Alavi, A., 368 An, H.S., 404, 414 Ascher, S.M., 331

Baka, J.J., 195 Baker, D.M., 91 Balachandran, S., 325 Bartuska, D.-G., 178 Boiling, S.F., 85 Bowen, J.C., 321 Brandabur, J.J., 375 Branum, G.D., 338 Braver, J.M., 346 Brennan, L., 40 Brooks, D.C., 346 Brugge, W.R., 368 Burrows, P.E., 129

Carey, J.C., 23 Case, C.L., 286 Cohen, A.M., 71 Crass, J.R., 71 Cyr, D.R., 56

D'Altorio, R.A., 356 Dake, M.D., 85 Deeb, G.M., 85 Duda, J.J., Jr, 425

Elster, A.D., 182 Evans, S.R., 331

Fyfe, D.A., 286

Goodman, P., 325

AUTHOR INDEX

Harrison, S.D., 56 Hasegawa, T., 404 Hashimoto, B.E., 40 Haughton, V.M., 404, 414 Hershey, B.L., 215 Huhta, J.C., 298

Jinkins, J.R., 446 Judd, V.E., 248

Kennedy, K.A., 23 Kleinman, D.S., 178 Kochenour, N.K., 249 Kodroff, K.S., 178 Kozarek, R.A., 375 Kramer, D.J., 40 Kurtz, A.B., 3 Kuta, A.J., 146, 160

Laine, F.J., 146, 160 Larson, T.L., 232 Lesko, N.M., 91 Link, K.M., 91 Loehr, S.P., 91

MacDonald, C.E., 129 Mack, L.A., 56 McAllister, J.D., 356 McCurdy, C.M., Jr, 267 McDonald, R.W., 277 Meyer, K.B., 286 Meyers, W.C., 338 Miller, C.E., 31

Nazarian, L.N., 3 Nealon, W.H., 325

Ostrum, B.J., 399

Patten, R.M., 56 Piatok, D.J., 178

Rao, V., 356 Raymond, H.W., 319, 69 Reed, ICE, 267 Rice, M.J., 277 Roeder, M.B., 446 Romy, M, 399, 455 Ross, J.S., 425 Rothman, M.I., 437

Sahn, D.J., 277 Savino, P.J., 206 Shively, B.K., 106 Spickler, E., 195 Stanford, W., 117 Swartz, J.D., 145,383, 389, 399 Swartz, N.G., 206

Thompson, B.H., 117 Tumeh, S.S., 346

Weil, S.R., 298 Williams, D.M., 85

Young, W.B., 385 Yussen, P.S., 389

Zeman, R.K., 331 Zoarski, G.H., 437 Zwiebel, W.J., 1, 247

Abdominal diameter measurement table, 16 Abscess

epidural, of infective spondylitis, 440 in gallbladder fossa, 362

Acromegaly, 179-180 Adenoma, of pituitary gland, 186-188 Alpha-fetoprotein, elevated maternal, 31

amniocentesis and, 34 flow chart for, 35 karyotype anomalies and, 36-37

Amniocentesis choroid plexus cyst and, 28 elevated maternal alpha-fetoprotein and, 34

Amnionicity, sonographic determination of, 58-61 Amniotic fluid

increased, 49-51 production of, 40-44 reduced, 46-49

SUBJECT INDEX

Amniotic fluid (Continued) volume of, measurement of, 40-55 volume changes of, 44-46

Aneuploidy, choroid plexus cyst and, 24-27 Aneurysm

of cavernous sinus, 242-243 of petrous carotid, 236 in suprasellar cistern, 230

Angiography in aortic trauma, 79 in thoracic aorta evaluation, 125-127

Anisocoria, 211 Anterior chiasmal syndrome, 210 Aorta

chronic traumatic pseudoaneurysms of, 80-82 pediatric, see Pediatric aorta thoracic, MRI of, 91-105 traumatic injuries to, 71-84

458 Seminars in Ultrasound, CT, andMRI, Vo114, No 6 (December), 1993: pp 458-464

SUBJECT INDEX

Aortic aneurysm complications of, 123-124 MRI in, 100-101 thoracic, etiologies of, 121

Aortic arch abnormalities, fetal sonography of, 314-315 Aortic dissection

De Bakey classification of, 125 diagnostic criteria for, 121-123 MRI in, 97-100 thoracic, complications of, 123-124

