Submarine geology and geophysics Apparatus and methods

OLR (1982) 29 (2) 89

82:0711 Jeng, Woei-Lih, 1980. Marine organic films and

corrosion on metallic surfaces. Acta oceanogr. taiwan., 11:118-128.

Prior to commercial adoption of OTEC systems, major problems of biofouling and corrosion of the metal heat exchangers must be overcome. Growth rates of primary organic fouling films were inves- tigated and factors governing associated corrosion

were assessed. Inst. of Oceanography, National Taiwan Univ., Taipei, Taiwan. (bwt)

82:0712 Liebert, B.E., K. Sethuramalingam and Jorn

Larsen-Basse, 1981. Corrosion effects in OTEC heat exchanger materials. Mater. Perform., 20(8):22-28. Dept. of Mech. Eng., Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.

D. SUBMARINE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS

D10. Apparatus and methods

82:0713 Downing, J.P., R.W. Sternberg and C.R.B. Lister,

1981. New instrumentation for the investigation of sediment suspension processes in the shallow marine environment. Mar. Geol., 41(1/4): 19-34. Dept. of Oceanography, Univ. of Wash., Seattle, Wash. 98195, USA.

82:0714 Mikhailov, O.V. and V.N. Soloviev, 1981. A method

of statistical zonation for the ocean bottom. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 258(4):972-976. (In Russian.)

82:0715 Reddering, J.S.V., 1981. A pre-split soft sediment

core tube [for unconsolidated sandy sediments in intertidal and shallow subtidal zones]. Sediment- ology, 28(4):483-485. Dept. of Geol., Univ. of Port Elizabeth, P.O. Box 1600, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa.

82:0716 Schultheiss, P.J., 1981. Simultaneous measurement of

P & S wave velocities during conventional

laboratory soil testing procedures. Mar. Geo- technol., 4(4):343-367.

Piezoelectric bimorph elements are shown to be ideal transducers in laboratory cells to measure V s under different sediment loading conditions, thus clearing the way for a fuller understanding of the relationships between dynamic and static elastic moduli essential to specifying the engineering characteristics of relatively incompetent submarine soils. Prelim- inary experiments with P and S suggest that the large differences between the moduli can be reduced by consideration not of the first arriving Pi 'liquid' wave, but of a slower Pf 'frame' wave. Inst. of Oceanog. Sci., Wormley, Godalming, Surrey, UK. (fcs)

$2:0717 Stanners, D.A. and S.R. Aston, 1981. An improved

method of determining sedimentation rates by the use of artificial radionudides. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 13(1):101-106.

The method uses regression analysis and test of best fit for applying nuclear waste discharge data to the quantitative determination of net sedimentation rates. The technique also measures the apparent

90 D. Submarine Geolog', and Geophysics OLR 1,1982) 2912)

diffusion of radionuclides in sediments and the lag time from discharge point to sediment deposition. Aston: IAEA, Musee Oceanographique, Monaco.

D40. Area studies, surveys, bathymetry

82:0718 Al'mukhamedov, A.I., L.P. Zonenshain, G.L.

Kashintsev, V.V. Matveenkov and I.M. Sbor- shchikov, 1981. Underwater volcanoes of the Red Sea Rift [photo~aphic survey]. Okeanologiia, 21(3):495-498. (In Russian, English abstract.)

82:0719 Piper, D.J.W., N. Kontopoulos and A.G. Panagos,

1980. Deltaic, coastal and shallow marine sediments of the western Gulf of Corinth [Greece]. Thalassographica, 3(2):5-14. Dept. of Geol., Dalhousie Univ., Halifax, N.S., Canada.

82:0720 Szwaczko, Andrzej, 1977/78. Development and

length of the Mediterranean shore line of Africa. A nnls Univ. Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, (B)32/33:275-286. (In Polish, English abstract.)

82:0721 Terich, T.A. and M.L. Schwartz, 1981. A geomorphic

classification of Washington State's Pacific coast. Shore Beach, 49(3):21-27. Western Washington Univ., Bellingham, Wash., USA.

D50. Subsurface structure

82:0722 Avedik, l=elix and Werner Hieke, 1981. Reflection

seismic profiles from the central Ionian Sea (Mediterranean) and their geodynamic interpretation. Meteor Forschergebn., Reihe C(34):49-64.

Reflection profiles between the Messina Abyssal Plain and Malta Ridge indicate a series of narrow horsts and broad grabens containing Messinian evaporites and Quaternary turbidites. Deposition patterns indicate faulting had already occurred by Messinian time (when the seafloor was much higher) and continued into the Pliocene and Quaternary when general subsidence of the area took place. Centre Oceanol. de Bretagne, B.P. 337, [:-29273 Brest Cedex, France. 0abf)

82:0723 Axberg, Stefan, 1980. Seismic stratigraphy and

bedrock geology of the Bothnian Sea, northern Baltic. Stockh. Contr. Geol., 36:153-213.

About 8000 km of continuous seismic reflection profiles and echo-soundings, supplemented by velocity measurements at 10 stations, were examined. The underlying strata comprise a great thickness of Upper Proterozoic quartzitic sandstones and doler- ites and a lesser thickness (375 m maximum) of Lower Cambrian and Ordovician sediments; the strata are broken by two fault systems. Includes acoustic boundaries and lithology maps (2) in pocket. Geol. Inst., Univ. of Stockholm, Sweden. (hbf)

82:0724 Fanucci, Francesco, Lorenzo Mirabile, Mauro

Piccazzo and Marco Firpo, 1978/79. ISeismic reflection survey of the continental margin in the Ligurian Sea. I. Genoa to Ventimiglia. II. Genoa to Livoruo.] Annali Ist. nay. Napoli, 47/48:147- 183; 2 papers. (In Italian, English abstracts.) Ist. di Geol. dell'Univ, di Genova, Italy.

82:0725 Ibrahim, A.K., J. Carye, G. Latham and R.T.

Buffler, t981. Crustal structure in the Gulf of Mexico from OBS refraction and multichannel reflection data. Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol. Bu/l., 65(7): 1207-1229.

Twelve 110-km long reversed refraction profiles shot along multifold seismic lines support the interpretation that most of the deep gulf basin is underlain by oceanic crust formed during a Late Jurassic drift phase which followed Triassic rifting. Three sedimentary layers (5-9 km total thickness) rest upon an acoustic basement--possibly the top of volcanic layer 2. Mantle velocities were encountered as deep as 21 km, placing ~he Moho ~ 6 l:m below its position in typical oceanic basins. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comm., Washington, D.C. 20555, USA. (hbf)

82:0726 Kieckhefer, R.M., G.F. Moore, F.J. Emmel and W.

Sugiarta, 1981. Crustal structure of the Sunda forearc region west of central Sumatra from gravity data. J. geophys. Res., 86(B8):7003-7012.

Free-air gravity anomalies (some not associated with topography) near Nias Island are discussed regarding the Sunda subduction zone. Models of the structure of the forearc basin are constrained. (The data indicate the basin cannot be underlain by a thick slab of oceanic crust; a pre-Miocene melange or continental crust seems appropriate.) Gulf Sci. and Tech. Co., Pittsburgh, Penn. 15230, USA. (dme)

OLR (1982) 29 (2) D. Submarine Geology and Geophysics 91

82:0727 Kogan, L.I., 1981. Structure of the Earth's crust of

the Shatsky submarine rise in the northeast Pacific according to data of deep seismic profiling: reflected wave method. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 258(4):831-836. (In Russian.)

82:0728 Zakharov, M.V., 1981. Tectonostructural inhomo-

geneity of the Walvis Ridge from continuous seismic profiling data. Okeanologiia, 21(3):489- 494. (In Russian, English abstract.)

D 6 0 . Geomorphology (fans, canyons, etc.)

82:0729 Coleman, J.M., H.H. Roberts, S.P. Murray and M.

Salama, 1981. Morphology and dynamic sedimentology of the eastern Nile Delta shelf. Mar. Geol., 42(1/4):301-326.

Four morphological zones were delineated: (1) smooth-bottomed clayey sediments; (2) a belt of linear sand ridges overlain by migratory bedforms; (3) smooth clayey bottom with algal mounds; and (4) mud diapirs and shelf-edge slumps. Inner shelf sand is actively migrating, due to strong currents induced by the Damietta distributary. Coastal Studies Inst., Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, La. 70803, USA. (dine)

D70. Coasts, beaches, marshes

82:0730 Belknap, D.F. and J.C. Kraft, 1981. Preservation

potential of transgressive coastal iithosomes on the U.S. Atlantic shelf. Mar. Geol., 42(1/4):429- 442.

Seismic reflection profiles of the mid and outer Delaware shelf support a model predicting that preservation of coastal lithosomes is favored by a rapid relative rise of sea level. The present slow rise of sea level and rate of coastal retreat (1.5 m/yr) result in greater erosion depths, decreasing the probability for preservation of coastal-environment deposits. Dept. of Mar. Sci., Univ. of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Fla. 33701, USA. (hbf)

82:0731 Heward, A.P., 1981. A review of wave-dominated

elastic shoreline deposits. Earth-Sci. Rev., 17(3):223-276.

Data from recent and ancient sediments are inte- grated to produce 4 end-member sedimentation models to aid in the interpretation of barrier island, beach, wave-dominated delta, and chenier plain deposits in the geologic record. Depositional set- tings, geometries, deposit characteristics and associated paleocurrent patterns are suggested. Includes 12 pages of references. Univ. of Durham, UK. (dme)

82:0732 Ludwick, J.C., 1981. Bottom sediments and deposi-

tionai rates near Thimble Shoal Channel, lower Chesapeake Bay, Virginia. Bull. geol. Soc. Am., 92(7)0):496-506. Dept. of Oceanog., Old Do- minion Univ., Norfolk, Va. 23508. USA.

82:0733 Mizumura, Kazumasa and Naofumi Shiraishi, 1981.

Laboratory study on the shoreline changes behind a coastal structure. Coast. Engng, Amst., 5(1):51- 81.

A physical, hydraulic model was used to simulate effects of airport construction (offshore Sennan, Japan) on coastal processes. Potential shoreline changes and a protection method are discussed. Dept. of Civil Eng., Kanazawa Inst. of Tech., Kanazawa, Japan. (dme)

82:0734 Shuisky, Y.D. and M.L. Schwartz, 1981. Dynamics

and morphology of barrier beaches of the Black Sea coast limans. Shore Beach, 49(3):45-50.

