
aware of use of Gurakhu, 62% were aware of animal allow to stand in hot sand followed by
sprinkling of Neem seed powder and Karanj oil and 50% were aware of use of phenyl. These
practices were adopted by 64%, 58% and 48% of the livestock owners respectively (Table
4.6).
For the treatment of mouth lesions in FMD, 50% livestock owners were aware of
applying sonth Black pepper mixed with Ghee and 42% were aware of applying extract of
bark of Babul. These practices were adopted by 46% and 36% of the livestock owners
respectively (Table 4.6).
4.4.4.9 Wound
In case of wound, most of the livestock owners (64%) were aware of the ingredients
(paste of Haldi) followed by 46% (powdered of root and bark of Palati and Dhatura mixed
with Karanj oil) and 22% (decoction of root and bark of Siakul) used in indigenous
preparation. These practices were adopted by 58%, 40% and 16% of the livestock owners
respectively (Table 4.6).
4.4.4.10 Ectoparasitic infestation
Majority of the livestock owners (64%) were aware of application of paste of Karanj
leaves or karanj oil, 58% were aware of use of Neem water or Neem oil and 24% were aware
of Tobacco shoot with Kerosine oil. These practices were adopted by 56%, 52% and 10% of
the livestock owners respectively (Table 4.6).
69
Table-4.7: Extent of awareness and adoption of Indigenous practices among livestock
owners in Jamtara district of Santhal Pargana division of Jharkhand
Sl No.
Indigenous practice
Awareness level
Adoption level
f % f %
1 Diarrhoea
(a) Powdered of Hartaki, Bahera and Aonla mixed with
fermented rice water 30 60 28 56
(b) Paste prepared from Banana flower and turmeric 27 54 24 48
(c) Roots, Fruits and Seeds of Elaichi 16 32 14 28
(d) Unripe Mango, Bark of Pojo and Jamun 20 40 18 36
2 Fever
(a) Decoction of Kalmegh 26 52 23 46
(b) Powder of root of Jharmanik (Rauvolfia serpentine) and
Black pepper 31 62 27 54
(c) Roots of Akandi (Stephania japonica) and Black pepper 23 46 21 42
3 Fracture
(a) A luke warm paste of Harjora plant is applied with
external fixation 29 58 26 52
(b) A paste is made from Bark of Sankerjata (Uraria picpa) 21 42 18 36
4 Constipation
(a) Mixture prepared from Hartaki, Ajwain, wheat bran,
Hing and Jaggery 21 42 19 38
(b) Isabgol (Plantago ovate) husk mixed with luke warm
water 14 28 12 24
(c) Desi ghee is given oraly 13 26 9 18
5 Pneumonia
(a) Extract made from Tejpata (Sinnamomum tamala) and
Ginger 20 40 18 36
70
(b) A paste is made from Ghee , Black pepper, Ginger and
Garlic (Allium sativum) 16 32 14 28
(c) Juice of Begna leave, Ginger and Black pepper 26 52 23 46
6 Bloat
(a) Ginger and salt is mixed 16 32 13 26
(b) Mixture made from Bitla ban (Natrum murbit),
Groundnut sulphur , Molasses and Black pepper 14 28 11 22
(c) Decoction of Stem and bark of Kadam 24 48 19 38
7 Gastrointestinal parasites
(a) Seed of palas (Butea monodsperma) 27 54 24 48
(b) Paste prepared from papaya (Carica papaya) and Neem
seed 29 58 26 52
(c) Extract of Neem leaves 24 48 22 44
8 FMD
Foot lesion
(a) Animal is allowed to stand in muddy areas of paddy
field/ river banks 21 42 19 38
(b) Neem leaves are boiled. The extract applied on the
affected part. Then Neem oil is applied 30 60 28 56
Mouth lesion
(a) Extract of stems and leaves of Pataldudhi (Hemidesmus
indicus) is mixed with honey and fed to the animal 29 58 23 46
(b) Geru is applied on the affected lesion 20 40 17 34
9 Wound
(a)
Roots of Kuchila (Strychnos nuxvomica), roots of
Surajmukhi (Helianthus annuus) is mixed with Palas
Petals and Mustard oil and applied topicaly over the
wound
26 52 23 46
(b) Application of Haldi (Curcuma domistica) 29 58 26 52
(c) Milky juice of Kukur-Botur (Vallaris heynei) is applied 20 40 18 36
71
on wounds
10 Ectoparasitic infestation
(a) Leaves of Neem or Neem oil 32 64 30 60
(b) Tobacco shoot with Kerosine oil 12 24 9 18
4.4.5 Extent of awareness and adoption of indigenous practices among livestock owners
in Jamtara district of Santhal Pargana division of Jharkhand.
4.4.5.1 Diarrhoea
Table 4.7 indicated that most of the livestock owners (60%) were aware of the
ingredients (powdered of Hartaki, Bahera and Aonla mixed with fermented rice) followed
by 54% (paste prepared from Banana flower and Turmeric), 40% (unripe Mango, bark of
Pojo and Janum) and, 32% (roots, fruits and seeds of Elaichi) used in indigenous preparation
to control diarrhoea. These practices were adopted by 56%, 48%, 36% and 28% of the
livestock owners respectively.
4.4.5.2 Fever
In case of fever, most of the respondents (62%) were aware of use of powdered root
of Jharmanik and Black pepper, 52% were aware of use decoction of Kalmegh and 46% were
aware of application of powder of roots of Akandi and Black pepper. These practices were
commonly adopted by 54%, 46% and 42% of the livestock owners respectively (Table 4.7).
4.4.5.3 Fracture
Majority of the livestock owners (58%) were of the ingredients (paste made from
Harjora plant) and 42% were aware of ingredients (paste made from bark of Sankerjata)
used in indigenous preparation in case of fracture. These practices were adopted by 52% and
36% of the livestock owners respectively (Table 4.7).
72
4.4.5.4 Constipation
In case of constipation, most of the respondents (42%) were of the ingredients
(mixture prepared from Hartaki, Ajwain, Wheat bran, Hing and Jaggery) followed by 28%
(Isabgol husk) and 26% (Deshi Ghee) used in indigenous preparation, whereas, these
practices were adopted by 38%, 24% and 18% of the respondents respectively (Table 4.7).
4.4.5.5 Pneumonia
Most of the livestock owners (52%) were aware of use of extracted juice of Begna
leaves, Ginger and Black pepper, 40% were aware of use of extract made from Tejpata and
Ginger and 32% were aware of use of paste made from Ghee, Black pepper, Ginger and
Garlic in case of pneumonia and these practices were adopted by 46%, 36% and 28% of the
livestock owners respectively (Table 4.7).
4.4.5.6 Bloat
In case of bloat, most of the livestock owners (48%) were aware of the ingredients
(decoction of stem and bark of Kadam) followed by 32% (Ginger and salt) and 28% (mixture
made from Bitlaban, Groundnut, Molasses and Black pepper) used in indigenous
preparation. These practices were adopted by 38%, 26% and 22% of the livestock owners
respectively (Table 4.7).
4.4.5.7 Gastrointestinal parasites
The study indicated that 58% livestock owners were aware of use of paste prepared
from Papaya and Neem seed, 54% were aware of use of seed of Palas and 48% were aware of
use of extracted of Neem leaves and for treatment of gastrointestinal parasites and these
practices were adopted by 52%, 48%, and 44% of the livestock owners respectively (Table
4.7).
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4.4.5.8 Foot and Mouth Disease
For the treatment of foot lesions in FMD, majority of the livestock owners (60%) were
aware of use of extract of Neem leaves and Neem oil and 42% were aware of animal allowed
to stand in muddy areas of Paddy field/river banks. These practices were adopted by 56%
and 38% of the livestock owners respectively.
For the treatment of mouth lesions in FMD, 48% livestock owners were aware of
applying stems and leaves of Pataldudhi mixed with honey and 40% were aware of
applying Geru on the affected lesion. These practices were adopted by 46% and 34% of the
livestock owners respectively (Table 4.7).
4.4.5.9 Wound
In case of wound, most of the livestock owners (58%) were aware of the ingredients
(application of Haldi) followed by 52% (roots of Kuchila, roots of Surajmukhi mixed with
Palas petals and Mustard oil) and 40% (milky juice of Kukur -Botur) used in indigenous
preparation. These practices were adopted by 52%, 46% and 36% of the livestock owners
respectively (Table 4.7).
4.4.5.10 Ectoparasitic infestation
Majority of the livestock owners (64%) were aware of application of leaves of Neem
or Neem oil and 24% were aware of application of Tobacco shoot with Kerosine oil. These
practices were adopted by 60% and 18% of the livestock owners respectively (Table 4.7).
74
4.6 SOURCE AND CHANNELS OF DIFFUSION OF KNOWLEDGE AMONG
TRADITIONAL HEALERS AND LIVESTOCK OWNERS.
