Accountability, 509, 511, 527Alternative sanctions, 514, 516, 518, 521,

527–528Age limits, 505–506, 510–511, 517–519ASBO’s (Anti-Social Behaviour Orders),

514–515, 524–528Assessment, 521Assistance, 521Best interest of the child, 507, 511, 518Community service, 516–518, 521Council of Europe, 505

Recommendations, 510–511, 525, 529Custody, 512, 515, 518, 519–520,

521, 524Institutionalization, 524, 525, 527–528Detention, 512–517, 524, 526Diversion procedure, 516–517Due process, 508–509, 515, 517Deterrence, 511–512, 518, 522Educational centres, 519Effectiveness, 527Ethnic Minorities, 524European Convention of Human Rights,

525Evidence based interventions, 520, 525,

527–528Family courts, 519Foster family, 519

Placement in, 521Free will, 509Incapacitation, 522Institution

Penal, 517Youth, 506, 514, 516–517

International Convention on the Rights of the Child, 500, 526

InterventionsEffective, 527Evidence based, 520, 525, 527–528Minimum, 516

Juvenile justiceInternational trends in, 503–529Interventions, 513Legislation in, 505–507, 513, 519,

528–529Policy, 526Reform of, 506–507, 509–510,

516, 519Restorative, 515–516, 518–519, 527Separate system of, 506–508

Juvenile justice systemHearing system, 520–521Retributive system, 527Welfare boards, 520–521, 528Welfare system, 517, 520, 523, 528

Labour market, 523–524Legal reform, 516, 519Market economy, 523Mass immigration, 523–524Mass media, 522Mediation, 516–518, 521Neighbourhood Prosecuting Offices, 516Neo-classical, 509Offence, 507–509, 511–521, 528Offender, 505–506, 509–510, 512–516,

518–521, 528Ombudsman for Children, 517Prevention policy, 23, 177, 188

Subject Index

533

The index was made following the order of chapters as they appear in the book.

534 Subject Index

PrinciplesNeo-classical, 509Equality, 509Just desert, 509Proportionality, 500–501, 509, 528‘What works’, 527–528

Rational being, 509Rehabilitation, 507–508, 510–511, 513Reintegration, 526Reporter, 520Retribution, 509–511, 522Sentencing, 509, 511–513, 517, 519, 522Social workers Welfare

Agencies, 506–507, 512, 521Supervision, 507, 514, 516, 519–521, 524Technological change, 508, 523Transfer to Adult court, 509, 511, 516United Nations,

Convention on the Rights of the Child, 500, 526, 550

Rules, 526US Supreme Court

Ruling in re Gault, 508Victims, 505–506, 511, 515, 525Violent crime, 522Youth

Contracts, 521Custody, 521

CANADAAdjudication, 49Adult sentence, 50, 54, 57–59Age

Minimum, 39Maximum, 39

Community based responses, 37, 46, 53, 59

Conference, 48Custody, 37–39, 41–43, 48–51, 53–62

reduction in, 61Detention (pre-trial), 49, 59–60Deterrence, 51–52Diversion, 40, 42, 46–48, 59, 62Due Process, 39, 62

confessions, 194legal services, 62, 211

Juvenile Delinquents Act (Canada), 38, 60Lawyers, 44–45

access to legal services, 44–45Parent, 44, 49Police

Diversion, 40, 47Questioning, 40, 44

Politics & youth crime, 40–41Prevention of Youth Crime, 43, 61Restorative Justice, 46, 48Sentences

community-based, 55–56, 60custody, 56, 59principles, 51–53procedure, 40

Young Offenders Act (Canada), 38–39Youth Criminal Justice Act (Canada)

Enactment, 41–43Preamble, 43–44principles, 43–44

REPUBLIC OF IRELANDAge of Criminal Responsibility, 118,

123–124ASBOs (Anti-Social Behaviour Orders),

138–141Cautioning (Restorative and Non-

restorative), 123, 126, 138, 139Conferencing

Pre-court Conferencing (Garda Conference), 123, 126

Family Conference, 129–130, 139Family Welfare Conference, 129–130,

139Children Act

Children Act 1908, 120, 124, 130, 132Children Act 2001, 117–120, 123,

125–126, 128–134, 136, 138–140Children Court, 128–129Children Detention School, 133, 135–137,

139, 141Children Detention Centre, 136–137Children’s Rights

European Court of Human Rights, 124Procedural Rights, 125, 127Rights of Detained Children, 136–137

Subject Index 535

Community Sanctions, 132–133, 140Community Service Order, 131–132Compensation, 131, 134Crime Prevention, 117, 119–120, 122–123Day Centre Order, 132Deferred Detention, 131, 133Detention, 118, 123–124, 127, 130,

131–141Detention and Supervision Order,

131, 138Director of Public Prosecution, 126Dual Order, 133Emergency Care Order, 129Fines, 131, 156Garda Síochána, 120–121, 123–129Juvenile Diversion Programme, 120, 123,

126–127Juvenile Liaison Officer, 126–127, 139Mentor Order, 132National Juvenile Office, 120Offences

Assault, 118, 121Burglary, 120–121Criminal Damage, 120–121Drink Related Offences, 121Indictable Offences, 120, 128Public Order, 121Traffic offences, 121Vehicle offences, 121

Parental OrdersCompensation by Parent or Guardian,

131, 134Binding over of Parent or Guardian, 134Parental Supervision Order, 134–135

ProbationProbation Order, 131–132Probation (training or activities pro-

gramme) Order, 132Probation (intensive supervision)