The genesis and development of barrier beaches, important for the protection and correct utilization of limans (lagoons) as natural water bodies that accumulate fresh water necessary for fisheries and irrigation, are discussed. Odessa State Univ., Odessa, USSR. (dme)

82:0735 Wong, P.P., 1981. Beach evolution between headland

breakwaters. Shore Beach, 49(3):3-12.

Beach evolution on 11 km of reclaimed land protected behind a series of 50 breakwaters in Singapore appears to follow a 3-stage model. Changes in the beach are influenced by tides with respect to the layout, geometry, and height of breakwaters. Dept. of Geog., National Univ., Singa- pore. (dme)

Dll0 . Erosion

82:0736 Zabawa, C.F., R.T. Kerhin and Suzanne Bayley,

1981. Effects of erosion control structures along a

92 D. Submarine Geology and Geophysics OLR 11982) 29 (2)

portion of the northern Chesapeake Bay shoreline. Environ. Geol., 3(4):201-211.

A system of groins and intermittent bulkheads that has protected the fastland of the lower Mayo Peninsula since the early 1930's has nearly halted its erosion; impact on the overall sediment budget is discussed. Maryland Dept. of natural Res., CZM Prog., Tawes State Office Bldg. C-2, Annapolis, Md., USA. (dme)

DI20. Sedimentary processes (deposition, diagenesis , etc.)

82:0737 Adams, C.E. Jr. and G.L. Weatherly, 1981. Suspend-

ed-sediment transport and benthic boundary-layer dynamics. Mar. Geol., 42(1/4):1-18.

Florida Strait measurements are utilized in the Mellor-Yamada Level II Turbulence Closure Model; 3 sediment size classes appear sufficient to represent frequency distribution. Results are site-specific, comparing well with the few existing data, but should have general application. A stabilizing suspended-sediment gradient damps turbulence by ~45% and increases velocity shear; thickness of the BBL is reduced by up to 40%. Ekman veering is enhanced. Coastal Studies Inst., Louisiana State Univ., Ba'ton Rouge, La. 70803, USA. (slr)

82:0738 Chen, Min-Pen, 1980. Modern and redeposited

coccolithophores indicating sediment dispersal patterns around Talwan's offshore region. Acta oceanogr, taiwan., 11:129-156.

The ratio of reworked Neogene specimens to total coccolith content was calculated for 24 gravity core tops and 28 dredged samples to provide a means for measuring dispersal of fine, stream-borne detritus. In the northern Taiwan Strait several tongues of redeposited coccoliths are associated with estuaries of major rivers. Thirty-two coccolith species were identified; 5 areas of high productivity are indicated. Includes 75 micrographs. Inst. of Oceanogr., Na- tional Taiwan Univ., Taipei, Taiwan. (hbf)

82:0739 Field, M.E., C.H. Nelson, D.A. Cacchione and D.E.

Drake, 1981. Sand waves on an epicontinental shelf: northern Bering Sea. Mar. Geol., 42(1/4):233-258. USGS, 345 Middlefield Rd., Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, USA.

82:0740 Flemming, B.W., 1981. Factors controlling shelf

sediment dispersal along the southeast African continental margin. Mar. Geol., 42(1/4): 259-277.

A model is proposed to indicate the influence of continental margin morphology, wave and wind regimes, the Agulhas Current, and sediment supply on the dispersal of southeast African shelf sediments. Offshelf transport occurs at structural offsets and results in a return flow of sediment eventually deposited in sinks leeward of the offsets. CSIR, Univ. of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa. (hbf)

82:0741 Freeland, G.L., D.J. Stanley, D.J.P. Swift and D.N.

Lambert, 1981. The Hudson Shelf Valley: its role in shelf sediment transport. Mar. Geol., 42(1/4):399-427.

During the Holocene transgression, the Pleistocene shelf valley acted as a sediment trap for westward littoral drift, its thalweg migrating to the west; today sedimentation continues on the eastern side of the valley. Northeast-facing (major storm flow-facing) slopes of former drainage divides have coarse lag surfaces; down-current slopes are covered by fine sand. NOAA, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Fla. 33149, USA. (dine)

82:0742 Heathershaw, A.D., 1981. Comparisons of measured

and predicted sediment transport rates in tidal currents. Mar. Geol., 42(1/4):75-104.

Steady-flow sediment transport theories are applied to oscillatory tidal currents, and various equations are compared with measured transport rates. Effects of waves on measured and predicted rates are briefly considered and predicted directions of sediment movement are compared with those inferred from data. Inst. of Oceanog. Sci., Taunton, UK.

82:0743 Hine, A.C., R.J. Wilber, J.M. Bane, A.C. Neumann

and K.R. Lorenson, 1981. Offbank transport of carbonate sands along open, leeward bank margins: northern Bahamas. Mar. Geol., 42(1/4): 327-348.

The complex interactions among daily tidal flow, storm-generated flow, submarine cementation, and sea level fluctuations, which control sedimentation and result in complex depositional sequences, were examined. Holocene offbank transport along leeward margins, which is probably greater than Tertiary or Quaternary rates, is calculated to be 4 times faster than that needed to produce the calculated volume of sediment drift. Dept. of Mar. Sci.. Univ. of So. Florida, 830 First St. So., St. Petersburg, Fla. 33701, USA. (hbf)


82:0744 Jumars, P.A., A.R.M. Nowell and R.F.L. Self, 1981.

A simple model of flow-sediment-organism interaction. Mar. Geol., 42(1/4):155-172.

The effects of burial by free sediment and lateral advection of particles are incorporated in a basic, two-compartment, ergodic discrete-time Markov model of deposit feeding which can explain differences in stratigraphic patterns and highlights the selective controls exerted upon surficial sediment textures. Dept. of Oceanog., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98195, USA. (hbf)

82:0745 Knebel, H.J., 1981. Processes controlling the char-

acteristics of the surficiai sand sheet, U.S. Atlantic outer continental shelf. Mar. Geol., 42(1/4):349-368.

Pleistocene glaciations and modern tidal currents and circulation on Georges Bank; ancestral rivers, past near-shore processes, and modern wind- and wave-generated currents on the Mid-Atlantic shelf; and subaerial exposure and the production of biogenic carbonate on the South Atlantic shelf have been the dominant processes affecting the sand sheet. Effects of water mass movement, bioturbation, and bottom fishing must be considered in order to interpret the paleoenvironment. USGS, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, USA. (dme)

82:0746 Larsen, L.H., R.W. Sternberg, N.C. Shi, M.A.H.

Marsden and L. Thomas, 1981. Field investigations of the threshold of grain motion by ocean waves and currents. Mar. Geol., 42(1/4): 105-132.

Field measurements of wave and current parameters were used to evaluate several hypotheses for predicting grain motion under oscillatory flow conditions. Although the scatter of results negated none of the methods examined (Shields, 1936; Komar and Miller, 1973, 1975; Grant and Madsen, 1979), the Grant and Madsen wave-current model is favored 'because it includes the influence of currents in the computation of boundary stress.' Dept. of Oceanog., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98195, USA. (hbf)

82:0747 McLean, S.R., 1981. The role of non-uniform rough-

ness in the formation of sand ribbons. Mar. Geol., 42(1/4):49-74.

Perturbation expansion, along with flume experiments, indicates that bottom roughness variations (across coarse lag deposits) induce a secondary helical turbulent circulation that causes boundary

shear stress over the sand ribbons to be much less than the mean stress of the primary downstream flow, restricting movement of sand through the system. Dept. of Mech. and Environ. Eng., Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, Calif. 93106, USA. (dine)

82:0748 Nittrouer, C.A. and R.W. Sternberg, 1981. The

formation of sedimentary strata in an ailochtho- nous shelf environment: the Washington continental shelf. Mar. Geol., 42(1/4):201-232.

Examination of fine scale strata formation on a continental shelf experiencing allochthonous sedimentation showed inner and mid-shelf sand and sandy silts and outer shelf silty muds. Grain size and distinct sedimentary structures decrease with dis- tance from the Columbia River; sediments coarsen downward within the seabed. Physical stratification marks inner shelf sediments; biological structures exert more influence offshore. Dept. of Mar., Earth and Atmos. Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27650, USA. (hbf)

82:0749 Nittrouer, C.A. (ed.), 1980/81. Sedimentary dymun-

ies of continental shelves. Symposium at 26th International Geological Congress. Special issue. Mar. Geol., 42(1/4):449pp; 19 papers.

This symposium was held under the auspices of the Shelf and Nearshore Dynamics of Sedimentation Group to document state-of-the-art instrumentation, techniques and theory on the movement and ac- cumulation of sediments in shelf environments. Papers cover benthic boundary layer dynamics, new instruments, measurements of Reynolds stress components, comparison of measured and predicted transport results, effects of biological activity on sedimentary processes, and the use of radon-222 as a tracer. Geographical areas include the U.S. east and west coasts, southeast Africa, Roussillon (France), the Nile Delta, and the Bahamas. Includes an index. Dept. of Mar., Earth and Atmos. Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, N.C., USA. (fcs)

82:0750 Nowell, A.R.M., P.A. Jumars and J.E. Eckman,

1981. Effects of biological activity on the entrain- ment of marine sediments. Mar. Geol., 42(1/4): 133-153.

Animal track and fecal pellet effects were examined. Boundary roughness increased and critical entrain- ment velocity decreased (by 20%) after tracking. Fecal pellets were readily transported over smooth cohesive sediment; fecal mounds increased entrain- ment velocity by virtue of mucous adhesion. Dept. of

94 D. Submarine Geology and Geophysics OLR (1982) 29 (2)

Oceanography, Univ. of Wash., Seattle, Wash., 98195, USA. (slr)

82:0751 Onishi, Yasuo, 1981. Sediment-contaminant transport

model. J. Hydraul. Div., Am. Soc. cir. Engrs, 107(HY9): 1089-1107.

The unsteady, 2-D model (FETRA) consists of 3 submodels which, when used jointly, accurately depict the interaction and migration of sediment, and dissolved and particulate contaminants. Com- puted results are very similar to field-measured data. Battelle Memorial Inst., P.O. Box 999, Richland, Wash., USA.

82:0752 Puls, Walter, 1981. Numerical simulation of bedform

mechanics. Mitt. Inst. Meeresk. Univ. Hamb., 24:1-147.

A model for small-scale sediment transport that computes turbulent flow above the bedforms is applied to bedforms both in unidirectional and tidal flows. Includes 115 references. Inst. fur Meeresk., Univ. Hamburg, FRG.

