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Subject Index A abdominal muscular deficiency syndrome (see prune belly syndrome) abscess, renal 153 adenoma, metanephric 398 adrenal hyperplasia, congenital 349 agenesis - kidney 107,229,230 - milllerian duct 340 - sacral 104 AIDS 157 Alport syndrome 261 amyloidosis 269,270 angiography 360 - magnetic resonance (MRA) 16 - renal 13 angiomyolipoma 399 anomalies - fusion, kidney 57-60 - pelvis, renal 61-88 - position, kidney 56, 57 - rotation, kidney 55 - ureter 61-88 anorectal malformation 103 anus, imperforate - associated malformations 104, 105 - embryology 103,104 - functional anomalies 106-108 - imaging 108 - incidence 106,107 - structural anomalies 106 - therapy 109 - urologic problems 105 artery, renal 48 ascites 136 B balloon dilatation, retrograde 213 Beckwith- Wiedemann syndrome 400 Bertin, septa 47 bilharziasis 158 biopsy, renal 13,272-274 bladder (see urinary bladder) bladder-sphincter dysfunction, neurogenic 108 blood pressure, systolic, normal values 413 BSA (body surface area), normal values 413 C candidiasis, renal 157 catheter - placement I filling 5 - risks 5 clear cell sarcoma 406 clearance, normal values 415,416 cloaca I cloacal exstrophy 111,116,350-352 - diagnostic imaging 352-355 - incidence 107 Cobb's collar 96 collecting system - bifid 76 - duplex - - etiology I epidemiology 77,78 - - presentation I diagnosis 78, 79 complications, renal parenchymal disease, monitoring 274-276 computed tomography (CT) 149,150,366,367 - indications 10 - technique 10-12 constipation 188 continence 118 contrast medium 10,11 cortex 253 Cowper's gland cyst 96 creatinine - clearance, normal values 416 - serum, normal values 414 cryptorchism 114 cyst - Cowper's gland 96 - ovarian 345-347 - renal - - complicated 243-247 - - multiloculated 243-247 - - simple I aquired 242,243,247 cystic renal disease 233-247 - classification 233 - polycystic kidney disease 234-239 - syndromal 239 - typical cystic renal changes 236 - in utero detected 324-327 cystinosis 270, 271 cystinuria 287,289,290 cystitis 99, 156 cystography, isotope 27,151 - direct radioisotope 27,123,124 - indirect radioisotope 28-30,124 cystourethrography, voiding (VCU) 51,52,122,123,150,181, 193-196,317 - cyclic 6 - indication I scheduling 4,5,196,197 - modified 204-207 - normal values 417 - technique 5 D Denys-Drash syndrome 400 detrusor-sphincter dysfunction 193
Transcript
Page 1: Subject Index - Home - Springer978-3-642-59428-1/1.pdf · Subject Index A abdominal muscular ... hematocele 373 hematocolpos 343 hematometrocolpos 343 hematuria 96, 254 ... pelvis,

Subject Index

A abdominal muscular deficiency syndrome (see prune belly

syndrome) abscess, renal 153 adenoma, metanephric 398 adrenal hyperplasia, congenital 349 agenesis - kidney 107,229,230 - milllerian duct 340 - sacral 104 AIDS 157 Alport syndrome 261 amyloidosis 269,270 angiography 360 - magnetic resonance (MRA) 16 - renal 13 angiomyolipoma 399 anomalies - fusion, kidney 57-60 - pelvis, renal 61-88 - position, kidney 56, 57 - rotation, kidney 55 - ureter 61-88 anorectal malformation 103 anus, imperforate - associated malformations 104, 105 - embryology 103,104 - functional anomalies 106-108 - imaging 108 - incidence 106,107 - structural anomalies 106 - therapy 109 - urologic problems 105 artery, renal 48 ascites 136

B balloon dilatation, retrograde 213 Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome 400 Bertin, septa 47 bilharziasis 158 biopsy, renal 13,272-274 bladder (see urinary bladder) bladder-sphincter dysfunction, neurogenic 108 blood pressure, systolic, normal values 413 BSA (body surface area), normal values 413

C candidiasis, renal 157 catheter - placement I filling 5 - risks 5 clear cell sarcoma 406

clearance, normal values 415,416 cloaca I cloacal exstrophy 111,116,350-352 - diagnostic imaging 352-355 - incidence 107 Cobb's collar 96 collecting system - bifid 76 - duplex - - etiology I epidemiology 77,78 - - presentation I diagnosis 78, 79 complications, renal parenchymal disease, monitoring 274-276 computed tomography (CT) 149,150,366,367 - indications 10 - technique 10-12 constipation 188 continence 118 contrast medium 10,11 cortex 253 Cowper's gland cyst 96 creatinine - clearance, normal values 416 - serum, normal values 414 cryptorchism 114 cyst - Cowper's gland 96 - ovarian 345-347 - renal - - complicated 243-247 - - multiloculated 243-247 - - simple I aquired 242,243,247 cystic renal disease 233-247 - classification 233 - polycystic kidney disease 234-239 - syndromal 239 - typical cystic renal changes 236 - in utero detected 324-327 cystinosis 270, 271 cystinuria 287,289,290 cystitis 99, 156 cystography, isotope 27,151 - direct radioisotope 27,123,124 - indirect radioisotope 28-30,124 cystourethrography, voiding (VCU) 51,52,122,123,150,181,