Order, 132Probation (residential supervision)

Order, 132Probation and Welfare Officer, 130,

132–135, 137–138Probation and Welfare Service, 129,

132, 134

Restorative Justice (see cautioning & conferencing), 139–140

Reintegration, 137–138Special Residential Services Board, 136Suitable Person (Care and Supervision

Order), 132Restriction on Movement Order, 131,

133, 139Sentencing

Sentencing Principles, 130Sentencing Procedures, 130–131Sanctions, 130–131

GREECEAccomplice, 315Act, 310–312, 316–321Administration of Justice, 311nAdolescent(s), 316Age, 316–318Amendment, 310–312, 316Assault, 315Athens, 311, 320Beijing, Rules, 300, 311nCare

for victims, 311, 317for children (youngsters), 312, 321

Centres, for personality observation, 311Code

of Penal Procedure, 310–312, 317, 320Penal, 310, 312, 315–317, 321

Community service, 311, 317–318, 322–323

Control,Family, 310–311Social, 311

Convention,on the Rights of the Child, 311, 316

Courts, Juvenile, 311–313, 316–321Crime,

property, 314trends, 312–315statistics, 312, 323

Criminal, sanctions, 316–318, 320–321(Non)-Custodial, measures, 316–317, 320Data,

social and demographic, 309

536 Subject Index

Delinquency, 310, 314Disease,

mental, 319organic, 319

Detention, in a special institution , 320Discernment, 310Diversion, 317, 320, 322–323Education, compulsory primary, 311Ethnicity, 314European, Union Crime Prevention

Network (EUCPN), 312nEvaluation, 322–323Exploitation, sexual, 312nFelonies, 321Female(s), 310, 314, 322Foreigners, 314–315, 321Foster care, 317–319Greece, 320, 322–323Homicide, 315Human, Rights, 312n, 322Illegal,

entry into the country, 314games, 314

Indeterminate, sentences, 317

POLANDCenter

Family diagnostic-consultative, 368Youth detention, 368Youth educational, 367, 371Youth probation, 371

Conditional release, 352, 357, 372Crime trends

Confirmed offences, 361Juvenile offences, 360–365, 367Juvenile violent offences, 363Property offences, 359, 365Recorded offences, 358–362Selected offences against life and health,

359Demoralization, 354–355, 370Educational institution, 357, 371, 374Family court, 353–354, 356–357,

366–373Family judge, 353, 357, 366–370, 374Foster family, 371, 374

House of correction, 352, 354–357, 368–369, 372–373

Juvenile cases, 352–354, 367–370Juvenile court, 352Measures

Corrective, 353–355, 366, 369, 372–373

Educational, 352, 354, 357, 369, 371–374

Medical, 353, 368–369, 371–372Provisional, 354, 367–68

Police institution for juveniles, 367Preliminary inquiry, 354, 367–370Problem behaviour, 353–354, 357–358,

368–369, 371–372, 374Proceeding

Correctional, 369–370Tutelary and educational, 369

Punishable acts, 353–354, 367, 370, 372–374

Shelter for juveniles, 368Supervision

Of parents, 352, 372, 374Of a probation officer, 372, 374

Victim-offender mediation, 355Victim rights, 356Victimization data, 358

SWEDENAct on the Care of Drug Abusers in

Certain Cases (LVM), 495Act with Special Provisions on the

Care of Young People (see LVU), 475, 495

Age of legal responsibility, 473Community homes, 474–376Diversion, 474Family Home (HVB), 495–396Hospitals, 485Legality principle, 487LVU (see Act with Special Provisions on

the Care of Young People), 475, 495

National Board for Institutional Care (SiS), 476

Probation, 489, 492–494

Subject Index 537

Property Crimes, 481Protective foster care, 474Schools, 483, 488, 493–494Self-Report Studies, 480Social Services Act (SoL), 489Special Approved Youth Homes,

475–476Suspended sentences, 494Swedish youth offenders act (LUL),

490Theft, 477–481, 490Treatment Ideology, 475, 486, 500Victim surveys, 483, 486Violence

Juvenile, 481–483, 486, 499Youth, 481

Welfare Society, 498Youth Care Facility, 492, 496

UNITED STATESAdjudication, 11–12, 27Arrest Rates and Trends

By Gender, 8–9By Race, 8–9

Blended Sentencing, 16, 20Boot Camps, 17, 30–31Communities That Care (CTC), 23–24Cycle of Juvenile Justice, 18Death Penalty, 4, 16, 21–22Detention, 11, 16, 27, 30Disposition, 6, 11–12, 28Diversion, 11, 13, 15, 24–26Due Process Revolution, 28Early Intervention, 16, 22, 29Faith-based Programs, 24Federalism, 3Formal Processing, 11, 15, 25, 27Graduated Sanctions, 17, 27, 29–30Intake, 10–11, 15–16JAIBG, 29Juvenile Court Jurisdiction

Minimum Age, 13Maximum Age, 13Extended Jurisdiction, 14

Minority Overrepresentation , 12, 15–16, 20, 26

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 6

Petitioning, 12Prevention, 4, 6–7, 15–16, 22–24, 31–32Prosecutorial Waiver (See Transfer), 19Race

And arrest, 11And minority overrepresentation, 15–16

Residential Placement, 11–12Restorative Justice, 26, 30Secondary Prevention, 24–26Sentencing

