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SUB Hamburg
A5572J2
IRTHE NEW WORLD OF
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Ninth Edition
Michael G. RoskinLYCOMING COLLEGE
Nicholas O. BerryFOREIGN POLICY FORUM
LongmanBoston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal TorontoDelhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
Brief Contents
Detailed Contents vii
Preface xx
PART I APPROACHES TO IR 1
Chapter 1 Power and Systems in Transformation 2
Chapter 2 IR Theories 20
PART II THE COLD WAR COME AND GONE 39
Chapter 3 America's Changing National Interests 40
Chapter 4 Vietnam and the Warping of National Interest 56
Chapter 5 Russia and Geopolitics 72
Chapter 6 Can the United States Lead the World? 94
PART III THE GLOBAL SOUTH 111
Chapter 7 From Colonialism to Decolonization 112
Chapter 8 Eternal Warfare in the Holy Land 126
Chapter 9 Oil and Turmoil in the Persian Gulf 142
Chapter 10 Trouble and Hope in Latin America 160
Chapter 11 Development in Rich and Poor Countries 176
vi Brief Contents
PART IV THE ETERNAL THREATS 193
Chapter 12 The Causes of Interstate Conflict 194
Chapter 13 The Pursuit of National Security 208
Chapter 14 The Politics of Nuclear Bombs 222
Chapter 15 The Challenge of Asymmetrical Conflict 238
PART V ECONOMIC BLOCS 253
Chapter 16 Europe Unifies 254
Chapter 17 Asia Awakes 270
Chapter 18 The United States and Globalization 286
PART VI THE POLITICS OF A NEW WORLD 301
Chapter 19 Diplomacy Is Still Alive 302
Chapter 20 The Uses of International Law 318
Chapter 21 The Reach of the United Nations 334
Chapter 22 Finite F.E.W. (Food/Energy/Water) 350
Detailed Contents
Preface xx
PART I APPROACHES TO IR 1
CHAPTER 1 Power and Systems in Transformation 2
• CONCEPTS: Power 4
The European Balance-of-Power System 5
• CONCEPTS: Systems 6
• TURNING POINT: Bismarck: System Changer 7
The Unstable Interwar System 8
The Bipolar Cold War System 9
What Kind of New System? 10
Are States Here to Stay? 16
• CONCEPTS: The State 16
Is Sovereignty Slipping? 17
• CONCEPTS: Sovereignty 17
• REFLECTIONS: Sovereignty and You 18
CHAPTER 2 IR Theories 20
The Oldest Theory: Realism 22
0 CLASSIC THOUGHT: E. H. Carr and Realism 22
a CLASSIC THOUGHT: Hans Morgenthau on National Interest 24
The Liberal Peace Seekers 26
• CONCEPTS: Liberal Internationalism 27vii
viii Detailed Contents
The Newest: Constructivism 29
Marxist Theories of IR 32
• CONCEPTS: Gramscian Marxism 34
IR Theories: An Evaluation 35
PART II THE COLD WAR COME AND GONE 39
CHAPTER 3 America's Changing NationalInterests 40
Independence 41
• CONCEPTS: National Interests 42
Manifest Destiny 43
D CLASSIC THOUGHT: Washington's Farewell Address 43
Imperialism 45
• CLASSIC THOUGHT: Mahan's Sea Power Theory 45
World War I 47
Isolationism 47
World War II 48
n DIPLOMACY: The Atlantic Charter 48
The Cold War 49
• CONCEPTS: Cold War 49
• TURNING POINT: Spring 1947 50
• CONCEPTS: Mead's Four Schools of U.S. Foreign Policy 52
The Next Challenges 53
• REFLECTIONS: Kennan on History 53