4.6.1.1 Source of awareness for traditional healers
Among 50 traditional healers interviewed, it was found that majority of the
traditional healers (74%) were aware about the several indigenous practices from their
ancestors and rest of the respondents (26%) had got the information for the first time from
local vaidya (Table 4.8)
Table 4.8: Source and channel of diffusion among traditional healers
Sl. No. Source of awareness No. of traditional healers Percentage
1 Ancestors 37 74.0
2 Vaidya 13 26.0
4.6.1.2 Transfer of knowledge from traditional healers to others
Among 50 traditional healers it was found that majority of the traditional healers
(62%) disseminate their knowledge to their family member followed by 14% to most reliable
person and 10% to the relatives, 8% traditional healers were found not willing to transfer
their knowledge of practice to anybody and 6% were found willing to transfer anybody
(Table 4.9).
Table 4.9: Transfer of knowledge from traditional healers to others
Sl. No. To whom convey No. of traditional healers Percentage
1 Most reliable person 7 14.0
2 Family members 31 62.0
3 Relatives 5 10.0
4 Any other person 3 6.0
5 None 4 8.0
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4.6.2.1 Source of awareness for livestock owners
Table 4.10 indicated that majority of the livestock owners (46.8%) were aware for the first
time about the ITKs from family members followed by 22% from neighbour, 12.4% from
friend, 11.2 from relatives and 7.6% from direct observation.
Table 4.10: Source and channel of diffusion among livestock owners
Sl. No. Source of awareness No. of livestock owners Percentage
1 Family member 117 46.8
2 Relative 28 11.2
3 Friend 31 12.4
4 Neighbour 55 22.0
5 Direct observation 19 7.6
4.6.2.2 Transfer of knowledge from livestock owners to others
Table 4.11 revealed that most of the livestock owners (51.2%) disseminate their
knowledge on ITK to family members only, whereas 32% to family members and friends,
16.8% to family members, friends, neighbours and relatives.
Table 4.11: Transfer of knowledge from livestock owners to others
Sl. No.
To whom convey No. of livestock
owners Percentage
1 Family members 128 51.2
2 Family members and friends 80 32.0
3 Family members, friends, neighbours and relatives 42 16.8
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4.7.1 Sudies on validation of different alternative (MST, ITK-1:Barks of Kendu
+Bankulthi; ITK-2:Barks and Fruits of Bahera; ITK-3:Leave of Bans+Leave of
Banana+Sugar) used for Diarrhoea
The effectiveness of ITK was measured in terms of the number of animals cured by it.
In case of diarrhoea the ANOVA of the data revealed that MST was significantly different
over the ITKs (p<0.05) regarding effectiveness. MST was most effective followed by ITK-3,
ITK-1 and ITK-2. There was significant difference between ITK-1, ITK-3 and ITK-2, ITK-3.
There was no significant difference between ITK-1 and ITK-2 (P<0.05) in this regard.
In case of cost effectiveness, there was significant difference between the MST and
ITKs (p<0.05), whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs. ITKs were
cheaper than MST. This might to due to fact that ingredients of the ITKs were easily
available in the study area and livestock owners did not require to buy those.
Regarding quickness in healing, the ANOVA of the data revealed that MST was
highly effective as compared to the selected ITKs. There was significant difference between
ITK-1, ITK-2 and ITK-2, ITK-3, whereas, there was no significant difference between ITK-
1and ITK-3.
In case of ease in preparation, MST was significantly different over the ITKs (p<0.05),
whereas, there was no significant difference among the ITKs. MST was found highly easier
to prepare than ITKs. This might be due to the facts that MST was found in readymade form,
whereas, in case of ITKs, it was a difficult task to collect all the ingredients and then to
prepare accordingly.
Regarding side effects, MST was found significantly different from the ITKs (p<0.05),
whereas, there was no significant difference among the ITKs. MST was perceived to be
having more side effects than the ITKs.
In case of availability, ITKs were significantly different over MST (P<0.05). There was
no significant difference among the ITKs (p<0.05). This might be due to the facts that
77
medicine of MST was not easily available, to buy medicine livestock owners would have to
contact the veterinary doctor and purchase it from the medical store, whereas, ingredients of
ITKs were locally available.
It is clear from (Table 4.12) that ITKs were superior in terms of cost effectiveness, less
side effects and availability, whereas, MST was superior regarding effectiveness, quickness
in healing and ease in preparation. Experience from discussion with the livestock owners
revealed that ITK-1, ITK-2 and ITK-3 semed to be the viable alternatives for diarrhoea.
Table 4.12: Validation of different alternatives (MST, ITK-1 : Barks of Kendu +
Bankulthi; ITK-2 : Bark and Fruit of Bahera tree ; ITK-3 : Leave of Bans +
Leave of Banana + Sugar) used for Diarrhoea
Validation Parameters MST ITK-1 ITK-2 ITK-3
Effectiveness 8.921 ± 0.183a 5.632 ± 0.213
c 5.147 ± .321
c 6.190 ± 0.256
b
Cost effectiveness 4.820 ± 0.231b 8.613 ± 0.192
a 8.460 ± 0.262
a 8.513 ± 0.174
a
Quickness in healing 8.700 ± 0.168a 6.132 ± 0.218
b 5.310 ± 0.243
c 6.310 ± 0.195
b
Ease in preparation 8.614 ± 0.123a 6.200 ± 0.273
b 6.423 ± 0.314
b 6.429 ± 0.219
b
Side effect 6.680 ± 0.213b 8.804 ± 0.197
a 8.514 ± 0.134
a 8.781 ± 0.265
a
Availability 6.314 ± 0.317b 7.921 ± 0.143
a 7.700 ± 0.255
a 7.529 ± 0.210
b
a-c = Means with dissimilar superscripts in columns differ significant (P<0.05)
78
4.7.2 Studies on validation of different alternatives (MST, ITK-1: Powder of mixture of
leaves or stem of Kalmegh and Neem seeds; ITK-2: Powder of mixture of Bantulsi
and Neem leaves; ITK-3: Mixtureof root of Akand, Ajawain and Black pepper
mixed with Salt and Sugar) used for Fever.
The effectiveness of ITK was measured in terms of the number of animals cured by it.
In case of fever, the ANOVA of the data revealed that MST was significantly different over
the ITKs (p<0.05) regarding effectiveness. MST was most effective followed by ITK-3, ITK-1
and ITK-2. There was no significant difference among ITKs (P<0.05) in this regard.
In case of cost effectiveness, there was significant difference between the MST and ITKs
(p<0.05), whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs. ITKs were cheaper
than MST. This might to due to fact that ingredients of the ITKs were easily available in the
study area and livestock owners did not require to buy those.
Regarding quickness in healing, the ANOVA of the data revealed that MST was
highly effective as compared to the selected ITKs. There was no significant difference among
the ITKs (p<0.05) in this regard.
In case of ease in preparation, MST was significantly different over the ITKs (p<0.05),
whereas, there was no significant difference among the ITKs. MST was found highly easier
to prepare than ITKs. This might be due to the facts that MST was found in readymade form,
whereas, in case of ITKs, it was a difficult task to collect all the ingredients and then to
prepare accordingly
Regarding side effects, MST was found significantly different from the ITKs (p<0.05),
whereas, there was no significant difference among the ITKs. MST was perceived to be
having more side effects than the ITKs.
In case of availability, ITKs were significantly different over MST (P<0.05). There was
no significant difference among the ITKs (p<0.05). This might be due to the facts that
medicine of MST was not easily available, to buy medicine livestock owners would have to
79
contact the veterinary doctor and purchase it from the medical store, whereas, ingredients of
ITKs were locally available.
It is clear from (Table 4.13) that ITKs were superior in terms of cost effectiveness, less
side effects and availability, whereas, MST was superior regarding effectiveness, quickness
in healing and ease in preparation. Experience from discussion with the livestock owners
revealed that ITK-1, ITK-2 and ITK-3 seemed to be the viable alternatives for fever.
Table 4.13: Validation of different alternatives (MST, ITK-1: Power mixture of leaves
or stem of Kalmegh and Neem seeds; ITK-2: Power mixture of Ban Tulsi
and Neem leaves; ITK-3: Mixture of route of Akand, Ajawain and Black
pepper mixed with salt and sugar) used for Fever
Validation Parameters MST ITK-1 ITK-2 ITK-3
Effectiveness 9.216 ± 0.137a 7.230 ± 0.166
b 6.988 ± 0.243
b 7.514 ± 0.128
b
Cost effectiveness 5.920 ± 0.194b 9.452 ± 0.125
a 9.353 ± 0.129
a 9.567 ± 0.243
a
Quickness in healing 9.313 ± 0.147a 6.589 ± 0.158
b 6.524 ± 0.162
b 6.741 ± 0.129
b
Ease in preparation 9.442 ± 0.153a 6.432 ± 0.140
b 6.150 ± 0.205
b 5.220 ± 0.162
c
Side effect 5.987 ± 0.189b 9.123 ± 0.117
a 9.356 ± 0.216
a 9.492 ± 0.157
a
Availability 6.354 ± 0.198c 9.514 ± 0.109
a 9.629 ± 0.138
a 7.680 ± 0.190
b
a-c = Means with dissimilar superscripts in columns differ significant (P<0.05)
4.7.3 Sudies on validation of different alternative (MST, ITK-1: Harjora+Bark of Arjun
+ Dub Grass;ITK-2: Stem of Harkankan+Bark of Kusum+ Rhizome of Haldi) used
for Fracture.