Aortic insufficiency, color Doppler of, 280 Aortic pseudoaneurysm, 86-88 Aortic rupture, intravascular ultrasound in, 85-90 Aortic stenosis, MRI in, 96-97 Aortic trauma

angiography in, 79 CT assessment of, 77-79 diagnosis of, 72-77 intravascular ultrasound in, 79-80 mechanism of, 71-72 MRI of, 79-80

Aortitis, MRI in, 102-104 Aortography, 85 Arachnoid cyst, incidence of, 224-227 Arachnoiditis, in postoperative lumbar spine, 434 Arrhythmia, of fetal heart, sonographic assessment of,

286-297 Atrial flutter, fetal, sonography of, 292 Atrioventricular discordance, fetal, sonography for, 313 Atrioventricular valve abnormalities, fetal, 302

Back pain, diagnostic flow chart in, 397 Bile duct

leak, 376-380 lesions of, management algorithm for, 373 major injury to, 371-373

Bile duct disruption clinical presentation of, 349 diagnostic imaging of, 349-351 following laparoscopic cholecystectomy, 346-355

Bile duct injury following laparoscopic cholecystectomy, 351-352, 360-364 therapy of, 352-355

Bile peritonitis, 362 Biliary duct stricture, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopan-

creatography for, 360 Biliary leak

with chronic biliary stricture, 380 endoscopic repair of, 375-380 on hepatobiliary scintigraphy, 35 l following laparoscopic cholecystectomy, 369-373 minor, 370-371 persistent postoperative, 371 postoperative, 349

Biloma formation of, 349 large subhepatic, 358 postoperative, 348 in right subphrenic space, 359

459

Biparietal diameter table growth rate, 16 composite, 12

Bitemporal hemianopia, 210 Bleeding, following laparoscopic cholecystectomy, 364 Blood flow velocity

fetal, factors affecting, 252-253 maternal, factors affecting, 252-253 pathophysiology of, 253-254 in umbilical artery, 253

Blood vessel, great, disproportion of, 303-304

Canal of Arnold, 157 Canaliculus Innominatus, 157 Canalis Basilaris Medianus, 158 Carotid-cavernous sinus fistulae, 209, 240-241 Cavernous sinus

aneurysm of, 242-243 imaging anatomy of, 232-246 lesions of, 244 metastasis to, 243-244 thrombosis of, 241-242

Cavernous sinus syndrome, 209-211 Chest mass, fetal, sonography of, 311 Chiasmatie glioma, 223-224 Cholangiography, operative, during laparoscopic cholecys-

tectomy, 325-330 Cholecystectomy

laparoscopic, 322-324 open, cholescintigraphy following, 368-369

Choledocholithiasis, 328, 329 Cholelithiasis, 328, 329 Cholescintigraphy

following open cholecystectomy, 368-369 in post cholectstectomy patients, 373

Cholesterol granuloma, of petrous apex, 234 Chondrosarcoma, 169-170 Chordoma, 167-168 Chorionicity, sonographic determination of, 58-61 Choroid plexus, development of, 23 Choroid plexus cyst

amniocentesis and, 28 aneuploidy and, 24-27 formation of, 23-24 frequency of, 26 management of, 27-29

Circle of Willis, imaging anatomy of, 200-202 Coarctation, MRI in, 104 Color Doppler echocardiography

of aortic insufficiency, 280 arch view, 277 fetal, 277-285 of fetal arrhythmias, 288 four-chamber view, 277 of hypoplastic left heart, 282 of mitral regurgitation, 280 normal, 278 outflow tract view, 277 of septal defects, 281,284 of single ventricle, 280-281

460

Color Doppler echocardiography ( C o n t i n u e d )

of tricuspid atresia, 282 of tricuspid regurgitation, 280 of valvular regurgitation, 279-280 of venous anomaly, 283

Common bile duct leak of, following laparoscopic cholecystectomy, 372 round filling defect in, 361 stone, retained, following laparoscopic cholecystectomy,

365-366 stricture of, 354

Complete heart block, fetal, sonography of, 292-295 Computed tomography

of aortic trauma, 77-79 following complicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy, 359-

360 following uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy,

356-359 of lumbar degeneration, 399-403 of lumbar spine, 417-420 in thoracic aorta evaluation, 127 ultrafast, see Ultrafast computed tomography

Conotruncal abnormalities, fetal, sonography of, 313 Craniopharyngioma, 191

incidence of, 219 Craniosynostosis, 160-161 Crown-rump length measurement, 8 CT, see Computed tomography Cushing's syndrome, 178 Cystic duct leak, diagnosis of, 375-376