82:0753 Smethie, W.M. Jr., C.A. Nittrouer and R.F.L. Self,

1981. The use of radon-222 as a tracer of sediment irrigation and mixing on the Washing- ton continental shelf. Mar. Geol., 42(1/4):173- 200.

Observed spatially- and temporally-varying Rn-222 deficits near the Columbia River are caused primarily by biological irrigation (probably by the large seasonal polychaete population); a large constant component of the deficit is attributable to molecular diffusion. Physical mixing should be significant immediately following storms but was not docu- mented. Biological mixing and physical irrigation were found to contribute little to the deficit. Lamont-Doherty Geol. Observ., Palisades, N.Y. 10964, USA. (sir)

82:0754 Soulsby, R.L.. 1981. Measurements of the Reynolds

stress components close to a marine sand bank. Mar. Geol., 42(1/4):35-47.

Ratios of streamwise, cross-stream and vertical velocities to shear velocity compared well with atmospheric boundary layer study results. Bottom current was 48 ° clockwise to the surface current; Reynolds stress azimuth was 6 ° counterclockwise to the bottom flow, balancing the cross-stream and streamwise shear. At times, lateral eddy viscosity may cause diffusion of sediment onto the crest of the

bank. Inst. of Oceanographic Sci., Crossway, Taunton, Somerset, UK. (sir)

82:0755 Vincent, C.E., D.J.P. Swift and Bruce Hillard, 1981.

Sediment transport in the New York Bight, North American Atlantic shelf. Mar. Geol., 42(1/4):369-398.

Mean flow observations from Aanderaa current meter data are analyzed to estimate the potential sediment transport rate at each of 41 stations for three different threshold velocities using a Bagnold- type transport equation. The bight appears to be a storm-dominated shelf with general southwestward drift ( ~ 6 cm/s) modulated by stronger storm- generated flows. Sch. of Environmental Sci., Univ. of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, UK. (dme)

D130. Sediments (rocks, format ions , type, compos i t ion , etc.)

82:0756 Datta, Manoj, G. Venkatappa Rao and S.K. Gul-

hati, 1981. The nature and engineering behavior of carbonate soils at Bombay High [Arabian Sea], India. Mar. Geotechnol., 4(4):30%341.

Mineralogy, particle size and shape, microstructure, and shear and plastic behavior were determined for two carbonate soil types. Susceptibility to crushing and shear behavior of the sand fraction, and plasticity of the silt-clay fraction varied with the nature and form of the carbonate; shear and plasticity predictions cannot be made from carbonate percentage alone. Civil Eng. Dept., Indian Inst. of Tech., New Delhi, India. (hbf)

82:0757 Eslinger, E.V. and Hsueh-Wen Yeh, 1981. Miner-

alogy, OI8/O 16, and D / H ratios of clay-rich sediments from Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 180, Aleutian Trench. Clays Clay Miner., 29(4):309-315. Cities Service Co., P.O. Box 3908, Tulsa, Okla. 74102, USA.

82:0758 Flood, R.D., 1981. Distribution, morphology, and

origin of sedimentary furrows in cohesive sediments, Southampton Water [south England]. Sedirnentology, 28(4):511-529.

Furrows appear to be related to large-scale secondary circulation within the bottom boundary layer, occurring after short erosional periods following long periods of deposition, and remaining


fixed in position for months or years with changes only in width or length. Minifurrows, possibly modern analogues of gutter casts in the geologic record, may develop where the seafloor is abraded by concentrations of coarse material in helical circulations. Lamont-Doherty Geol. Observ., Pali- sades, N.Y. 10964, USA. (dme)

82:0759 Grousset, Francis et al., 1981. First results of the

Faegas III expedition. Sedimentological data for an oceanic ridge area: Mid-Atlantic Ridge between 43 ° and 56°N. Bull. Inst. G~ol. Bassin Aquitaine, 29:43-83. (In French, English abstract.)

Twenty-eight sediment samples were collected to determine east to west sediment flux across the MAR and to indicate characteristics of the mega- environment. Terrigenous sediments are brought to the south Reykjanes area by deep currents whereas glacial, biogenic, and planktonic material is carried by surface currents to the Chaucer-Faraday area. Inst. de Geol. du Bassin d'Aquitaine, Univ. de Bordeaux l, 33405 Talence Cedex, France. (dine)

82:0760 Lambert, D.N., R.H. Bennett, W.B. Sawyer and

G.H. Keller, 1981. Geotechnical properties of continental upper rise sediments: Veatch Canyon to Cape Hatteras [eastern U.S.]. Mar. Geo- technol., 4(4): 281-306.

Sediments, generally silty clays, from the expanse of the upper rise display geotechnically uniform properties. Slope sediments, geotechnically more variable, are physically similar to those on the rise except for a lower water content. Atlantic Basin sediments are still less uniform, both geotechnically and physically, due to different sedimentological provinces. Outer Hudson Canyon sediment variation is due to more coarse material (sand and silt) and presumed higher rate of deposition. Atlantic Ocean- ogr. and Meteorol. Lab., NOAA, Miami, Fla., USA. (dme)

82:0761 Lin, Fei-Jan, 1980. Mineralogy and geochemistry of

shelf sediments adjacent to the South China Sea. Acta oceanogr, taiwan., 11 : 180-199. (In Chinese, English abstract.)

Correlation of the relative abundances of paramag- netic ferric, high-spin ferrous, and magnetic components of M0ssbauer spectra to sample location and sediment type may help determine the origin of each iron-bearing phase. Dept. of Chem., Univ. of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113, Japan. (dine)

82:0763 Schrader, Hans and Anne Matherne, 1981. Sapropel

formation in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: evidence from preserved opal assemblages. Micro- paleontology, 27(2):191-203.

Abundant opal phytoplankton (diatoms and silico- flagellates) were found in sapropel layer D (~126,000-128,000 B.P.) in 2 of 6 cores from the eastern Mediterranean. A model to explain the association of materials representing anoxic bottom conditions and nutrient-rich surface waters proposes that strong coastal upwelling supplied abundant organics to the deeper water, producing transient anoxic conditions and sapropel formation. Includes micrographs. Sch. of Oceanog., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, Oreg. 97331, USA. (hbf)

82:0764 Swift, D.J.P. and M.E. Field, 1981. Evolution of a

classic sand ridge field: Maryland sector, North American inner shelf. Sedimentology, 28(4):461- 482.

Systematic changes from onshore to offshore in ridge morphology, bottom sediment characteristics, and the relationship between grain size and topography provide new evidence on the genesis of sand ridges. Fluid dynamic data combined with the field observations led to the conclusion that sand ridges are generated by 'constructive feedback between initial topography and the resulting distribution of bottom shear stresses.' NOAA, Atlantic Oceanogr. and Meteorol. Lab., Miami, Fla. 33149, USA. (hbf)

82:0765 Tejera de Leon, Julian and Frangois Duplantier,

1981. Origin and sedimentary meaning of surface sediments on the Loukkos and adjacent inner shelf (northern Atlantic Moroccan littoral). Bull. Inst. G~ol. Bassin Aquitaine, 29:133-159. (In French, English abstract.) Dept. de Geol., Faculte des Sci. de Rabat, Morocco.

82:0762 Minai, Y., T. Furuta, K. Kobayashi and T.

Tominaga, 1981. A M6ssbauer study of deep sea sediments. Radiochem. radioanalyt. Letts, 48(3/4): 165-173.

DI40. Submarine hydrology (springs, hydrothermal deposits, etc.)

82:0766 Anderson, R.N., 1981. Hydrothermal processes on

96 I). Submarine Geology and GeoplDs~cs OLR (1982) 29 (2)

ridge flanks: the Clmllengefs return to the Costa Rica Rift. Nature, Lond., 292(5820):193-194.

While drilling near the Costa Rica Rift in 1979, the Glomar Challenger apparently penetrated a natural hydraulic lid sealing an active hydrothermal con- vection cell within a portion of the oceanic crust. The cell's underpressure allowed a constant seawater downflow rate of 6 m 3 h ~; when Challenger returns in November 1981 for further in-situ experiments, more than 105 m 3 of seawater will have been drawn into the oceanic basalt aquifer below the seafloor. Such huge natural reservoirs have great potential for toxic waste disposal and offer advantages over land disposal proposals. Dept. of Geol. Sci., Columbia Univ., New York, N.Y., USA. (smf)

82:0767 Bischoff, J.L., A.S. Radtke and R.J. Rosenbauer,

1981. Hydrothermal alteration of graywacke by brine and seawater: roles of alteration and chloride complexing on metal soinbilization at 200 ° and 350°C. Econ. Geol., 76(3):659-676. USGS, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, USA.

82:0768 Honnorez, Jose et al., 1981. Hydrothermal mounds

and young ocean crust of the Galapagos: preliminary Deep Sea Drilling results, Leg 70. Bull. geol. Soc. Am., 92(7)(I):457-472.

The most important findings from the Galapagos spreading center's south flank were: (1) hydrothermal sediments are restricted to the mounds' immediate vicinity (~< 100 m), (2) mounds (~<25 m high, 25-100 m at the base with slopes ~<45 °) 'form in less than a few × l0 s yrs, and (3) mounds are actively forming at present. It is suggested that upward-percolating hydrothermal solutions origi- nating deep within the crust interact with pelagic sediments and seawater to produce the hydrothermal deposits. Sch. of Mar. and Atmos. Sci., Univ. of Miami, Fla. 33149, USA. (izs)

82:0769 McMurtry, G.M. and Hsueh-Wen Yeh, 1981. Hydro-

thermal clay mineral formation of East Pacific Rise and Bauer Basin sediments. Chem. Geol., 32(3/4): i 89-205.

The dominant mineral phase, authigenic Fe-rich montmorillonite, appears to have resulted from low-temperature (30-50°C) hydrothermalism either by 'cooling and oxidation of unstable 380 ° +30°C sulfide assemblages' or by seawater percolation through underlying sediments and basalts. Colloidal transport via bottom currents is proposed to account for the clay's extensive occurrence. Dept. of

Oceanog., Hawaii Inst. of Geophys., Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA. (izs)

DI70. Historical geology, stratigraphy 82:0770

Backman, Jan, 1980. Miocene-Pliocene nannofossils and sedimentation rates in the Hatton-Rockall Basin, NE Atlantic Ocean. Stockh. Contr. Geol., 36:1-91 + 8 plates.