Blended, 16, 20Determinate, 28Mandatory, 28

Status Offenders, 3, 12, 14–15, 25Statutory Exclusion (See Transfer), 11,

19–20Teen Courts, 25Transfer, 10–11, 13, 16, 19–20, 22, 27Victimization Trends, 6–7, 20Violent Crime, 9, 29Waiver (see Transfer), 11, 19–21Zero Tolerance Policies, 25–26

CZECH REPUBLICAlternative methods, 377–379Alternative sanctions to imprisonment, 386Binding interpretation rules, 385Conditional discontinuance of the

criminal prosecution, 381–382Criminal liability

Relative, 386differentiation of, 385special type of liability, 378

Custody, 377, 387–388Diversion, 386–387Dynamics and structure of juvenile

delinquency, 378Experiments, 381, 388Children younger than 15 years, 378–381,

385, 388Imprisonment by juveniles, 377, 381–382,

386, 394–395Judiciary Reform, 382Juvenile courts, 384–385, 387–388

538 Subject Index

Legislative reform, 389Measures

educational, 378, 384protective, 386

Mediation, 382, 385–388Petty offence, 386Probation and Mediation Service, 382,

385, 387–388Proceedings

civil in the children cases, 354criminal in the juvenile cases, 378–379,

385–388Restorative

elements and approaches, 377–378

justice, 381, 383, 388–389Special legislation, 384Young adults, 384

SCOTLANDAddiction Services, 467Advisory Group on Youth Crime,

444–445, 454Antisocial Behaviour Order (ASBO), 447Association of Chief Police Officers

Scotland (ACPOS), 455Barnardo’s Children’s Charity, 455Children’s Hearing System, 440–443Children’s Panels, 442, 455Children’s Reporter, 453, 456–458, 464Children (Scotland) Act 1995, 441, 448,

460Community Service Orders, 446, 466Court of Session, 458, 462–463Criminal Justice Social Work Statistics,

468Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995,

448, 457Diversion, 454, 456, 459–461Drug Treatment and Testing Orders

(DTTO’s), 466Early Intervention, 440, 453–455, 459Early Years Strategy, 453Electronic Monitoring / Tagging, 439,

447–448, 454, 464Family Group Conferencing, 467Fast Track Hearing, 446, 466

Fife Young Offender Mediation Project, 456

Freagarrach Project, 455Hearing Process, 442Intense Support and Monitoring Services

(ISMS), 448Justice Committee, 446Juvenile Delinquency, 440Juvenile Justice, 453, 455, 458, 461Kilbrandon Committee, 450, 453Kilbrandon Report, 440, 443Lay Involvement, 440, 442Lord Advocate, 445, 458Minister of Justice, 457Multi Agency Youth Justice Strategy

Groups, 446National Objectives, 446Paramountcy Principle, 441Persistent Offender, 444, 446–447, 453,

461, 464–465Place of Safety, 457, 462Probation, 466, 468Procurator Fiscal (PF), 444, 458,

460–461Remand Fostering, 467Restorative Cautioning, 456Restorative Justice, 454, 460, 467Restriction of Liberty Order, 466Scottish Children’s Reporter

Administration (SCRA), 441–442, 450–453, 459–460

Scottish Criminal Records Office, 450Scottish Executive, 443–446, 448–449,

452–457, 461, 463–465, 467–468Scottish Executive Justice Department, 465Scottish Law Commission, 440, 445Scottish Office, 443Scottish Parliament, 446, 453–454, 463Secure Accommodation, 446, 457,

462–464Supervised Attendance Order, 466, 46910 Point Action Plan on Youth Crime,

446, 454‘Unruly Certificate’, 457, 464UN Convention on the Rights of the

Child, 462Victim Perspective, 454

Welfarism, 439, 469Welfare State Ethos, 439Youth Court, 439, 446, 464–468Youth Crime Prevention Fund, 455Youth Justice, 439–472

BELGIUMAct of 1994, 205, 207, 211Act of 2002, 205, 215Alternative (sanctions)

Community service, 211Educational training, 188, 193, 200,

205–208, 211–212, 218–219Victim-offender-mediation, 188,

196–199, 202, 209, 213Family Group Conferences, 188, 207,

209, 217, 220Career delinquents, 189, 217–219Children’s Act of 1912, 202Children’s Rights Commissary

(commissioner), 216Criminal responsibility, 184, 188, 195Diversion, 188, 193, 195–196, 198, 200,

213, 219Discretion, judicial, 203–204, 219Disparity, 202, 204, 211, 219Educational or philanthropic task,

212, 215Ethnic minority / origin, 217Federal Centre Everberg, 214–215Institution, juvenile, 188Interest of the child, 193, 202–204, 212Justice (model), 196, 219

Punitive – , 219Retributive – , 195–198Repressive –, 195–196

Judgements, 191, 206–207, 219Legal rights / guarantees / safeguards,

Due process, 211–212Right to complaint, 216Legal assistance, 200, 210–211, 213Presumption of innocence, 201, 212Confidentiality, 201Proportionality, 201–202, 208, 211Legality, 202, 211Equality, 200, 211

Nationality, 214

Net-widening, 197–198, 217Preliminary (phase), 191, 205–206Prevention, 188, 192–193, 210, 220Problematic educational situation,

193–194, 213–214Profile, 191–192, 198, 201, 206, 217Provisional (decisions), 191Protection (model), 187–224Public Prosecutor, 188, 190–203, 205–209,

213, 216, 218Public safety, 197, 204–205, 219Recidivism, 185, 188, 195, 216–217Rehabilitation (model), 196, 198,