CHAPTER 4 Vietnam and the Warping of NationalInterest 56
The Colonized Colonialists 58
• CONCEPTS: Political Generations 58
The First Indochina War 59
a GEOGRAPHY: Vietnam and China 59
The United States and the Geneva Accords 60
B TURNING POINT: HO Chi Minh 60
Detailed Contents ix
Kennedy's Commitment 61
o DIPLOMACY: The Geneva Accords 61
• CONCEPTS: Guerrilla Warfare 62
LBJ: Victim or Villain? 64
• TURNING POINT: The Tonkin Gulf Resolution 64
• CONCEPTS: What Is a Civil War? 65
Extrication Without Humiliation 66
• TURNING POINT: Te t 66
• REFLECTIONS: Iraq, Afghanistan, and Vietnam 67
Morality and Feasibility 68
a DIPLOMACY: The 1973 Paris Accords 68
• DIPLOMACY: Kissinger's "Decent Interval" 69
• CLASSIC THOUGHT: War and Peace 70
APTER 5 Russia and Geopolitics 72
War and Bolshevism 74
a GEOGRAPHY: Geopolitics 74
Spreading the Revolution 76
Q GEOGRAPHY: World War I: The Slavic Connection 76
Stalin's Policy Mistakes 77
• TURNING POINT: The North Russian Intervention 77
The Great Patriotic War 78
• CONCEPTS: Ideology and Foreign Policy 78
a DIPLOMACY: The Spanish Civil War 79
Yalta 80
The Cold War 80
o DIPLOMACY: The Yalta Agreement 80
The Decline of the Soviet Union 81
• CLASSIC THOUGHT: Kissinger on Absolute Security 81
Restive East Europe 82
• CONCEPTS: Hegemony 82
Khrushchev and the Cuban Missiles 84
Brezhnev and Detente 85
Afghanistan: A Soviet Vietnam 85
• DIPLOMACY: Detente 85
Detailed Contents
Why the Soviet Collapse? 86
Gorbachev and Collapse 87
• CONCEPTS: Elites 87
Foreign Policy: Generated Internally or Externally? 88
• GEOGRAPHY: The Soviet Successor States 89
Restoring Russian Power 90
• DIPLOMACY: Geroge F. Kennan on Russia and the West 90
CHAPTER 6 Can the United States Leadthe World? 94
Alternation in U.S. Foreign Policy 95
• CONCEPTS: Interventionism 96
Are Americans Basically Isolationists? 97
• CLASSIC THOUGHT: Spykman on Intervention 97
The Continuity Principle 98
• CONCEPTS: A Cyclical Theory of U.S. Foreign Policy 98
• REFLECTIONS: Ideals or Self-Interest? 99
a DIPLOMACY: Presidents and Their "Doctrines" 100
A Contrary Congress 101
• CONCEPTS: Congress and Foreign Policy 102
Is the Structure Defective? 103
Do Bureaucracies Make Foreign Policy? 104
• DIPLOMACY: National Security Council 104
• CONCEPTS: Bureaucratic Politics 105
The Unilateralist Temptation 106
• TURNING POINT: Obama and the Afghanistan Decision 107
To Lead or Not to Lead? 108
PART III THE GLOBAL SOUTH 111
CHAPTER 7 From Colonialism to Decolonization 112
Legacies of Colonialism 114
• GEOGRAPHY: Looking for a Name 115
• GEOGRAPHY: Colonialism 116
The Roots of Africa's Problems 117
Detailed Contents xi
The Strange Story of South Africa 117
• REFLECTIONS: Gold Coast into Ghana 118
India Splits in Two 119
Nigeria: The Oil Curse 121
• GEOGRAPHY: The Agony of Algeria 121
• GEOGRAPHY: Congo: Still the Heart of Darkness 122
n GEOGRAPHY: Bad Way in Zimbabwe 123
The Assertive Emerging Countries 124
CHAPTER 8 Eternal Warfare in the Holy Land 126
The Making of Jewish Nationalism 127