This 90-page paper gives thorough coverage of patterns of inter- and intra-specific variations in calcareous nannofossils at DSDP Site 116. Five previously described species are considered bio- metrically; two species and one genus are described for the first time. Includes more than 100 micrographs and 8 pages of references. Geologiska Inst., Univ. of Stockholm, Sweden. (ahm)

82:0771 Barde, M.-F., 1981. Late Quaternary diatoms of the

northeast Atlantic Ocean: hydrology and cli- matology. Bull. Inst. Gbol. Bassin Aquitaine, 29:85-111. (In French, English summary.)

The number of diatom valves per gram of surface sediment is found to be a good indicator of primary production, hydrography and surface circulation, including mixing zones, upwelling and gyres. The diatom content of sediment samples 9300-18,000 yrBP indicates a fluctuating hydrologic and climatic history. Two biogeographic areas separated by the North Atlantic Drift are identified from diatom assemblages. Includes 31 micrographs. Lab. associe au CNRS L.A. 197, Univ. de Bordeaux I, 33405, Talence Cedex, France. (hbf)

82:0772 Fairbridge, R.W., 1981. Holocene wiggles. Nature,

Lond., 292(5825):670-671.

Improved precision in dating techniques, which promises an accuracy of + 1 year for the last 13,000 years, was announced at the 1981 UNESCO con- ference on 'Holocene Correlation.' Refinements of 'old' methods (De Geer's varve chronology, 180/~60 analyses of ice cores, dendrochronology, and variations in radiocarbon flux), splicing together of floating time series, paleomagnetic records, and a new monitoring isotope, beryllium-10, form the basis for a highly precise chronostratigraphic record of Holocene time. (hbf)

82:0773 Gastil, R.G. and R.H. Miller, 1981. Lower

Palaeozoic strata on the Pacific Plate of North


America. Nature, Lond., 292(5826):828-830. Dept. of Geol. Sci., San Diego State Univ., San Diego, Calif. 92182, USA.

82:0774 Herman, Yvonne, 1981. Paleodimatic and paleo-

hydrologic record of Mediterranean deep-sea cores based on pternpods, planktonic and ben- thonic Foraminifera. Revta esp. Micropaleont., 13(2): 171-200.

Distribution patterns of Late Quaternary pteropods and foraminifers are compared with those of living forms and are then used to estimate water temperatures and salinities. It is suggested that at the glacial maximum surface waters were 3-4C ° lower in summer and 3-5C ° lower in winter and ~ 1 ppt more saline; subsurface water parameters were similar to suggested winter values for surface waters. The bibliography contains several works with very extensive citation lists. Dept. of Geol., Washington State Univ., Pullman, Wash. 99164, USA. (hbf)

82:0775 Hickey, L.J., 1981. Land plant evidence compatible

with gradual, not catastrophic, change at the end of the Cretaceous. Nature, Lond., 292(5823):529- 531. Div. of Paleobotany, Smithsonian Inst., Washington, D.C. 20560, USA.

82:0776 Ikebe, Nobuo, Manzo Chiji and Tun You Huang,

1981. Important datum-planes of the western Pacific Neogene. Bull. Osaka Mus. nat. Hist., 34:79-86.

Progress (1976-1979) is reported on the establish- ment of a quantitative chronostratigraphic scale of major Neogene bioevents based on marine micro- and megafossils intercalated with volcanic deposits from island arcs along the western Pacific margin. Tezukayama Univ., Japan. (dme)

82:0777 Kuptsov, V.M., E.M. Emelyanov, K.M. Shimkus,

I.V. Grakova and S.V. Chabashvili, 1981. New radiocarbon datings of sediments in the Medi- terranean Sea and sedimentation rates. Okeano- logiia, 21(3):507-515. (In Russian, English abstract.)

82:0778 Kyte, F.T., Zhiming Zhou and J.T. Wasson, 1981.

High noble metal concentrations in a Late Pliocene sediment. Nature, Lond., 292(5822):417-420.

A 2.3-Myr-old sediment layer from the Southern Ocean contains Ir and Au levels comparable with

those at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. A sizable fraction is contained in vesicular, mm-sized poly- mineralic grains that closely resemble ablation debris from chondritic meteorites; there is little doubt that the noble metals resulted from the accretion of a large extraterrestrial object. No massive extinctions or other evidence of environmental stress seem associated. Dept. of Earth and Space Sci., Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. 90024, USA.

82:0779 Lena, Hayd6e and Silvia Watanabe, 1981. [Plank-

tonic Foraminifera as hydrologic indicators in the southwest Atlantic.] Revta esp. Micropaleont., 13(1):61-68. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Dept. of Biol. Sci., Florida Inst. of Tech., Melbourne, Fla. 32901, USA.

82:0780 Lowrie, William and Walter Alvarez, 1981. One

hundred million years of geomagnetic polarity history. Geology, geol. Soc. Am., 9(9):392-397.

Magnetostratigraphic studies of the Umbrian pelagic limestones in northern Italy enable 11 calibration points to be specified within the Late Cretaceous- Cenozoic time scale and provide an improved basis for tying foraminiferal and coccolith zonations to an absolute time scale. The new Late Paleocene-Early Eocene ages are <3 m.y. younger than those of LaBrecque et al. (1977) and ~< 1.8 m.y. younger than those of Ness et al. (1980). Inst. fur Geophys., ETH-Honggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. (hbf)

82:0781 Oldale, R.N., W.P. Dillon (comment), M.R. Ramp-

ino and J.E. Sanders (reply), 1981. Forum. [Discussion of] 'Episodic growth of Holocene tidal marshes in the northeastern United States: a possible indicator of eustatic sea-level fluctuations.' Geology, geol. Soc. Am., 9(9):389-391.

82:0782 Otvos, E.G., 1981. Tectonic lineaments of Pliocene

and Quaternary shorelines, northeast Gulf [of Mexico] Coast. Geology, geol. Soc. Am., 9(9):398-404. Gulf Coast Res. Lab., Ocean Springs, Miss. 39564, USA.

82:0783 Scandone, P. et al., 1981. Mesozoic and Cenozoic

rocks from the Malta Escarpment (central Med- iterranean). Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol. Bull., 65(7): 1299-1319.


A dredging program supplemented by air-gun seismic profiling, bottom-photo stations and gravity cores showed that the Malta Escarpment lies within the Siracusa belt which once extended eastward to Alfeo Seamount. The steep slope marks a scarp of tectonic origin, shaped by erosion, in existence since at least the Late Miocene. Ist. di Geol. e Paleont., Via S. Maria 53, Pisa 56100, Italy. (hbf)

82:0784 Siesser, W.G. and R.V. Dingle, 1981. Tertiary

sea-level movements around southern Africa. J. Geol., 89(4):523-536.

Data on calcareous nannofossil and planktic foraminifer ages, onshore sediment deposits, and seismic profiles suggest 4 Tertiary cycles of sea-level changes. Early Eocene and Middle Miocene-Early Pliocene deposits are reported from elevations >300 m above present sea level. Seismic profiling defines a widespread unconformity interpreted as a major Oligocene-Early Miocene regression. The revised South African sea-level cycles closely parallel sequences described in other portions of the globe. Dept. of Geol., Vanderbilt Univ., Nashville, Tenn., USA. (hbf)

82:0785 Stoneley, R., 1981. The geology of the Kuh-e

Daineshin area of southern Irma, and its bearing on the evolution of southern Tethys. J. geol. Soc., Lond., 138(5):509-526. Dept. of Geol., Imperial College, London SW7 2BP, UK.

82:0786 Street, F.A., 1981. Tropical palaeoenvironments.

Prog. phys. Geogr., 5(2):157-185.

Continuously accumulating evidence has over- whelmed older notions of pluvial conditions in the palaeoenvironment (mid-latitude pluvials coincided with glaciations; low-latitude pluvials, with inter- glacials). Most low-latitude areas in both hemi- spheres were drier during glacial maxima than they are today. Late Quaternary intertropical environments fluctuated much more widely than was previously suspected; vegetation changes were in some cases so rapid and so drastic as to raise real doubt about the very concept of a climax forest. Some of the more exciting recent finds concerning the tropical palaeoenvironment are highlighted. Includes 7 pages of references. Sch. of Geogr., Univ. of Oxford, UK. (sir)

82:0787 Wetzel, Andreas, 1981. Ecological and stratigraphic

significance of biogenic sediment structures in Quaternary deep-sea sediments off NW Africa.

Meteor Forschergebn., Reihe C(34):1-47. (In German, English summary.)

More than 20 types of lebensspuren are distinguished in 86 sediment cores and are arranged in 'bioturbation levels'; based on the levels, 6 biogenic sedimentary 'associations' of ecological significance are determined. Geol.-Palaont. Inst., Univ. Tubingen, FRG. (dine)

D180. Paleontology (see also E-BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY)

82:0788 Culver, S.J. and M.A. Buzas, 1981. Recent benthic

foraminiferal provinces on the Atlantic continental margin of North America. J. foram. Res, 11(3):21%240.

Cluster analysis of data from 142 papers published 185t-1978 on benthic Foraminifera from the entire U.S. continental margin south of Newfoundland prompted proposal of a new provincial (zoogeo- graphic) classification. The 7 provinces show excellent congruence with major water masses, but differ from those generally accepted for macrofauna. Includes extensive species lists. Dept. of Paleobiol., Smithsonian Inst., Washington, D.C. 20560, USA. (hbf)

82:0789 Finger, K.L., 1981. Faunal reference list for Gulf of

Mexico deep-water foraminifers recorded by Pflum and Frerichs in 1976. J. foram. Res., 11(3):241-251.

This faunal reference list is intended to facilitate use of Pflum and Frerichs's (1976) report, 'Gulf of Mexico Deep-Water Foraminifers' by emending the original species lists, including overlooked species, providing type-references, and clarifying nomen- clatorial ambiguities. Chevron Oil Field Res. Co., Box 446, La Habra, Calif. 90631, USA. (izs)

82:0790 Kahn, M.I., 1981. Ecological and paleoecological

implications of the phenotypic variation in three species of living planktonic Foraminifera from the northeastern Pacific Ocean (50°N, 145°W). J. foram. Res., 11(3):203-211.

Test size, coiling direction, the existence of dimin- utive final test chambers, and the number of chambers in the final whorl were the phenotypic variations examined with respect to environmental parameters for Globigerinita glutinata (whose coiling direction was temperature-related), Globigerina bull-


oides (coiling direction not related to temperature, depth or test size) and Neogloboquadrina pachyderm (100% sinistrally coiled at 8.5°C, higher than previously reported temperatures). Dept. of Geol. Sci., California State Univ., Northridge, Calif. 91330, USA. (sir)

82:0791 Lipps, J.H., 1981. What, ff anything, is micro-

paleontology? Paleobiology, 7(2): 167-199.