In effectiveness, the ANOVA of the data revealed that MST was significantly
different as compared to ITK-1 and ITK-2 (p<0.05). MST was found more effectiveness than
ITK-1 and ITK-2, whereas, there was no significant difference between ITK-1 and ITK-2
(P<0.05) in this regard.
80
In case of cost effectiveness, there was significant difference between the MST and ITKs
(p<0.05), whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs. ITKs were cheaper
than MST. This might to due to fact that ingredients of the ITKs were easily available in the
study area and livestock owners did not require to buy those.
Regarding quickness in healing, the ANOVA of the data revealed that MST was
highly effective as compared to the selected ITKs, whereas, there was no significant
difference between ITK-1, and ITK-2.
In case of ease in preparation, MST was significantly different (p<0.05) than the ITK-1
and ITK-2, whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs. MST was found
highly easier to prepare than ITKs. This might be due to the facts that MST was found in
readymade form, whereas, in case of ITKs, it was a difficult task to collect all the ingredients
and then to prepare accordingly.
Regarding side effects, MST was found significantly different from the ITKs (p<0.05),
whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs. MST was perceived to be
having more side effects than the ITKs.
In case of availability, both the ITKs were significantly different over MST (P<0.05).
There was no significant difference between the ITKs (p<0.05).
This might be due to the facts that medicine of MST was not easily available, to buy
medicine livestock owners would have to contact the veterinary doctor and purchase it from
the medical store, whereas, ingredients of ITKs were locally available.
It is clear from (Table 4.14) that ITK-1 and ITK-2 were superior in terms of cost
effectiveness, less side effects and availability, whereas, MST was superior regarding
effectiveness, quickness in healing and ease in preparation. Experience from discussion with
the livestock owners revealed that ITK-1, and ITK-2 seemed to be the viable alternatives for
fracture.
81
Table 4.14: Validation of different alternatives (MST, ITK-1: Harjora + External
fixation; ITK-2: Stem of Harkankaun + Bark of Kusum + Rhizome of Haldi)
used for Fracture
Validation Parameters MST ITK-1 ITK-2
Effectiveness 9.126 ± 0.221a 7.800 ± 0.135
b 7.650 ± 0.276
b
Cost effectiveness 5.432 ± 0.216b 9.120 ± 0.124
a 9.480 ± 0.163
a
Quickness in healing 8.125 ± 0.138a 6.350 ± 0.236
b 6.732 ± 0.214
b
Ease in preparation 8.723 ± 0.209a 6.210 ± 0.192
b 5.123 ± 0.091
b
Side effect 7.063 ± 0.321b 8.600 ± 0.234
a 8.301 ± 0.154
a
Availability 6.500 ± 0.123b 8.412 ± 0.243
a 8.100 ± 0.201
a
a-b = Means with dissimilar superscripts in columns differ significant (P<0.05)
4.7.4 Studies on validation of different alternative (MST, ITK-1: Leaves of Kadam along
with Molasses; ITK-2: Mixture of Aonla, Hartaki and Bahera) used for
Constipation.
Regarding effectiveness, MST was significantly different as compared to ITK-1 and
ITK-2 (p<0.05). MST was found more effective than ITK-1 and ITK-2, and ITK-2, whereas,
there was no significant difference between the two ITKs.
In case of cost effectiveness, there was significant difference between the MST and
ITKs (p<0.05), whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs. ITKs were
cheaper than MST. This might to due to fact that ingredients of the ITKs were easily
available in the study area and livestock owners did not require to buy those.
Regarding quickness in healing, the ANOVA of the data revealed that MST was
highly effective as compared to the selected ITKs, whereas, there was no significant
difference between ITK-1, and ITK-2.
In case of ease in preparation, MST was significantly different (p<0.05) than the ITK-1
and ITK-2, whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs. MST was found
82
highly easier to prepare than ITKs. This might be due to the facts that MST was found in
readymade form, whereas, in case of ITKs, it was a difficult task to collect all the ingredients
and then to prepare accordingly.
Regarding side effects, MST was found significantly different from the ITKs (p<0.05),
whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs. MST was perceived to be
having more side effects than the ITKs.
Table 4.15: Validation of different alternatives (MST, ITK-1: Leaves of Kadam along
with molasses; ITK-2: Mixture of Aonla, Hartaki and Bahera) used for
Constipation
Validation Parameters MST ITK-1 ITK-2
Effectiveness 8.812 ± 0.135a 7.421 ± 0.237
b 7.290 ± 0.245
b
Cost effectiveness 4.562 ± 0.327b 9.275 ± 0.214
a 9.143 ± 0.217
a
Quickness in healing 8.570 ± 0.228a 6.438 ± 0.213
b 6.391 ± 0.249
b
Ease in preparation 9.136 ± 0.214a 6.217 ± 0.241
b 6.420 ± 0.129
b
Side effect 7.663 ± 0.210b 9.624 ± 0.134
a 9.721 ± 0.146
a
Availability 6.248 ± 0.265b 9.421 ± 0.157
a 9.315 ± 0.143
a
a-b = Means with dissimilar superscripts in columns differ significant (P<0.05)
In case of availability, both the ITKs were significantly different over MST (P<0.05).
There was no significant difference between the ITKs (p<0.05). This might be due to the facts
that medicine of MST was not easily available, to buy medicine livestock owners would
have to contact the veterinary doctor and purchase it from the medical store, whereas,
ingredients of ITKs were locally available.
Table 4.15 while reviewed depicted that ITK-1 and ITK-2 were found favourably
accepted by the livestock owners keeping the cost effectiveness, less side effects and
availability in view. Besides, MST also recorded higher ranks in criteria like effectiveness,
83
quickness in healing and ease in preparation. On the basis of available criteria, ITK-1 and
ITK-2 may be the viable alternatives from livestock owners prospective.
4.7.5 Studies on validation of different alternative (MST, ITK-1: Tulsi + Basak leaves +
Honey; ITK-2: Ghee + Black peppers + Ginger + Garlic) used for Pneumonia
In effectiveness, the ANOVA of the data revealed that MST was significantly
different as compared to ITK-1 and ITK-2 (p<0.05). MST was found more effective than ITK-
1and ITK-2, whereas, there was no significant difference between ITK-1 and ITK-2 (P<0.05)
in this regard.
In case of cost effectiveness, there was significant difference between the MST and
ITKs (p<0.05), whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs. ITKs were
cheaper than MST. This might to due to fact that ingredients of the ITKs were easily
available in the study area and livestock owners did not require to buy those.
Regarding quickness in healing, the ANOVA of the data revealed that MST was
highly effective as compared to the selected ITKs, whereas, there was no significant
difference between ITK-1, and ITK-2.
Table 4.16: Validation of different alternatives (MST, ITK-1: Tulsi + Basak leaves +
Honey; ITK-2 : Ghee + Black Pepper + Ginger + Garlic) used for
Pneumonia
Validation Parameters MST ITK-1 ITK-2
Effectiveness 8.824 ± 0.189a 7.410 ± 0.114
b 7.242 ± 0.271
b
Cost effectiveness 5.234 ± 0.264c 9.723 ± 0.304
a 9.197 ± 0.112
b
Quickness in healing 8.536 ± 0.136a 6.423 ± 0.216
b 6.324 ± 0.147
b
Ease in preparation 9.416 ± 0.219a 6.324 ± 0.127
b 6.530 ± 0.195
b
Side effect 7.342 ± 0.183b 9.434 ± 0.116
a 9.563 ± 0.109
a
Availability 6.769 ± 0.274b 9.213 ± 0.132
a 9.567 ± 0.186
a
a-c = Means with dissimilar superscripts in columns differ significant (P<0.05)
84
In case of ease in preparation, MST was significantly different (p<0.05) than the ITK-1
and ITK-2, whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs. MST was found
highly easier to prepare than ITKs. This might be due to the facts that MST was found in
readymade form, whereas, in case of ITKs, it was a difficult task to collect all the ingredients
and then to prepare accordingly.
Regarding side effects, MST was found significantly different from the ITKs (p<0.05),
whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs. MST was perceived to be
having more side effects than the ITKs
In case of availability, both the ITKs were significantly different over MST (P<0.05).
There was no significant difference between the ITKs (p<0.05). This might be due to the facts
that medicine of MST was not easily available, to buy medicine livestock owners would
have to contact the veterinary doctor and purchase it from the medical store, whereas,
ingredients of ITKs were locally available.
It is clear from (Table 4.16) that ITK-1 and ITK-2 were superior in terms of cost
effectiveness, less side effects and availability, whereas, MST was superior regarding
effectiveness, quickness in healing and ease in preparation. Experience from discussion with
the livestock owners revealed that ITK-1, and ITK-2 seemed to be the viable alternatives for
pneumonia.
4.7.6 Studies on validation of different alternative (MST, ITK-1: Mixture of Aonla,
Hartaki and Bahera; ITK-2: Ajawain+Hing+Black Salt) used for Bloat.
In effectiveness, the ANOVA of the data revealed that MST was significantly
different as compared to ITK-1 and ITK-2 (p<0.05). MST was found more effectiveness than
ITK-1and ITK-2, whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs.