193-196,317 - cyclic 6 - indication I scheduling 4,5,196,197 - modified 204-207 - normal values 417 - technique 5

D Denys-Drash syndrome 400 detrusor-sphincter dysfunction 193

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422

- during bladder filling 187 - during micturition 187 diabetes mellitus 270 dialysis - basic considerations 301 - hemodialysis 302 - peritoneal 301,302 dilatation - imaging protocol 169,170 - renal pelvic 161-164 - - bilateral 171 - ureter 172,382-387 - urinary tract 324 diseases (see syndromes) disk kidney 59 diverticula - bladder 97,98 - - reflux 134 diverticulum, calyceal 62, 63 DMSA 29,36,149 Doppler 271,272,316,317,363 - color, amplitude-coded 316 - indication 1,2 - technique 2-4 DTPA 31,33 ductus arteriosus, patent 315,318 dysfunction, voiding 128, 129 dysplasia - cystic, upper pole 85 - renal 107,232,233,239-241

E echinococcus 157 ectopy - renal 56,107 - - crossed 59, 60 - ureter 76,81 edema 255 embryology - development of kidney and ureters 43,44 encopresis 188 endopyelotomy, percutaneous 390-392 endurologic technique 382-392 enuresis 189-191 epididymis 373 epispadias - female 113 - male 112,113 - surgical repair 117 epispadias-extrophy complex - anatomy 112-116 - embryology 112 - imaging 118,119 - incidence 111, 112 - prenatal diagnosis 112 - outcome 118 - surgical repair 116, 117 equilibrium theory, Isky 168 Escherischia coli 265 ESWL (extracorporal shockwave lithotripsy) 226,387 exstrophy - bladder 111-115 - cloacal exstrophy 111,116 - epispadias-extrophy complex (see there) - incidence 107

F female genitalia, embryology 337-339 fertility, bladder extrophy 118 fetal urinary tract - abnormal, in utero 322-327 - - postnatal work-up 328-331 - - prognosis 327 - - treatment 331-333 - normal sonographic appearance 321 fetal uropathies, antenatally diagnosed 128 fissure - vesical, superior I inferior 115 - vesicointestinal 116 fractional excretion, normal values 415 Fraley's syndrome 62-64

G gadolinium-DTPA 16,21 genitalia, female, embryology 337-339 gland of Littre 52 glomerular disease 261-264 - congenital and inherited 261,262 glomeruli 47,253 - neonatal kidney 49 glomerulocystic kidney disease 238 glomerulonephritis - acute postinfectious 262 - membranoproliferative 263, 264 - rapid progressive 262 glomerulopathy, membranous 263, 264 glycogen storage disease 270 glycosaminoglycans 290 gonads, streak 338 Goodpasture' syndrome 262 granulomatosis, Wegener's 264

H heG 345 heart rate, normal values 413 hematocele 373 hematocolpos 343 hematometrocolpos 343 hematuria 96, 254 - microhematuria 359 hemodialysis 302

Subject Index

hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) 265,266,272 - thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP-HUS) 266 hemorrhage - pulmonary 264 - tumoral 403 Henoch-Schonlein nephritis 254, 262,. 263 Hinman syndrome 185 horseshoe kidney 58 - incidence 107 - and ureteropelvic junction obstruction 69 hydatid disease 157 hydrocalyx 62-64 hydrocolpos 343 hydrometrocolpos 343 hydronephrosis 76,107 - differential diagnosis 161 hydroureter 71,73,74 hydroureteronephrosis, MRI 21 hypercalciuria 286-288 hypercontractility, detrusor 191 hyperoxaluria 287-289 hypertension, renal vascular 307-312

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Subject Index

- angioplasty, role 309-312 - causes 307,308 - clinical presentation 307 - imaging 308, 309 hypertrophy, compensatory after nephrectomy 46 hyperuricosuria 287,290 hypoalbuminemia 255 hypocitraturia 287,290 hypoplasia, renal 107,230,231 - classification 231 hypospadia - female 348, 349 - incidence 107

I incontinence 189-191 infection - bladder 99 - urinary tract 129,145-158 - - epidemiology 146 - - imaging 146-152 - - and lithiasis 156, 157 - - unusual germs 157,158 - - and VUR 188,189 - renal transplantation 304 interstitium 253 Isky's equilibrium theory 168 IVU (see urography, intravenous)