Arguing that micropaleontology 'obscures natural relationships...isolates its practitioners in a blanket of systematics, biostratigraphies, and terminologies ...contributes little to recent paleobiological or evolutionary hypotheses...[and that] as a discipline, it does not exist,' the author advocates abandonment of the term and more 'intellectual bed sharing' among the tradition's adherents and paleobiologists and evolutionists to better interpret our planet's past biological and geological history. Includes a table on organisms studied by micropaleontologists. Dept. of Geol., Univ. of Calif., Davis, Calif. 95616, USA. (izs)

82:0792 Malmgren, B.A. and J.P. Kennett, 1981. Phyletic

gradualism in a Late Cenozoic planktonic foraminiferal lineage; DSDP Site 284, southwest Pacific. Paleobiology, 7(2):230-240.

Based on Fourier analysis of general shape, gradual evolution rather than abrupt evolutionary steps occurred in the Late Miocene to Late Pliocene Globorotalia conoidea-G, inflata evolutionary lineage. Biometrical redefinitions of species in this lineage are given. Dept. of Geol., Stockholm Univ., Box 6801, S-ll3 86 Stockholm, Sweden. (mii)

82:0793 Poag, C.W., 1981. Ecolog/e at/as of benthic Fore.

minifera of the Gulf of Mexico. Marine Science International, Woods Hole, Mass.; 176pp. $27.50

To interpret the generic distribution patterns of the entire Gulf of Mexico's benthic foram community, 'all available large-scale ecological and distributional data' were synthesized for the most abundant or ecologically diagnostic species. Part I covers the gulf's geology, climate, circulation, water masses, sediments, biogeography, physiography, salinity, temperature, bottom topography, and generic pre- dominance facies. Part lI contains 64 plates and species descriptions. Includes subject and plate indexes, a facies map in pocket, and 7 pages of references. USGS, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, USA. (izs) I

D200. Gravity, geodesy, magnetism 82:0794

Baciocco, A.J. Jr., 1981. Program news. Brief summary of [U.S.] Office of Naval Research activities in marine geodesy. Mar. Geod., 5(1):81-83. Dept. of the Navy, Arlington, Va., USA.

82:0795 Chave, A.D., R.P. Von Herzen, K.A. Poehls and C.S.

Cox, 1981. Electromagnetic induction fields in the deep ocean northeast of Hawaii: implications for mantle conductivity and source fields. Geophys. J1 R. astr. Soc~ 66(2):379-406.

A 36-day ocean bottom recording of natural electric and magnetic fields is processed to make some initial inferences regarding the limits of the method and the conductivity structure of the crust. The fields were dominated by either ocean or ionospheric tides depending on the component. One diagonal term of the response function apparently signals a rapid rise in conductivity near 160 km depth. Scripps Inst. of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif. 92093, USA. (fcs)

82:0796 Groten, E., 1981. Local and global gravity field

representation. Revs Geophys. Space Phys., 19(3):407-414. Inst. of Physical Geodesy, Tech. Univ., Darmstadt, FRG.

82:0797 Hewson-Browne, R.C. and P.C. Kendall, 1981.

Electromagnetic induction in the Earth in electrical contact with the oceans. Geophys. Jl R. astr. Soc., 66(2):333-349.

The BuUard and Parker (1970) model of electromagnetic induction in the Earth over a thin finitely conducting ocean is improved to allow a small non-zero conductivity between 500 km and the surface, thus enabling oceanic electrical leakage to the mantle. The integral equations so formulated lead to 'a good first approximation,' and an iterative method is 'applied successfully to a model problem.' Dept. of Appl. and Comput. Math., Univ. of Sheffield, Yorkshire SI0 2TN, UK. (fcs)

82:0798 Jekeli, Christopher, 1981. Modifying Stokes' function

to reduce the error of geoid undulation compu- tations. J. geophys. Res., 86(B8):6985-6990. Dept. of Geodetic Sci., Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.

82:0799 Otofuji, Yo-ichiro and Sadao Sasajima, 1981. A

magnetization process of sediments: laboratory


experiments on post-depositional remanent magnetization. Geophys. Jl R. astr. Soc., 66(2):241- 259.

By use of a centrifuge to progressively compact a sedimenting slurry, characteristics of post-depositional remanent magnetization [PDRM] are investi- gated. PDRM is acquired less efficiently as compac- tion proceeds, total PDRM is the sum of the partial PDRM'S, and time is not a significant factor in particle realignment. A formula representing the sedimentary remanence record is presented. Dept. of Geol. and Mineral., Kyoto Univ., Kyoto 606, Japan. (fcs)

82:0800 Perroud, H. and N. Bonhommet, 1981. Palaeomag-

netism of the lhero-Armorican Arc and the Hercynian orogeny in western Europe. Nature, Lond., 292(5822):445-448. Lab. de Geophysique Interne, Univ. de Rennes I, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France.

82:0801 Prdvot, Michel, 1981. Some aspects of magnetic

viscosity in subaerial and submarine volcanic rocks. Geophys. Jl R. astr. Soc., 66(1): 169-192.

Samples of Upper Tertiary and pre-Bruhnes Quat- ernary rocks from the Massif Central (France) and Steens Mountain (Oregon) and samples from DSDP Leg 37 submarine volcanics were examined to ascertain the importance of viscous remanent magnetization (VRM) in comparison to primary remanent magnetization, and the resistance of VRM to alternating magnetic fields. Domain structure is discussed in light of the findings. Lab. de Geomag., Univ. de Paris 6, 4 Ave. de Neptune, 94 100 Saint-Maur, France. (fcs)

D240. Local or regional tectonics

82:0802 Arthaud, Franqois and Michel Seguret, 1981.

Pyrenean tectonics of Langnedoc and the Gulf of Lion, south France. Bull. Soc. g~ol. Fr., (Sdr.7)23(1):51-63. (In French, English abstract.) Dept. des sci. de la Terre. L.A. 266, 34060, Montpellier Cedex, France.

82:0803 Ben-Avraham, Zvi and A.K. Cooper, 1981. Early

evolution of the Bering Sea by collision of oceanic rises and North Pacific subductlon zones. Bull. geol. Soc. Am., 92(7)(I):485-495.

Two speculative models for the evolution of the Aleutian, Bowers, and Komandorsky basins involve

the formation of ridge and plateau protostructures outside the Bering Sea prior to collision of Umnak Plateau protostructure with a Mesozoic arc system along the Bering continental margin; this collision is postulated to have 'stopped subduction and caused a new subduction zone to form behind the colliding plateau, thereby creating a new marginal basin ...behind the newly formed plate boundary. ' Dept. of Geophys., Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif. 94305, USA. (izs)

82:0804 Bhat, M.I,, S.M. Zainuddin and A. Rais, 1981.

Panjal Traps chemistry and the birth of Tethys. Geol. Mag., 118(4):367-375.

Chemistry and petrology of the rocks in the Panjal Traps of Kashmir suggest that eruption of the lavas occurred in a rift tectonic setting, when the Indian Plate initially broke away from the Siberian Plate. Wadia Inst. of Himalayan Geol., 15 Municipal Rd., Dehra Dun 248001, India. (dme)

82:0805 Bibby, H.M., 1981. Geodetically determined strain

across the southern end of the Tonga-Kermadec- Hikurangi subduction zone. Geophys. Jl R. astr. Soc., 66(3):513-533.

Strain rate analysis is performed by a simultaneous reduction method which applies to multiple trian- gulation surveys from a given station even when previous angles have not been reobserved. Further calculation yields displacement across the Indian/ Pacific Plate boundary in excellent agreement with estimates made by global tectonic models. Geophys. Div., DSIR, P.O. Box 1320, Wellington, New Zealand. (slr)

82:0806 Bottari, A., B. Federico and G. Neri, 1981. Some

seismological features from an analysis of the recent seismic activity in the Messina Strait. Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 71(4):1191-1199.

Presence of a microearthquake source centered slightly south of Messina is confirmed. Differential seismic energy absorption on opposite sides of the strait's graben structure (unless event focal depth is ~ 7 km) indicates an upper crustal discontinuity correlating with the physical graben. Ist. Geofis. e Geodet., Univ. Degli Studi, Via Osservatorio 4, 98100 Messina, Italy. (slr)

82:0807 Cooper, A.K., M.S. Marlow and Zvi Ben-Avraham,

1981. Multichannel seismic evidence hearing on the origin of Bowers Ridge, Bering Sea. Bull. geol. Soc. Am., 92(7)(I):474-484.

OLR (1982) 29 (2) D. Submarine Geology and Geophysics I 01

Two profiles support the interpretation of Bowers Ridge as a remnant arc bordered on the north by a buried trench; a similar thick sediment (trench) wedge exists along the Bering continental margin. No evidence of an extinct spreading center was found; both sediment wedges are thought to have resulted from subduction during the mutual con- vergence of the ridge and the margin. Size aspects of Bowers Ridge suggest it may be as old as or older than the Aleutian Ridge. USGS, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, USA. (slr)

82:0008 Crawford, A.J., L. Beccaluva and G. Serri, 1981.

Tectono-magmatic evolution of the west Phil- ippine-Mariana region and the origin of boninites. Earth planet. Sci. Letts, 54(2):346-356.

Karig's (1971, 1975) model of oceanic island arc/ remnant arc/back-arc basin development is modi- fied with increased constraint on event timing. 'Boninites appear to be erupted after arc magmatism and immediately before eruption of MORB-type lavas'; they result from hot MORB diapir penetration into sub-arc hydrous peridotite. Continued diapiric ascent results in partial melting (of the diapir) producing abundant MORB tholeiites. It is suggested that boninitic ophiolites may be typically produced where forearcs are ' incorporated into foldbelts.' Geol. Dept., Univ. of Melbourne, Park- ville, Vic. 3052, Australia. (sir)

82:0809 D'Ingeo, F., G. Calcagnile and G.F. Panza, 1980. On

the fault-plane solutions in the central-eastern Mediterranean region. Boll. Geofis. teor. appl., 22(85): 13-22.

Fault plane solutions of earthquakes along a belt across northern Algeria, Sicily, the Hellenic Arc and western Turkey-- the boundary between the Eura- sian and African plates--support previous studies indicating deformation associated with the collision of the two plates. The Otranto Channel is suggested to delineate a compressional crustal boundary between the Adriatic and African plates. Istit. di Geodesia e Geofisica, Univ. degli Studi, via Crisan- zio 1, 70122 Bail, Italy. (hbf)

82:0010 Engdahl, E.R., Kazuya Fujita (comment), I.R.

