10 CHAPTER 316 Chapter 10 • Study Guide LESSON 1 Land Use and Urbanization • Land cover refers to the vegetation and manufactured structures that cover land. Land use refers to the human activities that occur on land that are directly related to the land. Land cover influences land use, and humans change both when they build urban areas. • The shift of population from the countryside to an urban area is called urbanization. Urbanization occurs when people move out of rural areas to an urban area that has more or better jobs. • Cities have both negative environmental impacts, such as pollution, and positive environmental impacts, such as land preservation. land cover (292) land use (292) urban area (293) rural area (293) urbanization (294) infrastructure (296) heat island (296) LESSON 2 Sprawl • Sprawl is the spread of low-density urban or suburban development outward from a city center. As people move out of cities, population growth and increased per capita land consumption contribute to sprawl. The degree of sprawl can be calculated as the increase in the number of people in an area multiplied by the amount of land the average person lives on. • Sprawl affects the transportation, pollution, public health, land use, and economics of an area. sprawl (299) LESSON 3 Sustainable Cities • City planners use tools such as zoning, urban growth boundaries, and principles of smart growth and the “new urbanism” to make cities more livable. • Transportation options are vital to livable cities. • Parks and open space are key elements of livable cities. • The goal of a green building is to save energy and other resources without sacrificing people’s comfort. • Cities as different as Curitiba, Brazil, and New York City have made progress toward sustainability, showing that cities can be a key element in progress toward global sustainability. city planning (305) geographic information system (GIS) (305) zoning (306) urban growth boundary (UGB) (307) smart growth (308) ecological restoration (311) greenway (311) INQUIRY LABS AND ACTIVITIES • Local Land Cover Use maps with satellite imagery on the USGS Web site to find the types of land cover in your area. • Patterns of Sprawl Compare maps of the Atlanta area from different years to analyze density and development. • Green Building Design Which green building features will you recommend for use in a local school building? Learn their costs and savings. Lesson 2 How can the effects of urbanization lead to sprawl? Lesson 1 How do we use the land we live on? Lesson 3 What are the characteristics of a sustainable city? How can we balance our needs for housing and jobs with the needs of the environment? STUDY RESOURCES Chapter 10 Self Test • Chapter 10 Worksheets • Chapter 10 Overview Presentation (for PowerPoint)
Transcript
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316 Chapter 10 • Study Guide
Lesson 1 Land Use and Urbanization• Land cover refers to the vegetation and manufactured
structures that cover land. Land use refers to the human activities that occur on land that are directly related to the land. Land cover influences land use, and humans change both when they build urban areas.
• The shift of population from the countryside to an urban area is called urbanization. Urbanization occurs when people move out of rural areas to an urban area that has more or better jobs.
• Cities have both negative environmental impacts, such as pollution, and positive environmental impacts, such as land preservation.
land cover (292) land use (292) urban area (293) rural area (293) urbanization (294) infrastructure (296) heat island (296)
Lesson 2 Sprawl• Sprawl is the spread of low-density urban or suburban
development outward from a city center. As people move out of cities, population growth and increased per capita land consumption contribute to sprawl. The degree of sprawl can be calculated as the increase in the number of people in an area multiplied by the amount of land the average person lives on.
• Sprawl affects the transportation, pollution, public health, land use, and economics of an area.
sprawl (299)
Lesson 3 Sustainable Cities• City planners use tools such as zoning, urban growth
boundaries, and principles of smart growth and the “new urbanism” to make cities more livable.
• Transportation options are vital to livable cities.• Parks and open space are key elements of livable cities.• The goal of a green building is to save energy and other
resources without sacrificing people’s comfort.• Cities as different as Curitiba, Brazil, and New York City
have made progress toward sustainability, showing that cities can be a key element in progress toward global sustainability.
city planning (305) geographic information system (GIS) (305) zoning (306) urban growth boundary (UGB) (307) smart growth (308) ecological restoration (311) greenway (311)
InquIry LABs And ActIvItIes• Local Land Cover Use maps with satellite imagery on the USGS Web site
to find the types of land cover in your area.• Patterns of Sprawl Compare maps of the Atlanta area from different years
to analyze density and development.• Green Building Design Which green building features will you recommend
for use in a local school building? Learn their costs and savings.
Lesson 2 How can the effects of
urbanization lead to sprawl?
Lesson 1 How do we use the land
we live on?
Lesson 3 What are the characteristics
of a sustainable city?
How can we balance our needs for housing and jobs with the needs of the environment?
Review Concepts and Terms 1. Land cover and land use are related, and humans
can change a. neither. c. land cover only. b. both. d. land use only.
2. The shift of population from the countryside to a city is called
a. land use. c. urbanization. b. land cover. d. infrastructure.
3. The facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning of a community make up its
a. heat island. c. suburbs. b. infrastructure. d. ecosystem services.
4. Which of the following is shown in the photo below?
a. rural area c. suburban area b. city d. heat island
5. The effects of urban areas on the environment are a. negative only. b. positive only. c. both positive and negative. d. nonexistent.
6. The approach to development LEAST likely to result in sprawl is
a. leapfrog development. b. commercial (strip) development. c. high-density multi-use development. d. low-density single-use development.
7. Sprawl affects which of the following? a. pollution b. public health c. economics d. all of the above
8. An attempt to design cities so as to maximize their functionality and beauty is
a. city planning. c. urbanization. b. sprawl. d. ecological restoration.
9. One way that city planners put their decisions into practice is
a. zoning. c. ecological restoration. b. urbanization. d. sprawl.
10. A strip of vegetated open space that connects parks or neighborhoods is called a(n)
a. urban area. c. heat island. b. greenway. d. suburb.