D-transposition, of great arteries, sonography for, 313 Degenerative disc disease, 444 Dermoid tumor

incidence of, 220-222 parasellar, 244

Diabetes insipidus, 180, 189-190 Diabetes mellitus, Doppler velocimetry in, 259 Diastolic flow, absent-end, 256-258 Diplopia, 208, 216 Disc herniation, recurrent, 427

v epidural scar formation, 429 Disc space infection

epidemiology of, 437-438 imaging basis of, 437-445 mode of, 438-439 in postoperative lumbar spine, 432-434 stages of, 439-441

Discectomy, percutaneous, see Percutaneous dicectomy Discitis, childhood, 437 Discography, CT, of lumbar degeneration, 399-403 Doppler echocardiography, fetal, 273-274 Doppler velocimetry

clinical applications of, 254-256 in diabetes mellitus, 259 in fetal vessels, 261-263 in laboring patient, 258-259 in postdate pregnancy, 258 in pregnancy, 249-266 in Rh isoimmunization, 259

SUBJECT INDEX

Doppler velocimetry ( C o n t i n u e d )

in twin gestations, 259-261 principles of, 249-252

Ductus, arteriosus, fetal, constriction of, 301 Dwarfism, pituitary, 190 Dysrhythmia, fetal, sonography in, 316

Echocardiography color Doppler, see Color Doppler echocardiography Doppler, fetal, 273-274 fetal, see Fetal ecbocardiography fetal, see Fetal echocardiography M-mode, 273, 275,286-289 transesophageal, see Transesophageal echocardiography

Electrophysiologicat testing, in lumbar radiculopathy, 386- 387

Elster's rule, 183 Embolism, TEE in, 113-114 Emphysema, subcutaneous, 327, 328 Endocrinopathy

parasellar, 178-181 sellar, 178-181

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, in lapa- roscopic biliary injury, 342-343

Epidermoid tumor incidence of, 220-222 of petrous apex, 234-235

Epidural abscess, of infective spondylitis, 440 Epidural lesion, posterior, differential diagnosis for, 395 Epidural scar

formation of, v recurrent disc herniation, 429 of postoperative lumbar scar, 426

Esotropia, 208, 211,216 Excyclotorsion, 211 Exotropia, 211,216 Extrahepatic biliary tree, intraoperative ultrasound of, 331-

337

Failed back syndrome, 425 Falciform ligament, 327 Femur measurement table, 14 Fetal echocardiography, 277-285

basic technique of, 267-276 four-chamber view, 268-269 great vessel views, 271-273 M-mode of, 273 outflow-tract view, 269-270 referrals for, 268 short-axis view, 270-271

Fetal heart, see Heart, fetal Fetal long bone measurement table, 15 Fetal vessel Doppler velocimetry in, 261-263 Fibrous dysplasia, 173-175 Foramen, of sphenoid bone, 155 Foramen lacerum, 157 Foramen ovale, 155-156 Foramen rotundum, 156 Foramen spinosum, 156 Foramen Vesalius, 157 Fourth nerve palsy, 207

SUBJECT INDEX

Gallbladder fossa, abscess in, 362 Gallstone

dissolution of, 321 lithotripsy, overview of, 321-322

Gallstone disease, current therapy of, 321-324 Germinoma, incidence of, 222-223 Gestational sac, measurement of, 6 Glioma, hypotbalamic, 223-224 Greater sphenoid wing, anatomy of, 153-155

Hamartoma, incidence of, 227 Head circumference measurement table, 13 Head to abdomen circumference ratio table, 15 Heart, fetal

abnormal, 277-279 anomalies of, 270, 274 arrhythmias of, 286-297 disproportion of, 298-311 embryology of, 268 enlarged, 304-310 examination of, extent of, 274-275 four-chamber view echocardiography of, 268-269 great vessel view echocardiography of, 274 screening ultrasound examination of, 268

Heart block, fetal, sonography of, 292-295 Hematoma, of lumbar spine, 429, 430 Hemianopia, 213 Hemodialysis, spondyloarthropathy of, 444 Hemorrhage, following trocar insertion, 361 Hepaticojejunostomy, Roux-en-Y, 344 Hepatobiliary scintigraphy

of bile leak, 351 following laparoscopic cholecystecomy, 368-374

Herniated nucleus pulposus, acute, 389-398 clinical considerations in, 389-391 differential diagnosis in, 395 imaging consideration in, 393-397 pathological considerations in, 391-393