J junctional parenchymal defect (JPD) 45 juxtaglomerular cell tumor 399

K kidney - agenesis 107,229,230 - anatomy, internal 47,48 - blood supply 48, 49 - changes, sonographic, differentialdiagnosis 258, 259 - cyst - - complicated 243-247 - - multiloculated 243-247 - - simple / aquired 242,243,247 - development 43,44 - disk 59 - duplex 333 - - complicated 175 - - cystic dysplasia 85 - - obstruction 86 - - reflux 134 - - work-up 80 - dysplastic 107,232,233 - echogenicity, abnormal 323 - ectopy 56, 107 - - crossed 59,60 - horseshoe kidney 58, 69, 107 - hypoplastic 107, 230, 231 - L-shaped 59 - location, abnormal 322 -lump 59 - medullary sponge 241,242 - multicystic dysplastic 171,172,239-241,333 - neonatal, ultrasonography 49,50 - number, abnormal 322 - position / anatomical relationship 45 - shape / size / measurement 45-47 - sigmoid 59

- size, abnormal 323, 324 - thoracic 56,57 - trauma 358-367 - tumor 243-247,395-410 - volume, formula 47

L lacunae of Morgagni 52 lateral fusion, disorders 341 lazy bladder syndrome 187 lithiasis (see also urolithiasis) - megacalycosis 65 - reflux 131 - ureteropelvic junction obstruction 69 lithotripsy, extracorporal shockwave (ESWL) 226,387 Littre, gland 52 lower urinary tract - anatomy 201 - functional disorders - - constipation 188 - - enuresis 189-191 - - incidence 186 - - incontinence 189-191 - - neonates / infants 191-193 - - pathophysiology 187 - - physiology 186, 187 - - terminology / categorization 185,186 L-shaped kidney 59 lump kidney 59 lupus erythematosus, systemic (SLE) 267,268 lymphoma, malignant 408

M MAG3 27,29,31,35 magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) 16 magetic resonance urography (MRU) - clinical applications 18-20 - combined static-dynamic 23, 24 - technique 17,18 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 150 - dynamic 20-23 - kidney 16,17 - patient handling 16 - technique, principles 15,16 malformation, anorectal 103-Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome 339,340 medulla 253 megacalycosis 63, 65 megacystis 91-93 - prenatal diagnosis, table 92 - transient 92 megacystis-megaureter association 133 megaureter 65, 71 - nonrefluxing nonobstructive 72 - - postoperative imaging and fmdings 214-216 - primary 72 - refluxing 72 mesoderm, primary defect 178, 179 mesonephros 43, 44 metabolic disorders, renal manifestation 270 metanephros 43,44 metastatic disease, assessment 404 microhematuria 359 micturition 6 - normal, physiology 202 MIF (miillerian-inhibiting factor) 337 Morgagni, lacunae 52

423

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424

mOllerian duct - agenesis 340 - anomalies 339, 340 - diagnostic imaging 342-345 MURCS 339 myelomeningocele 203 myoglobinuria 257

N nephrectomy, compensatory hypertrophy 46 nephritic syndrome, acute 255 nephritis - acute bacterial 153 - glomerulonephritis (see there) - Henoch-SchOnlein 254, 262, 263 - pyelonephritis (see there) - tubulointerstitial 266, 267 nephroblastoma (see Wilms tumor) nephroblastomatosis - associated syndromes 400 - definition 399 - imaging 400,401 - treatment 401 nephrocalcinosis - causes / differential diagnosis 283 - clinical findings 282 - definition 281 - diagnostic imaging 282-285 - diagnostic procedure 286 - etiology 286 - grading scale 284 - incidence 281,282 - inhibitors 290 - preventive and therapeutical measures 291,292 - promoters 286-290 nephrogenic rest - associated syndromes 400 - definition 399 nephrolithotomy, percutaneous 387-389 nephroma - mesoblastic 397,398 - multilocular cystic 398 nephronophthisis 237,238 nephropathy - diabetic 270 - fetal reflux nephropathy 137-140 - IgA 262, 263 - sickle cell 268, 268, 272 nephrostomy, percutaneous 377-381 - nephrostomy tract dilatation 381,382 nephrotic syndrome 255 - congenital (finnish type) 238,239,255 - idiopathic 263 normal values 413-419 nuclear medicine 27-40

o obstruction - definition 162 - ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) - - clinical presentations 68 - - diagnosis 63-67 - - differential diagnosis 69-71 - - etiology 67,68 - - giant 68 - - and horseshoe kidney 69 - - and lithiasis 69