Samowitz and D.W. Forsyth (reply), 1981. Comment on 'Double seismic zone beneath the Mariana Island Arc.' J. geophys. Res., 86(B8):7023-7026.

82:0811 Frankel, Arthur, 1981. Source parameters and scaling

relationships of small earthquakes in the northeastern Caribbean. Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 71(4): 1173-1190.

Seismic moment and static and dynamic stress drops of 23 small earthquakes were determined from P-wave analysis. Within a swarm source region, static stress drops can vary by an order of magnitude; both types of stress drop increased with increasing earthquake moment. These observations, together with the more impulsive velocity waveforms of larger events, indicate that in this case final fault radius was determined by the magnitude of the stress drop during rupture. Lamont-Doherty Geol. Observ., Palisades, N.Y. 10964, USA. (slr)

82:0012 Gmnlie, Gisle, Manik Talwani and Michael Chap-

man, 1979. Geophysical studies in the Norweg- ian-Greenland Sea. [Bathymetry, Tertiary paleo- geography, and origin and evolution of Jan Mayen Ridge and Iceland Plateau.] Skr. norsk Polarinst., 170:61pp; 3 papers. Includes a bathy- metric map in pocket.

82:0013 Harlow, D.H., R.A. White, I.L. Cifuentes and

Arturo Aburto Q., 1981. Quiet zone within a seismic gap near western Nicaragua: possible location of a future large earthquake. Science, 213(4508):648-651.

In existence before 1950, this quiet zone last experienced a large earthquake in 1898, although the seismic gap as a whole has generated 6 such earthquakes since 1850 (the last in 1926). As the history of this region is one of occasional large quakes rather than a single great one, an event of magnitude ~7.5 (equal to that of 1898) is indicated for the future; no time prediction is possible at present, however. USGS, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, USA. (slr)

82:0814 Hatzfeld, D. and M. Frogneux, 1981. Intermediate

depth seismicity in the western Mediterranean unrelated to subduction of oceanic lithosphere. Nature, Lond., 292(5822):443-445.

Measurements of arrival times of P and S waves show that the zone beneath the High Atlas is a typical intracontinental chain, where it is not likely that oceanic lithosphere has been subducted during the past 20 m.y. Lab. de Geophys. Interne, Univ. Sci. et Medicale de Grenoble, BP 53X, 38041 Grenoble Cedex, France.


82:0815 Jordan, T.H. and K.A. Sverdrup, 1981. Teleseismic

location techniques and their application to earthquake clusters in the south-central Pacific. Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 71(4):1105-1130.

Earthquake cluster hypocenter determinations led to the concept of the hypocentroid ('average location of events within' a cluster) and cluster vectors (devi- ations from the hypocentroid). The decoupling of these can be undertaken by an algorithm, the hypocentroidal decomposition theorem, distinguished by its relative ease of use and falling into Jordan's (1980) general class of 'averaging theorems.' Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, Calif. 92093, USA. (sir)

82:0816 Kasahara, Keichi and Teruyuki Kato, 1980/81.

Aseismic faulting following the 1973 Nemuro-oki earthquake, Hokkaido, Japan (a retrospective study). Pure appl. Geophys., 119(2):392-403.

Post-seismic uplift related to plate subduction seismic cycles ended sooner (late 1975) than antic- ipated; the pre-earthquake subsidence rate of 1 cm/yr resumed. Why this rate is much more rapid than that calculated for the past several thousand years (.04 mm/yr) is not known. Modifications to the modelled seismic cycles are proposed in terms of the expected vertical movements, and speculations on the possibility of another great earthquake are discussed. Earthquake Res. Inst., Univ. of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. (dme)

82:0817 Krauss, Manfred and GOnter MObus, 1981. Corre-

lation between tectonics of the basement and geomorphological conditions in the area of the Baltic. Z. geol. Wiss., 9(3):255-267. (In German, English abstract.) Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Univ., Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 17a, 2200 Greifs- wald, DRG.

82:0818 Li, Chunyu, Quan Wang, Zhimeng Zhang and

Xueya Liu, 1980. A preliminary study of the plate tectonics of China. Bull. Chin. Acad. geol. Sci., (I)2(1):11-22. (In Chinese, English abstract.)

Four paleoplates, their corresponding suture lines, ophiolite complexes and so on, are identified and briefly described in the context of China's major formations and physiographic provinces. (fcs)

82:0819 Lilwall, R.C., T.J.G. Francis and I.T. Porter, 1981. A

mieroearthquake survey at the junction of the

East Pacific Rise and the Wilkes (9°S) Fracture Zone. Geophys. JI R. astr. Soc., 66(2):407-416.

A week's records show only 3 microearthquakes beneath the EPR crest, although the same week recorded 41 events ( > 10 km from the junction) on the fracture zone. Results support previous work elsewhere on the EPR indicating that crust at the rise crest is too thin to support any but the smallest seismic movements; faulting may occur primarily by aseismic slip. If a magma chamber exists beneath the junction, it is ( 1 0 km across and at depths ( 6 . 0 km, as all OBS records produced clear S-waves. Inst. of Oceanogr. Sci., Reading, Berkshire, UK. (sir)

82:0820 Malgrange, M., A. Deschamps and R. Madariaga,

1981. Thrust and extensional faulting under the Chilean coast: 1965, 1971 Aconcagua earthquakes. Geophys. JI R. astr. Soc., 66(2):313-331.

The 1971 event was larger, shallower (40 km), and exhibited the usual interplate thrust mechanism accompanying subduction. The deeper (72 km) 1965 event occurred within the downgoing slab by normal faulting. The very different depths suggest a double- layer Benioff zone. The last great earthquake in this source region occurred in 1906; whether the 1971 event sufficiently ruptured the seismic gap to preclude a great earthquake in the near future is arguable. A continued high level of activity including an M = 6.7 event in 1973 may cast these latter events as foreshocks of a great one. Dept. Sci. de la Terre, Univ. Paris VII, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France. (sir)

82:0821 Montigny, R., J.B. Edel and R. Thuizat, 1981.

Oligo-Miecene rotation of Sardinia: K-Ar ages and paleomagnetic data of Tertiary volcanics. Earth planet. Sci. Letts, 54(2):261-271.

Close agreement was achieved by the 2 dating methods, indicating relatively rapid rotation during the period 20.5-19 Ma (occurring just after magnetic anomaly 6). Sardinia's present latitude (40 °) appears to be ~ 9 ° farther north relative to 18 Ma. Inst. de Physique du Globe, 5 rue Descartes, 67084 Stras- bourg Cedex, France. (sir)

82:0822 Nielsen, T.F.D. and C.K. Brooks, 1981. The E

Greenland rifted continental margin: an examination of the coastal flexure. J. geol. Soc., Lond., 138(5):559-568. Inst. of Petrology, OsterVolgade 10, Dk-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.


82:0823 Otofuji, Yo-ichiro, Sadao Sasajima, Susumu

Nishimura, Agus Dharma and Fred Hehuwat, 1981. Paleomognetic evidence for clockwise rotation of the northern arm of Sniawesi, Indonesia. Earth planet. Sci. Letts, 54(2):272-280.

Evidence points to a Mid-Miocene collision of eastern Sulawesi ('moving westward...associated with the northward drift of Australia') with western Sulawesi. The impact caused a rapid, ~ 9 0 ° clockwise rotation of the northern arm; rotation appears to have been completed prior to the onset of Plio-Pleistocene volcanism. Dept. of Geol. and Mineral., Kyoto Univ., Kyoto 606, Japan. (slr)

82:0824 Samowitz, I.R. and D.W. Forsyth, 1981. Double

seismic zone beneath the Mariana Island Arc. J. geophys. Res., 86(B8):7013-7021.

Relocating and regionally compositing all 1963-75 events indeed demonstrated a double seismic zone beneath the Marianas at about 80-120 km. The upper zone, probably _<20 km thick, is subject to downdip compression, while the 30-or-so km deeper second zone is under downdip tension; seismic patterns may be due to either thermal stresses or plate unbending. An elastic-perfectly plastic rheo- logy model can be made to fit the data (double zone, focal mechanisms, more active upper zone). Sierra Geophys. Inc., Arcadia, Calif. 91006, USA. (sir)

82:0825 Stewart, G.S. and D.V. Helmberger, 1981. The

Bermuda earthquake of March 24, 1978: a significant oceanic intraplate event. J. geophys. Res., 86(B8):7027-7036.

The high-quality data obtained for this (relatively) large event enabled firm inferences: the source mechanism was pure thrust, striking N N W (45°dip); an l l -km depth hypocenter was, in this oceanic crust, below the Moho; strike agreed well with regional bathymetry and inferred fracture zones; direction of maximum compression at the event source accorded remarkably well 'with the direction of absolute motion of the North American Plate' at that point. Seismol. Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, Calif. 91125, USA. (sir)

82:0826 Stroup, J.B. and P.J. Fox, 1981. Geologic investi-

gations in the Cayman Trough: evidence for thin oceanic crust along the Mid-Cayman Rise. J. Geol., 89(4):395-420.

A complex ly -me tamorphosed , he te rogeneous gabbroic assemblage sampled from the rise's ex-

posed escarpment walls is interpreted as a plutonic layer underlying anomalously thin oceanic crust along the rise axis. The crust may be thinned by the juxtaposition of the slowly accreting rise and two long transform faults acting as heat sinks; along with the shallow gabbroic rocks, this is probably 'characteristic of ridge/transform intersections at slowly accreting plate boundaries.' Dept. of Geol. Sci., SUNY, Albany, N.Y. 12222, USA. (sir)

82:0827 Wood, R.J., 1981. The subsidence history of Conoco

well 15/30-1, central North Sea. Earth planet. Sci. Letts, 54(2):306-312.

When eustatic and depth of sediment deposition corrections are made for this North Sea area (based on detailed study of data from 1 well), a fl-factor (degree of crustal stretching and lithospheric thin- ning) of 1.35 in the grabens is obtained. Accounting for 'both the initial fault-controlled subsidence and the later uniform subsidence,' this reduces the extension required (to fit the data) across the North Sea from 50-100% down to only 25-35%. Univ. of Cambridge, Dept. of Earth Sci., Madingley Rise, Cambridge, CB3 0EZ, England. (sir)

D250. Plate and global tectonics

82:0828 Jordan, T.H., 1981. Global tectonic regionalization

[GTRI] for seismological data analysis. Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 71(4):1131-1141.

