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PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF KRISHNA RIVER AT

KARAD, SATARA DISTRICT MAHARASHTRA)

S.D. Jadhav*, D.G. Kanase**, R.W. .Iawale=, M.S. Jadhav***

* Bharati Vidyapeeth University, College of Engineering, Pune 411043.

 Department of Engineering Science)

** Bharati Vidyapeeth University,

Matoshri Bayabai Shripatrao Kadam Mahavidyalaya, Kadegaon, Dist.Sangli.

***Sinhgad Technical Education Society s Sou. Venutai Chavan Polytechnic,

Pune

 Department of civil Engineering)

Abstract: -

The physico-chemical parameters of Krishna river water were studied and analysed for

a period of one year during April 2006 to December 2006.The analysis was done for the

parameters like pH, Dissolved oxygen  DO), Biochemical oxygen Demand BOD),

Chemical Oxygen Demand   COD), Chloride, Sulphate, Calcium, Magnesium and

Hardness. The study report discusses about the analysis of various physico-chemical

parameters

Keywords: - Physico-chemical parameters, Krishna river, water pollution.

Introduction: -

Krishna Basin extends over an area of258,948 km2 which is nearly 8

 

of total

geographical area of the country. Krishna river rises in the Western Ghats at an elevation

of about 1337 mjust north of Mahabaleshwar, about 64 km from the Arabian Sea and

flows for about 1400 km and outfalls into the bay of Bengal. The principal tributaries

joining Krishna are the Ghataprabha, Malprabha, Bhima, Tungabhadra, Musi and

Koyana.The important soil types found in the basin are black soils, red soils, mixed soils,

red and black soils, saline soils. Ecologically, this is one of the disastrous rivers in the

world, in that it causes heavy soil erosion during the monsoon season. River causes a

high degree of erosion between June and August. During this time river takes fertile soil

from Maharashtra, Kamataka and Western Andrapradesh towards the delta region.

Temples like Dattatryatemple, which is very dear to the people of Maharashtra is located

on the bank of Krishna at Narsoba wadi and Ramling Temple located on the bank of river

Krishna near Sangli.

 

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In early days, water was primarily used for domestic needs like drinking, washing,

bathing and cooking etc. But due to industrial and urban development, requirement of

water for these activities has increased along with domestic purpose. Water of good

quality is required for living organisms. The quality of water is described by its physical,

chemical and microbial characteristics. But if, some correlations were possible among

these parameters, then significant ones would be fairly useful to indicate the quality of

water Dhembare et.al, 1997). The deterioration of quality, loss of biodiversity and fast

depletion of water resources are the main challenges, which need urgent attention. The

limnological study gives the proper direction in decision-making processes for problems

like pollution control, fish and other aquatic lives. This represents the organic material

available in particulate form on which the animal population of aquatic ecosystem

depends directly or indirectly. The studies of physico-chemical parameters are used to

detect the effects of pollution on the water quality.

It is well known that water bodies have played a crucial role in the growth and

development of society. All settlements across the globe have started along water bodies

and rivers. However it is true that the water bodies have undergone degradation in

modem times. Urban growth, increased industrial activities, intensive farming and over

use of fertilizers in agricultural productions are identified as drivers responsible for

degradation. Increasing urbanization coupled with industrialization during past few years

have resulted into depleting water ecosystems of major cities.

Causes of water pollution

Water supply systems are important, but at the same time wastewater treatment

systems are also equally important. Approximately 80 of water turns to waste water

after its utilization. This wastewater should be properly treated before discharging into

any water body. In case of river as a receiving body, when waste water is discharged on

upstream side of river, downstream community uses the same water from the river for its

day to day needs. Hence it is very much important that wastewater should be properly

treated before discharging into river and maintaining sanctity of river. The sewage either

seeps into the soils or pollutes ground water or it flows through streams and rivers and

pollutes surface water.

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Experimental: -

The water samples were collected in the period of April 2006 to December

2006. The samples for the analysis were collected in sterilized bottles using the

Standard Method Of American Public Health Association  1995 . The parameters

and methods used for the said examination are detailed in.

Table No: I

Parameters and methods employed in the chemical examination of samples.

Sr  No 

Parameters of water anaIvsis

Methods

L

pH

Potentiometric

 

D.O.

Azide modification

3 RO.D.

Azide modification

4 C.O.D.

Dichromate reflux

5 Chloride

Gravimetric

6

Sulphate Spectrophotometric

 

Calcium

Titrimetric

8  

Magnesium

Titrimetric

 

Hardness

Titrimetric

3

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Table No:II

Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Krishna River

Sr Parameters

April

June

August

October

December

No

2006

2006 2006

2006

2006

 

pH

7 7 7  8 7 5 7  2

7   1

2  D.O.

7  4

6 2

5 8 5 6 4 9

3 RO.D. 12 9

7  8 6 2

7  2

6  9

4

C.O.D. 32 28 24 26 26

5 Chloride

52 89 77 68

49

6

Sulphate

 2 4 8 4   2

4  1

11  6

7 

Calcium

73 65 69 71 52

8  Magnesium 76 63 70

68

54

9 

Hardness

172 159 168

140

135

Results and Discussion:

The analytical results for the various parameters have been shown in the

table no. II.

The pH range was recorded in the range 7.1 to 7.8. pH of water is important

for the biotic compound because most of the plant and animal species can survive

a narrow of pH from slightly acidic to slightly alkaline condition. According to

Shaikh, Nisar and Yeragi 2003 pH is considered to be most important factor

particularly in the case of the green algae. Das et. al,  1961 , observed that high

pH values coincided with plankton peak. The lower values of pH during rainy

season may be due to the dilution of alkaline substances or dissolution of

atmospheric carbon dioxide, Shaikh, Nisar and Yeragi 2003 .

The dissolved oxygen was varied from 4.9 to 7.4 mg/l during study. The

dissolved oxygen is found to be maximum in the month of December and

minimum in the month of April. Dissolved oxygen in water at a given temperature

depends on factors like temperature of water. The dissolved oxygen almost all

plants and animal need for respiration.

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The biochemical oxygen demand was recorded from 6.2 to 12.9 mg/l and

chemical oxygen demand was recorded in between 24 to 32 mg/I.

The chloride varied from 49 to 89 mg/l, the amount present do not exceed

the maximum permissible limit i.e. 500mg/I.for drinking water prescribed by

WHO. In high concentrations, chlorides in urban areas are indicators of large

amounts of non-point pollution; pesticides, grease and oil, metals and other toxic

materials with high levels of chloride.

The Sulphate range observed is 4.1 to 12 mg/l in the entire examination.

The maximum amount observed is in the month of April 2006; which may be due

to agricultural runoff. The calcium levels varied from 52 to 73 mg/I. The

magnesium levels varied from 54 to 76 mg/I. The hardness ranged from 135 to

172 mg/I. The maximum values were during monsoon while minimum values

were during winter. The calcium is one of the alkaline earth metals. The calcium

is not known to indicate or produce any hazardous effect on human health,

 kulkarni R.R 2002 .

Acknowledgement  The authors are thankful to the Hon. Dr. Shivajirao

Kadam and Principal K.D.Jadhav for constant encouragement and facilities

provided.

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