85
In case of cost effectiveness, there was significant difference between the MST and
ITKs (p<0.05). ITKs were cheaper than MST. There was significant difference between the
two ITKs (p<0.05),
Table 4.17: Validation of different alternatives (MST, ITK-1: Hartaki + Aonla + Bahera;
ITK-2: Ajawain + Hing + Black Salt) used for Bloat
Validation Parameters MST ITK-1 ITK-2
Effectiveness 8.530 ± 0.172a 7.132 ± 0.272
b 7.314 ± 0.270
b
Cost effectiveness 4.661 ± 0.259c 9.623 ± 0.112
a 9.012 ± 0.117
b
Quickness in healing 8.612 ± 0.148a 6.429 ± 0.208
b 6.316 ± 0.246
b
Ease in preparation 9.123 ± 0.147a 6.392 ± 0.234
b 6.235 ± 0.123
b
Side effect 7.530 ± 0.239a 9.482 ± 0.120
b 9.512 ± 0.167
b
Availability 6.625 ± 0.237b 9.315 ± 0.118
a 9.510 ± 0.123
a
a-c = Means with dissimilar superscripts in columns differ significant (P<0.05)
Regarding quickness in healing, the ANOVA of the data revealed that MST was
highly effective as compared to the selected ITKs, whereas, there was no significant
difference between ITK-1, and ITK-2.
In case of ease in preparation, MST was significantly different (p<0.05) than the ITK-1
and ITK-2, whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs. MST was found
highly easier to prepare than the ITKs. This might be due to the facts that MST was found in
readymade form, whereas, in case of ITKs, it was a difficult task to collect all the ingredients
and then to prepare accordingly.
Regarding side effects, MST was found significantly different from the ITKs (p<0.05),
whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs. MST was perceived to be
having more side effects than the ITKs.
86
In case of availability, both the ITKs were significantly different over MST (P<0.05).
There was no significant difference between the ITKs (p<0.05). This might be due to the facts
that medicine of MST was not easily available, to buy medicine livestock owners would
have to contact the veterinary doctor and purchase it from the medical store, whereas,
ingredients of ITKs were locally available.
It is clear from (Table 4.17) that ITK-1 and ITK-2 were superior in terms of cost
effectiveness, less side effects and availability, whereas, MST was superior regarding
effectiveness, quickness in healing and ease in preparation. Experience from discussion with
the livestock owners revealed that ITK-1, and ITK-2 seemed to be the viable alternatives for
bloat.
4.7.7 Studies on validation of different alternative (MST, ITK-1: Seed of Palas; ITK-2:
Paste of Papaya and Neem Seeds) used for Gastrointestinal parasite.
Regarding effectiveness in case of gastrointestinal parasitic infestation, MST was
significantly different as compared to ITK-1 and ITK-2 (p<0.05). MST was found more
effective than ITK-1and ITK-2, whereas, there was no significant difference between the two
ITKs.
In case of cost effectiveness, there was significant difference between the MST and
ITKs (p<0.05), whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs. ITKs were
cheaper than MST. This might to due to fact that ingredients of the ITKs were easily
available in the study area and livestock owners did not require to buy those.
Regarding quickness in healing, the ANOVA of the data revealed that MST was
highly effective as compared to the selected ITKs, whereas, there was no significant
difference between ITK-1, and ITK-2.
In case of ease in preparation, MST was significantly different (p<0.05) than the ITK-1
and ITK-2, whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs. MST was found
87
highly easier to prepare than the ITKs. This might be due to the facts that MST was found in
readymade form, whereas, in case of ITKs, it was a difficult task to collect all the ingredients
and then to prepare accordingly.
Regarding side effects, MST was found significantly different from the ITKs (p<0.05),
whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs. MST was perceived to be
having more side effects than the ITKs.
Table 4.18: Validation of different alternatives (MST, ITK-1 : Seed of Palas; ITK-2 :
Paste of Papaya and Neem seeds) used for Gastrointestinal Parasites
Validation Parameters MST ITK-1 ITK-2
Effectiveness 8.320 ± 0.324a 7.126 ± 0.236
b 7.230 ± 0.312
b
Cost effectiveness 5.200 ± 0.262b 9.810 ± 0.187
a 9.633 ± 0.153
a
Quickness in healing 7.980 ± 0.298a 5.612 ± 0.354
b 5.920 ± 0.313
b
Ease in preparation 8.730 ± 0.143a 6.190 ± 0.276
b 6.384 ± 0.217
b
Side effect 5.265 ± 0.384b 8.918 ± 0.182
a 8.743 ± 0.179
a
Availability 6.432 ± 0.289b 9.300 ± 0.167
a 8.128 ± 0.213
a
a-b = Means with dissimilar superscripts in columns differ significant (P<0.05)
In case of availability, both the ITKs were significantly different over MST (P<0.05).
There was no significant difference between the ITKs (p<0.05). This might be due to the facts
that medicine of MST was not easily available, to buy medicine livestock owners would
have to contact the veterinary doctor and purchase it from the medical store, whereas,
ingredients of ITKs were locally available.
Table 4.18 while reviewed depicted that ITK-1 and ITK-2 were found favourably
accepted by the livestock owners keeping the cost effectiveness, less side effects and
availability in view. Besides, MST also recorded higher ranks in criteria like effectiveness,
88
quickness in healing and ease in preparation. On the basis of available criteria, ITK-1 and
ITK-2 may be the viable alternatives from livestock owners prospective.
4.7.8 Studies on validation of different alternative (MST, ITK-1: Lime water+Karanjoil;
ITK-2: Neem leave water+Neem oil) used for FMD.
Regarding effectiveness in case of FMD, MST was significantly different as compared
to ITK-1 and ITK-2 (p<0.05). MST was found more effective than ITK-1and ITK-2, whereas,
there was no significant difference between the two ITKs.
In case of cost effectiveness, there was significant difference between the MST and
ITKs (p<0.05), whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs. ITKs were
cheaper than MST. This might to due to fact that ingredients of the ITKs were easily
available in the study area and livestock owners did not require to buy those.
Regarding quickness in healing, the ANOVA of the data revealed that MST was
highly effective as compared to the selected ITKs, whereas, there was no significant
difference between ITK-1, and ITK-2.
In case of ease in preparation, MST was significantly different (p<0.05) than the ITK-1
and ITK-2, whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs. MST was found
highly easier to prepare than ITKs. This might be due to the facts that MST was found in
readymade form, whereas, in case of ITKs, it was a difficult task to collect all the ingredients
and then to prepare accordingly.
Regarding side effects, MST was found significantly different from the ITKs (p<0.05),
whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs. MST was perceived to be
having more side effects than the ITKs.
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Table 4.19: Validation of different alternatives (MST, ITK-1 : Lime water + Karanj Oil;
ITK-2 : Neem leaves water + Neem oil) used for FMD
Validation Parameters MST ITK-1 ITK-2
Effectiveness 8.931 ± 0.256a 7.126 ± 0.332
b 7.324 ± 0.127
b
Cost effectiveness 5.400 ± 0.331b 9.712 ± 0.153
a 9.545 ± 0.223
a
Quickness in healing 8.824 ± 0.274a 5.935 ± 0.139
b 6.230 ± 0.363
b
Ease in preparation 9.134 ± 0.306a 6.423 ± 0.365
b 6.390 ± 0.285
b
Side effect 5.835 ± 0.134b 9.460 ± 0.159
a 9.550 ± 0.114
a
Availability 6.520 ± 0.195b 9.560 ± 0.174
a 9.450 ± 0.118
a
a-b = Means with dissimilar superscripts in columns differ significant (P<0.05)
In case of availability, both the ITKs were significantly different over MST (P<0.05).
There was no significant difference between the ITKs (p<0.05). This might be due to the facts
that medicine of MST was not easily available, to buy medicine livestock owners would
have to contact the veterinary doctor and purchase it from the medical store, whereas,
ingredients of ITKs were locally available.
Table 4.19 while reviewed depicted that ITK-1 and ITK-2 were found favourably
accepted by the livestock owners keeping the cost effectiveness, less side effects and
availability in view. Besides, MST also recorded higher ranks in criteria like effectiveness,
quickness in healing and ease in preparation. On the basis of available criteria, ITK-1 and
ITK-2 may be the viable alternatives from livestock owners prospective.
4.7.9 Studies on validation of different alternative (MST, ITK-1: Haldi is heated in
Ghee and applied topically; ITK-2: Application of extract of Genda leaves
topically) used for Wound.
Regarding effectiveness in case of wound, MST was significantly different as
compared to ITK-1 and ITK-2 (p<0.05). MST was found more effective than ITK-1 and ITK-2,
whereas, there was no significant difference between the two ITKs.
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In case of cost effectiveness, there was significant difference between the MST and
ITKs (p<0.05), whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs. ITKs were
cheaper than MST. This might to due to fact that ingredients of the ITKs were easily
available in the study area and livestock owners did not require to buy those.
Regarding quickness in healing, the ANOVA of the data revealed that MST was
highly effective as compared to the selected ITKs, whereas, there was no significant
difference between ITK-1, and ITK-2.