• CONCEPTS: Nationalism 128
The Making of Arab Nationalism 129
• DIPLOMACY: Promises, Promises 129
World War I and the Mandate 130
a GEOGRAPHY: Britain Invents Jordan 130
The 1948 War 132
The 1956 War 132
The Six Day War 133
The 1973 War 134
• DIPLOMACY: Logistics and Peace 135
The Rise of Palestinian Nationalism 136
The 1982 War 136
Is There Hope? 137
Q DIPLOMACY: Obama: Return to Even-Handedness? 137
n DIPLOMACY: Can Extremists Turn Pragmatic? 139
Lessons of the Arab-Israeli Conflict 140
CHAPTER 9 Oil and Turmoil in the Persian Gulf 142
Irascible Iran 143
D GEOGRAPHY: The Strait of Hormuz 146
The First Gulf War 147
• CONCEPTS: Huntington's "Civilizational" Theory 147
• GEOGRAPHY: The Shatt al Arab 148
xii Detailed Contents
The Second Gulf War 149
n DIPLOMACY: What Did the United States Know, and When Did ItKnow It? 149
• GEOGRAPHY: The Bab al Mandab 150
The Third Gulf War 151
u DIPLOMACY: A Green Light for Aggression 151
n DIPLOMACY: Status Quo Ante Bellum 152
An Arab Explosion? 153
The Afghan War 154
• GEOGRAPHY: The Misused, Angry Kurds 155
War with Iran? 156
Lessons of Four Gulf Wars 157
a DIPLOMACY: "The Enemy of My Enemy Is My Friend" 157
CHAPTER 10 Trouble and Hope in LatinAmerica 160
• ECONOMICS: Statism 162
Spain Colonizes the New World 163
Central America and the Caribbean 163
Economic Dependency 164
• CONCEPTS: Intervention 165
a DIPLOMACY: From Monroe Doctrine to Roosevelt Corollary 166
The Pattern of U.S. Intervention 167
• TURNING POINT: Guatemala: The Worst Case 167
• REFLECTIONS: The Taking of Swan Island 168
Cuba Leaves the U.S. Sphere 169
• TURNING POINT: The Bay of Pigs, 1961 170
a DIPLOMACY: The Cuba Problem 170
• CONCEPTS: "Torn" Countries 171
Mexico: Drugs and Democracy 171
• CONCEPTS: Sphere of Influence 171
• CONCEPTS: Free and Fair Elections 172
What Can We Do? 173
• REFLECTIONS: We Build a House in Honduras 173
• CLASSIC THOUGHT: Poor Mexico! 174
Detailed Contents xiii
91 Development in Rich and PoorCountries 176
• CLASSIC THOUGHT: Protestant Ethic 179
Why Did the West Rise? 180
• CONCEPTS: Per-Capita GDP 180
• CONCEPTS: Modernization Theory 181
The Population Explosion 182
• CONCEPTS: Neocolonialism 182
• REFLECTIONS: The Psychology of Backwardness 183
The Great Migration 184
• ECONOMICS: The Rule of 70 184
• ECONOMICS: Uneven Population Growth 186
Socialist Versus Market Paths 187
• ECONOMICS: Is My Job Safe? 187
• ECONOMICS: Does Foreign Aid Work? 188
D CLASSIC THOUGHT: Socialism When You're Young 188
• ECONOMICS: The Burmese Way to Catastrophe 189
• ECONOMICS: The Black Market as Model 190
PART IV THE ETERNAL THREATS 193
CHAPTER 12 The Causes of InterstateConflict 194
Micro Theories of War 195
State-Level Theories of War 196
• CONCEPTS: Waltz's Three Levels of Analysis 197
Macro Theories of War 198
• CONCEPTS: Islamic Wars ? 198
a CLASSIC THOUGHT: The Crux of Clausewitz 199
Power Asymmetries 200
Misperception 201
• CONCEPTS: Misperception 201
• CLASSIC THOUGHT: Thucydides on Fear 202
xiv Detailed Contents
The Power Dilemma 203