202–203Re-penalisation, 211, 219Reprimand, 191, 206, 216–217Restorative (justice), 196, 200–202, 204,

209, 219Self-report, 189–190Special Youth Services, 191, 195,

213, 219Supervision, 191, 205–206, 212, 215Transfer to adult court

Judicial waiver, 203Legislative/automatic waiver, 203Reverse waiver, 203

Trends in juvenile crime, 218Trial (phase), 206Youth Protection Act of 1965, 187–188,

194–195, 203–204, 210, 219Waiver (see transfer), 201, 203, 207, 219

UNITED KINGDOMAge of criminal responsibility, 72–74Anti-Social Behaviour Order (ASBO), 74Child Safety Order, 73–74Community sentences, 67, 79, 81Connexions, 69–70Crime and Disorder Act, 1998, 66, 83, 86Criminal Justice Act 1991, 65, 78–79, 81, 91Detention, 65, 86, 88–89Detention and Training Order (DTO), 86Intensive Supervision and Surveillance

Programme (ISSP), 76, 80, 87–88, 90

Local Authority Secure Children’s Home (LASCH), 86

Subject Index 539

540 Subject Index

Parenting Order, 73, 81–84Persistent Young Offender, 66, 79, 85,

87–88Prevention, 67, 69–70, 79Referral Order, 81–82Restorative Justice, 66, 81Secure Training Order, 65, 85Self-report surveys, 69Sure Start, 69Young Offender Institute (YOI), 86Youth Court, 70–73, 82–83, 87Youth Justice Board, 66, 69, 78, 84, 87, 91Youth Offending Teams (YOTS), 66, 80

AUSTRIABeclin and Grafl, 265–269Protection Model, 263–291KOKOKO, 272Jugendgerichtsgesetz (JGG), 276–279,

281, 283–284, 288–292Special Crime Rates (BKBZ), 266–268Age, 263–268Gender, 265, 268–269Offences against Property, 267, 270, 291Drug Offences, 266–269, 271, 279, 291Offences against the Person, 267, 269–270Prevention

School, 263, 271–273Social Workers, 271–273, 291Teachers, 272–274, 291Mediation by pupils, 291Advice service, 274, 291

Drug Offenses, 266–269, 271, 279, 291

PolicePrevention, 273Special projects, 274Legal intervention, 275–277

Youth Welfare Act, 274Criminal Law and minors, 275–276Administrative penal law and minors,

275–276Youth Protection Acts, 277Prosecutorial Interventions

Non-intervention, 278Diversion, 264, 278–279, 281, 284–285,

290, 292Narcotics, 268

Pre-trial detention, 278–280, 282, 287, 292Special Prevention, 279, 281, 286–287Educational Theory, 281Youth Inquiries, 282Social Reintegration, 282–283Restrictions on juvenile information, 281–282Sanctions

Diversion, 285, 291Conviction with sentence, 284Suspended sentence, 284, 286, 290–291

Fines, 263, 283, 286, 290–92Imprisonment, 263, 276–279, 283,

285–289, 291–292Immunity, 264, 284–285Preventive Measures, 271, 287Family and Youth Welfare Service Courts,

275Enforcement Commissions, 289Effectiveness of sanctions, 290

Adams, L., 447, 470Ainsworth, J. E., 17, 32Albrecht, H. -J., 230, 236, 258, 260, 293,

324, 413Alder, C., 115Allen, F., 18, 32Allen, R., 72, 85, 91Altschuler, D. M., 137, 141Amersfoort, P. van, 168Anand, S., 58, 62Andreasson, T., 499, 501Andrews, C., 29, 32Andrews, D. A., 163, 168Archer, D., 92Armstrong, T. L., 137, 141Ashford, M., 82, 91Ashworth, A., 110, 113Asquith, S., 327, 347, 441, 443, 453, 459,

470Atkinson, A., 115Auld, L. J., 72, 91Austin, J., 31, 33

Bachman, J. G., 33Baerveldt, C., 169Bailleau, F., 331, 347Bala, N., 37, 42, 58, 62, 91, 142, 513, 529Balduyck, J. -P., 186Baloun, V., 390Bannenberg, B., 229, 260Barberet, R., 330, 348Barry, M., 142Batchelor, S., 444–445, 470Bateman, T., 84, 91Bazemore, G., 26, 32, 220–223

Bazemore, V, 220Beck, C. H., 260Becker, H., 100, 113Beckett, H., 113Beclin, K., 263, 265–268, 292Bègue, L., 186Bennett, W. J., 18, 32Bereswill, M., 261Bernard, T. J., 18, 32Bernasco, W., 160, 168–170Bernuz Beneítez, Ma. J., 348Berx, E., 193, 223, 348Bessner, R., 39, 62Beulke, W., 226–227, 262Beumer, M., 169Beyer, M., 29, 33Bie, E. F. A. E. de, 169Bieschke, V., 261Bishop, D. M., xxii, 1, 14, 21, 33, 511, 529Bitoune, R., 221Blachut, J., 366, 375Black, H., 99, 113Blackwell, T., 47, 62Blakley, B., 35Blees, L. W., 168Blom, M., 168Boendermaker, L., 160–161, 163, 168Bogdan, G., 355, 375Bogensberger, W., 264, 292Bojarski, T., 375Bol, M. W., 148, 168, 510, 529Bonta, J., 168Born M., 190, 220Bos, J., 161, 168Bottoms, A., 333, 348

Author Index

541

The index was made following the order of chapters as they appear in the book.