Homonymous hemianopias, 210 Humerus measurement table, 14 Hyperprolactinemia, 179 Hypertrophy, fetal, sonography of, 310 Hypertropia, 212 Hypoplastic left heart, fetal, color Doppler of, 282 Hypothalamic glioma, 223-224

Imaging, of lumbar degeneration, 401-403 Indomethacin therapy, maternal, sonography in, 315-316 Infective spondylitis, 437, 440, 442, 443

nonpyogenic, 441-444 postoperative, 441

Intervertebral disc anatomy of, 399 degeneration of, 399-401 early degeneration of, 400 function of, 399 6 o'clock radial annular tear of, 402

Intortion, 212

461

Intraoperative ultrasound, in laparoscopic cholecystectomy clinical application of, 331-334 findings in, 331-332 technique in, 331

Intravascular ultrasound, in aortic rupture, 85-90

Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, 163-165

Lamina terminalis, 202 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 227-228 Laparoscopic biliary injury

classic, 339 diagnosis of, 341-344 duct lacteration as, 341 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in, 342-

343 endoscopic treatment of, 344 mechanics of, 339-341 multidisciplinary treatment approach for, 342 operative management in, 344 percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography in, 343 radiologic management of, 341-344 severity of, 340-34l strictures as, 341 technical considerations in, 341 treatment approach to, 341-344 types of, 338-339 variants of, 339-340 videotape review of, 339

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy, 322-324 bile duct disruption following, 346-355 bile duct injury associated with, 351-352, 360-364 biliary complications of, 368-374 biliary injury associated with, 338-345 biliary leaks following, 369-373 bleeding following, 364 bowel obstruction following, 366 bowel perforation due to, 366 cholescintigraphy following, 368-369 complicated, CT findings in, 359-360 complication rates of, 339 CT findings following, 356-367 elective, ultrasound following, 334-337 infection, following, 366 intraoperative ultrasound in, 331-337 operative cholangiography during, 325-330 retained common bile duct stones following, 365-366 uncomplicated, CT findings in, 356-359

Lateral lumbar spinal canal entrance zone of, 404-406 exit zone of, 408-411 imaging anatomy of, 404-413 midzone of, 406-407

Lesser sphenoid wing, anatomy of, 155 Lipoma, incidence of, 220-222 Lithotripsy, gallstone, overview of, 321-322 Long bone measurement table, fetal, 15 Low back pain, examination for, 387 Lumbar degeneration

imaging issues in, 401-403 pathophysiological basis of, 399-403

462

Lumbar disc annulus tear, 390 bulge, 390, 391,401 normal, 390 protrusion, 390 sequestered fragment of, 390, 394 subligamentous extrusion of, 390, 391 transligamentous extrusion of, 390, 394

Lumbar disc herniation, acute clinical considerations in, 389-391 differential diagnosis in, 395 imaging considerations in, 393-397 imaging diagnosis in, 389-398 pathological considerations in, 391-393

Lumbar radiculopathy clinical diagnosis of, 385-388 common causes of, 387-388 differential diagnosis of, 414-415 electrophysiological testing in, 386-387 nondiscogenic, imaging considerations in, 414-424 pain in, 386 patient history in, 385 physical examination in, 385-386

Lumbar spine anatomy of, 438 CTof, 417-420 hematoma of, 429, 430 MRI examination of, checklist for, 383-384 MRI of, 420-423 myelography of, 416-417 plain radiography of, 415-416 postoperative, see Postoperative lumbar spine

Lymbosacrai postsurgical syndrome, 448-449

M-mode echocardiography fetal, 273 in fetal arrhythmias, 286-287 two-dimensional, 275

Macroadenoma, of pituitary gland, 188 Magnetic resonance imaging

in aortic aneurysms, 100-101 in aortic dissection, 97-100 in aortic trauma, 79-80 in aortic stenosis, 96-97 in aortitis, 102-104 of benign lumbosacral nerve root enhancement, 446-454 CINE, 93 in coarctation, 104 ECG gating and, 92 gradient echo, 93 of lumbar degeneration, 399-403 in lumbar examination, checklist for, 383-384 of lumbar spine, 420-423 MRA, 94-96 of pediatric aorta, 129-144 phase mapping, 93-94 sedation prior to, 92 spin echo, 92-93 of thoracic aorta, 91-105 in thoracic aorta evaluation, 128