Table4.20: Validation of different alternatives (MST, ITK-1 : Haldi is heated in Ghee
and applied topically; ITK-2 : Application of Extract of Genda leaves
topically) used for Wound
Validation Parameters MST ITK-1 ITK-2
Effectiveness 8.123 ± 0.214a 5.710 ± 0.316
c 6.831 ± 0.367
b
Cost effectiveness 5.184 ± 0.283c 8.941 ± 0.194
b 9.872 ± 0.120
a
Quickness in healing 8.436 ± 0.164a 5.406 ± 0.283
c 6.237 ± 0.271
b
Ease in preparation 8.982 ± 0.211a 6.218 ± 0.327
b 6.435 ± 0.213
b
Side effect 6.120 ± 0.296b 9.241 ± 0.155
a 9.320 ± 0.127
a
Availability 7.012 ± 0.284c 9.129 ± 0.216
a 8.015 ± 0.209
b
a-c = Means with dissimilar superscripts in columns differ significant (P<0.05)
In case of ease in preparation, MST was significantly different (p<0.05) than the ITK-1
and ITK-2, whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs. MST was found
highly easier to prepare than ITKs. This might be due to the facts that MST was found in
readymade form, whereas, in case of ITKs, it was a difficult task to collect all the ingredients
and then to prepare accordingly.
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Regarding side effects, MST was found significantly different from the ITKs (p<0.05),
whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs. MST was perceived to be
having more side effects than the ITKs.
In case of availability, both the ITKs were significantly different over MST (P<0.05).
There was no significant difference between the ITKs (p<0.05). This might be due to the facts
that medicine of MST was not easily available, to buy medicine livestock owners would
have to contact the veterinary doctor and purchase it from the medical store, whereas,
ingredients of ITKs were locally available.
Table 4.20 while reviewed depicted that ITK-1 and ITK-2 were found favourably
accepted by the livestock owners keeping the cost effectiveness, less side effects and
availability in view. Besides, MST also recorded higher ranks in criteria like effectiveness,
quickness in healing and ease in preparation. On the basis of available criteria, ITK-1and
ITK-2 may be the viable alternatives from livestock owners prospective.
4.7.9 Studies on validation of different alternative (MST, ITK-1: Leaves/oil of Karanj;
ITK-2: Neem leaves+ Mustard oil) used for Ectoparasitic infestation.
Regarding effectiveness in case of ectoparasitic infestation, MST was significantly
different as compared to ITK-1 and ITK-2 (p<0.05). MST was found more effective than ITK-
1 and ITK-2, whereas, there was no significant difference between the two ITKs.
In case of cost effectiveness, there was significant difference between the MST and
ITKs (p<0.05), whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs. ITKs were
cheaper than MST. This might to due to fact that ingredients of the ITKs were easily
available in the study area and livestock owners did not require to buy those.
Regarding quickness in healing, the ANOVA of the data revealed that MST was
highly effective as compared to the selected ITKs, whereas, there was no significant
difference between ITK-1, and ITK-2.
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In case of ease in preparation, MST was significantly different (p<0.05) than the ITK-1
and ITK-2, whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs. MST was found
highly easier to prepare than ITKs. This might be due to the facts that MST was found in
readymade form, whereas, in case of ITKs, it was a difficult task to collect all the ingredients
and then to prepare accordingly.
Regarding side effects, MST was found significantly different from the ITKs (p<0.05),
whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs. MST was perceived to be
having more side effects than the ITKs.
Table 4.21: Validation of different alternatives (MST, ITK-1: Leaves/ Oil of Karanj;
ITK-2: Paste of Haldi + Neem Leaves + Mustard Oil) used for Ectoparasitic
infestation
Validation Parameters MST ITK-1 ITK-2
Effectiveness 8.345 ± 0.236a 7.113 ± 0.251
b 7.250 ± 0.342
b
Cost effectiveness 4.623 ± 0.294b 9.714 ± 0.159
a 9.625 ± 0.165
a
Quickness in healing 8.712 ± 0.304a 6.517 ± 0.168
b 6.249 ± 0.134
b
Ease in preparation 9.100 ± 0.155a 6.715 ± 0.116
b 6.423 ± 0.178
b
Side effect 5.912 ± 0.291b 9.412 ± 0.173
a 9.520 ± 0.163
a
Availability 6.819 ± 0.198b 9.530 ± 0.105
a 9.200 ± 0.142
a
a-b = Means with dissimilar superscripts in columns differ significant (P<0.05)
In case of availability, both the ITKs were significantly different over MST (P<0.05).
There was no significant difference between the ITKs (p<0.05). This might be due to the facts
that medicine of MST was not easily available, to buy medicine livestock owners would
have to contact the veterinary doctor and purchase it from the medical store, whereas,
ingredients of ITKs were locally available.
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Table 4.21 while reviewed depicted that ITK-1 and ITK-2 were found favourably accepted by
the livestock owners keeping the cost effectiveness, less side effects and availability in view.
Besides, MST also recorded higher ranks in criteria like effectiveness, quickness in healing
and ease in preparation. On the basis of available criteria, ITK-1and ITK-2 may be the viable
alternatives from livestock owners prospective.
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSION & IMPLICATIONS
The indigenous technical knowledge is a systematic body of knowledge and
practices acquired by the locale people through accumulation of their own and their
ancestral experiences, formal and informal experiments and intimate understanding of the
environment in a given culture while dealing with situations and problems in various
aspects of life. ITK on animal husbandry is the holistic livestock management methodologies
adopted by non literate culture. There are many traditional healers in Jharkhand who are
knowledgeable and experienced in traditional systems of treatment but their knowledge is
not documented rather transmitted orally from one generation to another.
This study was directed towards identification, documentation and validation of
hidden indigenous technologies used by traditional healers and livestock owners in various
animal diseases in order to make them scientifically proved in the research institutions as
well as to disseminate the information all over the globe where everyone can use them for
good cause of the livestock. Such a study will also help to serve as a caution to us to
conserve medicinal plants before they become extinct. Commercial exploitation patenting
will be possible only after conducting a thorough scientific study on these plants.
In view of the above points this study entitled “Study on indigenous technical
knowledge (ITK) in animal husbandry among livestock owners of Jharkhand” was
undertaken with the following objectives:
OBJECTIVES
i. To study the profile of the traditional healers and livestock owners.
ii. To collect and document indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) followed by
traditional healers and livestock owners of Jharkhand.
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iii. To study the extent of awareness and adoption of indigenous technical knowledge
(ITK).
iv. To identify the source and channels of diffusion of knowledge among traditional
healers and livestock owners.
v. To validate some selected indigenous technical knowledge (ITK).
The study was conducted in five districts viz. , Ranchi, Dhanbad, Latehar, West
singhbhum and Jamtara of all five divisions of Jharkhand. From each district 50 livestock
owners which are known to use of ITK's and 10 traditional healers which are considered to
be knowledgeable in ITK's in animal husbandry in surrounding areas were selected
randomly. Therefore, all together 250 livestock owners and 50 traditional healers (300
respondents) were selected for the study. In total 300 respondents were interviewed to
collect and document most commonly used ITKs for various animal husbandry practices. A
total of twenty two ITKs were validated by the livestock owners in terms of effectiveness,
cost effectiveness, quickness in healing, ease in preparation, side effect and availability for
ten selected commonly occurring diseases viz. , diarrhoea, fever, fracture, constipation,
pneumonia, bloat, gastrointestinal parasites, foot and mouth disease, wound and
ectoparasitic infestation in the region.
5.1. PROFILE OF THE RESPODENTS
Majority of the traditional healers were falling in old (>50 years) age group (70%),
low level of education (26%), belonged to ST (42%), medium family size (46%), had marginal
land holding (48%), medium herd size (44%) and medium annual income (56%). Majority of
them 54% had medium extension agency contact, medium mass media exposure (48%) and
used high informal information sources (68%).
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Majority of the livestock owners were falling to middle (30-50years) age group (44%),
education up to middle level (28%), belonged to ST (34%), medium family size (48%), had
marginal land holding (54%), medium herd size (46.4%) and medium annual income
(62.8%). Majority of them 61.2% had medium extension agency contact, medium mass media
exposure (50%) and used high informal information sources (54.8%).
5.2. DOCUMENTATION OF INDIGENOUS PRACTICES
Based on the response from the traditional healers and livestock owners of all the
five district of five divisions of Jharkhand state, an inventory of numbers of indigenous
animal husbandry technical knowledge was prepared related to ten commonly found
animal diseases viz. , diarrhoea, fever, fracture, constipation, pneumonia, bloat,
gastrointestinal parasites, foot and mouth disease, wound and ectoparasitic infestation.
i. Diarrhoea was treated by barks of Kendu, Ban kulthi, fruit of Amla, unripe Mango,
barks of Pojo, barks of Jamun, juice of Kurchi, juice of Bahera leaves, juice of Banana,
juice of Bans leaves, leaves of Raktakambal, juice and fruits of Bakul, juice of Anarash
leaves, Hartaki, powder of Bel , Tamarind, Dhatura fruits, powder of Arjun, Ajawain,
juice of Sugarcane, roots , fruits and seeds of Elaichi, Methi, Sonth, Hing , Laung ,
Souf etc.
ii. Treatment of fever was done by stems and leaves of Kalmegh, smoke of Begna
leaves, roots of Ayapana, Black jeera, Black pepper, Ginger, Ajawain, roots of
Kokshima, Bantulsi, Neem seeds, Garlic, roots of Banlung, roots of Palati, roots of
Apang, roots of Jharmanik, Black pepper etc.
iii. Treatment of fracture was done by root and stem of Harjora plant, stem of
Harkankan, bark of Kusum, rhizome of Haldi, bark of Arjun tree, Garlic, bark of
Pojo, leaves of Mehdi, stem of Cactus, Turmeric, bark of Munga tree, bark of
Sankerjata etc.