542 Author Index

Bouw, C., 169Bowden, M., 123, 141Bowling, B., 66, 82, 92, 94, 114Boyle, M., 114–115Bradshaw, P., 529Braithwaite, J., 109, 113Breen, R., 121, 141Brenner, G., 268, 292Broeking, J., 63Brooks-Gunn, J., 524, 530Brotchie, R., 448, 471Bruckmüller, K., 516, 529Bruinsma, G., 222Buck, J., 33Bullock, R., 92Burgstaller, M., 265, 281, 292Burke, H., 118–119, 141Burke, O., 142Burman, M., 520, 529Burney, E., 113Burssens, D., 192, 220Bushway, S., 34, 170Butts, J. A., 17, 25, 33

Campbell, C., 111, 113–114Campbell, K., 42, 62Campbell, S., 84, 91, 141Cappelaere G., 207, 222Carlsson, Y., 15, 33Carney, C., 141Carter, R. M., 4, 13, 33Cartuyvels, Y., 332, 347Catalano, R., 23, 33Ceelen, T., 163, 168Cejp, M., 390Cesaroni, C., 40, 62, 127, 141Chaidou, A., 324Chapman, T., 115Chard, A., 82, 91Christiaens, J., 203, 207, 210–212, 220–222Christie, N., 101, 114Christofferson, M., 529Clare, E., 143Clarke, J., 502Clement, P., 34Coggeshall, M., 33Coghlan, N., 118, 124, 141

Cohen, B., 454, 470Coleman, C., 69, 91Colledge, E., 115Connolly, J., 142Cook, G., 141Cook, T. D., 502Cooper, D. S., 502Corbett, M., 138, 141–142Cordray, D. S., 502Corrado, R., 63Corrigan, T., 114Costello, L., 140, 143Cothern, L., 34Courakis, N., 324Craig, W. M., 527, 531Crawford, A., 102, 111, 114Critcher, C., 502Crowley, A., 86, 91Cullen, F. T., 168Curran, D., 97, 114Curran, J., 142Curry, G. D., 16, 33Cwiakalski, Z., 375Czarnecka-Dzialuk, B., 366, 375

Daele, D. Van, 220Daly, K., 62Daly, R., 47–48, 62Danziger, S., 524, 529–530Dauvergne, M., 62Davanelos, A., 309, 324Dawson, R. O., 20, 33De Fraene, D., 220De Naeyere, B., 194, 220de Rechten, 220–221, 530De Vroede, P., 187, 220De Witte, H., 221Deazley, R., 97, 100, 114Decker, S. H., xv, 1, 15, 33Decock, G., 211, 220Delens-Ravier, I., 215, 218, 220Depoortere, H., 208, 220DeSouza, P., 53, 62Devroede, N., 195, 197, 220Dignan, J., 100, 114–115Dilulio, J. J., Jr., 32Dijk, B. van, 162, 168

Author Index 543

Dijk, E. van, 170Doak, J., 96, 111–115Dobovšek, B., 436Docherty, M., 443, 470Docter-Schamhardt, B. J. W., 170Dohrn, B., 34Dölling, D., 251–252, 260–261Doob, A. N., 62, 127, 141, 512, 529–530Dooley, R., 138, 141Doolin, K., 114Doornhein, L., 160, 170Doreleijers, Th. A. P. H., 169Doulin, R., 114Dowden, C., 63Drenkhahn, K., 246, 261, 375–376Duff, P., 115, 470Dufresne, M., 62Dumortier, E., 187, 197–198, 203,

211–212, 220–221Duncan, G., 524, 530Duncan, W., 127, 141Dünkel, F., 260–261, 370, 375–376, 516, 530Dupont, L., 221

Eck, J., 34, 170Egelkamp. M., 148, 168Egg, R., 261Eggen, A. Th. J., 146, 153–154, 156, 165,

168–169Eijgenraam, K., 168Eisenberg, U., 248, 261Eisner, M., 524, 530Eliaerts, C., 187, 194, 196–198, 202, 207–

208, 210–211, 217–218, 220–223Ensalaco, M., 34Enterkin, J., 114Esping-Andersen, G., 523, 527, 530Essers, A. A. M., 149, 150, 152, 163, 169–170Essers, J. J. A., 170Estrada, F., 164, 168, 232, 261, 473–474,

477, 479, 481, 483, 485–487, 498–499, 501–502

Fabrizy, E., 286, 292Fagan, J., 33Falck, S., 477, 501Farrington, D. P., 23, 34, 499, 502, 531

Feeley, M., 133, 141Feld, B. C., 17, 33, 510, 530Fernández Molina, E., 325–326, 332,

338–340, 342–343, 347–348Ferwerda, H. B., 169Figlio, R., 115Filipčič, K., 396, 399, 413Finckenauer, J. O., 25, 33Finnegan, T. A., 34, 63Flood-Page, C., 69, 91, 135, 141Florizoone, B., 213–214, 221Fox, S., 470Frazier, C. E., 14, 21, 33, 529Freeling, W., 148, 169

Gaberle, A., 374–375Garland, D., 523–524, 530Gavin, P. W., 25, 33Gavray C., 190, 220Gazeau, J. F., 348Gendreau, P., 168Geng, B., 229, 235, 246, 251, 253–254,