Subject Index

- - natural history / treatment 71 - - nephrostomy 378 - - postoperative imaging and findings 211-214 - - progression 71 - - treatment 331,332 - - and ureterovesical junction obstruction 69 - - and urinoma 69 - - and VUR 69, 129, 130 - ureterovesical junction (UVJ) 130, 131, 332, 333 - urethral 179 - vaginal 341,342 OEIS (omphalocele-extrophy-imperforate anus-spinal defect)

complex 116 oligo anuria, newborn - changes after birth 313,314 - clinical/laboratory investigations 314-317 - diagnostic workup 314 - differential diagnosis, table 314 - prenatal situation 313 - prognosis 318 - therapeutic aspects 317,318 omphalocele-extrophy-imperforate anus-spinal defect (OEIS)

complex 116 oncological surgery 226 ovar, cyst 345-347

P pain 5 papilla, kidney 47 parenchyma, renal, diseases 253-276 - advanced imaging 271-276 - clinical presentation / symptomatology 254-259 - primary imaging management 260,261 - specific entities 261-271 pelvicalyceal system, development 50 pelvis, renal - anomalies 61-88 - imaging 62 peritoneal dialysis 301,302 Perlman syndrome 400 pheochromocytoma 309 placental aromatase deficiency 349 Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia 304 polyarteritis nodosa 264 polyarteritis 264 polycystic kidney disease - autosomal dominant 237 - autosomal recessive (ARPKD) 234-236 - glomerulocystic kidney disease 238 - medullary disease complex 237,238 - syndromal cystic renal disease 239 polyp, urethral 95 pop-off mechanism 136 postnatal work-up, fetal uropathies 328-331 Poznanski technique 354 pregnant women, androgenic drugs 349 pressure measurement 67 pronephros 43, 44 proteinuria 254, 255 - normal values 415 Proteus mirabilis 98 prune belly syndrome 177 - clinical presentation / diagnosis 179-182 - - dynymic renography 181,182 - - intravenous urography 182 - - obstetric ultrasound / antenatal diagnosis 180 - - postnatal diagnostic approach 180

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Subject Index

- - static renal scan 182 - - ultrasonography 180, 181 - - voiding cystourethrography 181 - management 182,183 - pathogenesis 178, 179 - pathology 178 - postoperative imaging and findings 221-224 pseudoextrophy, bladder 115 pseudohermaphroditism 349 pseudo-nutcracker syndrome 255,272 psychosexual function, bladder extrophy 118 pyelitis 146 - cystic 153,154 pyelography - antegrade 12, 13 - intravenous 317 pyelonephritis - acute - - complications - - - early 153-155 - - -late 155, 156 - - computed tomography 149,150 - - DMSA scanning 149 - - intravenous urography 151,152 - - MRI 150 - - radionuclide cystography 151 - - satisfactory progression 152 - - ultrasound 146-148 - - voiding cystourethrogram 150,151 - chronic 155 - xanthogranulomatous 155, 156 pyeloplasty, percutaneous 390-392 pyonephrosis 154 pyramids, kidney 47

R radiation dose 6, 11 rectus abdominis muscle 114 reflux nephropathy, fetal 137 - imaging 138-140 reflux - pyelopyelic 76 - vesicoureteric (see VUR) - yo-yo reflux 76, 133 rejection, acute, transplantation 304 renal failure - acute 256-259 - - causes, table 258 - chronic - - clinical/laboratory evaluation 298 - - definition 297 - - dialysis 301,302 - - imaging 299, 300 - - incidence 297,298 - - pathophysiology 298 - - prognosis 305 - - transplantation 302-304 - - treatment 300 renal pelvic dilatation 161-172 renal scan, static 36-40,182 - images 39 - preparation / sedation 38 - radiopharmaceutical 38 renal stone disease 226 reninoma 399 renography, dynamic 30-36,181,182 - postmicturition images 32

- tracers 31 rhabdoid tumor, kidney 407 rhabdomyosarcoma 96 rotation, anomalies 55

S sarcoidosis, renal 269 sarcoma - clear cell 406 - renal cell 407 - renal medullary 407 scars, pyelonephritis 155 schistosomiasis 158 Schwartz formula 416 scintigraphy, nuclear 360 sedation 5, 11,38 seminal vesicle, congenital cystic disease 98 serum values 414,415 Shigella dysenteriae 265 sickle cell nephropathy 268,268,272 sigmoid kidney 59 SPECT 38 spina bifida 202 stenosis, pelvi-infundibular 64 stenting, ureter 382-387 stones - bladder 98 - renal - - analysis 282 - - infectious 291 - - renal stone disease 226 streptococci, hemolytic 262 syndromes / diseases (names only) - Alport syndrome 261 - Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome 400 - Denys-Drash syndrome 400 - Fraley's syndrome 62-64 - Goodpasture' syndrome 262 - Hinman syndrome 185 - Mayer-Rokitansky-Kiister-Hauser syndrome 339, 340 - Perlman syndrome 400 - Turner syndrome 340