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iv. Constipation was cured by leaves of Kadam along with molasses, bark of Mango
tree, oils from seeds of Totka Bhindi, juice of Kalmegh, Amla, Hartaki, Bahera,
flowers of Burunga, Kalajira, Deshi Ghee, Hjng, Wheat bran, Ajawain, Jaggery,
Isabgol husk etc.
v. Pneumonia was treated by Lahsun, Mustard oil, Onion, Black pepper, leaves of Tulsi,
leaves of Basak, juice of Kalmegh, leaves of Kadam, Turmeric, Ajawain, Jaiphal,
Ginger, Methi, Sonth, Garlic, juice of Begna leaves, Extract of Tejpata, Garlic etc.
vi. Treatment of bloat was done by dry Ginger, Black pepper, Oak flower, burnt
Tobacco, Maize, Cockroach faeces, wheat flour, Somraj, Indrajan, Turmeric, Pat Alu,
Gad, Ghee, Lahsun, stem and bark of Kadam, Garlic, Molasses, Garlic Bitlaban,
Groundnut, Ajawain, Hing, Onion, Black salt etc.
vii. Gastrointestinal parasites was cured by leaves and bark of Farhar, fruit of Baibidan,
seed of Palas, seed of Kurchi, juice of Kalmegh, leaves of Neem, dry Ginger, Papaya
seeds, Mustard seed, bark and leaves of Dalim, bark of Ashoka tree etc.
viii. In FMD, foot lesion was treated by washing the affeccted part with lime water,
Karanj oil, Neem water, phenyl, Tincture of Iodine, Gurakhu etc. Making the animal
walk in canal/river water or mud and animals were allowed to stand in Hot sand
followed by sprinkling of Neem seed powder and neem oil/karanj oil were also
done. In case of mouth lesions in FMD, the treatment was done by leaves of Arhar,
Fitkiri, rhizome of Mand, Brinjal Ghee, leaves of Tamarind, Jaggery, extract of bark of
Babool, leaves of Tulsi, Turmeric, Sonth, Black pipper, extract of stems and leaves of
Pataldudhi, honey etc.
ix. Wound was cured by Haldi, Banpyaj, Ban Karla, slice of Sagwan, Karanj oil, stems
and leaves of Anantmul, Coconut oil, bark of Jamun, extract of Genda, bark of Siakul,
roots of Kuchila, juice of Kokur –Botur etc.
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x. The treatment of ectoparasitic infestation was done by leaves of Karanj, Karanj oil,
leaves of Neem, leaves of Saripha, sap of Khejur, Neem oil, Papaya seed, Ginger,
Black pepper, Mustard seed, Palas seed etc.
5.3. EXTENT OF AWARENESS AND ADOPTION OF ITK
5.3.1. Extent of awareness and adoption of indigenous practices among livestock
owner in Ranchi district of Jharkhand
i. Most of the livestock owners (52%) were aware of the ingredients (decoction of barks
of kendu and Bankulthi) used in indigenous preparation to control diarrhoea. This
practice was adopted by 50% of the livestock owners.
ii. In case of fever most of the livestock owners (54%) were aware of the ingredients
(stems and leaves of Kalmegh) used in indigenous preparation and this practice was
commonly adopted by 48% of the respondents.
iii. In case of fracture, most of the livestock owners (72%) were aware of the ingredients
(powdered root or paste of the stem of Harjora plant) used in indigenous preparation
and this practice was commonly adopted by 68% of the respondents.
iv. In case of constipation, most of the livestock owners (50%) were aware of the
ingredients (leaves of Kadam along with molasses) used in indigenous preparation
and this practice was commonly adopted by 46% of the livestock owner.
v. In case of pneumonia, majority of the livestock owners (52%) were aware of the
ingredients (application of mustard oil with Lahsun) used in indigenous preparation
and this practice was commonly adopted by 48% of the livestock owners.
vi. In case of bloat, a good number of the livestock owners (42%) were aware of the
ingredients (Ajawain, Hing and Black salt) used in indigenous preparation and this
practice was commonly adopted by 34% of the livestock owners.
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vii. In case of gastrointestinal parasitic problem, a good number of the livestock owners
(32%) were aware of the ingredients (leaves and bark of Farhar with molasses) used
in indigenous preparation and this practice was commonly adopted by 28% of the
livestock owners.
viii. In case of FMD in foot lesion, most of the livestock owners (72%) were aware of the
ingredients (Lime water or Karanj oil) used in indigenous preparation and this
practice was commonly adopted by 68% of the livestock owners.
ix. In case of FMD in mouth lesion quite high number of the livestock owners (46%)
were aware of the ingredients (leaves of Arhar and Fitkiri is rubbed) used in
indigenous preparation and this practice was commonly adopted by 42% of the
livestock owners.
x. In case of wound, most of the livestock owners (54%) were aware of the ingredients
(Application of Haldi and Deshi ghee) used in indigenous preparation and this
practice was commonly adopted by 52% of the livestock owners.
xi. In case of ectoparasitic infestation, most of the livestock owners (74%) were aware of
the ingredients (Decoction of leaves of Karanj/ oil of Karanj) used in indigenous
preparation and this practice was commonly adopted by 68% of the livestock
owners.
5.3.2. Extent of awareness and adoption of indigenous practices among livestock
owner in Dhanbad district of Jharkhand
i. Majority of the livestock owners (56%) were aware of the ingredients (Bark and fruits
of Bahera tree pulverized and mixed with water) used in indigenous preparation to
control diarrhoea. This practice was adopted by 52% of the livestock owners.
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ii. In case of fever most of the livestock owners (60%) were aware of the ingredients
(Mixture of ginger, black pepper and roots of kokshima) used in indigenous
preparation and this practice was commonly adopted by 54% of the respondents.
iii. In case of fracture, most of the livestock owners (68%) were aware of the ingredients
(paste of Harjora plant, bark of Arjun and garlic) used in indigenous preparation and
this practice was commonly adopted by 62% of the respondents.
iv. In case of constipation, most of the livestock owners (56%) were aware of the
ingredients (juice extracted from Kalmegh mixed with jiggery) used in indigenous
preparation and this practice was commonly adopted by 50% of the livestock owner.
v. In case of pneumonia, majority of the livestock owners (54%) were aware of the
ingredients (mixture of Tulsi leaves and Basak leaves boiled with water and mixed
with honey) used in indigenous preparation and this practice was commonly
adopted by 48% of the livestock owners.
vi. In case of bloat, a high number of the livestock owners (48%) were aware of the
ingredients (mixture of Garlic, ginger and salt) used in indigenous preparation and
this practice was commonly adopted by 44% of the livestock owners.
vii. In case of gastrointestinal parasitic problem, most of the livestock owners (56%) were
aware of the ingredients (seed of Palas) used in indigenous preparation and this
practice was commonly adopted by 50% of the livestock owners.
viii. In case of FMD in foot lesion, most of the livestock owners (74%) were aware of the
ingredients (Lime water or Karanj oil) used in indigenous preparation and this
practice was commonly adopted by 70% of the livestock owners.
ix. In case of FMD in mouth lesion, a good number of the livestock owners (48%) were
aware of the ingredients (leaves of tamarin and jaggery is rubbed) used in
indigenous preparation and this practice was commonly adopted by 44% of the
livestock owners.
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x. In case of wound, most of the livestock owners (64%) were aware of the ingredients
(Application of Haldi and Deshi ghee) used in indigenous preparation and this
practice was commonly adopted by 60% of the livestock owners.
xi. In case of ectoparasitic infestation, most of the livestock owners (68%) were aware of
the ingredients (Decoction of leaves of Karanj/ oil of Karanj) used in indigenous
preparation and this practice was commonly adopted by 64% of the livestock
owners.