Marcus Gunn pupil, 212

SUBJECT INDEX

Meningioma, 165-167 incidence of, 217-219 of parasellar region, 243, 244

Mitral regurgitation, color Doppler of, 280 MRI, see Magnetic resonance imaging Mucocele, of petrous apex, 235-236 Myelogram

lumbar, 393 of lumbar spine, 416-417

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, 170 Nerve root enhancement, benign lumbosacral, MRI of,

446-454 Neural sheath tumor, 167 Neurofibromatosis, imaging in, 161-162 Neurogenic claudication, 448 Neurohypophysis, 188-190 Nucleotome, 456 N u c l e o t o m y

expirating console, 457 percutaneous, 456-457

Obstetrical sonography, current issues in, 3-67 Oligohydramnios, 46-49 Operative cholangiography

contrast material in, extravasation of, 327, 328 hardware for, 327, 329 procedure for, 325-326

Optic canal, 157-158 Optic chiasm, imaging anatomy of, 199-200 Orbital apex syndrome, 206-209

Paget's disease, 173-174 Pain

low back, examination for, 387 types of, in lumbar radieulopathy, 386

Parasellar region dermoid of, 244 lesions of, 211-213 meningioma of, 243, 244

Pediatric aorta aneurysms of, 136-137 in aortitis, 138 dilatations of, 136-137 MRI of, 129-144 MRI technique for, 129-130 obstructive lesions of, 130-136 position anomalies of, 131, 137-141 size abnormalities of, 131

Percutaneous discectomy indications for, 455 operative technique for, 455-457 preoperative workup for, 455 update of, 455-457

Pereutaneous nucleotomy kit, 456 Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, in laparo-

scopic biliary injury, 343 Percutaneous nucleotomy, 455-457 Pericardial effusion, fetal, sonography of, 310-311 Peritonitis, bile, 362

SUBJECT INDEX

Petrous apex anatomy of, 232-233 imaging anatomy of, 232-246 inflammation in, 236-237 lesions of, 237 pneumatization of, 234

Pituitary dwarfism, 190 Pituitary gland

adenoma of, 215-217 adenomas of, 186-188 anatomy of, 178, 182-183 bright spot, 188-189 hyperplasia of, 190-191 lesions of, 190-192 macroadenoma of, 188 neonatal, 184 normal, 183-186 posterior, ectopis of, 227 in pregnancy, 185 pubertal hypertrophy of, 185

Pituitary stalk, 202 Plain radiograph, of lumbar spine, 415-416 Plasmacytoma, 168-169 Pneumoperitoneum, 326-327 Polyhydramnios, 49-51 Portal triad, thermal injury to, 342 Postoperative lumbar spine

arachnoiditis in, 434 disc space infection of, 432-434 epidnral scar of, 426 fluid collections in, 432 imaging considerations in, 425-436 infection, 441 normal, 425-429 spinal stenosis in, 434-436

Precocious puberty, 178-179 Pregnancy

Doppler velocimetry in, 249-266 postdate, Doppler velocimetry in, 258 screening ultrasound examination in, 268 twin, s e e Twin pregnancy ultrasound in, risk reduction following, 34-36

Premature atrial contraction, fetal, sonography of, 288-290 Premature ventricular contraction, fetal, sonography of, 290 Pseudomeningocele, 428, 432 Pterygoid canal, 157 Pterygoid processes, anatomy of, 155 Ptosis, 212, 216 Puberty, precocious, 178-179 Pulsatility index, 316

Radiation necrosis, of sphenoid bone, 175 Radiculopathy, diagnostic flow chart in, 397 Rathke's cleft cyst, 191-192

incidence of, 220 Retained common bile duct stones, following laparoscopic

cholecystectomy, 365-366 Rh isoimmunization, Doppler velocimetry in, 259 Rhabdomyosarcoma, 170 Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy, 344

463

Sarcoidosis, incidence of, 228 Sella

empty, 186 imaging of, 182-194

Sella turcica, lesions of, 211-213 Septal defect, fetal

color Doppler of, 281, 284 sonography of, 311

Sinusitis, aspergillus, 174 Sixth nerve palsy, 208 Sphenoid body, anatomy of, 148-153 Sphenoid bone

anatomy of, 146-159 benign tumors of, 163-168 bone injury to, 162-163 cephaloceles of, 160 embryology of, 146-148 infection of, 172-173 inflammation of, 172-173 metastases to, 170-172 pathology of, 160-177 radiation necrosis of, 175 soft tissue injury to, 163