• CONCEPTS: The Previous-War Theory 203
• CONCEPTS: DO Rising Powers Cause Wars? 204
The Danger of Analogies 205
a DIPLOMACY: "NO More Munichs" 205
• CONCEPTS: The Pacifist Fallacy 206
CHAPTER 13 The Pursuit of National Security 208
Technology and Security 210
• CONCEPTS: Security 210
Defense 211
• TURNING POINT: The Fall of Constantinople 211
• CONCEPTS: Illusory Weapons 212
Deterrence 213
a TURNING POINT: The Maginot Line 214
• CONCEPTS: Deterrence 215
Detente Diplomacy 216
• CONCEPTS: DO WMD Deter or Provoke? 216
Disarmament 218
a DIPLOMACY: Appeasing Hitler 218
A Combination 219
CHAPTER 14 The Politics of Nuclear Bombs 222
Weapon of War 223
Nuclear Deterrence 224
• REFLECTIONS: Hiroshima 225
Alliance Building 226
• CONCEPTS: Nuclear and Thermonuclear Weapons 226
International Prestige 227
• CONCEPTS: Nuclear Strategies 227
Deterrence Transformed 228
Nuclear Proliferation 228
• CONCEPTS: Access 228
• CONCEPTS: Prestige 229
Detailed Contents xv
Arms Control 230
• CONCEPTS: Arms Control 230
• CONCEPTS: An Islamic Bomb 231
The Nuclear Proliferators 232
a DIPLOMACY: The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 232
What Would Happen if Nukes Were Used? 233
• CLASSIC THOUGHT: Clausewitz on Escalation 234
Nuclear Doom? 235
• CONCEPTS: Invasion Insurance 235
• CONCEPTS: The Rationality Problem 236
CHAPTER 15 The Challenge of AsymmetricalConflict 238
• CONCEPTS: Asymmetrical Conflict 240
The Background of an Asymmetrical Conflict 241
Modernization and Asymmetrical Conflict 241
• CONCEPTS: What Is Terrorism? 242
• CONCEPTS: Terrorists or Freedom Fighters? 243
• CONCEPTS: Blowback 244
Which Way for U.S. Policy? 246
• CONCEPTS: IS Islam the Cause? 246
• CONCEPTS: Salafiyya 247
• CONCEPTS: Terrorism Plus WMD 248
• CONCEPTS: Homegrown Terrorists 249
Lessons of Asymmetrical Conflict 250
• CONCEPTS: Cyberwarfare 250 - -
PART V ECONOMIC BLOCS 253
CHAPTER 16 Europe Unifies 254
Europe's Two Tracks 256
• GEOGRAPHY: Labeling Europe 256
The Lesson of Ex-Yugoslavia 257
xvi Detailed Contents
The Crumbling of NATO 258
• CONCEPTS: Alliances 258
Europe Gropes for Unity 260
• CLASSIC THOUGHT: NOW Make Europeans 261
• GEOGRAPHY: Growth of the Common Market 262
Europe on Its Own? 263
• GEOGRAPHY: Four Stages of Integration 263
• ECONOMICS: Trouble in Euroland 264
The Challenge of Trade Blocs 265
• CLASSIC THOUGHT: Comparative Advantage 266
• ECONOMICS: The Retired Continent 267
CHAPTER 17 Asia Awakes 270
• ECONOMICS: China's New Model 274
A History of Exaggerations 275
• GEOGRAPHY: China's Stormy Seas 276
Which Way for China? 277
a GEOGRAPHY: China, India, and the Indian Ocean 277
u DIPLOMACY: War over Taiwan? 278
Japan Encounters the West 279
The Road to Pearl Harbor and Hiroshima 280
• TURNING POINT: The First Pearl Harbor 280
• TURNING POINT: The U.S.-Japan War 281
From Rubble to Riches 282
• CONCEPTS: The Unforeseen Consequences of North Korea 282
• ECONOMICS: Yuan Get Flexible? 283
CHAPTER i 3 The United States and Globalization 286
The Great Depression and Great Recession 287
