Submitted To;-Dr. S.K.Shahi

Submitted By ;-Brijesh Kumar

Waste- Definition & ClassificationAny material which is not needed by the

owner, producer or processor.

Classification• Domestic waste• Factory waste• Waste from oil factory• E-waste• Construction waste• Agricultural waste• Food processing waste• Bio-medical waste• Nuclear waste

Solid Waste

Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste

Compostable / Bio-degradable = 30% - 55% matter (can be converted

into manure)

Inert material = 40% - 45% (to go to landfill)

Recyclable materials = 5% - 10% (Recycling)

These percentages vary from city to city depending on food habits

WASTE MANAGEMENT

Solid waste management can be done by following methods -1. Source reduction 2. Recycling 3. Land filling 4. Combustion5. Composting

waste management Treatment should be :

(i) Technically sound(ii) Financially viable(iii) Eco-friendly / Environmental friendly(iv) Easy to operate & maintain by local community(v) Long term sustainability

Source reduction :-

- Source reduction refers to any change in the design, manufacture, purchase, or use of materials or products (including packaging) to reduce their amount or toxicity before they become municipal solid waste.

Recycling :-Recycling: Processing of a waste item into usable forms.

Benefits of recycling:-Reduce environmental degradation-Making money out of waste-Save energy -creates jobs -stimulate development of greener technology -reduces the need for new land fills contributors Saving through recycling:-When Al is resmelted- considerable saving in cost-Making paper from waste saves 50% energy-Every tonne of recycled glass saves energy equivalent to

100 litres of oil

Recycling :-

Collection & Recycling of Waste Materials

Land fills :-• A landfill, also known as a dump, rubbish

dump or both, Rubbish Landfill Dump (and historically as a midden), is a site for the disposal of waste

• Land fills are the engineered area .

• Pretreatment :-

• Sorting of the waste

• Mechanical pulverization

• Incineration

Land fills :-

Problems of landfills :-• Fires in the waste materials

• Increasing in the population of disease vector like flies

• Offensive odors

• Methane leakage

• Leaching of toxic & corrosive materials into surface & under ground waters

Combustion :-• Combustion is a waste treatment

process that involves combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials.

• Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, gas, and heat.

Benefits :-• Reduce the amout of land fills space

needed• Reduced the amount of waste up to 90%in

volume & 75%in weight.

Combustion :-

Composting :-• Composting

decomposed organic waste (food scraps, plant residue ) with microorganism (bacteria, fungi ,actinomyces) produces humus like substances .

Benefits :-• Compost is best alternative inorganic fertilizer

for agricultural .• Cheapest then other organic manure .• It solved the disposal problems of municipal

waste .• Easy available • Improve physical condition & nutrients

availability of soil .• improve water retention capacity of soil • Serve as a source of energy for growth of

microorganism • It act as a buffering agent in the soil .

Recommendation before apply in agriculture field :-

• The segregation of waste from bio & non biodegradable waste includeing of removal of plastics glass ,cloths &leather ,cardboard pieces &metal are extremely important before composting .

Biodegradable plastics.• Examples of biodegradable plastics• While aromatic polyesters are almost totally resistant to

microbial attack, most aliphatic polyesters are biodegradable due to their potentially hydrolysable ester bonds:• Naturally Produced: Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) like the 

poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV) and polyhydroxyhexanoate (PHH);

• Renewable Resource: Polylactic acid (PLA);• Synthetic: Polybutylene succinate (PBS), polycaprolactone

 (PCL)...• Polyanhydrides• Polyvinyl alcohol• Most of the starch derivatives• Cellulose esters like cellulose acetate and nitrocellulose

 and their derivatives (celluloid).

Continue

My opinions • Portable packing.• Mud pots should be use.• Social awareness.• Children using materials should be eco friendly.• Dustbins should be placed in public places and

roads & in colleges, hostels etc.• Progress should be taken in biodegradable

plastics.• Control should be on corruption.• Repair the electrical instruments like radios,

TV. ,computers etc.

Reference :-• Maier ,pepper

Environmental microbiology

www.wikipedia.com