Sphenoid bone foramina, contents of, 155 Spina bifida

open, cranial signs of, 32-34 ultrasound detection of, 31-32

Spinal canal, lateral lumbar, s e e Lateral lumbar spinal canal Spinal stenosis

classification of, 415 in postoperative lumbar spine, 434-436

Spondyloarthropathy, of hemodialysis, 444 Stricture

as laparoscopic biliary injury, 341 common bile duct, 354

Subcutaneous emphysema, 327, 328 Superior orbital fissure, 158 Suprasellar cistern, imaging anatomy of, 195-199 Suprasellar region

aneurysm in, 230 mass in, differential diagnosis of, 215-231 metastases to, 229

Supraventricular tachycardia, fetal, sonography of, 295-296 Surgery

lumbar spine following, imaging considerations in, 425- 436

spinal, infection following, 441-444

TEE, s e e Transesophageal echocardiography Third nerve palsy, 207 Third ventricle, floor of, 202 Thoracic trauma

imaging evaluation of, 82-83 imaging scheme for, 83

Thrombosis, of cavernous sinus, 241-242 Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, 237-241 Traction spur, 400 Transesophageal echocardiography

in acute aortic dissection, 109-112 in aortic disease diagnosis, 106-116 in aortic diseases, 114

464

Transesophageal echocardiography (Continued) in aortic physiology, 114-115 in chronic aortic dissection, 112-113 in dilated aorta assessment, 113 in embolism, 113-114 examination, 106-109 instrumentation in, 106 in thoracic aorta evaluation, 127-128

Transphenoidal encephalocele, 161 Tricuspid atresia, fetal, color Doppler of, 282 Tricuspid regurgitation, color Doppler of, 280 Trocar insertion, hemorrhage following, 361 Tuberculosis, 228-229 Twin pregnancy

complications of, 62-65 Doppler velocimetry in, 259-261 embryogenesis of, 56-57 growth disparity in, 62 intrauterine growth patterns in, 61-62 sonographic identification of, 57-58

Twin-twin transfusion syndrome, sonography in, 316 Two-dimensional imaging, in fetal arrhythmias, 287-288

Ultrafast computed tomography contrast administration in, 119-120 flow mode, 118-119 movie mode, 119 of thoracic aorta, standard imaging protocol for, 120-121 radiation dosage in, 120 scanner characteristics in, 118 in thoracic aota evaluation, 127 in thoracic aortic aneurysms, 117-128 volume mode, 118

Ultrasonography amniotic fluid volume and, 7 in cranial structure assessment, 13-16 following elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy, 334-337 of enlarged fetal heart, 304-310 of fetal abdominal structure, 19-20 in fetal aortic arch abnormalities, 314-315 of fetal arrhythmias, 286-297 of fetal atrial flutter, 292 in fetal atrioventricular discordance, 313 of fetal cardiac abnormalities, 298-317 of fetal cardiac structure, 17-19 in fetal chest mass, 311

SUBJECT INDEX

Ultrasonography (Continued) of fetal complete heart block, 292-295 in fetal conotruncal abnormalities, 313 in fetal dysrhythmia, 316 in fetal hypertrophy, 310 of fetal lie, 7 of fetal life, 6 of fetal number, 7 in fetal pericardial effusion, 310-311 of fetal premature atrial contractions, 288-290 of fetal premature ventricular contractions, 290 in fetal septal defect, 311 of fetal size, 8-13 of fetal spinal structure, 16-17 of fetal supraventricular tachycardia, 295-296 in fetal transposition of great arteries, 313 in fetal venous abnormalities, 313-315 of fetal ventricular tachycardia, 290-292 in first trimester, 4-6 of gestational age, 8-13 of great vessel disproportion, 303-304 in maternal indomethacin therapy, 315-316 of placenta, 7-8 in pregnancies, risk reduction following, 34-36 in pregnant uterus surveillance, 3-22 screening, in pregnancy, 268 in second trimester, 6-20 in spina bifida detection, 31-32 of trisomy 18 anomalies, 26 in twin growth, 13 in twin pregnancy, 56-67 in twin-twin transfusion syndrome, 316

Umbilical artery absent-end diastolic flow in, 256-258 normal blood flow in, 253 velocimetry of, intrauterine growth retardation and, 255

Uterine artery, pathophysiology of, 254 Uterus, pregnant, ultrasound surveillance of, 3-22

Valvular regurgitation, color Doppler of, 279-280 Venous abnormalities, fetal, sonography of, 313-315 Venous anomaly, fetal, color Doppler of, 283 Ventricle, single, color Doppler of, 280-281 Ventricular tachycardia, fetal, sonography of, 290-292 Vidian canal, 157