T Tamm Horsfall protein (THP) 290,291 Tc-99m 27 teflon injection 137 thoracic kidney 56, 57 transplantation, renal - acute problems 303 - basic considerations 302, 303 - infection 304 - regular follow-up 303,304 - rejection, acute 304 trauma - bladder 98,369-371 - genital 373,374 - renal 358-367 - - classification 358, 359 - - imaging 359, 360 - - patterns 361-367 - ureteral 368, 369 - urethral 371-373

425

TTP-HUS (thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura hemolytic uremic syndrome) 266

tuberculosis, urogenital 157 tubular disorders / dysfunction 256, 267

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426

tubular necrosis, acute 303 tumor 395-410 - cystic renal 243-247 - - in utero detected 327 - juxtaglomerular cell 399 - ossifying renal tumor of infancy 398 - Wilms tumor (see there) neoplasm, renal 243-247,327,395-410 - diagnostic imaging 395, 396 - classification 397 Turner syndrome 340

U ultrasound 125-127,146-148,180,181,271,272,360,

361-366 - indication 1,2 - neonatal kidney 49,50 - technique 2-4 umbilicus 114 UP] (ureteropelvic junction) obstruction 67-71 - nephrostomy 378 - postoperative imaging and fmdings 211-214 - and reflux 129,130 - treatment 331,332 urachus 100 ureteritis 153,154 ureterocele 76,81-85,218 - prolaps 95,96 ureter - anomalies 61-88 - development 43, 44, 50 - dilatation 172,382-387 - duplication 216-218 - ectopic 76,81, 134,216-218 - hydroureter 73-75 - imaging 62 - megaureter 65,71-73,214-218 - stenting 382-387 - trauma 368, 369 - triplication I quadruplication 86-88 - unused, reflux 131 - wall lesions 76 urethra - abnormalities 91-97,219,220 - development 45 - - female 52 - - male 50-52 - obstruction 179 - spinning top 194 - trauma 371-373 urethral valve, posterior 92 - neonates, imaging and follow-up 93-95 - older boys, diagnosis 95 urethrography 51 - retrograde 9 urin production, after birth 314 urinary bladder - absence of normal bladder 92 - capacity, normal values 419 - congenital anomalies 218,219 - development 43, 50 - diverticula 97,98,134 - exstrophy 111-115 - - bladder function 118 - - bladder neck reconstruction 117 - - covered 115 - - duplicate 115

Subject Index

- - initial closure 117 - - outcome 118 - - pseudoextrophy 115 - - with normal umbilicus I normal infraumbilical wall 115 - hyperreflexive 107 - infection 99,129 - lazy bladder syndrome 187 - malformation, incidence 107 - neurogenic 201-208 - - autonomic dysreflexia 207,208 - - classification 202 - - diagnostic management 208 - - diagnostic modalities 203 - - general background 202, 203 - - VCU 204-207 - stones 98 - theoretical volume 6 - trauma 98,369-371 - unstable 187 - wall thickness, normal values 418 - wide bladder neck anomaly 194 urinary tract, lower I upper, ultrasound 3 urinary values 414,415 urinoma - perirenal 93 - and ureteropelvic junction obstruction 69 urodynamics, video (VUD) 41,42, 197,208 urogenital sinus 44 - anomalies 348-355 - - diagnostic imaging 349,350 urography - intravenous (IVU) 127,128,151,151,182,360,361 - - indication 9 - - normal values 417 - - single mm 360 - - technique 9, 10 - magetic resonance (MRU) - - clinical applications 18-20 - - combined static-dynamic 23, 24 - - technique 17,18 urolithiasis - clinical findings 282 - definition 281 - diagnostic imaging 282-285 - diagnostic procedure 286 - etiology 286 - incidence 281,282 - inhibitors 290 - preventive and therapeutical measures 291,292 - promoters 286-290 uterohydronephrosis 76,107 uterus, sonography 342 UV] (ureterovesical junction) obstruction - and reflux 130, 131 - treatment 332, 333

V VACTEL 340 VACTER 340 VACTERL 340 vagina, vaginal anomalies 341,342 - diagnostic imaging 345 valve (see urethral valve) vasculitis 264, 265 VATER 340 VCU (see cysturethrography, voiding) vector of interest (VOl) 18

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Subject Index

vein, renal 48 vertical fusion, disorders 341 vesical fissure, superior I inferior 115 virilizing maternal tumors 349 voiding - cysturethrography (see there) - dysfunctional 187 - fractionated 187 - staccato 187 VUD (video-urodynamics) 41,42,197,208 VUR (vesicoureteric reflux) - bladder diverticula 134 - complications 137-140 - detection 128, 129 - and duplication 80,81 - diagnosis 122-128 - and duplex kidneys 134, 175 - ectopic ureters 134 - epispadias 113,118 - familial 129 - fetal 136 - grading 122 - iatrogenic 134 - incidence 107 - and lithiasis 131 - nuclear medicine 27-30 - postoperative imaging and findings 225 - secondary 129