260–261Geudens, H., 197–199, 207, 209,

216–217, 221Geurts, E., 168Ghate, D., 83, 85, 91Giller, H., 65, 92, 531Giménez-Salinas Colomer, E., 339, 348Goderie, M., 161, 169Goedseels E., 189–190, 221Goldblatt, P., 135, 142Goldie, S., 114Goldson, B., 92Goris, P., 192, 220–223Gorus J., 187, 220Gossé, D., 194, 220Gottfredson, D., 34, 170Grafl, C., 263, 265–269, 292–293Graham, J., 90–92, 94, 114, 164, 170,

513, 530Granath, S., 491, 502Grapendaal, M., 170Green, R. G., 51, 62, 132–133, 142Greenfield, L., 35Griffin, D., 127, 142Grimshaw, R., 92

544 Author Index

Grisso, T., 531Gruszczynska, B., 375Gurr, T. R., 525, 530

Haan, W. J. M. de, 148, 169Haase, T., 142Haen-Marshall, I., 148, 169Hagell, A., 86, 92, 527, 531Hague, L., 94, 114Haines, K., 333, 348Hale, C., 114Hall, S., 487, 502Hallett, C., 443, 470Harrington, V., 91, 141Hartmann, H., 502Hawkins, D., 33Hayes, H., 48, 62Hazel, N., 87, 92Healy, K. F., 51, 62, 132–133, 142Heckman, J., 527, 530Hedges, L. V., 502Heerwaarden, Y. V., 168Heffernan, L., 143Heide, W., van der, 146, 153–154, 156,

168–169Heinz, W., 228, 237–238, 240, 242,

249, 261Heitmeyer, W., 235, 261–262Helmantel, A. M., 160, 169Henderson, G., 453, 471Herberger, S. M., 327, 348Hermanns, J. M. A., 153, 169Herrnstein, R., 477, 503Herz, R., 388–389Hess, A., 34Higgins, L., 123, 141Hill, M., 447, 470Hirtenlehner, H., 293Hodgins, S., 34Hoffman, D., 33Hoge, R. D., 168Hooge, J., 221Hoogen-Saleh, T. van den, 159, 169Höpfel, F., 263, 275, 277–279,

283, 293Hornick, J. P., 53, 62, 91, 142

Hough, M., 110, 114Howell, J. C., 17, 30, 33, 510, 522, 530Howes, M., 115Hoyle, C., 111, 114Höynck, T., 261Hudson, J., 62Huijbregts, G. L. A. M., 170Hulmáková, J., 378, 389Hutsebout, F., 221Hutton, N., 439, 470, 529

Ince, D., 159, 169Irwin, J., 31, 33

Jackson, J., 109, 113–115Jager, M., 413Jamieson, J., 470Janson, C. -G., 521, 530Jasinski, J., 376Jefferson, T., 502Jesionek, U., 260, 263–264, 280–284,

288–289, 292–293, 388–389Johnson, B. D., 158, 169Johnston, L. D., 8, 33Johnstone, J., 115Jonkman, H., 169Junger, M., 169Junger-Tas, J., 93, 114, 169, 173, 187,

189–190, 220–222, 295, 309, 324–325, 327, 333, 348, 351, 505, 530

Juristentages, D., 262

Kaderabkova, D., 390Kaiser, K., 324Kamphorst, P. A., 161, 170Kardas, P., 375Kawamura, G., 388–389Kay, H., 471Kearney, B., 459, 470Keith Bottomley, A., 323Kelleher, C., 124, 142Kelleher, P., 142Kenny, B., 119, 122, 134–135, 142Kerner, H. J., 221–223, 327, 348Kerr, H., 115

Author Index 545

Khan, F., 470Kienapfel, D., 283, 293Kilchling, M., 413Kilkelly, U., 124, 128, 131, 137, 142Kilpatrick, R., 114King, J., 92Kirstein, W., 229, 251, 253, 261Kleiman, W. M., 160, 163, 169Klein, M., 324Klein, M. W., 13, 15, 31, 33, 189–190,

220–222Klooster, E., 170Köck, E., 281, 293Kogan, J., 92Kopoldová, B., 390Korcyl-Wolska, M., 367, 375Kotulan, P., 390Kowalski, M., 48, 63Krajewski, K., 358–359, 361, 365–366, 375Krechtig, L., 160, 169Kromhout, M., 152, 169Kröplin, M., 246, 262Kruissink, M., 149–150, 152, 158, 163,

168–169Kuchta, J., 389Kühlhorn, E., 502Kunkat, A., 235, 254, 261Kurlychek, M. C., 158, 169Kuschej, H., 293Kyvsgaard, B., 477, 502, 520, 530

Laan, P. H. van der, 144, 150, 152–153, 158, 163–165, 169–170

Lambropoulou, E., 310, 324Lane, J., 33Lang, S., 261Lanza-Kaduce, L., 21, 33, 529Lässig, R., 287, 293Latimer, J., 45, 48, 63Laub, J., 33Lauritsen, J., 6, 33Lazerges, Ch., 186LeBlanc, M., 63Leonards, C., 530Leukauf, O., 286, 293Leuw, E., 152, 170

Lewis, C., 135, 142Liddle, M., 92Lier, P. A. V. van, 160, 170Light, R. J., 502Lipsey, M. W., 31, 34, 163, 170, 499, 502Lipton, D., 30, 34Lis, C., 221–222Little, M., 88, 92Lobley, D., 455, 470Lochner, L., 527, 530Lodewijks, H. P. B., 169Loeber, R., 23, 34, 169–170, 499, 502Lortie, S., 383, 389Löschnig-Gspandl, M., 284, 293Loucks, N., 471Louis, T. A., 502Lowey, K., 100, 114Luijpers, E., 170Lundman, R. J., 10, 31, 34