'The regionalization is presented both as a tectonic map and by its discretization on a 5 ° by 5 ° geographic grid. GTR1 is reasonably successful in accounting for the large-scale geographic variations in body-wave, surface-wave and free-oscillation data...' and has been in use at Scripps for the last several years. Scripps Inst. of Oceanog., La Jolla, Calif. 92093, USA. (fcs)

82:0829 Martin, A.K., C.J.H. Hartnady and S.W. Goodlad,

1981. A revised fit of South America and south central Africa. Earth planet. Sei. Letts, 54(2):293-305.

A new reconstruction for South America/Africa is proposed 'which retains the close fit of the Falkland Escarpment and the Agulhas margin, While solving overlap problems in the Gulf of Benin and in the Natal Valley.' The fit is constrained and supported by three pre-drift tectonic features. Univ. of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa. (fcs)

104 D. Submarine Geology and GeophF~Lcs OLR (1982) 29 (2)

82:0830 Pilger, R.H. Jr., 1981. Plate reconstructions, aseismic

ridges, and low-angle subduction beneath the Andes. Bull. geol. Soc. Am., 92(7)(I):448-456.

Plate-hotspot reconstructions produce sub-continental continuations of the aseismic Nazca and Juan Fernandez ridges at the low subduction angle locales of the Andes, thus lending support to the hypothesis that the low angles are caused by the relative buoyancy of aseismic ridges and island-seamount chains. Dept. of Geol., Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, La. 70803, USA. (fcs)

82:0831 Pilger, R.H. Jr. and D.W. Handschumacher, 1981.

The fixed-hotspot hypothesis and origin of the Easter-Sala y Gomez-Nazc trace. Bull. geol. Soc. Am., 92(7)(I):437-446.

The fixed-hotspot hypothesis cannot simultaneously account for the histories of the Easter-Sala y Gomez chain and the Nazca and Tuamotu ridges without either significantly relocating the Easter hotspot or invalidating isotopic and geomagnetic dates. While alternative hypotheses have their own problems the 'most promising of these involves propagating fractures resulting from intraplate stress.' Dept. of Geol., Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, La. 70803, USA. (fcs)

82:0832 Tan, Haosheng and Guan Dexiang, 1981. An

empirical law for continental plate motion. Scientia sin., 24(3):396-401.

'A simplified mechanical analysis indicates that the dominant forces acting on a tectonic plate consist of the boundary push along the ocean ridge and the viscous surface drag under the continental part of the plate.' An empirical law is developed which states that the speed of a continental plate is linearly dependent on the ratio of the effective ridge length and the continental area. Inst. of Mech., Academia Sinica, People's Republic of China. (fcs)

82:0833 Virk, H.S., 1981. Fission track evidence of ocean

bottom spreading. Curt. Sci., 50(9):394-395. Dept. of Physics, Guru Nanak Dev Univ., Amritsar 143 005, India.

82:0834 Wortel, Rinus and Sierd Cloetingh, 1981. On the

origin of the Cocos-Nazca spreading center. Geology, geol. Soc. Am., 9(9):425-430.

'Lateral variations in the age of the slab descending in a subduction zone may be the source of significant

stresses in the plate to which the slab is attached." Highly tensional (N-S) stresses of 5-6 kbar are calculated for the 30 myBP Farallon Plate axis of fracture just prior to its fragmentation into the Cocos and Nazca plates. Because lithospheric-age-dependent tectonic driving forces (ridge push, slab pull) are thought to cause stresses in any similar plate interaction, the process is proposed as a general mechanism of plate fragmentation. Vening Meinesz Lab., Univ. of Utrecht, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands. (slr)

82:0835 Yokokura, Takanobu, 1981. On subduction dip

angles. Tectonophysics, 77(1/2):63-77.

Dip angles appear mainly controlled by the relative velocity of the converging plates and by the descending slab's negative buoyancy force. A 'significant role for dynamic support by flow stress' is suggested by the dip angle/relative velocity correlation. Why an E-W asymmetry of dip angles exists is unclear. Geophys. Inst., Univ. of Tokyo, Tokyo 113, Japan. (izs)

D280. Volcanism, magmatism 82:0836

Aki, Keiiti and Robert Koyanagi, 1981. Deep volcanic tremor and magma ascent mechanism under Kilauea, Hawaii. J. geophys. Res., 86(B8):7095-7109.

Data from 18 years of deep tremor activity under Kilauea are examined to produce a kinematic source model of magma ascent. A seismically discernible quantity, 'reduced displacement," appears propor- tional to the total amount of deep transported magma. However, the displacement seems relatively steady and not directly affected by surface eruptions. Furthermore, total magma flow estimated from the displacement is too small by an order of magnitude, implying that most flow is aseismic. Dept. of Ear. and Plan. Sci., MIT, Cambridge, Mass. 02139, USA. (fcs)

82:0837 Blot, Claude, 1981. Deep root of andesitic volcanoes:

new evidence of magma generation at depth in the Benioff Zone. J. Volcanol. geotherrn. Res., 10(4): 339-364.

Older studies of the author are reviewed and new studies presented concerning the correlation between deep and intermediate earthquakes (100--300 kin) and the andesitic volcanism which follows by several months depending on the earthquake's depth. Aside


from predictive value, the implication is that seismic activity in the Benioff Zone is directly related to magma generation or upwelling. Ten years of data from the New Hebrides and New Zealand (par- ticularly White Island) are discussed. MARIETrE, La Farlede, 83210 Soilles-Pont, France. (fcs)

82:0838 le Roex, A.P., A.J. Erlank and H.D. Needham, 1981.

Geochemical and mineralogical evidence for the occurrence of at least three distinct magma types in the FAMOUS region. Contr. Miner. Petrology, 77(1):24-37.

Quantitative modelling, bulk rock major and trace element variations, and the distinct Zr /Nb ratios and 'distinct NiO contents of the olivine and Cr-spinel phenocrysts...unequivocally illustrate' multi-magma chamber occurrence for the MAR at 36°50"N. Magmatic activity appears to have been spatiotemporally disjunct, in 'accord with geophysical evidence.' Dept. of Geol. and Geophys., WHOI, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, USA. (izs)

82:0839 Mevel, Catherine, 1981. Occurrence of pumpellyite in

hydrothermally altered basalts from the Vema Fracture Zone (Mid-Atlantic Ridge). Contr. Miner. Petrology, 76(4):386-393.

Previously considered scarce in oceanic crust, the abundant pumpellyite in Vema Fracture Zone metabasalts apparently formed at very low pressure ( ( l k b ) . The mineral's occurrence is discussed in terms of temperature, oxygen fugacity, and /~ater" Chemical modifications during hydrothermal met- amorphism are compared with those of other metamorphic facies. Lab. de Petrographie, Univ. de Paris VI, 4 place Jussieu, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France. (izs)

82:0840 Palandzhian, S.A., 1981. Petrochemical relationship

between Alpine-type and oceanic peridotites. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 258(3):741-745. (In Russian.)

82:0841 Ryan, M.P., R.Y. Koyanagi and R.S. Fiske, 1981.

Modeling the three-dimensional structure of macroscopic magma transport systems: application to Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. J. geophys. Res., 86(B8):7111-7129.

A 3-D, layered plexiglass model is used to plot Kilauea seismic hypocenters for the purpose of outlining the major geometrical features of the magma chamber and its conduits. Branch of Exp.

Geochem. and Mineralogy, USGS, Reston, Va. 22092, USA. (fcs)

82:0842 Yermakov, V.A., 1981. The role of volcanism in the

transformation of the Earth's crust at continental margins with reference to Kamchatka. Tectono- physics, 77(1/2):95-132.

Evidence cited 'reveals that the petrogenetic con- cepts that follow from the hypothesis of plate tectonics are unsatisfactory' and 'supports V.V. Belousov's hypothesis on the basification and ocean- ization of the Earth's crust in Kamchatka and on the great role of magmatism (volcanism) in this process.' Crustal composition was modelled on the basis of seismic and magnetic studies, petrological examination, and laboratory experiments on rock thermal and physical properties. Inst. of Physics of the Earth, USSR Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR. (slr)

D290. Crust, mantle, core

82:0843 Fujita, Kazuya and Hiroo Kanamori, 1981. Double

seismic zones and stresses of intermediate depth earthquakes. Geophys. Jl R. astr. Soc., 66(1): 131- 156.

Double seismic zones are characterized, intermediate depth earthquake mechanisms in arc-trench regions are surveyed, and convergent plate margins' parameters are related to double zone distribution. Double seismic zones are not a global phenomenon, and may be caused by sagging or thermal stresses; lithospheric unbending and upper mantle phase changes appear unlikely formation mechanisms. Dept. of Geol., Mich. State Univ., East Lansing, Mich. 48824, USA. (izs)

82:0844 Girardeau, J. and A. Nicolas, 1981. The structures of

two ophiolite massifs, Bay-of-Islands, Newfound- land: a model for the oceanic crust and upper mantle. Tectonophysics, 77(1/2):1-34.

Systematic analyses of the internal structures of the peridotite-gabbro units of Table Mountain and Blow-Me-Down Mountain have produced a kinematic model for oceanic crustal formation at a spreading center. Barring any large body rotations of the 2 massifs, a paleogeographic reconstruction is offered for the Newfoundland Caledonides. Inst. de Phys. du Globe, Place Jussieu 4, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France. (izs)


82:0845 Gorodnitskii, A.M., I.P. Lukashevich, E.G. Mirlina,

E.I. Pristavakina and O.G. Sorokhtin, 1981. Bottom relief and the gravitational field of mid-ocean ridges as indicators of phase transitions in the upper mantle. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 258(4):827-830. (In Russian.)

82:0846 Hashizume, Michio, Kiyoshi Ito and Toshikatsu

Yoshii, 1981. Crustal structure of southwestern Honshu, Japan, and the nature of the Mohorovi~:i~ discontinuity. Geophys. Jl R. astr. Soc., 66(1):157-168.

For the first time, waves reflected from the Moho beneath the Japanese Islands were detected. Phase weakness is attributed to a thin high-velocity layer in the lower crust. Several deep faults are proposed to cut the Moho surface into a mosaic pattern. College of Liberal Arts and Sci., Okayama Univ., Okayama 700, Japan. (izs)

82:0847 Jaques, A.L., 1981. Petrology and petrogenesis of

cumulate peridotites and gahbros from the Marnm Ophiolite Complex, northern Papua New Guinea. J. Petrology, 22(1):1-40.