- treatment 331 - - conservative 136 - - endoscopic 137 - - surgical 136,137 - ultrasound detection 4 - and unused ureter 131 - and UPJ (ureteropelvic junction) obstruction 129,130 - with upper tract dilatation 172-174 - and urinary tract infection 188, 189 - and UVJ (ureterovesical junction) obstruction 130, 131 - yo-yo reflux 76,133

W Wegeners granulomatosis 264 Whitaker test 67 Wilms tumor 395 - clinical presentation 402 - diagnostic imaging 402-404 - differential diagnosis 408, 409 - imaging follow-up 406 - pathology 402 - prognostic criteria 405 - screening 400 - staging 405

y yo-yo reflux 76,133

427

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List of Contributors

FRED E. AVNI, MD, PhD Professor, Department of Medical Imaging University Children's Hospital Queen Fabiola Avenue JJ Crocq 15 1020 Brussels Belgium

GABRIELE BENZ-BOHM, MD Professor, Department of Radiology Division of Pediatric Radiology University of Cologne Joseph-Stelzmann Strasse 9 50924 Cologne Germany

ANN MARIE CAHILL, MD Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh Department of Radiology 3705 Fifth Avenue Philadelphia, PA 15213-2583 USA

FRANK COLLIER, MD Department of Urology University Children's Hospital Queen Fabiola Avenue JJ Crocq 15 1020 Brussels Belgium

DOMINIQUE COUANET, MD Department of Radiology Institut Gustave Rossy 38 Rue Camille Desmoulins 94800 Villejuif France

JEAN NICOLAS DACHER, MD, PhD Professor, Department of Radiology University Hospital Charles Nicolles 1, Rue de Germont 76031 Rouen France

NASH DAMRY, MD Department of Medical Imaging University Children's Hospital Queen Fabiola Avenue JJ Crocq 15 1020 Brussels Belgium

ANNA DELL' ACQUA, MD Department of Radiology Istituto Giannina Gaslini Genova Italy

VERONICA DONOGHUE, MD The Children's Hospital Temple Street Dublin 1 Ireland

and

The National Maternity Hospital Holles Stree Dublin 2 Ireland

RICHARD FOTTER, MD Professor and Chairman Department of Radiology Head Division of Pediatric Radiology University Hospital Graz Auenbruggerplatz 34 8036 Graz Austria

INGMAR GASSNER, MD Section of Pediatric Radiology Department of Pediatrics University of Innsbruck Medical School Anichstrasse 35 6020 Innsbruck Austria

THERESA ELIZABETH GELEY, MD Section of Pediatric Radiology Department of Pediatrics University of Innsbruck Medical School Anichstrasse 35 6020 Innsbruck Austria

ISKY GORDON, FRCP, FRCR, FRCPaed Child Health Consultant Radiologist Hospital for Children Great Ormond Street London WCl N 3JH UK

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430

MICHELLE HALL, MD Department of Nephrology University Children's Hospital Queen Fabiola Avenue JJ Crocq 15 1020 Brussels Belgium

MICHAEL E. HOLLWARTH, MD Professor and Chairman Department of Pediatric Surgery University Hospital Graz Auenbruggerplatz 34 8036 Graz Austria

BERND HOPPE, MD Department of Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Nephrology University of Cologne Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9 50924 Cologne Germany

F. JANSSENS, MD Department of Nephrology University Children's Hospital Queen Fabiola Entree Avenue JJ Crocq 15 1020 Brussels Belgium

CHRISTOPHER KUHN, MD Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh Department of Radiology 3705 Fifth Avenue Philadelphia, PA 15213-2583 USA

CHRISTOPH J. MACHE, MD Department of Pediatrics Division of General Pediatrics University Hospital Graz Auenbruggerplatz 30 8036 Graz Austria

ELENA MENGOZZI, MD 1st Department of Radiology Maggiore Hospital Bologna Italy

SYLVIA NEUENSCHWANDER, MD Department of Radiology Institut Curie 26 rue d'Ulm 75005 Paris France

WOLFGANG RASCHER, MD Professor, Universitats-Klinik fur Kinder und Jugendliche Loschgestrasse 15 91054 Erlangen Germany

MICHAEL RICCABONA, MD Department of Radiology Division of Pediatric Radiology University Hospital Graz Auenbruggerplatz 34 8036 Graz Austria

EKKEHARD RING, MD Professor, Department of Pediatrics Division of General Pediatrics University Hospital Graz Auenbruggerplatz 30 8036 Graz Austria

WOLFGANG ROSCH, MD Privat-Dozent, Urologische Klinik Krankenhausstrasse 12 91054 Erlangen Germany