A Strong Dollar? 288
• ECONOMICS: Bretton Woods Agreement 288
What to Use for World Trade ? 289
• ECONOMICS: International Monetary Fund 289
Globalization and Its Enemies 290
Detailed Contents xvii
• ECONOMICS: Who Is Rich? 292
• ECONOMICS: The 2008 Financial Meltdown 293
• ECONOMICS: From GATT to WTO 294
The Coming of NAFTA 295
• ECONOMICS: Protectionism 296
Trade Wars? 297
• ECONOMICS: Currency Wars? . 298
PART VI THE POLITICS OF A NEW WORLD 301
CHAPTER 19 Diplomacy Is Still Alive 302
• CONCEPTS: Diplomacy and Foreign Policy 304
The Rise and Decline of Diplomacy 305
• CONCEPTS: Diplomacy 305
The Uses of an Anachronism 306
n CLASSIC THOUGHT: "Surtout, Messieurs, Point de Zele" 306
Diplomats 307
• CLASSIC THOUGHT: Balance-of-Power Diplomacy 307
u DIPLOMACY: The Use of Signals 308
Inside an Embassy 310
• REFLECTIONS: HOW to Join the Foreign Service 310
c DIPLOMACY: Purge of the "Old China Hands" 311
Diplomacy and War 312
a DIPLOMACY: Third-Party Diplomacy 313
• CLASSIC THOUGHT: War by Other Means 313
n CLASSIC THOUGHT: Music Without Instruments - 314• DIPLOMACY: Morgenthau's Nine Rules 315
CHAPTER 20 The Uses of International Law 318
Consistency and Reciprocity 320
• CLASSIC THOUGHT: Frederick the Great and IL 320
Origins of International Law 321
• TURNING POINT: Legalistic Europe 321
• CONCEPTS: HOW to Make a Treaty 322
Commands 323
xviii Detailed Contents
• CONCEPTS: Successor States 323
Sanctions 324
o DIPLOMACY: Law of the Sea 324
• CONCEPTS: International Sanctions 325
Self-Help 326
Recognition 326
Territory 327
• REFLECTIONS: Eichmann and Piracy 327
War 328
• TURNING POINT: Hole in the Ozone 328
IL and Human Rights 329
The Future of IL 331
CHAPTER 21 The Reach of the UnitedNations 334
Theory of World Government 336
The Short, Sad League of Nations 336
• CLASSIC THOUGHT: Le Reve de Reves 336
• CONCEPTS: Collective Security 338
The Rise of the UN 339
The UN: Early Idealism 340
• TURNING POINT: The Four Policemen 340
Disillusion with the UN 341
• DIPLOMACY: Ralph Bunche: UN Hero 341
• TURNING POINT: Great and Not-So-Great Secretaries General 342
The Uses of the UN 343
• TURNING POINT: The United States and the UN 343
• REFLECTIONS: Paying Attention to the Deep Seabed 344
Functionalism 344
• CONCEPTS: Functionalism 344
Giving Peace a Chance 346
• CONCEPTS: The Democratic Peace 346
Humankind's Last, Best Hope? 347
• REFLECTIONS: Nongovernmental Organizations 347
Detailed Contents xix
CHAPTER 22 Finite F.E.W. (Food/Energy/Water) 350
Finite F.E.W. 351
• ECONOMICS: The Father of the Green Revolution 352
Has Oil Peaked? 353
• ECONOMICS: Oil and Us 353
• ECONOMICS: Was Malthus Wrong or Just Premature? 354
• ECONOMICS: The 2010 Gulf Oil Spill 355
Technological Fixes? 356
• ECONOMICS: Addicted to Oil 356
a DIPLOMACY: The Great U.S.-Saudi Bargain 357
Water Crises 358
• ECONOMICS: What Is Cap and Trade? 358
• CONCEPTS: The Global Warming Dispute 360
F.E.W. and Human Security 361
• CONCEPTS: Cyclical or Secular Change? 362
o GEOGRAPHY: Pipeline Politics 363