Although 'incompatible with the low-pressure crys- tallization behavior of MORB,' the cumulates do compare well with more silica-rich magnesian lavas of some other ophiolites. An island-arc origin appears unlikely; formation in a back-arc basin or at a mid-ocean ridge is favored. Bureau of Mineral Resources, Box 378, Canberra City 2601, Australia. (izs)

82:0848 Lambeck, Kurt and S.M. Nakiboglu, 1981. Sca-

mount loading and stress in the ocean lithosphere. 2. Viscoelastic and elastic-viscoelastic models. J. geophys. Res., 86(B8):6961-6984.

Analytical solutions to the deformation and stress of a horizontally layered lithosphere under seamount loading are presented for models involving (1) layered elastic plates, (2) homogeneous viscoelastic plates, and (3) elastic crust overlying viscoelastic subcrustal layers. All models overlie an inviscid half-space. The third case, in which the various layer parameters are considered as effective moduli or viscosities, better represents crustal zonation and suggests the possible importance of stress relaxation in a lithospheric loading response. Res. Sch. of Earth Sci., Australian National Univ., Canberra 2600, Australia. (fcs)

82:0849 Mareschal, J-C., 1981. Uplift by thermal expansion of

the Icoutinentali lithosphere. [Green's function solutions for heating anomalies at the base of the lithosphere.] Geophys. Jl R. astr. Soc., 66(3):535- 552. Sch. of Geophys. Sci., Georgia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta, Ga. 30332, USA.

82:0850 Sabadini, R. and W.R. Peltier, 1981. Pleistocene

deglaciation and the Earth's rotation: implications for mantle viscosity. Geophys. Jl R. astr. Soc., 66(3):553-578. Ist. di Geofisica, via Irnerio 28, Univ. di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.

82:0851 Sinha, M.C., K.E. Louden and Barry Parsons, 1981.

The crustal structure of the Madagascar Ridge. Geophys, Jl R. astr. Soc., 66(2):351-377.

A continuous gravity profile and synthetic seismo- gram analysis indicate Cretaceous formation of the Madagascar Ridge (possibly over a hot spot) as thickened oceanic crust close to a mid-ocean ridge, much as the Iceland plateau is being formed today. The Moho occurs at ~25 km, underlying a basal high-velocity (7.5 kin/s) layer 8 km thick. Paleore- construction suggests that the ridge may be 'the northern analogue of the Crozet plateau,' having originated from the excess volcanism of the Prince Edward Island hot spot. Dept. of Geol. Sci., Univ. of Durham, South Rd., Durham, UK. (slr)

82:0852 Williams, C.A., 1981. The evolution of sedimentary

basins. Nature, Lond., 292(5826):p.802.

Sedimentary basins' evolution was the topic of a Royal Society meeting; attention was focused where good data were available, especially on the Biscay margin, NW Australian margin, and the Witwater- srand, Transvaal, and Michigan intracratonic basins. McKenzie's (1978) crustal stretching model ap- peared applicable to the formation of many sedimentary basins. Bullard Lab., Dept. of Earth Sci., Univ. of Cambridge, UK. (dme)

D320. Economic geology (see also D330-

Oil and gas, D340-Manganese nodules)

82:0853 Koo, Jahak, 1980. Marine tectonics and georesource

potential of Korea. A cta oceanogr, taiwan., 11:19-31.

Previous investigations and present understanding of the tectonic evolution of Korean marine environ-


ments are reviewed for an evaluation of the submarine georesources of Korea; areas of petroleum- natural gas, metals and high geothermal potential are tentatively indicated. K O R D I , Seoul, Korea. (dme)

82:0854 Rice, R.B. et al., 1981. Developments in exploration

geophysics, 1975-1980. Geophysics, 46(8):1088- 1099. Longs Peak Route, Fish Creek Rd., Estes Park, Colo. 80517, USA.

D330. Oil and gas

82:0855 Meyerhoff, A.A. and M. Kamen-Kaye, 1981. Petro-

leum prospects of Saya de Malha and Nazareth I~nk% Indian Ocean. Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol. Bull., 65(7): 1344-1347.

The Mascarene Ridge appears to be a relict island arc exhibiting vertical tectonics since the Early Paleozoic. Two wildcat wells on the ridge have revealed almost 2500 m of Upper Paleocene- Quaternary neritic to shallow water carbonates overlying more than 800 m of basalts. Petroleum prospects are not encouraging but only penetration of the Tertiary (Cretaceous?) volcanics will indicate the ridge's true potential as well as its origin. Box 4602, Tulsa, Okla. 74104, USA. (dme)

D340. Manganese nodules, etc.

82:0856 Cronan, D.S. and S.A. Moorby, 1981. Manganese

nodules and other ferromanganese oxide deposits from the Indian Ocean. J. geol. Soc., Lond., 138(5):527-539.

A comprehensive study of published data plus ~ 100 analyses showed nodules richest in Mn, Ni, Cu, and Zn occurring in subequatorial basins and in areas with major biogenic inputs to sediments; nodules richest in Fe, Co, and Pb were found on seamounts and along the mid-ocean ridge. Source variations influenced composition; environment influenced dissolution and trace metal uptake--both effects yielding 'ore grade' nodules in the Central Indian Basin, Dept. of Geol., Imperial College, London SW7 2BP, UK. (mwf)

$2:0857 Huggins, C.W., B.W. Haynes, R.L. Virta, V.K. Berry

and S.K. Addy, 1981. [Atlantic and Pacific

manganese nodules: SEM studies.] Proc. Electron Microsc. Soc. Am., 39:150-153; 2 papers.

The first paper describes the growth shells, mineralogy, pores, accessory minerals and composition of Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone nodules. The second paper compares nodule samples from red clay and foraminiferal clay areas of the North Atlantic. (izs)

82:0858 Thijssen, T. et al., 1981. Reconnaissance survey of

manganese nodules from the northern sector of the Peru Basin. Mar. Min., 2(4):385-428.

Nodule distribution, internal structure, mineralogy and geochemistry are described on the basis of free-fall grab sampling at 14 locations. Although nodule size and abundance proved highly variable, nodule morphology was relatively uniform and characteristic for the region. Biological cycling and diagenetic processes seemingly played a major role in nodule formation and composition. Abt. fur Angew. Lagerstattenlehre der RWTH, Aachen, FRG. (hbf)

D370. Miscellaneous

82:0859 Botbol, J.M., 1981. Marine geological databases:

their nature, implementation and problems. J. geol. Soc., Lond., 138(5):621-627.

Database activi ty at the Woods Hole [Massachusetts] branch of the U.S. Geological Survey is described and discussed in terms of its types, utilization, indexing, access, distribution and overall management. Problems, too, are briefly outlined: financial support, file maintenance, low demand by secondary users, delays and user edu- cation. USGS, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, USA. (fcs)

82:0860 Hauksson, Egill and J.G. Goddard, 1981. Radon

earthquake precursor studies in Iceland. J. geophys. Res., 86(B8):7037-7054. Lamont-Doherty Geol. Observ., Palisades, N.Y. 10964, USA.

82:0861 Horder, M.F. et al., 1980/81. Databanks and data-

bases in geology. Meeting at the Institute of Geological Sciences, London, 19 March 1980. J. geol. Soc., Lond., 138(5):573-630; 8 papers.

After a ragged start and a few failures, several geological databases have, by now, not only thrived but become essential. It was the intention of this meeting to examine some of these working systems;

108 OLR (1982) 29(2)

to look at the advantages and disadvantages of using computerized, primarily non-bibliographic databases; to discuss their future development and utility; and to learn from past experience. About half the databases discussed are resource oriented. One paper deals specifically with marine databases. (fcs)

82:0862 Lander, J.F. (ed.), 1981. CODATA Directory of Data

Sources for Science & Technology. Chapter 5: seismology. CODATA Bull., 42:54pp. Includes subject, name and country indexes, and an acronyms list.

82:0863 Morack, J.L. and J.C. Rogers, 1981. Seismic evi-

dence of shallow permafrost beneath islands in the Beaufort Sea, Alaska. Arctic, 34(2):169-174.

Shallow ice-bonded permafrost areas were located by seismic velocity contrasts in bonded (~2500 m/s) and unbonded materials (<2100 m/s). Such permafrost conditions occur where tundra remnants remain; generally where islands have been eroded to sand and gravel permafrost no longer exists, although some of the largest migrating islands still have small permafrost pockets at their innermost

reaches. Dept. of Phys., Univ. of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99701, USA. (dme)

82:0864 Shapira, Avi, 1981. T phases from underwater

explosions off the coast of Israel. Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 71(4):1049-1059.

An offshore seismic operation involving 800-kg TNT shots, detonated in 100 m of water, enabled the study of T phases at portable seismic coastal stations. Duration of the T wave train and T wave phases, velocities, amplitudes and attenuation are discussed. Inst. for Petroleum Res. and Geophysics, P.O. Box 1717. Holon 53 l l7, Israel. (fcs)

82:0865 Weber, Charles, 1981. The cause of midocean ridges.

Speculations Sci. Technol., 4(2): 151-156.

It is proposed that the entirety of the seafloor is neither spreading nor being rafted, but that much thinner lava flows are shoved laterally over nearly stationary sediments by a solid basaltic wedge in the rift zone that sort of acts as a 'huge hydraulic piston." 141 Mt. Horeb Rd., Warren, N.J. 07060, USA. (fcs)

E. BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

El0. Apparatus and methods

82:0866 Cohen, R.R.H. and M.R. Church, 1981. A method

for studying primary productivity and photosyn- thesis in unenclosed batch cultures and field samples. Arch. Hydrobiol., 91 (2): 231-241. USGS, Water Resources Div., NR, Reston, Va. 22092, USA.

82:0867 Edgerton, H.E., 1981. Electronic flash sources and

films for plankton photography. J. biol. photogr. Ass., 49(1):25-26.

Methods for photographing live plankton under different conditions (e.g., shipboard) are described; as photography improves, it may supplant drawings of plankton for educational and research purposes. MIT, Cambridge, Mass. 02139, USA. (smf)

82:0868 Ferngmdez P., Hugo, L.D. Mee and E.F. Mandelli,

1979. An adapted technique for primary production determinations in high turbidity waters. An. Cent. Ci~nc. Mar Limnol., Univ. nac. aut6n. M~x., 6(2):67-70. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Univ. Nac. Auton. de Mexico, D.F., Mexico.

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Submarine geology and geophysics Apparatus and methods

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