MacKenzie, D. L., 30, 34, 170Maclure, R., 62Madianou, D., 311, 324Maguire, M., 114Majewski, J., 375Majka, L., 34Mak, J., 169Maleczky, O., 293Maljević, A., 425, 436, 519, 530Marble, L., 29, 32Marczewski, M., 375Marek, A., 352, 375Marešová, A., 377–378, 380, 383, 389–390Marinelli, J., 51, 53, 63Martin, F., 450, 463, 470Martinková, M., 390Martinson, R., 30, 34, 509, 530Mary, Ph., 193, 220–222Mathewson, T., 96, 114Maxwell, G., 100, 104, 109–110, 112, 114Mayer, H., 276, 294Mayhew, P., 91, 110, 114McAra, L., 471McCold, P., 110–111, 114McEvoy, K., 100, 114McGhee, J., 471

546 Author Index

McGuire, J., 170, 502McIvor, G., 465–466, 470McKeown, K., 122, 135, 142McLennan, A., 63McNeill, F., 439, 444–445, 470, 529McQuoid, J., 94, 114Mears, D. P., 17, 33Meeus, W., 148, 170Mehciz, M., 161, 168Mehlbye, J., 143, 222–223, 327, 347–348Menger, A., 160, 169Mertens, N. M., 151, 170Meško, G., 436Miers, D., 102, 104, 114Mijnarends, E. M., 526, 530Mika, H., 100, 114Miklau, R., 294Miller, J., 91, 141Molina, E. F., 518, 531Montañés, J., 348Moodie, K., 470Moore, C., 513, 530Moore, M. H., 530Moore, S., 65, 85, 90, 92Moos, R., 260, 292–294Moreau, T., 203, 207, 222Morgan Harris B., 70, 92Morris, A., 65, 92, 100, 104, 109–110,

112, 114Morton, M., 48, 63Moss, P., 470Mosteller, F., 502Moynihan, J., 69, 91Muise, D., 63Muncie, J., 327, 348Munro, M., 529Murray, C., 470Murray, K., 470Muršič, M., 407, 412

Netten, A., 114Neumair, M., 264, 293Newburn, T., 102, 111, 114, 348Nilsson, A., 483, 502Norval M., 530Nuytiens, A., 207, 222–223

O’Donnell, I., 143O’Dwyer, K., 119–120, 127–128, 133,

139, 142O’Mahony, D., 100, 111–113–115, 333,

348O’Mahony, P., 118–119, 122, 127, 135,

140, 142–143O’Malley, P. M., 33O’Malley, T., 124, 127, 143O’Sullivan, E., 118–120, 129, 134, 143,

333, 348Onkelinx, L., 188, 200, 207, 216, 219,

222Ornosa Fernández, R., 342, 348

Paetsch, J. J., 62, 91, 142Pagon, M., 436Panhuis, P. Van, 168Papatheodorou, T., 220, 222Patterson, G. R., 23–34Penders, J., 506, 531Pennant, R., 115Peršak, N., 413Peters, M., 30, 34Peterson-Badali, M., 45, 63Petrie, P., 470Petrovec, D., 398, 412Peyre, V., 348Pfeiffer, C., 164, 170, 235–236, 249–251,

262, 477, 502Pilgram, A. W., 17, 34, 278, 290, 291,

293Pitsela, A., 312–313, 324Platt, A. M., 17, 34Platzgummer, W., 287, 293Poels, V., 193, 223, 348Polanski, M., 389Poole, R., 63Pratschke, J., 142Puccio, G., 197–198, 222Put, J., 202, 222Puzzanchera, C., 5, 27, 34

Queloz, N., 261Quinn, K., 109, 115Quinn, M., 118–119, 122, 135, 143

Author Index 547

Raglewski, J., 375Ramella, M., 83, 91Ratz E., 293Rechea Alberola, C., 325–326, 332,

347–348, 518, 531Rechten, de, 220–221, 530Reuter, P., 34, 170Richardson, V., 141Riet, M. van de, 162, 170Rietveld, M., 170Riklin F., 260Ring, J., 480–481, 484, 496, 502Roberts, B., 502Roberts, J. V., 51, 63, 390, 502, 512–513,

529–531Robinson, P., 63Robinson, G., 115Roché, S., 186Roose, R., 213–214, 221Rosenheim, M., 34Rothman, D. J., 17, 34, 121, 141,

506, 531Rozum, J., 390Rutherford, A., 95, 115Rutter, M., 502, 527, 531

Salerno, A. W., 13–14, 17, 28–29, 34Sampson, R. J., 33San, M. van, 152, 169Sanborn, J. B., Jr., 13–14, 17, 28–29, 34Sanders, T., 53, 63Sarnecki, J., 473, 486–487, 498, 502,

521, 531Sarri, R., 21, 34Sawyer, B., 470Schaffstein, F., 227, 262Schäpler, P., 240, 247, 249, 261Scheel, J., 240, 247, 249, 261Schroll, H. -V., 285, 293Schulenberg, J. E., 33Schüler-Springorum, H., 228, 238,

261, 375Schütz, H., 274, 294Schwaighofer, K., 278–279, 294Schwartz, R. G., 531Schwind, H. -D., 236, 262