WILTRUD K. ROHRSCHNEIDER, MD Department of Pediatric Radiology Radiological Center Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat Heidelberg 1m Neuenheimer Feld 153 69120 Heidelberg Germany

THOMAS RUPPRECHT, MD

List of Contributors

Privat-Dozent, Universitats-Klinik fUr Kinder und Jugendliche Loschgestrasse 15 91054 Erlangen Germany

FRAN<;:OSE RYPENS, MD Department of Pediatric Imaging Erasme Hospital 808, Route de Lennick 1070 Brussels Belgium

CLAUDE SCHULMAN, MD, PhD Department of Urology Erasme Hospital 808 Route de Lennick 1070 Brussels Belgium

THIERRY SCHUR MANS, MD Department of Nephrology University Children's Hospital Queen Fabiola Avenue JJ Crocq 15 1020 Brussels Belgium

ERICH SORANTIN, MD Department of Radiology Division of Pediatric Radiology University Hospital Graz Auenbruggerplatz 34 8036 Graz Austria

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List of Contributors

PETER STEGEN, MD Department of Pediatric Radiology Radiological Center Ruprecht-Karls-Universitiit Heidelberg 1m Neuenheimer Feld 153 69120 Heidelberg Germany

PAOLO TOMA, MD Professor, Department of Radiology G. Gaslini Institute Ilargo Gaslini, 5 16148 Genova Quarto Italy

RICHARD TOWBIN, MD Professor Department of Radiology The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 34th Street & Civic Center Boulevard Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA

431

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DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING

Innovations in Diagnostic Imaging Edited by J. H. Anderson

Radiology of the Upper Urinary Tract Edited by E. K. Lang

The Thymus - Diagnostic Imaging, Functions, and Pathologic Anatomy Edited by E. Walter, E. Willich, and W. R. Webb

Interventional Neuroradiology Edited by A. Valavanis

Radiology of the Pancreas Edited by A. L. Baert, co-edited by G. Delorme

Radiology of the Lower Urinary Tract Edited by E. K. Lang

Magnetic Resonance Angiography Edited by I. P. Arlart, G. M. Bongartz, and G. Marchal

Contrast-Enhanced MRI of the Breast S. Heywang-Kobrunner and R. Beck

Spiral CT of the Chest Edited by M. Remy-Jardin and J. Remy

Radiological Diagnosis of Breast Diseases Edited by M. Friedrich and E.A. Sickles

Radiology of the Trauma Edited by M. Heller and A. Fink

Biliary Tract Radiology Edited by P. Rossi

Radiological Imaging of Sports Injuries Edited by C. Masciocchi

Modern Imaging of the Alimentary Tube Edited by A. R. Margulis

Diagnosis and Therapy of Spinal Tumors Edited by P. R. Algra, J. Valk, and J. J. Heimans

Interventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Edited by J. F. Debatin and G. Adam

Abdominal and Pelvic MRI Edited by A. Heuck and M. Reiser

Orthopedic Imaging Techniques and Applications Edited by A.M. Davies and H. Pettersson

MEDICAL RADIOLOGY Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation Oncology

Titles in the series already published

Radiology of the Female Pelvic Organs Edited by E. K. Lang

Magnetic Resonance of the Heart and Great Vessels Clinical Applications Edited by J. Bogaert, A. J. Duerinckx, and F. E. Rademakers

Modem Head and Neck Imaging Edited by S.K.Mukherji and J.A.Castelijns

Radiological Imaging of Endocrine Diseases Edited by J. N. Bruneton in collaboration with B. Padovani and M.-Y. Mourou

Trends in Contrast Media Edited by H. S. Thomsen, R. N. Muller, and R. F. Mattrey

Functional MRI Edited by C. T. W. Moonen and P. A. Bandettini

Radiology of the Pancreas 2nd Revised Edition Edited by A. L. Baert Co-edited by G. Delorme and L. Van Hoe

Radiology of Peripheral Vascular Diseases Edited by E. Zeitler

Emergency Pediatric Radiology Edited by H. Carty

Spiral CT of the Abdomen Edited by F. Terrier, M. Grossholz, and C. D. Becker

Liver Malignancies Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Edited by C. Bartolozzi and R. Lencioni

Medical Imaging of the Spleen Edited by A. M. De Schepper and F. Vanhoenacker

Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine Edited by C. Schiepers

Radiology of Blunt Trauma of the Chest P. Schnyder and M. Wintermark

Portal Hypertension Diagnostic Imaging-Guided Therapy Edited by P. Rossi Co-edited by P. Ricci and L. Broglia

Recent Advances in Diagnostic Neuroradiology Edited by Ph. Demaerel

Virtual Endoscopy and Related 3D Techniques Edited by P. Rogalla, J. Terwisscha Van Scheltinga, and B. Hamm