5.3.3. Extent of awareness and adoption of indigenous practices among livestock
owner in Latehar district of Jharkhand
i. Majority of the livestock owners (54%) were aware of the ingredients (powdered of
Bell and Arjun mixed with juice of Banana stem) used in indigenous preparation to
control diarrhoea. This practice was adopted by 48% of the livestock owners.
ii. In case of fever, most of the livestock owners (56%) were aware of the ingredients
(powdered mixture of leaves or stem of kalmegh and Neem seeds) used in
indigenous preparation and this practice was commonly adopted by 50% of the
respondents.
iii. In case of fracture, most of the livestock owners (70%) were aware of the ingredients
(paste of Harjora stem and Til oil is applied) used in indigenous preparation and this
practice was commonly adopted by 66% of the respondents.
iv. In case of constipation, most of the livestock owners (54%) were aware of the
ingredients (mixture of Aonla, Hartaki and Bahera) used in indigenous preparation
and this practice was commonly adopted by 48% of the livestock owner.
v. In case of pneumonia, a good number of the livestock owners (48%) were aware of
the ingredients (paste prepared from leaves of Tulsi, Turmeric and Ajawaian) used in
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indigenous preparation and this practice was commonly adopted by 44% of the
livestock owners.
vi. In case of bloat, most of the livestock owners (54%) were aware of the ingredients
(mixture of dry ginger/sonth and Black Pepper mixed in Luke warm water) used in
indigenous preparation and this practice was commonly adopted by 50% of the
livestock owners.
vii. In case of gastrointestinal parasitic problem, most of the livestock owners (46%) were
aware of the ingredients (mixture prepared from dry ginger, leaves or bark of Neem,
Papaya seeds, Palas seeds, Methi and Black Pepper) used in indigenous preparation
and this practice was commonly adopted by 42% of the livestock owners.
viii. In case of FMD in foot lesion, a quite high number of the livestock owners (62%)
were aware of the ingredients (Neem seed powder and Neem oil) used in indigenous
preparation and this practice was commonly adopted by 58% of the livestock
owners.
ix. In case of FMD in mouth lesion, most of the livestock owners (56%) were aware of
the ingredients (leaves of Tulsi) used in indigenous preparation and this practice was
commonly adopted by 52% of the livestock owners.
x. In case of wound, most of the livestock owners (58%) were aware of the ingredients
(Application of Haldi and Coconut oil) used in indigenous preparation and this
practice was commonly adopted by 54% of the livestock owners.
xi. In case of ectoparasitic infestation, most of the livestock owners (52%) were aware of
the ingredients (paste prepared from Turmeric, Neem seed and Musturd oil) used in
indigenous preparation and this practice was commonly adopted by 48% of the
livestock owners.
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5.3.4. Extent of awareness and adoption of indigenous practices among livestock
owner in West Singhbhum district of Jharkhand
i. A large number of the livestock owners (48%) were aware of the ingredients (sap of
Banana and leaves of Bans mixed with sugar) used in indigenous preparation to
control diarrhoea. This practice was adopted by 44% of the livestock owners.
ii. In case of fever, high number of the livestock owners (48%) were aware of the
ingredients (Mixture of roots of Palati, Ajwain, Black pepper mixed with salt and
sugar) used in indigenous preparation and this practice was commonly adopted by
44% of the respondents.
iii. In case of fracture, most of the livestock owners (64%) were aware of the ingredients
(paste of Harjora plant) used in indigenous preparation and this practice was
commonly adopted by 60% of the respondents.
iv. In case of constipation, most of the livestock owners (54%) were aware of the
ingredients (leaves of Kadam and bark of Mango) used in indigenous preparation
and this practice was commonly adopted by 48% of the livestock owner.
v. In case of pneumonia, majority of the livestock owners (50%) were aware of the
ingredients (paste prepared from leaves of Tulsi, Turmeric and Ajwain) used in
indigenous preparation and this practice was commonly adopted by 46% of the
livestock owners.
vi. In case of bloat, most of the livestock owners (56%) were aware of the ingredients
(Dry Ginger and Black Pepper mixed in Luke warm water) used in indigenous
preparation and this practice was commonly adopted by 52% of the livestock
owners.
vii. In case of gastrointestinal parasitic problem, a considerably high number of the
livestock owners (44%) were aware of the ingredients (seed of Palas) used in
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indigenous preparation and this practice was commonly adopted by 40% of the
livestock owners.
viii. In case of FMD in foot lesion, most of the livestock owners (62%) were aware of the
ingredients (Neem seed powder and Karanj oil) used in indigenous preparation and
this practice was commonly adopted by 58% of the livestock owners.
ix. In case of FMD in mouth lesion, most of the livestock owners (50%) were aware of
the ingredients (Sonth, Black Pepper mixed with ghee) used in indigenous
preparation and this practice was commonly adopted by 46% of the livestock
owners.
x. In case of wound, most of the livestock owners (64%) were aware of the ingredients
(paste of Haldi is applied) used in indigenous preparation and this practice was
commonly adopted by 58% of the livestock owners.
xi. In case of ectoparasitic infestation, most of the livestock owners (64%) were aware of
the ingredients (paste of leaves of Karanj or oil of Karanj) used in indigenous
preparation and this practice was commonly adopted by 56% of the livestock
owners.
5.3.5. Extent of awareness and adoption of indigenous practices among livestock
owner in Jamtara district of Jharkhand
i. Majority of the livestock owners (60%) were aware of the ingredients (powder of
Hartaki, Bahera and Aonla mixed with fermented rice water) used in indigenous
preparation to control diarrhoea. This practice was adopted by 56% of the livestock
owners.
ii. In case of fever, most of the livestock owners (60%) were aware of the ingredients
(powder of root of Jharmanik and Black Pepper) used in indigenous preparation and
this practice was commonly adopted by 54% of the respondents.
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iii. In case of fracture, most of the livestock owners (58%) were aware of the ingredients
(paste of Harjora plant) used in indigenous preparation and this practice was
commonly adopted by 52% of the respondents.
iv. In case of constipation, a good number of the livestock owners (42%) were aware of
the ingredients (mixture prepared from Hartaki, Ajwain, Wheat bran Hing and
Jaggery) used in indigenous preparation and this practice was commonly adopted by
38% of the livestock owner.
v. In case of pneumonia, a high number of the livestock owners (46%) were aware of
the ingredients (juice of Begna leave, Ginger and Black Pepper) used in indigenous
preparation and this practice was commonly adopted by 38% of the livestock
owners.
vi. In case of bloat, most of the livestock owners (48%) were aware of the ingredients
(Decoction of stem bark of Kadam) used in indigenous preparation and this practice
was commonly adopted by 38% of the livestock owners.
vii. In case of gastrointestinal parasitic problem, a quite large number of the livestock
owners (58%) were aware of the ingredients (paste prepared from Papaya and Neem
seed) used in indigenous preparation and this practice was commonly adopted by
52% of the livestock owners.
viii. In case of FMD in foot lesion, most of the livestock owners (60%) were aware of the
ingredients (Neem leaves or Neem oil) used in indigenous preparation and this
practice was commonly adopted by 56% of the livestock owners.
ix. In case of FMD in mouth lesion, most of the livestock owners (58%) were aware of
the ingredients (Extract of Pataldudhi stems and leaves mixed with honey) used in
indigenous preparation and this practice was commonly adopted by 44% of the
livestock owners.
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x. In case of wound, most of the livestock owners (58%) were aware of the ingredients
(Application of Haldi) used in indigenous preparation and this practice was
commonly adopted by 52% of the livestock owners.
xi. In case of ectoparasitic infestation, most of the livestock owners (64%) were aware of
the ingredients (leaves of Neem or Neem oil) used in indigenous preparation and
this practice was commonly adopted by 60% of the livestock owners.
5.4. SOURCE AND CHANNELS OF DIFFUSION OF KNOWLEDGE AMONG
TRADITIONAL HEALERS AND LIVESTOCK OWNERS
i. Among 50 traditional healers, majority (74%) received information about ITK from
their ancestors, whereas 26% got information from local vaidya.
ii. For diffusion of knowledge, majority (62%) of the traditional healers transferred it.
iii. Among 250 livestock owners, a quite large number (46.8%) received information for
the first time about ITK from their family members followed by 22%, 12.4%, 11.2%
and 7.6% from neighbours, friends, relatives and direct observation respectively.
iv. About diffusion of practice, 51.2% of the respondents transferred their knowledge
about ITK to family members only, 32% to family members and friends and 16.8% to
family members, friends, neighbours and relatives.
5.5. VALIDATION OF SELECTED ITK BY QUIK (QUANTIFICATION OF
INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE) METHOD
A total of twenty two ITKs were validated by the livestock owners in terms of
effectiveness, cost effectiveness, quickness in healing, and ease in preparation, side effect
and availability of ten selected commonly occurring diseases viz. , diarrhea, fever, fracture,
constipation, pneumonia, bloat, gastrointestinal parasites, foot and mouth disease, wound
and ectoparasitic infestation in the region. The scores obtained by all twenty two ITKs had
107
shown a clear validation by the livestock owners. The score ranges from 5.123 to 7.421 for
unfavourable validation characteristics and from 7.650 to 9.872 for favourable validation
characteristics.
5.5.1. Diarrhoea
For treating diarrhoea, three ITKs involving various parts of plant species like
Kendu, Bankulthi, Bahera, Bans and Banana were selected and put for validation. The scores
for unfavourable validation parameters ranged from 5.147 to 6.190 (effectiveness), from
5.310 to 6.310 (quickness in healing) and from 6.2 to 6.429 (ease in preparation) out of 10. The
respective scores for favourable characteristics like cost effectiveness, least or no side effect
and availability were found to range from 8.460 to 8.613, from 8.514 to 8.804 and from 7.529
to 7.921 on a 10 point scale. The scores obtained by various ITKs showed a clear validation
by the livestock owners.
5.5.2. Fever
For treating fever, three ITKs involving various parts of plant species like Kalmegh,
Neem, Bantulsi, Akand , Ajawain and Black pepper were selected and put for validation.