Scott, E. C., xv, 34Scott, E. S., 510, 531Šelih, A., 399, 401, 412–413Senaeve, P., 202, 222Serasis, T., 324Sergeant, J. A., 169Seymour, M., 117, 140, 143Shamsie, S. J., 39, 63Shannon, G., 134, 143Shapland, J., 101–102, 115Sharpe, K., 114Shaw, C., 92Sherman, L. W., 23, 34, 163, 170Shook, J., 21, 34Shorter, E., 507, 531Sickmund, M., 5, 11–14, 28, 35,

511, 531Siemaszko, A., 356, 358–359, 363–366,

375–376Síochána, A. G., 120–121, 126, 128, 141Slot, N. W., 169–170Slump, G. J., 159, 170Smets J., 207, 222Smit, R. C. T., 169Smith, D. J., 470–471, 477, 502Smith, J., 477, 502, 530Smith, R., 70, 92Snare, A., 502–503Snyder, H. N., 27–28, 34–35, 62, 91, 142,

511, 531Soly, H., 221–222Sommer, B., 327, 348Sonnen, B. -R., 227, 262Sorsby, A., 115Sotolar, A., 389Spaans, E. C., 160, 163, 170Sparks, R., 348Spiesschaert, F., 195, 222Spinellis, C. D., 309, 311–312, 314–315,

324, 517, 531Sprott, J. B., 63, 512, 529–530Sridharan, S., 20–21, 35Stahl, A. L., 5, 34Stalh, A., 63Stando-Kawecka, B., 351–352, 356, 370,

372, 375–376, 519, 531

548 Author Index

Stearns, P. N., 507, 531Steffens, R., 254, 262Steiniger H., 286, 293Steketee, M., 169Stern, C., 470Stevenson, R., 448, 471Stewart, R., 471Storgaard, A., 474, 501–502Storz, R., 242, 261Stow, L., 471Strang, H., 103, 110, 115Strebelle, C., 193, 222Streng, F., 258, 262Stump, B., 249, 262Sturzbecher, D., 235, 262Šugman, K. G., 401, 404, 413Synder, H., 63Szewczyk, M., 375

Takala, H., 503Tanenhaus, D. S., 18, 34–35Terlouw, G. J., 160–161, 163,

168–170Terlouw, J. J., 189–190, 220–222, 324Tham, H., 475, 499, 503Thibaut, C., 215, 218, 220Thomas, D., 34Thomas, J., 63Thomová, J., 380, 390Thornberry, T., 115Tierney, N., 5, 34Timman, R., 169Tonry, M., 113, 169, 522, 530–531Tremblay, R. E., 527, 531Trepanier, J., 45, 63, 222, 507, 512, 531Triffterer, O., 281, 294Tsitsoura, A., 309, 317, 324, 517, 531Tulkens, F., 203, 207, 222

Uglow, S., 114Umbreit, M. S., 26, 32, 103, 115Urban, B., 366, 376

Válková, H., 377, 381, 383, 388–390, 519, 531

Van Daele, D., 222

Van der Laan, P. H., 92, 514, 531Van Dijk, C., 187, 207–208, 222–223,

516, 531Van Grunderbeeck, S., 222Van Kalmthout, A.M., 228, 238, 261,

324, 375, 377, 390Van Ness, D., 202, 223Van Paesschen, N., 197, 223Van Welzenis, I., 222Vanderhaegen, R., 194, 196–197, 208,

217–218, 221–222Vanfraechem, I., 210, 217, 223Vanneste, C., 190, 198–199, 207, 223Vansteenkiste, Ph, 211, 220Vanthuyne, T., 222Veitch, B., 470Vergeer, M., 169Verhellen, E., 202–203, 221–223Verwers, C., 158, 163, 168–169Vettenburg, N., 189, 192, 220–221,

223, 348von Hirsch, A., 51, 63, 509, 521, 531von Hofer, H., 477, 479, 481, 487, 499,

501–503Vreeman, M. J., 163, 170

Waldvogel, J., 524, 529–530Walgrave, L., 26, 32, 143, 189, 193,

196–198, 203, 220–223, 327, 347–348

Walker, W., 470Wallace, J., 453, 470–471Wallace, M., 63Walter, J., 235, 261Walter, M., 236, 258, 262Walter, R., 271, 294Walters, J. P., 32Ward, M., 480, 503Warner, K., 110, 115Watchel, B., 110, 114Waterhouse, L., 453, 459, 471Watson, D., 121, 143Weerman, F., xvi, 33Weitekamp, E., 221, 223, 327, 348Welzenis, I. Van, 220, 222Wentink, M., 169

Author Index 549

West, G., 48, 63Westfelt, L., 477, 503White, H. G., 514, 529White, S. O., 348Whitman, J. Q., 528, 531Whyte, B., 443, 471Wilde, E. J. de, 170Wilks, J., 34Willis, M., 114Wilmers, N., 235, 262Wilmore, J., 115Wilson, D. B., 31, 34, 96–97, 114–115Wilson, J. Q., 477, 503Wittebrood, K., 169, 531Wojcik, D., 376Wolff, J., 227, 262Wolfgang, M., 94, 115Wrobel, W., 353, 375

Wundersitz, J., 115Wyvekens, A., 186, 515, 532

Yeung, J., 530Yinger, J. M., 524, 532Yoerger, K., 23, 34Young, P., 143Young, R., 114Young, V., 114Yperen, T. van, 160, 168

Zamberlan, C., 34Zbornik, F., 383, 390Zehr, H., 103, 115Zermatten, J., 518, 532Zimring, F. E., 14, 20, 33–35, 510, 532Zinger, I., 168Zoll, A., 375