Multislice CT Edited by M. F. Reiser, M. Takahashi, M. Modic, and R. Bruening

Pediatric Uroradiology Edited by R. Fotter

Transfontanellar Doppler Imaging in Neonates A. Couture and C. Veyrac

Radiology of AIDS A Practical Approach Edited by J. w. A. J. Reeders and P. C. Goodman

CT of the Peritoneum Armando Rossi and Giorgio Rossi

Magnetic Resonance Angiography 2nd Revised Edition Edited by I. P. Arlart, G. M. Bongratz, and G. Marchal

Pediatric Chest Imaging Edited by Javier Lucaya and Janet L. Strife

Applications of Sonography in the Head and Neck Pathology Edited by J. N. Bruneton in collaboration with C. Raffaelli and o. Dassonville

Imaging of the Larynx Edited by R. Hermans

3 D Image Processing Techniques and Clinical Applications Edited by D. Caramella and C. Bartolozzi

Imaging of Orbital and Visual Pathway Pathology Edited by W. S. Miiller-Forell

Pediatric ENT Radiology Edited by S. J. King and A. E. Boothroyd

Radiological Imaging of the Small Intestine Edited by N. C. Gourtsoyiannis

Imaging of the Knee Techniques and Applications Edited by A. M. Davies and V. N. Cassar-Pullicino

Springer

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RADIATION

ONCOLOGY

Lung Cancer Edited by C. W. Scarantino

Innovations in Radiation Oncology Edited by H. R. Withers and L. J. Peters

Radiation Therapy of Head and Neck Cancer Edited by G. E. Laramore

Gastrointestinal Cancer - Radiation Therapy Edited by R. R. Dobelbower, Jr.

Radiation Exposure and Occupational Risks Edited by E. Scherer, C. Streffer, and K.-R. Trott

Radiation Therapy of Benign Diseases - A Clinical Guide S.E. Order and S.S. Donaldson

Interventional Radiation Therapy Techniques - Brachytherapy Edited by R. Sauer

Radiopathology of Organs and Tissues Edited by E. Scherer, C. Streffer, and K.-R. Trott

Concomitant Continuous Infusion Chemotherapy and Radiation Edited by M. Rotman and C. J. Rosenthal

Intraoperative Radiotherapy -Clinical Experiences and Results Edited by F. A. Calvo, M. Santos, and L. W. Brady

Radiotherapy of Intraocular and Orbital Tumors Edited by W. E. Alberti and R. H. Sagerman

MEDICAL RADIOLOGY Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation Oncology

Titles in the series already published

Interstitial and Intracavitary Thermoradiotherapy Edited by M. H. Seegenschmiedt and R. Sauer

Non-Disseminated Breast Cancer Controversial Issues in Management Edited by G. H. Fletcher and S. H. Levitt

Current Topics in Clinical Radiobiology of Tumors Edited by H.-P. Beck-Bornholdt

Practical Approaches to Cancer Invasion and Metastases A Compendium of Radiation Oncologists' Responses to 40 Histories Edited by A. R. Kagan with the Assistance of R. J. Steckel

Radiation Therapy in Pediatric Oncology Edited by J. R. Cassady

Radiation Therapy Physics Edited by A. R. Smith

Late Sequelae in Oncology Edited by J. Dunst and R. Sauer

Mediastinal Tumors. Update 1995 Edited by D.E. Wood and C.R. Thomas, Jr.

Thermoradiotherapy and Thermochemotherapy

Volume 1:

Biology, Physiology, and Physics

Volume 2: Clinical Applications Edited by M. H. Seegenschmiedt, P. Fessenden, and C. C. Vernon

Carcinoma of the Prostate Innovations in Management Edited by Z. Petrovich, L. Baert, and L. W. Brady

Radiation Oncology of Gynecological Cancers Edited by H. W. Vahrson

Carcinoma ofthe Bladder Innovations in Management Edited by Z. Petrovich, L. Baert, and L. W. Brady

Blood Perfusion and Microenvironment of Human Tumors Implications for Clinical Radiooncology Edited by M. Molls and P. Vaupel

Radiation Therapy of Benign Diseases. A Clinical Guide 2nd Revised Edition S. E. Order and S. S. Donaldson

Carcinoma of the Kidney and Testis, and Rare Urologic Malignancies Innovations in Management Edited by Z. Petrovich, L. Baert, and L. W. Brady

Progress and Perspectives in the Treatment of Lung Cancer Edited by P. Van Houtte, J. Klastersky, and P. Rocmans

Combined Modality Therapy of Central Nervous System Tumors Edited by Z. Petrovich, L. W. Brady, M. L. Apuzzo, and M. Bamberg

Age-Related Macular Degeneration Current Treatment Concepts Edited by W. A. Alberti, G. Richards, and R. H. Sagerman

Springer


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