The scores for unfavourable validation parameters ranged from 6.988 to 7.314
(effectiveness), from 6.524 to 6.741 (quickness in healing) and from 5.22 to 6.432 (ease in
preparation) out of 10. The respective scores for favourable characteristics like cost
effectiveness, least or no side effect and availability were found to range from 9.353 to 9.567,
from 9.123 to 9.492 and from 7.680 to 9.514 on a 10 point scale. The scores obtained by
various ITKs showed a clear validation by the livestock owners.
108
5.5.3. Fracture
For the treatment of fracture application of Harjora plant and that of stem of
Harkankan, bark of Kusum and rhizome of Haldi were scored. The corresponding scores for
the favourable characteristics were found to be 7.80 and 7.650 (effectiveness), 9.120 and 9.480
(cost effectiveness), 8.60 and 8.301 (side effect), 8.412 and 8.100 (availability) for the two ITKs
respectively. The corresponding scores for the unfavourable characteristics were found to be
6.350 and 6.732 (quickness in healing), 6.210 and 5.123 (ease in preparation) for the two ITKs
respectively. The scores based on a 10-point scale showed the ITKs to be validated by the
respondents.
5.5.4. Constipation
For the treatment of constipation, application of leaves of Kadam along with
molasses and that of the mixture of Aonla, Hartaki and Bahera were scored. The
corresponding scores for the unfavourable characteristics were found to be 7.421 and 7.290
(effectiveness), 6.438 and 6.391 (quickness in healing), 6.217 and 6.420 (ease in preparation)
for the two ITKs respectively. The corresponding scores for the favourable characteristics
were found to be 9.275 and 9.143 (cost effectiveness), 9.624 and 9.721 (side effect), 9.421 and
9.315 (availability) for the two ITKs respectively. The scores based on a 10-point scale
showed the ITKs to be validated by the respondents.
5.5.5. Pneumonia
For the treatment of pneumonia, mixture of leaves of Tulsi, Basak leaves and honey
and that of the mixture of Ghee, Black pepper, Ginger and Garlic were validated. The
corresponding scores for the unfavourable characteristics were found to be 7.410 and 7.242
(effectiveness), 6.423 and 6.324 (quickness in healing), 6.324 and 6.530 (ease in preparation)
for the two ITKs respectively. The corresponding scores for the favourable characteristics
109
were found to be 9.723 and 9.197 (cost effectiveness), 9.434 and 9.563 (side effect), 9.213 and
9.567 (availability) for the two ITKs respectively. The scores based on a 10-point scale
showed the ITKs to be validated by the respondents.
5.5.6. Bloat
For the treatment of bloat, mixture of Hartaki, Aonla and Bahera and that of the
mixture of Ajawain, Hing and Black salt were validated. The corresponding scores for the
unfavourable characteristics were found to be 7.132 and 7.314 (effectiveness), 6.429 and 6.316
(quickness in healing), 6.392 and 6.235 (ease in preparation) for the two ITKs respectively.
The corresponding scores for the favourable characteristics were found to be 9.623 and 9.012
(cost effectiveness), 9.482 and 9.512 (side effect), 9.315 and 9.510 (availability) for the two
ITKs respectively. The scores based on a 10-point scale showed the ITKs to be validated by
the respondents.
5.5.7. Gastrointestinal parasites
For the treatment of gastrointestinal parasites, application of seed of Palas and that of
paste of Papaya and Neem seed were validated. The corresponding scores for the
unfavourable characteristics were found to be 7.126 and 7.230 (effectiveness), 5.612 and 5.920
(quickness in healing), 6.190 and 6.384 (ease in preparation) for the two ITKs respectively.
The corresponding scores for the favourable characteristics were found to be 9.810 and 9.633
(cost effectiveness), 8.918 and 8.743 (side effect), 9.300 and 8.128 (availability) for the two
ITKs respectively. The scores based on a 10-point scale showed the ITKs to be validated by
the respondents.
110
5.5.8. Foot and mouth disease
For the treatment of FMD, application of Lime water and Karanj oil and that of Neem
leaves and Neem oil were validated. The corresponding scores for the unfavourable
characteristics were found to be 7.126 and 7.324 (effectiveness), 5.935 and 6.230 (quickness in
healing), 6.423 and 6.390 (ease in preparation) for the two ITKs respectively. The
corresponding scores for the favourable characteristics were found to be 9.712 and 9.545
(cost effectiveness), 9.460 and 9.550 (side effect), 9.560 and 9.450 (availability) for the two
ITKs respectively. The scores based on a 10-point scale showed the ITKs to be validated by
the respondents.
5.5.9. Wound
For the treatment of wound, application of Haldi and Ghee and that of extract of
Genda were validated. The corresponding scores for the unfavourable characteristics were
found to be 7.126 and 7.324 (effectiveness), 5.935 and 6.230 (quickness in healing), 6.423 and
6.390 (ease in preparation) for the two ITKs respectively. The corresponding scores for the
favourable characteristics were found to be 9.712 and 9.545 (cost effectiveness), 9.460 and
9.550 (side effect), 9.560 and 9.450 (availability) for the two ITKs respectively. The scores
based on a 10-point scale showed the ITKs to be validated by the respondents.
5.5.10. Ectoparasitic infestation
For the treatment of ectoparasitic infestation, application of leaves/ oil of Karanj and
that of paste of Haldi, Neem leaves and mustard oil were validated. The corresponding
scores for the unfavourable characteristics were found to be 7.113 and 7.250 (effectiveness),
6.517 and 6.249 (quickness in healing), 6.715 and 6.423 (ease in preparation) for the two ITKs
respectively. The corresponding scores for the favourable characteristics were found to be
9.714 and 9.625 (cost effectiveness), 9.412 and 9.520 (side effect), 9.530 and 9.200 (availability)
111
for the two ITKs respectively. The scores based on a 10-point scale showed the ITKs to be
validated by the respondents.
CONCLUSION
This study was carried out to study on indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) in
animal husbandry among livestock owners of Jharkhand. The study was carried out in five
districts viz., Ranchi, Dhanbad, Latehar, West singhbhum and Jamtara of all five divisions of
Jharkhand. In total 300 respondents were interviewed to collect and information on most
commonly used ITKs for various animal husbandry practices. The collection, documentation
and dissemination pattern showed the richness of the time tested indigenous knowledge
applied to animal husbandry in the region specified under this study.
The awareness and adoption varied widely from ITK to ITK. The finding revealed
that 10 to 78 percent of livestock owners were aware of ITKs and 2 to 70 percent had
adopted ITk‟s in their animals. All the twenty two ITKs were subjected to the validation test
and were found to be valid and effective in the treatment of the different ailments. However,
all these ITKs were comparatively less effective than the MSTs. Still they have high value for
the livestock owners in the remote villages and particularly for low income farmers as these
are easily available and involve less cost in comparison to medicine of MSTs.
It was revealed from the major findings of this investigation that all the ITKs were
found valid and effective as per the observations made by the livestock owners, it need to be
validated scientifically and experimentally along with the identification and isolation of
active ingredients present in the material used under ITKs. Such studies will provide
scientific rationality for use of ITKs in future. Since, the ITKs seem to be cheaper, locally and
easily available in remote areas and have lesser side effects; the use of these ITKs may be
encouraged.
112
IMPLICATIONS
i. The region specificity of the present study as well as richness of the documented
ITKs in the region implies that similar studies can be taken up for geographically
diverse Indian subcontinent to prepare authentic knowledge base.
ii. Proper blending of ITK with the MST could be placed best in today‟s consciousness
for eco-friendliness in particular and sustainability in general.
iii. Refresher training courses on ITK should be organised based on field problems.
iv. Involvement of livestock owners, traditional healers, local leaders, veterinary staffs
and non-government organisations in the project identification, implementation,
review and monitoring process is an effective method of sharing knowledge and
skills.
v. Involvement of professional Vaidya and local traditional healers in the team of
researchers for the plant identification, use and harvesting practices is beneficial,
because they have practical knowledge and experience. They also have good
knowledge about the distribution of major medicinal plants in the locality.
vi. Documentation and subsequent validation (by QuIK method) of all the available
ITKs in any region could be helpful for further scientifically oriented similar works.
vii. Setting up regional work stations for the collection, documentation and validation of
information on prevailing ITKs as well as imparting education and training for the
people who are interested in ITK. It is also necessary to establish sub centres in
interior places and in remote areas of the country to impart to say above objective.
viii. Emphasis should be given for changes in the B. V. Sc. curriculum for veterinary
graduates. The curriculum should be revised with inclusion of indigenous veterinary
medicines.
113
SUGGESTED AREAS OF FUTURE RESEARCH
i. The study was confined to only five districts of Jharkhand state. Hence,
generalization of the study cannot be made elsewhere, in the way that these ITKs are
also used in other areas. Similar studies have to be concluded in other parts of the
country where indigenous technical practices in India.
ii. The present study has been considered only in Animal Husbandry; likewise other
areas can also be taken up, for documentation of indigenous practices.
iii. The documented indigenous practices can be taken up by different institutions to test
the validity in the laboratory.
iv. Emphasis should be given on documentation and validation of relevant indigenous
animal husbandry practices that livestock owners, veterinary staffs, traditional
healers etc. perceived as most successful during their experimental trials.
v. As most of the ITKs relevant to animal health care, involves the use of herbal and
medicinal plants, the cultivation of these plants can be encouraged.
i
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