Modified True/FalseWrite true if the statement is true. If it is false, change the underlined word or words to make the statement true.
11. Developed land covered mostly with buildings and roads is a(n) urban area.
12. The spread of low-density development outward from an urban area is called infrastructure.
13. Two primary causes of sprawl are population growth and ecological restoration.
14. Zoning is a computerized system for storing, manipulating, and viewing geographic data.
15. Greenways are strips of open space that provide pollution buffers, increase property values, and serve as wildlife corridors.
The Central Case in this chapter explored the challenges of maintaining a livable city while respecting the property rights of the people who live in it. Based on what you have learned, what is the next step Portland should take? Use examples from the Central Case and the lessons to support your ideas.
ANSWERS
Chapter Assessment For answers to the Chapter Assessment, see page A–16 at the back of the book.
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318 Chapter 10 • Assessment
19. City planners could make a decision that best balances environmental and economic concerns
a. by having an advertising campaign funded by the developers and then having citizens vote on the decision.
b. after holding open town meetings that involved all interested citizens, businesses, and developers.
c. after city planners have a private meeting with environmental activist groups.
d. on the basis of the projected tax revenue from the different choices.
Short Answer 20. List six environmental impacts of urbanization. 21. Explain how a heat island occurs. 22. How do city planners use a geographic informa-
tion system? 23. What is meant by “building up, not out”? 24. List four characteristics of smart growth. 25. What is ecological restoration? 26. Give four reasons why open space is a key ele-
ment of a livable city.
Critical Thinking 27. Apply Concepts What is one way that densely
populated cities can help conserve wildlife habitat?
28. Infer Why do environmental scientists study land cover?
29. Explain What is implied by the term “green building design”?
30. Classify Suppose you were bicycling through a neighborhood made up only of single-family houses set far apart with trees and shrubs separat-ing them. Would you describe this as a rural area, a suburban area, or a city? Explain your answer.
31. Apply Concepts In what ways has infrastructure been important to the progress toward sustain-ability of Curitiba and New York City?
Reading ComprehensionRead the following selection, and answer the questions that follow.A military base three miles from a medium-sized city is being closed down. The base is large, on the coast, and has small hills, woodlands, wetlands, and a small lake. A railroad and a four-lane highway connect the base with the city. The base has housing, schools, a hospital, shops, and recreational areas for a popula-tion of 10,000.
16. A development group wants to turn the whole base area into a recreational resort. Facilities would include an RV campsite, a sports arena, a small harbor for water sports, and a hunting lodge. An important ecological concern about this proposal would be
a. that there would not be enough parking. b. that the city might not make enough money
from the resort. c. that there might be negative effects on the
woodlands, wetlands, and wildlife. d. whether the development group can attract
sports teams to the new arena.
17. Some groups want to restore the buildings and infrastructure on the base and turn the area into a new town. Which of the following would best describe that effort?
a. smart growth b. megalopolis c. sprawl d. urbanization
18. Which of the following ways might the railroad land be used?
a. continuing to run the railroad between the city and the base area
b. removing the tracks and converting it to a cycling and hiking trail
c. removing the tracks and allowing it to function as a greenway to reduce habitat fragmentation
d. all of the above
Ecological Footprints
Most Populous Urban Areas
Urban Area
Tokyo, Japan
New York, United States
Mexico City, Mexico
Mumbai, India
São Paulo, Brazil
2007 Population (millions)
35.68
19.04
19.03
18.98
18.85
Urban Area
Tokyo, Japan
Mumbai, India
Delhi, India
São Paulo, Brazil
Mexico City, Mexico
2025 Projection (millions)
36.40
26.39
22.50
21.43
21.01
Source: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision and World Urbanization Prospects: the 2007 Revision.
Automobile (2 persons)
Automobile (4 persons)
Vanpool (8 persons)
Bus
Walking
Bicycle
0.413
0.206
0.103
0.261
0.082
0.049
Pounds of CO2 Per Person Per Mile
Estimated Mileage Per Year
Total 12,000
CO2 Emissions Per Year
Urbanization 319
Read the information below. Then copy the data table into your notebook and answer the questions.
One way of reducing your ecological footprint is to change the way you travel. The table shows typi-cal amounts of CO2 released per person per mile when traveling various ways for a typical distance of 12,000 miles per year. 1. Which of the transportation options shown
permits the most miles of travel per pound of CO2 emissions?
2. Estimate how many of your 12,000 annual miles you think you travel by each method. Enter your estimates in the third column.
3. Based on your estimates, calculate your annual CO2 emissions for each method. Enter your results in the fourth column.
32. Calculate Which city’s population is expected to grow the most between 2007 and 2025? By how much is it expected to grow?
33. Interpret Tables What population trend are Tokyo, Mexico City, São Paulo, and Mumbai expected to follow?
34. Form a Hypothesis New York City is not pro-jected to be in the top five in 2025, and Tokyo is expected to grow by a smaller percentage than the other cities on the list. Form a hypothesis that might explain these differences.
Write About It 35. Form an Opinion Would you like to live in a city
with an urban growth boundary? Explain. 36. Apply the BIGQUESTION Design an urban area
that, in your opinion, balances people’s needs with the needs of the environment. You may either write two paragraphs describing how its characteristics work both for people and the envi-ronment, or you may sketch the urban area and include the information in labels.
Analyze DataThe table below shows populations of the world’s five most populous cities in 2007 and as projected for 2025. Use the data in the table to answer the questions that follow.
4. How could you reduce your ecological footprint? By how many pounds of CO2 do you think you could reduce it in the next year?
