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8/12/2019 Subliminal War http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/subliminal-war 1/7 what finally beat the U-boats was the reinvention of the convoy system, whose history stretched back to tbe Spanish treasure fleets. At first glance, it migbt seem convoys would be self defeatitig. After all, why collect all of a U-boat's targets in one convenient flotilla? The truth is tbat spotting one 30-ship convoy in tbe immensity of the Atlantic was vastly more difficult than finding any one of 30 separate vessels scattered between North America and the British Isles. Convoys also pre- sented a U-boat witb target overload. A commander could get off only so many torpedo sbols before tbe convoy was out of range or, more likely, its escorts put an end to further attacks. Convoy losses accounted for no more tban percent of all convoyed vessels, against 10 percent losses for ships sail- ing solo. Germany had lost the gamble it could starve England into submis- sion before the Yanks arrived. n 1919 postwar America began to crank out its first serious sub- mersibles—the S-class, or S-boats, the first U.S. subs designed by tbe Navy ratber tban civilian inventors and con- tractors, Tbe S-boats weren't much good at first, but things began to look up when the Navy acquired several U-boats to reverse-engineer. Said tbe chief of tbe Navy's Bureau of Engineering in 1927, We find in general tbat depar- tures from German practice lof U-boat constructionl get us into trouble, and that trouble can generally be cured by strict adherence to German practice, In 1928, when the Navy began building its next sub class, it used as its prototype U-135. a boat already a decade old. The United States entered World War II with the resultant Galo- class fleet boats. Imagine tbe U.S. Air Force capturing a 1939 Messerschmitt Bf 109 and in 1949 using it as the pro- totype of its next-generation fighter. That's bow advanced the Gennans were in the undersea world. ^ For furlhcr reading Stqjhan WUkinson recommends: The Submarine: A History, by Thomas Parrish, and U-boats of the Kaiser's Navy, hy ordon Williamson. MILIT RY HISTORY lim inal W ar Wartime propaganda, unlike the steel and cordite tangibles of combat, targeted a viewer's emotions, to cut deep and elicit an emotional response. The words and images might mock or demonize one's opponent or stir up teary- eyed patriotism. The advent of modern sub- marine warfare in 1914 provided propaganda artists on both sides of the war fresh material with which to vilify the enemy, boost enlist- ment numbers and sell war bonds, fflt A German poster trumpets, "U-Boats, Out "
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